University of Ottawa

Term paper guidelines ECO 4117 – Development Economics

Literature Review Option

Louis Hotte

Fall 2015

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LOUIS HOTTE 1

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3

2 Topic proposal and bibliographic search (Due Day Month Year) ................................... 3

2.1 Bibliographic search for topic proposal .................................................................... 4

3 The intermediate report (Due Day Month Year) .............................................................. 5

4 The final paper (Due Day Month Year) ........................................................................... 5

4.1 The general structure................................................................................................. 5

4.2 The general introduction (2-3 pages) ........................................................................ 6

4.3 The reviews (5-7 pages each) ................................................................................... 6

4.3.1 The specific question(s) ........................................................................................ 7

4.3.2 The context ............................................................................................................ 7

4.3.3 The theory ............................................................................................................. 7

4.3.4 The data ................................................................................................................. 7

4.3.5 The methodology or empirical strategy ................................................................ 7

4.3.6 The main results .................................................................................................... 8

4.3.7 Discussions ............................................................................................................ 8

4.4 Discussion and conclusion (2-3 pages) ..................................................................... 8

4.5 Additional comments and tips .................................................................................. 8

4.5.1 Section titles .......................................................................................................... 8

4.5.2 A self-contained paper .......................................................................................... 9

5 List of recommended journals per topic ......................................................................... 10

5.1 General journals in economics ................................................................................ 10

5.2 Environmental and Resource Economics ............................................................... 10

5.3 Economics of Conflicts ........................................................................................... 10

5.4 Economics of Development .................................................................................... 10

6 Topic proposal form for literature review ...................................................................... 11

7 Checklist (TBC) ............................................................................................................. 12

A Style guidelines .............................................................................................................. 13

A.1 Table of contents ..................................................................................................... 13

A.2 Bibliography style ................................................................................................... 13

A.3 Citations .................................................................................................................. 13

A.4 Quotations ............................................................................................................... 14

A.5 Footnotes ................................................................................................................. 14

A.6 Tables ...................................................................................................................... 14

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A.7 Figures..................................................................................................................... 14

A.8 Formatting and visuals ............................................................................................ 15

A.9 Title Page ................................................................................................................ 15

B References ...................................................................................................................... 16

C Example of table............................................................................................................. 17

D Example of figure ........................................................................................................... 18

E Model for title page ........................................................................................................ 19

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WARNING!!!

Before anything, you must read the document entitled “Academic Integrity: Student’s

Guide” that has been produced by the University of Ottawa.

1 Introduction

For this course, a literature review consists in a detailed summary of three empirical papers.

The papers must be linked by an overarching question of interest. This question is chosen by the

student but must fit clearly within the general theme of the course. Each of the reviewed papers

must contain a regression analysis and have been published in a well-regarded, peer-reviewed

economics journal.

This exercise seeks to introduce the student to many of the critical stages of the research

process. This includes: the choice of a research topic; the search and identification of good

empirical work that is of relevance to the topic; the ability to perform a structured synthesis of

empirical work and express ideas clearly; the challenge of critically, creatively, and

constructively appraising empirical work and its theoretical underpinnings; the discipline of

adhering to a project timeline; and, finally, putting together a well-formatted, interesting paper

that follows the rigour of the scientific method.

The requirements are not overly demanding in terms of original contributions. It is designed

this way as a steppingstone into the world of research for advanced undergraduate students in the

economics major. In return, however, the expected technical level of the presentation, as well as

the short critical discussions, must clearly correspond to that of an advanced undergraduate

student in economics. The evaluation will strongly reflect that.

A word about language quality. This document concerns term papers written in English (or

French) by university students in an English (and French) language university. The quality of the

language must thus meet what is expected of university students at this stage.1

The paper is divided into two parts. The first part (with section first numbers) is mostly

specific to this course. In the second part (with section first letters), most directives are

applicable any term or MA major paper in economics.

2 Topic proposal and bibliographic search (Due Day Month Year)2

A topic proposal form is provided in section 6. You will have to provide a topic title, a brief

summary of the question(s) and a list of three papers. The bibliographic search report is

described in the section below. To be submitted in printed form only.

This early stage of the research process has a tentative flavor attached to it and is meant to be

so. But do not treat it as any less important than the later stages. Whatever corners you cut here

will catch you up later on.

The research process calls for a maturing of ideas. Once you get started with this stage, you

will realise that your mind is at times wandering around the issues while eating corn flakes,

1 If you think that language is an issue to you, you must work on it AND START EARLY. There are resources

at the University to help. You should have the initial versions of your text proofread, as one usually makes the same

small number of mistakes repetitively. This constitutes an invaluable investment in your future. 2 Text in red denotes adaptions for the intended course.

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riding the bus, or during yoga class. (Don’t do it while riding your bike through city streets

though; it’s dangerous and it hurts.) You may find yourself constructing arguments and

deconstructing them the next day. This is how one matures ideas and probably constitutes the

most important part of the research process. If you don’t find yourself doing that, then it may be

that you are not interested or convinced by your chosen topic.3 Try modifying it a little.

In any case, do not panic if you did not find exactly what you were expecting or if you do not

feel entirely compelled by the topic. Things will get better as you move along, provided you start

early and with the right attitude. Important in this respect is the bibliographic search. As you will

see in the topic proposal form, you will be asked to search through a bibliographic database from

the University library.

2.1 Bibliographic search for topic proposal

You must find three scientific articles containing mainly empirical work and published in a

good quality, peer-refereed journal not before year 2000. (More on this below.)

There are various good databases that can be used to search for articles on a specific

subject, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. For this topic proposal, I want you to

begin with either ECONLIT or JSTOR. Both can be accessed through the University library's list

of databases. (Databases A-Z)

A few remarks are in order here. One may also conduct a search using Google or Google

Scholar. The problem here is that you may end-up collecting many very bad, “pseudo-scientific”,

not seriously peer-reviewed papers. Experienced researchers are able to quickly disentangle the

lot. The inexperienced student ends up spending hours reading papers that in the end will not

help them at all, or worse, will confuse them or send them in the wrong direction.

Keep in mind that papers published in respected journals have (normally) gone through a

rigorous peer-refereeing process before being accepted for publication. This means that others

have done the work of identifying good quality and original contributions for you. This is a boon

for the inexperienced.4 In section 5, I provide a list of well-respected journals in economics that

tend to publish good empirical work, some in any sub-fields of economics, some in specific sub-

fields. If you find three empirical articles within the list that fit your topic well, your job is done.

For the above reasons, I want you to use either ECONLIT or JSTOR for the topic proposal.

With JSTOR, use the advanced search option and narrow your search within economics.

(ECONLIT is already limited to economics.) Restrict your search to articles and the date range

after 2000. Begin with a set of two or three keywords contained in the abstract with the AND

operator. If your search returns less than 10 articles, your keywords are too restrictive. Change

them or consider a broader topic. If it returns more than 200 articles, use additional or more

specific keywords, or consider a more restricted topic. Once your search results have narrowed to

between 10 and 200 articles, save them and email them to me.

You must go through the list of articles and find three for your term paper to be listed in your

topic proposal. To this end, you must select papers based on the title, then the abstract, and then

by downloading the paper and leafing through it. Make sure it contains a regression analysis, i.e.,

3 It may also be that you are not really interested in doing research. The consequences are not very serious in the

context of this course. But if you do like it, you may be ripe for graduate studies. 4 Alas, this is not failsafe. Sometimes bad papers get published in top journals while much better papers do not

make it there.

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a regression equation and a table of estimated coefficients for the explanatory variables and their

statistical significance.

Expect to spend a few hours on this article search. It is a critical investment in your time.

You do not just want three articles that fit your topic well; you want them to be good and

interesting. If you cannot seem to find any good articles, consider changing your topic. In fact,

you will probably be naturally led to deviate from your original topic while conducting the

search. You might come across other topics that you did not initially think of, but find more

interesting than your original one. That is a perfectly normal outcome of a search. Be flexible at

this point.

3 The intermediate report (Due Day Month Year)

A document containing the following must be submitted at class break on printed paper (no

emailing please):

a) A final reference list containing three empirical papers with regression analysis that

closely and convincingly fit your topic.

b) A complete review of one paper. This will in fact correspond to the first review of the

three reviews that you are expected to do for the final paper. This first review must

follow closely the sectional structure proposed in section 4.1 below and its associated

explanations and style guidelines with proper referencing etc. Each section must be

written with full sentences in your own words. And of course, no copying/pasting from

the paper; this would be plagiarism.

4 The final paper (Due Day Month Year)

The term paper consists of a small review of the literature on a topic of direct relevance to

development economics. The review is primarily based on three empirical papers that contain

regression analysis. (You may briefly mention and cite additional empirical or theoretical papers

but they cannot be described in details.) The topic and the three reviewed papers must have been

preapproved by the professor. Papers that do not fit clearly within a chosen topic in development

economics are not acceptable and will not be corrected.

The term paper must contain 15 to 20 pages of “pure” text (4000 to 5000 words). It is always

a good idea to identify clearly the subject under discussion with section and subsection headings.

A common mistake by students is to jump back and forth between different topics such as data

description, own results, results of others, all within the same paragraph and without clearly

stating so. This not only becomes very confusing for the reader but it usually reflects

disorganization in the student’s thoughts. By adhering to a sectional structure, the student will

view things more clearly. It also makes it easier for both the writer and the reader to move back

and forth between different parts of the paper.

The final paper submission must be accompanied with the checklist found in section 7,

checked out and signed.

4.1 The general structure

For the term paper in this course, the student must adhere closely to the following structure:

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I. Introduction

II. Title for review 1

a. The specific question

b. The context

c. The theory

d. The data

e. The methodology

f. The main results

g. Discussion (brief)

III. Title for review 2

a. …

IV. Title for review 3

a. …

V. Discussion and conclusion

VI. References

The subsections must appear explicitly in your final text. Here are suggestions on how to

go about each subsection.

4.2 The general introduction (2-3 pages)

Students often tend to neglect the introduction, thinking that all of the hard and novel work

appears in later sections of the paper and the reader will figure things out. This is a mistake.

Think of when you begin to read a new article. The first thing you will do is read the first two

paragraphs in the introduction. If this does not catch your attention, you move on to something

else. This is often simply due to the fact that the introduction was written in haste just before the

submission deadline and not because the paper is not interesting. Why bother reading a paper if

the introduction is badly written, confusing, or full of spelling mistakes?

There is no hard and fast rule on how to write an introduction. The experienced

researcher can use creativity here also. But students often do not have this experience and end up

writing an introduction that lacks focus and clarity and does not do justice to the rest of the

paper. For this reason, I prefer to impose some structure to the introduction with the following

set of rules.

Aim for a two- to three-page introduction. Write one paragraph (about one-half page) for

each of the following topic in the same order:

i. The big issues in the larger context of economics and the social sciences

ii. The main specific question(s) that you address in your term paper (five maximum)

iii. The methodology that you use (a literature review here, with three main papers)

iv. A brief description of the different approaches used

v. The main results (five maximum)

vi. A brief “road map” of your paper

Somewhere in the introduction, you should state clearly what you consider to be the main

lessons that you have learned.

4.3 The reviews (5-7 pages each)

Proceed one paper at a time, a separate section for each, and write one to three paragraphs for

each of the following subjects:

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4.3.1 The specific question(s)

Describe the specific question(s) that the paper addresses. Suppose, for instance, that your

general topic is whether natural resource abundance causes conflict. Then the specific question

of the paper being reviewed here may be something like the link between oil prices and civil war

casualties in Colombia between 1980 and 2000.

4.3.2 The context

Describe the area of application of the analysis. This includes the set of countries, the

periods, the sub-population, etc. Does it involve specific events such as a war period, a major

recession, an agrarian or education reform?

4.3.3 The theory

Explain what phenomena that the paper seeks to analyse. Do this mostly in plain words, i.e.,

as if you were explaining to fellow economics students during class break. The technical level

must correspond to that of students who have completed intermediate courses in economics. You

may add in some variables and mathematical expressions but this is not the point of your review,

so do not overdo it.

4.3.4 The data

Talk mostly about the data of interest. We are not much concerned about data that is widely

used, such as GDP per capita, GDP growth, schooling level, stock prices, etc. Concentrate your

discussion on the data that is somewhat unique and critical to the study. Who collected this data,

where, and how? Were there any specific difficulties or potential biases? For instance, how were

the casualties from the civil war in Colombia collected and by whom? Do they include both

civilians and fighters? How can we be sure that civilian casualties are not caused by crime

instead?

4.3.5 The methodology or empirical strategy

Here you should be quite specific. Your training as an economist must transpire here and

single you out from the untrained, say, CBC journalist. What is the precise relationship being

estimated? What are the dependent variable and explanatory variables of interest? Express the

main equation being estimated on a separate line, using the math editor. If various equations are

being estimated, chose one or two that seem most important; this type of choice constitutes the

core of a good summary. Mention how the explanatory variables are expected to affect the

dependent one. Are there any potential endogeneity issues with the estimated relationship? How

are they resolved? Any potential bias with the way the data was collected?

I realize that a paper’s technical level may be somewhat inaccessible to you given your

training. Be honest about your ignorance; people actually appreciate that – I am sure that you

have before – but only if you don’t just stop there. There are two options here: i) If the issue

seems crucial to the analysis, mention that you don't have a very precise understanding of some

technical considerations and go on to provide a conjectural and intuitive interpretation; your

boss/professor/reader will be impressed by these efforts. ii) If either it is really too hard to

understand, or it does some seem very crucial - or sadly sometimes even both - just say so and

move on. I, at times, do that myself in class for a paper that is otherwise valuable enough that it

is still worth the frustration. The idea is to convince me that at the very least, you have put in

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some reasonable amount of effort at understanding the statistical or theoretical problem that the

advanced technique sought to address. (See also related comment about direct quotes below.)

4.3.6 The main results

Again, the technical level of the results discussion should match the expectations for an

advanced undergraduate student in economics who knows about the concept of a regression with

multiple explanatory variables – more or less corresponding to your eventual colleagues and

bosses at Statistics Canada. You must report details of at least one regression column and briefly

discuss statistical significance and magnitudes of the effects of the explanatory variables.

Providing a table (built yourself) is entirely optional; you can very well report the regression

result(s) clearly in words in two or three paragraphs. (This might actually be a better intellectual

exercise.) Whatever you do, do not copy and paste the tables from the original article. Choose

one or two sets of regressions and build your own table. Discuss whether or not the evidence

confirms the theory. Do the results appear to be robust?

4.3.7 Discussions

Comment the results briefly in your own view. Now is the time to be a little creative. Are the

results convincing? Is there anything that you would have done differently? Can you think of an

extension that you wished to undertake?

4.4 Discussion and conclusion (2-3 pages)

Begin by restating the initial big question(s) that appeared in the introduction. (Using

different words of course. Never copy/paste yourself.) Go on by describing the main results

obtained in each of the three papers in about one paragraph each.

At this point, you must be a little creative. Compare the three papers. Discuss what you

consider to be important results and what is not so convincing in terms of causality. If you are

critical, be constructive by proposing some improvements. If a paper appears to you as bad

science throughout, say it. Do you see any policy implications?

4.5 Additional comments and tips

4.5.1 Section titles

Regarding a review section’s title, students tend to just literally provide the title of the paper.

I find it much nicer to come up with an own title, say like “2. On the link between property rights

and natural resource use” or “2. Access to education and the “Bolsa Familia” program in Brazil”.

When you begin your review with the Specific question section, you can then say something like:

In this section, I propose to review the paper by Hotte et al. (2014), who analyze the

effect of imperfectly defined property rights on the management of our natural resources.

More specifically, the authors develop a theoretical model that looks at the difference

between two types of weak property rights, …

Or,

There is no question that economic growth is an enviable goal by itself. However, a

number of development experts are worried that growth may exacerbate income

inequalities. The paper by Haddad (2010), to be reviewed here, looks at the effectiveness

of a specific government program that aims to alleviate such adverse effects. The

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program, called Bolsa Familia, was implemented in Brazil … The specific empirical

question that the author considers is …

4.5.2 A self-contained paper

Your term paper must be self-contained, i.e., it can be fully understood without access to the

original papers being reviewed.

This means, for instance, that you must not refer directly to the table and figure numbers of

the original paper. Instead, you must describe in your own words what the table or figure teaches

us and then cite it as follows: (Miguel and Kremer 2004, Table VIII).

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5 List of recommended journals per topic

This list was built to help students search for published empirical papers in economics. Most

journals publish both empirical and theoretical papers. The list is neither exhaustive nor fail-safe.

Beware of journals that carry very similar names!

5.1 General journals in economics

The following journals contain empirical work in any sub-field of economics.

American Economic Rev AEJ: Applied Economics AEJ: Economic Policy J of Development Economics J of Political Economy Canadian J of Economics

J of Public Economics Quarterly J of Economics

Rev of Economic and Statistics Rev of Economic Studies

Economic Journal Oxford Bulletin of Econ and Stat

European Economic Rev International Economic Rev

J of European Econ Association Scandinavian J of Econ

NBER Working papers J of Law and Economics

European Journal of Political Economy J Econ Behavior & Organisation

Economica

5.2 Environmental and Resource Economics

J of Environmental Econ & Mngmt Resource and Energy Econ Ecological Economics Environment and Development Econ Environmental and Resource Econ J of the Association of Environmental and Resource

Economists Land Economics Am J of Agricultural Econ Marine Resource Econ

5.3 Economics of Conflicts

American Political Science Rev Annual Rev of Political Science

Journal of Conflict Resolution American J of Political Science

J of Peace Research

5.4 Economics of Development

J of Development Econ J of Econ Growth Econ Devel & Cultural Change J of Devel Studies

World Development J of African Economies

Rev of Devel Econ

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6 Topic proposal form for literature review

Student name and number:

Email address:

Tentative title:

Research question and motivation: (10 lines max.)

Preliminary references: (List three scientific papers that you have found through one the following

databases: ECONLIT, JSTOR. You must save your search results and email them to the professor. Search results

should fit your research topic reasonably closely and include between 15 and 200 results. Provide a complete

reference as per section B.)

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7 Checklist (TBC)

Print and attach the following checklist to your paper. Each item must be checked by hand and

signed at the bottom.

o Page numbers o Table of Contents

o List of references o Citations for paraphrasing

o Quotations with page numbers for

quoting

o Economic versus statistical

significance

o Table numbers and titles o Figure numbers and titles

o Spell check o I have read “Academic Integrity:

Student’s guide”

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A Style guidelines

Each discipline and each journal have its own styles regarding references, section headings,

footnotes, etc. In principle, an author can choose his/her own style within the ones used in the

discipline. You may consult articles in economics to see the different styles in use. Compare with

law articles to see how different the styles can be.5 What is not negotiable is that once you adopt

a style, you must stick to it throughout the whole paper.

For this course, however, I impose that all students use the style of the Canadian Journal of

Economics.

A.1 Table of contents

Make sure to have page numbers and a TOC with sections and subsections. Your word

processor can do that quite nicely. The introduction begins with page 1. Do not forget to update

with the final version.

A.2 Bibliography style

A reference list must be provided at the end of your paper. See section B for an example. It

follows the style of the Canadian Journal of Economics and contains most types of references

that you will encounter. You must follow that style. Note that titles of books or journals are in

italics. Titles of articles, chapters of books, working papers or other documents are between

quotation marks. References are listed in alphabetical order of authors. Only include works cited

in your term paper.

A.3 Citations

At this point, you must have read the document entitled “Academic Integrity: Student’s

Guide” and be able to make the difference between paraphrasing, quoting and

summarizing. If not, do so now. Citations in the text must follow the CJE style. The following (fictitious) paragraph gives the

most common occurences:

The review by Hotte (2013) provides many examples that confirm these results. However,

other researchers have obtained opposite results (Helpman et al. 1968; Head and Ries 2003a).

There are in fact two types of foreign investment that will affect wages, portfolio (Caves 1996)

and direct (Ma 2004).

Use last names only. If there are two authors, mention them both. If there are more than two,

mention the first author’s name with “et al.” Complete references appear only once and that is in

the reference section. The CJE style does not use footnotes to cite sources, so do the same. The

footnote may refer to sources, but only when it adds something new.

Regarding the frequency of the same source, one per paragraph is about right. Doing it

for every sentence is usually too much. The bottom line is that one must be able to make the

distinction between what comes from you and what comes from another source. The very first

time you refer to the reviewed paper, give the author's name and year, as shown above. Again,

never write the reference’s title in the text; one can look it up in your reference section at the end.

5 Three of the most prestigious journals in economics are The American Economic Review, The Journal of

Political Economy and The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Prominent law journals include The Yale Law Journal

and Harvard Law Review.

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In the ensuing paragraphs, just providing the page number is usually enough. Note that it is

acceptable to refer to the same paper throughout the section as this is what the exercise is about

here. But if you do refer to another source at some point, then you must give the name and year.

Just make sure that in the ensuing citations, there is no possible confusion between the sources

that you are referring to. Use judgement.

A.4 Quotations

The use of quotations is only warranted when it seems almost impossible to use your own

words, usually because the author says things in an exceptionally sharp manner. But this is, well,

exceptional. Few papers deserve that. I would say no more than three quotations per paper. Also,

do not resort to direct quotes just because a text is too technical. (On the problem of advanced

techniques, see my comments in section 4.3.5.)

In line with the CJE style, a quotation appears continuously in the text, is indicated between

single quotation marks, and the source includes the page number. Here is an example taken from

Brander (2007):6 ‘We are actually leaving the world a better place than when we got it . . .

mankind’s lot has vastly improved in every significant measurable field and . . . is likely to

continue to do so’ (Lomborg 2001, 351). Another example will go as follows: For the case of

conflict, Hotte (2013, 263) writes that ‘The presence of a fixed factor implies that the production

technology exhibits decreasing returns to the variable factors… [T]he natural resource input is of

fixed size because of its nonreplicability.’

If you need to quote a much longer passage, do it in a single-spaced, indented paragraph.

A.5 Footnotes

Footnotes can used for additional comments that may be useful to some readers but may be

skipped without loss to the main argument. The idea is to lighten the text. There is a bit of a

judgement call to be made here.

As per the CJE style, put the footnotes at the bottom of the same page, numbered sequentially

from the start to the end of the entire paper.

A.6 Tables

When making a review of another paper, do not reproduce its regression table(s) (or any

other) by photocopy or copy/paste. If you deem desirable to discuss a paper’s results using a

table, you must build it yourself and indicate the source. This usually means that you will cut

some regression results (usually columns) from the original table; indeed, the purpose of a

review consists in summarizing the original paper. Do not report a regression if you won’t

discuss it.

Any table that you include must be discussed in your paper and referred to by its number.

The CJE style goes as follows: The results of the regression are presented in table 2. When

building a regression table, follow the format provided in section C. (You may need to refer to

other publications in the CJE for additional examples.) If you generate your own numbers for a

table, you must provide the data sources in the text and the method used.

A.7 Figures

6 Actually, I highly recommend that you download a copy of Brander’s (2007) paper because it includes a good

literature review (of sustainability and growth) and thus provides just about all the style examples that you will need.

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Figures may be reproduced directly from the original text. In a review, however, a figure

should be included only if it is absolutely necessary for a good understanding. Indicate the

source. Any figure that you include must be discussed in your paper and referred to by its

number. The CJE style goes as follows: An illustration is provided in figure 3. See my example

in section D.

A.8 Formatting and visuals

Try to use some features that your text editor provides in order to give a nice visual rendition

of your term paper. In particular, the sectioning commands and numbering can be quite nice with

MS Word; if you do it smartly, it can make a good difference for the reader – your boss? - who

may have the option to just dump your - otherwise excellent - work before reading on. Your

professor doesn’t have that option, but he/she is still human and can be somewhat influenced by

the formatting, maybe to the order of +/- 3 % for an otherwise good paper, probably more when

the writing is also bad. Do not overdo this however. The very last thing you want is to give the

impression that you spent more time on the container than the content.

A.9 Title Page

See the model in section E.

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B References7

Ayres, Ian, and Steven D. Levitt (1998) ‘Measuring positive externalities from unobservable victim

precaution: an empirical analysis of Lojack,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, 43-77

Brander, James A. (2007) ‘Viewpoint: Sustainability: Malthus revisited?’ Canadian Journal of

Economics 40, 1-38

Caves, D. (1996) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2nd ed. Cambridge Surveys of

Economics Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson (2003) ‘Global production sharing and rising inequality: a

survey of trade and wages,’ in Handbook of International Trade, ed. E. Kwan Choi and James Harrigan

(Blackwell)

Head, K., and J. Ries (2003a) ‘Overseas investment and firm exports,’ Review of International

Economics 9, 108-22

--- (2003b) ‘Heterogeneity and the foreign direct investment versus exports decision of Japanese

manufacturers,’ Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 17, 448-67

Helpman, E., M. Melitz and Y. Rubenstein (2007) ‘Estimating trade flows: trading partners and

trading volumes,’ NBER Working Paper No. 12927

Hotte, Louis (2013) ‘Environmental Conflict and Natural Resources,’ in Encyclopedia of Energy,

Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics, ed. J.F. Shogren, Vol. 3, 261-270 (Amsterdam:

Elsevier)

Hotte, Louis and Tanguy van Ypersele (2008) ‘Individual protection against property crime:

decomposing the effects of protection observability’ Canadian Journal of Economics 41, 537-563

Hummels, David (1999) ‘Have international transportation costs declined?’ Mimeo

Kneller, Richard, and Mauro Pisu (2005) ‘Industrial linkages and export spillovers from FDI,’

manuscript, University of Nottingham

Ma, Alyson C. (2004) ‘Trade and multinational firms: evidence from China,’ PhD thesis, University

of California

McCullagh, P., and J.A. Nelder (1989) Generalized Linear Models (New York: Chapman and Hall)

Pastore, A.L., and K. Maguire, eds (2005) Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics [Online].

Available at http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/

Statistics Canada, Industrial Research and Development, Catalogue 88-202-XIB, various issues

Thomson, W. (2011) A Guide for the Young Economist (Boston: MIT Press)

7 Some of the references below do not appear in the present text. They have been included simply to provide

additional examples on how to write a reference. Be reminded that one should not include references that are not

mentioned in the text.

Term paper guidelines | Literature Review

LOUIS HOTTE 17

C Example of table

Term paper guidelines | Literature Review

LOUIS HOTTE 18

D Example of figure

FIGURE 2: Equilibrium predation efforts (Source: Hotte and van Ypersele 2008)

Term paper guidelines | Literature Review

LOUIS HOTTE 19

E Model for title page

The Fiendish Behavior of the Lone Economist across the Street:

A frosty window into the evidence

by

Mu Fanchu

(543210-1)

Term paper presented to

Professor Ludwig Kaldo

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

ECO 4117: Development Economics

University of Ottawa

Ottawa, Ontario

December 2015