term paper on it specialist in bangladesh by madhav & turaba_ict_3rd batch_1st semester_2011
TRANSCRIPT
TERM PAPER
ON
IT SPECIALIST IN BANGLADESH
Submitted to
Khondokar Fida Hasan Lecturer Dept. of ICT
Comilla University. Email: [email protected]
Submitted by
SL. NO.
NAME ID POSITION
1. Mahbuba Yesmin Turaba 1109016 Member
2. Madhav Kahar Goud 1109043 G. Leader
Date of Submission: 26 April, 2012
Department of ICT
Comilla University
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
April 25, 2012
KHONDOKAR FIDA HASANLecturer,
Department of ICT
Comilla University, Comilla
Subject : Submission of Term Paper Report.
Dear Sir,
By the grace of Almighty Allah, the most benevolent and merciful your solitary help we have been successful to complete the report on the study of IT specialist of Bangladesh that you have asked us to prepare.
We have tried our best to make the report comprehensive and reliable with in the given time period. We also tried to discuss the topics elaborately and easily.
Though our intention was strong to make the report best, unfortunately there may be some mistakes. We hope that you will consider our mistakes with mercifully.
Sincerely Yours,
Mahbuba Yesmin Turaba
I.D.1109016
&
Madhav Kahar Goud
I.D.1109043
ACKNOWLEDGETMENT
No reports can be made without the assist of a prudent person. We owe much to the pioneer, a conversant teacher, our honorable course teacher of ICT-109 Electrical Circuit, KHONDOKAR FIDA HASAN who medicated us distinctively so that we can decode our course without any enigma and can develop our faculty in this subject profoundly. We gratefully acknowledge his relentless effort for arranging such an amiable presentation program and gulping us for preparing this term paper report. Our sir who helps us very much deserves special thanks for his constant and invaluable advice and assistance. We hope in future also, we will get his solicitude indication that will help us to determine the appropriate route.
Sincerely yours,
Mahbuba Yesmin Turaba
I.D. 1109016
E-mail:[email protected]
Madhav Kahar Goud
I.D. 1109043
E-mail: [email protected]
Table of contents:
S. No. Topic
1.Information technology (IT)(Page 1-3)
2. Information Technology (IT) Specialist()
3. Literature review
4. Information Technology and Bangladesh
5. ICT Sector in Bangladesh- The rise of an emerging industry
6.Telecommunications in Bangladesh
7.Telecom System in Bangladesh
8.History of Information Technology
9.Types of information system
10.Telecommunications Act of 1996
11. Result
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
Illustrating different graphs, images and tables which are discussed in later topics:
Figure No. Topic
1. Information and communication technology in 2005
2. Technological capacity and growth graph in 1997-2009
3. Bangladesh Telecom Network Topology
4. Pre-mechanical age of information technology
5. Difference engine
6. Mark-I
7. Computer system
8. Table showing different information systems
Information technology (IT)
Introduction:
Fig 1: Information and communication technology in 2005
Information Technology (IT) is concerned with technology to treat information. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications are its main fields. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Some of the modern and
emerging fields of Information technology are next generation web technologies , bioinformatics, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledge based, etc. Advancements are mainly driven in the field of computer science.
Information:
The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is in its turn derived from the verb "informare" (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct " , " teach ".
Technology:
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems, especially in industry and commerce. It means that anything that uses information from the field of science and math to solve problems is technology.
“Technology is how people modify the natural world to suit their own purposes…Generally it refers to the diverse collection of processes and knowledge that people use to extend human abilities and to satisfy human needs and wants”.
Information technology (IT):
We use the term IT technology or IT to refer to an entire industry. In actually, information technology is the use of computers and software to manage, information. In some companies, this is referred to as management information service (or MIS) or simply as information services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing information, transmitting the information as necessary, and later retrieving information as necessary.
Telecommunication:
Bangladesh has one of the lowest tele-density in Asia, with a mere 0.6 (in India 1.5) lines per 100 people. In terms of phone connectivity, the charge of Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board (BTTB) is one of the highest in the world, approximately US$500.00 (in India US$60) for normal single telephone line connection. However, there has been significant improvement in services of telecommunication within last few years. Present government is also trying to get additional telephone lines from a Canadian firm. If these telephone lines are available in Bangladesh, most of the PC users will be able to use internet and find a scope to build up international career.
Importance of Information TechnologyEducators from across Long Island began with a groupware tool, Team Focus, to facilitate brainstorming, sorting, and presentation of ideas. Novices along with experienced computer users inputted responses to questions about what they valued in teaching/learning/community, dreams they had for the future, how they might create a shared vision of the future with others, and what they might need to move from their shared vision to a future they desired.
Nine hundred statements were inputted on networked computers during our first 45 minutes session. In that time, statements inputted appeared randomly on others’ computers as triggers for new thoughts. All statements were printed and small groups of people sorted and categorized them. The groupware software was used to link those in categories and move a process along that most agreed would have taken months without the tool. In addition, every participant had a voice and all were part of the generation of ideas. We had a place to begin. The vision drove what we did. The technology tool changed the nature of what we could accomplish, how, and when. We intermixed the day with conversations off the computer. Those conversations determined how we used the software. We directed it and our future.
One outcome of our session was consensus that we wanted to be continually linked via telecommunications as we built our learning community. Our next technology step, therefore, was to put in place a telecommunications infrastructure accessible to anyone who wanted to join us with little or no cost to them. We did this. Although in-person sessions were encouraged, online forum conversations were our first requirement to be part of the Village. Newsday helped with its telecommunications gift.
After a few years of blending telecommunications with in-person action, we added a multimedia dimension to the Village. Constructivist, learner-directed, activities were designed by participants on and off the computer. We are now headed toward streaming video, virtual reality environments, video conferencing, blended, again, with in-person experiences out in the community for purpose. Opportunities to learn what is currently available and what we can expect or create permeate our atmosphere. Rather than learn in more traditional class sessions, technology users support one another as a technology network of varied levels of expertise builds dramatically over time.
With tools in hand, we have many possible directions. We choose those offering portability and the sharing of resources. Our technology goal is to offer the capacity to link to the Village as we build the Village. Culture building and support come with the giving of all that we have.
Information Technology (IT) Specialist
The term IT Specialist is actually a catch all phrase used by the industry to help easily distinguish a knowledge worker from other general professional classifications. IT specialists can take on many roles, particularly in the U.S. federal government. For instance, a quick search on the federal government's USAJOBS Web site (http://www.usajobs.gov) returns positions ranging from database analysts to project managers, including highly paid supervisory roles or senior management positions.
IT professionals perform a variety of functions that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs.
KAMRUL A CHOWDHARY:
Bangladesh computer software:
Summary: I have been working with diverse international n national organizations with over 6 years including but not limited to, Canadian international development agency (cida),department for international development (dfid), co water international inc.(Canada), WSP. inc. (U.K.), office of the comptroller & auditor general Bangladesh, director general health services Bangladesh, roads and highways department Bangladesh. Having know how on the development and implementation of the systems of SME organizations . I have also exercised my expertise on several e-government projects for Bangladesh. I have high quality knowledge on IT issues. My concept on online applications with data base interaction is outstanding. I conducted series of software development trainings for different level of staff members of government as well as big corporate house of Bangladesh like Grameenphone. I have developed many management solutions using the industry best practice tools. Through my work I have learnt how to transmit theory into practice. I know clearly the position and principles of IT professional including their needs in different areas and business operations . Have demonstrated proven success in managing projects and programmers requiring high analytic capability and excellent interpersonal relationship with leadership quality, team building and effective communication skills. Travelled extensively and have experience of working with people from different countries, cultures and ethnicities.
Fakrul Islam Head of Technical Billing at Banglalion Communications Ltd
Bangladesh | Telecommunications
Current:
Deputy General Manager(IT & Billing) at Banglalion Communications Ltd, Manager Information Technology, Finance and Telecommunication Integration Specialist at Media Cell Russia, Technical lead at Eyebill interactive solutions, senior software developer at Nexcom Telecommunications.
Past:
Software Engineer at Relisource Technologies.
Education:
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Dhaka College, Banani Bidya Niketon
Ashraful Haque Reza Bangladesh | Information Technology and Services
Current:
Assistant IT Specialist at IBM Bangladesh Private Limited
Past:
Associate IT Specialist at Airtel Bangladesh Limited, Junior Programmer at Systems Solutions & Development Technologies.
Education:
North South University, North South University, Notre Dame College, Dhaka, A.K. high school & College, Dhaka Residential Model School and Col...
Summary:
Determined to build a career in IT & reach the top through hard work & honesty. I have already completed 3 years of professional career mostly working with telecommunications billing system.
Imran Ahmed
Assistant IT Specialist (IT Business Intelligence & Reporting) at airtel bangladesh limited
Bangladesh | Telecommunications
Current:
Assistant IT Specialist (IT Business Intelligence & Reporting) at airtel bangladesh limited.
Education:
State University of Bangladesh, B.L. Govt. High School, Sirajganj Goverment College
Summary:
Being an IT professional, I have strong analytical ability with more than 5 years of working experience especially in IT Operation & IT Business Intelligence field with renowned local and multinational organizations.
IT operation: Familiar with best practices and global standards of IT service management. SLA provisioning and enforcement. Fair understanding of contemporary IT security directives and implementation/alignment of it with respective IT infrastructure. IT training and education. IT compliance, managing process/technical documentations. NOC operation and level based problem escalation. IT service coordination/ service delivery to the end user. Inventory management/ assent management, IT business intelligence. Familiar with set of methodolies, processes, architectures, and technologies to transform raw data into meaningful and useful information used to enable more effective strategic, tactical and operational insights and decision making BI applications include the activities of operational and ad-hoc reporting, online analytical processing, statistical analysis, compaign management, etc.
Literature review
Worldwide IT:
In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.
Hilbert & Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change: machines’ application specific capacity to compute information per capita has roughly doubled every fourteen months between 1986-2007;the per capita capacity of the worlds general purpose computers has doubled every eighteen months during the same two decades,the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months,the worlds’ storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double(every three years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled roughly every 12.7 years.
Some features on information technology:
Inspiring
We will leave feeling energized, ready to bridge the gap between business and IT after engaging with thought leaders from diverse industries. Through shared experiences, you and your organization will benefit from greater “trust in, and value from, information systems.”
Innovative:
The unique program format revolutionizes the conference experience. From the executive panels, interview sessions and talk-show host format, to the insightful forums designed to address pressing business issues in a more intimate environment, you will gain insights from industry leaders who will facilitate and generate thought-provoking discussions.
Informative:
This shouldn’t come as a surprise, why else would you go to a conference? What sets Insights 2012 apart from other industry events is the caliber of speakers we have selected, in addition to the exciting line up of topics.
Technological capacity and growth:
Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines’ application-specific capacity to compute information per capita has roughly doubled every 14 months between 1997-2009; the per capita capacity of the world’s general-purpose computers has doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world’s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double in 3 years.
Fig 2: Technological capacity and growth graph in 1997-2009
Job summary and qualifications:
Planning and coordinating the installation, testing, operation, troubleshooting, and maintenance of hardware and software systems. The planning, analysis, design, development, testing, quality assurance, configuration, installation, implementation, integration, maintenance, and/or management of networked systems used for the transmission of information in voice, data, and/or video formats.
Ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of systems, networks, and data through the planning, analysis, development, implementation, maintenance, and enhancement of information systems security programs, policies, procedures, and tools.
The design, documentation, development, modification, testing, installations, implementation, and support of new or existing applications software. The planning, development , implementation, and administration of systems for the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of data.
Information Technology and Bangladesh
Information Technology (IT) is a subject of widespread interest in Bangladesh. There are around 100 software houses, 35 data entry centers, thousands of formal and informal IT training centers and numerous computer shops. The Government has declared IT as a thrust sector.The information technology industry in Bangladesh has gradually come of age and today accounts for more than Taka 25 billion or USD350 million in annual revenues.
It is still a tiny blip compared to a GDP nearing USD100 billion but it's a noticeable blip that is growing markedly every year.
Twenty years ago the IT industry was predominantly a hardware vendors market with little or no value addition locally. Today there are more than 320 software and IT services firms registered as members of the Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) that adds in excess of USD100 million in value through a full spectrum software and IT services for both domestic as well as overseas clientele.
The growth in BASIS membership is significant for the IT industry for a number of reasons a) it indicates a deepening of the IT skills available locally, b) it manifests growing confidence of global and local buyers on local IT talent and c) it marks a clear departure from the traditional entrepreneurship model based on physical labor intensive production industries.
Bangladesh today is the third largest exporter of apparels and this industry will continue to dominate our export basket for the foreseeable future. However, as our literacy rate, secondary education rate and most importantly our tertiary education rate improves, our capacity for knowledge-based industries also increases. This is evident from the fact that Bangladesh has had more than 60 call centers set up with a combined capacity of over 2,000 seats in a span of only two years since 2007. Software and graphic design service exporters raked in nearly USD33 million from July 2008 to June 2009 an increase of 32 percent from the previous year despite severe economic recession in most buying countries. The growth trend is getting stronger with time as IT entrepreneurs scale up their operations riding on increased overseas market penetrations and bigger investments.
The growth in software and IT services exports in 2008-09 fiscal year is specially significant since growth was slightly negative in the previous two years. According to some business climate surveys done in early 2008, the sluggish export performance in IT services then was due in large part to the political uncertainty prevailing in the country in that period. However, the return to robust growth points to the fundamentally strong base of the industry that is hungry for bigger successes in the coming years.
What is however, more significant is that many of our IT companies are venturing off-shore and garnering recognisable footprints in industries such as IP telephony solutions to high-end server
maintenance services in many countries. This is certainly a welcome trend in an industry where skills and competencies are mostly universal.
PROSPECT OF IT IN BANGLADESH
ASM Nazrul Islam
At present Information Technology (IT) is a subject of widespread interest in Bangladesh. There are around 100 software houses, 35 data entry centers, thousands of formal and informal IT training centers and numerous computer shops. The Government has declared IT as a thrust sector and that computer training centre will be set up in each divisional and district headquarters of Bangladesh. Import of computer hardware and software is now duty free, VSAT is deregulated, high speed DDN (Digital Data Network) has been introduced. One fourth of the 45 recommendations of JRC report on software export has already been implemented; rest is in the process of implementation. A tremendous activity is going on in every sector including e-commerce, e-governance, computer networking, Internet, web browsing, web applications, multimedia product development etc. Some active steps and initiatives are already there, as described below for an exposure of the present and future prospects of IT in Bangladesh.
Associations and professional bodies on IT:
The associations and professional bodies who are playing vital role to develop the IT sector in Bangladesh are as follows:
* Bangladesh Computer Society (BCS) was formed in 1979. This is an association of the IT Professionals.
* Bangladesh Computer Samity (BCS) was formed in 1987. This is basically an association of Computer Vendors.
* Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) was formed in 1998 to promote the interest of IT business, especially for software development and related IT services.
* Bangladesh Software Marketing and Promotions (BSMP), a private organisation, has been formed with the view to helping the local computer programmers and promote their software.
* Bangladesh Computer Writers Association has been formed to promote the writers activities in the country.
* Bangladesh Association for Information Technology Education (BAITE) has been formed to promote the activities toward standardizing informal IT education in the country.
Banks support:
Well-trained Bangladeshi IT professionals can start their business like Data entry, Web development, Multimedia, ISP and Medical Data Transcription services, Cyber-cafe and IT Training Centre. They can easily get financial help from bank. A number of government banks have already started credit programmes to encourage the entrepreneurs in software industry. Some private banks are using our locally developed software too. However, due to some constraints the outcome is not up to the expectation.
Government initiatives:
The Government of Bangladesh has taken some important initiatives to develop our IT sector. Still we are waiting to see a fruitful change in our Information Technology. However, some remarkable steps of government are highlighted for information:
* IT has been declared as a thrust sector.
* Quick implementation of the recommendations of JRC report (a high powered committee for software export).
* Waiving all taxes and duties from import of computer hardware and software.
* Hundred percent remittances of profit and capital gains for foreign investors without any approval.
* BTTB's implementation of DDN service.
* Decision to link Bangladesh to global highway through submarine cable link by next two years.
Bangladesh Computer Council:
Bangladesh Computer Council is the apex body of the government dealing with Information Technology. BCC is running according to BCC Act, 1990 as an autonomous organisation under the administrative control of the Ministry of Science & Technology. BCC is playing various types of roles regarding the IT booming over the country.
IT park and international market:
Some private organizations have already started to work for setting up IT park and IT villages in the country. Some investors are foreigners and they are very much interested to build Bangladeshi students as IT professionals. They have already started to commission their views. Our Bangladeshi students can take this chance and hit the international job market in the IT field. There are lot of scopes of working and entering into the international market. Just we have to take proper initiatives. Bangladeshi IT professionals have a good demand in international IT job market, which has been proved by some of our BUET students.
ICT Sector in Bangladesh- The rise of an emerging industry
Bangladesh – the verdant delta plain around the confluence of three mighty rivers of Asia, namely, Ganges, Jamuna and Brahmaputra – is known to the world at large as home to over one hundred million of the world’s poorest. What, however, is not known of this once agriculturally abundant land is the fact that it is also home to one of the world’s biggest ready-made-garments industries, and that nearly ten million of its people are college graduates. This large educated workforce, most of whom can read, write, and understand spoken English is shaping a new industry in Bangladesh i.e. the information technology industry.
Use of computers in Bangladesh as a research and data manipulation tool dates back more than 30 years. Today computers are widely used in offices, businesses, educational institutions, at home and in the filed. In one of the most progressive policy orientation towards ICT of any nation on earth today, Bangladesh allows 100% duty-and-tax-free import of all computer hardware and software which expedites the use of computers and the growth of the ICT industry.
The ICT industry in Bangladesh is represented by two industry bodies, namely Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) and Bangladesh Computer Samity (BCS). BASIS, established in 1998, is a relatively new industry association whose membership count stands at 34 today and is growing steadily. All major software development and data processing firms of the country are its members. BCS on the other hand, formed in 1988, represents computer business firms in general. Its membership stands at more than 100 firms today including such hardware and software manufacturers as Acer, Compaq, Dell, Digital, HP, IBM, ICL-Fujitsu, Microsoft, Novell, Oracle, SCO, Sun Microsystems, Unisys and others are represented in Bangladesh. The size of the IT industry in Bangladesh is estimated at around USD 150 million, and is growing at a rate of more than 20% each year.
This is a brief overview about the ICT industry regarding Bangladesh. In a consecutive series of articles I shall focus on different aspects of the ICT industry in Bangladesh. The topics will include:
ICT Projects those are taken by both public and private entrepreneurs Competitive edge of this industry Relative growth
Telecommunications in Bangladesh
The liberalization of Bangladesh’s telecommunications sector began with small steps in 1989 with the issuance of a licence to a private operator for the provision of inter alia cellular mobile services to compete with the previous monopoly provider of telecommunications services the Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB). Significant changes in the number of fixed and mobile services deployed in Bangladesh occurred in the late 1990s and the number of services in operation have subsequently grown exponentially in the past five years.
The incentives both from government and public sectors have helped to grow this sector. It is now one of the biggest sector of Bangladesh. As a populous country, it's huge market has attracted many foreign investors to invest in this sector.
Telecommunication
The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly emerging. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) is the regulatory authority for this sector, overseeing licensing, policy etc.
Structure
Fig 3: Bangladesh Telecom Network Topology
As defined in the National Telecommunications Policy 1998 and International Long Distance Telecommunications Services (ILDTS) Policy 2007, all mobile operators is to interconnect through Interconnection Exchange (ICX) and all international calls to be handled by International Gateway (IGW) which is to be connected to the mobile and fixed operators through the ICXs.
The Interconnection Exchange (ICX) will receive all calls from the mobile and fixed operators whenever the call is made to other network and will pass it to the destination network if the call is local, and will pass to the IGWs if the call is international. ICX will also deliver calls received from IGWs where the call is destined.
Telecom System in Bangladesh
Telephone
A general assessment of the telephone system is that it is totally inadequate for a modern country.
The domestic system is undergoing modernisation. Digital systems; trunk systems including VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable are being introduced in the cities.
The international system consists of two Intelsat satellites in geostationary orbit orbit, international radiotelephone communications and landline services to neighboring countries.
Internet
There are two Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as of 2000. As of 2002, 150,000 internet users lived in Bangladesh.
Radio
Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2, community radio 1, internet radios
The government owned Betar-Radio Bangladesh operates from Dhaka and other local districts. Currently, the private FM radio channels are very popular. They are trying to
History of Information Technology
Introduction:
Information technology has been around for a long, long time. Basically as long as people have been around, information technology has been around because there were always ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. There are 4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and some of the electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important to learn about how we got to the point we are at with technology today.
In relative terms, it was not long ago that the information technology department might have consisted of a single computer operator, who might be storing data on magnetic tape, and then putting it in a box down in the basement somewhere. The history of information technology is fascinating! Check out these history of information technology resources for information on everything from the history of IT to electronics inventions and even the top 10 IT bugs.
Ages
Pre-mechanical
The pre-mechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags.
Now that people were writing a lot of information down they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.
Fig 4: Pre-mechanical age of information technology
Also during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created
calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
Mechanical The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.
Fig 5: Difference engine
There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet got tent to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE.
Electromechanical
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in our own home.
Fig 6: Mark-I
Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a
single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user
interface (GUI) was developed.
Fig 7: Computer system
Types of information system
For most businesses, there are a variety of requirements for information. Senior managers need information to help with their business planning. Middle management need more detailed information to help them monitor and control business activities. Employees with operational roles need information to help them carry out their duties.
As a result, businesses tend to have several "information systems" operating at the same time. This revision note highlights the main categories of information system and provides some examples to help you distinguish between them.
The main kinds of information systems in business are described briefly below:
InformationSystem
Description
Executive Support Systems
An Executive Support System ("ESS") is designed to help senior management make strategic decisions. It gathers, analyses and summarises the key internal and external information used in the business.
A good way to think about an ESS is to imagine the senior management team in an aircraft cockpit - with the instrument panel showing them the status of all the key business activities. ESS typically involve lots of data analysis and modelling tools such as "what-if" analysis to help strategic decision-making.
Management Information
A management information system ("MIS") is mainly concerned with internal sources of information. MIS usually take data from the
Systems transaction processing systems (see below) and summarise it into a series of management reports.
MIS reports tend to be used by middle management and operational supervisors.
Decision-Support Systems
Decision-support systems ("DSS") are specifically designed to help management make decisions in situations where there is uncertainty about the possible outcomes of those decisions. DSS comprise tools and techniques to help gather relevant information and analyse the options and alternatives. DSS often involves use of complex spreadsheet and databases to create "what-if" models.
Knowledge Management Systems
Knowledge Management Systems ("KMS") exist to help businesses create and share information. These are typically used in a business where employees create new knowledge and expertise - which can then be shared by other people in the organisation to create further commercial opportunities. Good examples include firms of lawyers, accountants and management consultants.
KMS are built around systems which allow efficient categorisation and distribution of knowledge. For example, the knowledge itself might be contained in word processing documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations. internet pages or whatever. To share the knowledge, a KMS would use group collaboration systems such as an intranet.
Transaction Processing Systems
As the name implies, Transaction Processing Systems ("TPS") are designed to process routine transactions efficiently and accurately. A business will have several (sometimes many) TPS; for example:
- Billing systems to send invoices to customers- Systems to calculate the weekly and monthly payroll and tax payments- Production and purchasing systems to calculate raw material requirements- Stock control systems to process all movements into, within and out of the business
Office Automation Systems
Office Automation Systems are systems that try to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data and information. Perhaps the best example is the wide range of software systems that exist to improve the productivity of employees working in an office (e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or systems that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move.
Fig 8: Table showing different information systems
Telecommunications Act of 1996
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first significant overhaul of United States telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. The Act, signed by President Bill Clinton, represented a major change in American telecommunication law, since it was the first time that the Internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment. One of the most controversial titles was Title 3 ("Cable Services"), which allowed for media cross-ownership. According to the FCC, the goal of the law was to "let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other." The legislation's primary goal was deregulation of the broadcasting market.
Background
Prior regime
Previously, the Communications Act of 1934 (“1934 Act”) was the statutory framework for U.S. communications policy, covering telecommunications and broadcasting. That act created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or “Commission”), which was to implement and administer the economic regulation of the interstate activities of the telephone monopolies and the licensing of spectrum used for broadcast and other purposes. However, the Act explicitly left most regulation of intrastate telephone services to the states.
In the 1970s and 1980s, a combination of technological change, court decisions, and changes in U.S. policy permitted competitive entry into some telecommunications and broadcast markets. In this context, the Telecommunications Act was designed to open up markets to competition by removing unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry. However, the deregulations have led to a concentration of media ownership with fewer broadcasters competing in regional markets and the elimination of many local, independent and alternative media outlets.
Stated objective
Its stated objective was to open up markets to competition by removing regulatory barriers to entry: The conference report refers to the bill “to provide for a pro-competitive, de-regulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition....” Congress attempted to create a regulatory framework for the transition from primarily monopoly provision to competitive provision of telecommunications services.
Major provisions
The 1996 Telecommunications Act is divided into seven Titles:
Title I: "Telecommunications Service"
Helps to outline the general duties of the telecommunication carriers as well as the obligations of all Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) and the additional obligations of Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs).
Title II: "Broadcast Services"
Outlines the granting and licensing of broadcast spectrum by the government, including a provision to issue licenses to current television stations to commence digital television broadcasting, the use of the revenues generated by suchlicensing, the terms of broadcast licenses, the process of renewing broadcast licenses, direct broadcast satellite services, automated ship distress and safety systems, and restrictions on over-the-air reception devices Title III, "Cable Services" : Outlines the Cable Act reform, cable services provided by telephone companies, the preemption of franchising authority regulation of telecommunication services, video programming accessibility, and competitive availability of navigation devices.
Title III: "Cable Services"
Outlines the Cable Act reform, cable services provided by telephone companies, the preemption of franchising authority regulation of telecommunication services, video programming accessibility, and competitive availability of navigation devices.
Title IV: "Regulatory Reform"
Outlines regulatory forbearance, a biennial review of regulations, regulatory relief, and the elimination of unnecessary Commission regulations and functions.
Title V: "Obscenity and Violence"
Communications Decency Act
outlines regulations regarding obscene programming on cable television, the scrambling of cable channels for nonsubscribers, the scrambling of sexually explicit adult video service programming, the cable operators' refusal to carry certain programs, coercion and enticement of minors, and online family empowerment, including a requirement for the manufacture of televisions that block programs using V-chip technology. Title V also
gives a clarification of the current laws regarding communication of obscene materials through the use of a computer.
Title VI: "Effect on Other Laws"
Outlines the applicability of consent decrees and other laws and the preemption of local taxation with respect to direct to home sales.
Title VII: "Miscellaneous Provisions"
Outlines provisions relating to the prevention of unfair billing practices for information or services provided over toll-free telephone calls, privacy of consumer information, pole attachments, facilities sittting, radio frequency emission standards, mobile services direct access to long distance carriers, advanced telecommunications incentives, the telecommunications development fund, the National Education Technology Funding Corporation, a report on the use of advance telecommunications services for medical purposes, and outlines the authorization of appropriations.
The Act makes a significant distinction between providers of telecommunications services and information services. The term 'telecommunications service' means the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used.' On the other hand, the term 'information service' means the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications, and includes electronic publishing, but does not include any use of any such capability for the management, control, or operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service. The distinction comes into play when a carrier provides information services. A carrier providing information services is not a 'telecommunications carrier' under the act. For example, a carrier is not a 'telecommunications carrier' when it is selling broadband Internet access. This distinction becomes particularly important because the act enforces specific regulations against 'telecommunications carriers' but not against carriers providing information services. With the convergence of telephone, cable, and internet providers, this distinction has
E-commerce:
Recently there has been a surge in E-commerce activities in Bangladesh. There are E-commerce related seminars and symposiums in the country almost everyday and all the major training centers are offering courses on E-commerce. Government is now formulating laws for e-commerce to enhance the business rapidly and smoothly.
Discussion: In order to doing this report, we have tried hardly to do it more perfectly. But during the time of doing this term paper, we faced many problems like we can not get enough site in internet which is related to these topics. Moreover, the speed of internet is very slow in this area. It requires more time to do work in internet. Thus, we cannot collect any books about these topics but we tried to collect books. From these laws, the 1934 act was made to implement the economic regulation of license, telephone monopolies and other purposes.The telecommunication act of 1996 was made by amending the 1934 act. The telecommunication act of 1996 is made for providing same type of service to people. Above the mentioned tables, management information system(MIS)can take data and make it into a series of management reports. Decision support system(DSS) can give decisions when possible outcomes are facing uncertainty. All international calls are done by International Gateway(IGW) which is interconnected through Interconnection Exchange(ICX). When the call is local, it will pass to the IGW(International Gateway).If the call is international, IGW(International Gateway) will pass to the ICX(Interconnection Exchange).
-23-
Result:
Human resource:
Human resource is the most important component for IT industry. Bangladesh has a huge educated, unemployed youth force with the ability to read and write English. The country can take advantage of its immense manpower to train and prepare programmers and IT professionals. Government has already started a project to develop Computer Programmers in Bangladesh. All the universities are offering one year post-graduate Diploma course for the graduates. Our unemployed educated persons can take this opportunity to build their career as IT professionals.
IT awareness:
Young generation in Bangladesh is very enthusiastic and has correctly identified IT as the future of the country. There are numerous computer clubs, computer festivals, programming contests, web design contests, IT related seminars and discussions in many cities of the country. There are about 16 magazines and four digital IT magazines are being published monthly and some daily newspapers publish IT pages once/twice a week. A few of the magazines are in collaboration with other international magazines, however, most of these are Bangladeshi origin. There are a few interactive sites and forums. A number of business centers and cyber-cafes have started up recently. Most of these business centers provide e-mail; e-mail to fax, phone-fax services and cyber cafes offer Internet browsing.
E-commerce:
Recently there has been a surge in E-commerce activities in Bangladesh. There are E-commerce related seminars and symposiums in the country almost everyday and all the major training centers are offering courses on E-commerce. Government is now formulating laws for e-commerce to enhance the business rapidly and smoothly.
Conclusion: Our Bangladeshi students should be more aware about Information Technology and they should take proper decision to build their career. Indians have changed their whole financial position by IT. Their government also is very much serious about IT. Any way, Bangladesh has a long way to go in a very short time to enjoy the fruits of information age. It will be only possible when there will be political commitment with better IT infrastructure, internal network, country domain and above all a high speed fiber optic link to the Information Superhighway.
IT is the area of managing technology and spans a wide variety of areas that include computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages but are not limited to things such as processes, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools.
Bibliography: Home > Library > Business & Finance > Banking Dictionary Home > Library > Health > Public Health Encyclopedia
http://w : http://www.answers.com/topic/information- technology#ixzz1sx99s5W9ww.compete.org/bookstore/book_index.html
http://www.answers.com/topic/information-technology#ixzz1sx9MhK2o Paglin, Max D., A Legislative History of the Communications Act of 1996, Oxford
University Press, New York. 1996. Crandall, Robert, Competition and Chaos; U.S. Communications Since 1996, Brookings
Institute, 2005. Hendricks, John Allen, "The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Its Impact on the
Electronic Media of the 21st Century", Communications and the Law 21(2), June 1999