teori dasar ultrasonik
TRANSCRIPT
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Introduction toUltrasonic Testing
SD 218
Introduction toUltrasonic Testing
SD 218© SLAMET WALUYO
PT. MULTI KHARISMA PERKASA2007
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
socket
matching-element
damping-block
crystalprotecting face(probe delay)
housing
workpiece Sound pulse
Straight beam probe
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
crystal
perspex wedge(probe delay)
damping blocks
socket
housing
workpiece Sound pulse
Angle beam probe
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
near field
far field
acoustical axis (central beam)
N = near field length
= angle of divergence
3
Sound field
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Flaw detection
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Flaw detection
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Flaw detection
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Bad flaw orientation
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
crack
Improper flaw location
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
crack
Angle reflection
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Angle reflection
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Vertical, near surface flaw
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 155 10 155T R
a1
Tandem technique (top)
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 155 10 155T R
a 2
Tandem technique (middle)
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 155 10 155T R
a 3
Tandem technique (bottom)
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Improper flaw orientation
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Perfect flaw orientation
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
sound beam
flat defect
15105
reflected sound waves
Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s
Flaw distance
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
start signal(pulse)
finish signal(echo)
transmitter
transit timemeasurement
probe
work piece
sound transitpath
Stop-watch
Principle of transit time measurement
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
CRT / A-scan display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
sound wave starts at crystal
light point
transmittertransmittertransmission
pulse
Priciple, transmission pulse
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
sound wave
transmittertransmitter
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
transmittertransmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
transmittertransmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wallecho
transmittertransmitter
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
2 4 6 8 10
protecting face
crystal
probe
electricalzero
(initial pulse)
mechanicalzero
(surface)
Probe delay
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
electicalzero
(initial pulse)
mechanicalzero
(surface)sound wave
work piece
delay(wedge)
probe 0 2 4 6 8 10
Probe delay
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probeback wall
echo
flaw
flawecho
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wallecho
flaw
flawecho
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wallecho
flaw
flawecho
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
flaw echocoveredby initialpulse
work piece
probe
back wallecho
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
back wallecho:
without
with flaw
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
flaw echosequence
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
dead zone
Dead zone
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20
Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
receiversocket
transmittersocket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
acousticalbarrier
TR-probe / dual crystal probe
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP
BE
work piece
TR-probe
Probe delay with TR-probes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP
BE
flaw
cross talkecho
flawecho
TR-probe
Cross talk at high gain
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm50
steel, L
div.
Range calibration
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
70°
45°
100
mm
60°
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm
1st echo from circular section
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s = 25 mms = 100 mms = 175 mmetc.
1
2
3
this wave will be absorbed !
25 mm radius of calibration block 2
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s = 50 mms = 125 mms = 200 mmetc.
1
2
3
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mmsteel
100 mm range calibration on K2
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
51015
work piece reflector
s
0 2 4 6 8 10
s = k•R
s = sound pathk = scale factorR = screen reading
Flaw location
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw location
a
s d
Sound entry point projectionpoint
a = s•sin ßd = s•cos ß
ß
ßß = probe angles = sound patha = surface distanced = depth
"flaw triangle"
Flaw location with angle beam probes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
51015
work piece reflector
aa'
s d
x
index point -front edge of probe
a = surface distancea' = reduced surface distancex = x-value = distance:
Flaw location with angle beam probes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
51015
apparent flaw location
a
sd = apparent depth
T
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
51015
apparent flaw location
real flaw location
a
s d
d'
d' = apparent depthd = real depthT = work piece thickness
T
a = s • sind‘ = s • cosd = 2T - d
a = s • sind‘ = s • cosd = 2T - d
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Large defects parallel to the scanning surface
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 100 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BER IP BER IP BER
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BER
IP BER
IP BER
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BEF
F
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
80 %
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BER
instrument gain: 34 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 2
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BERE
+ 8 dB
instrument gain: 42 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 3
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems