tender fruit and grape ipm specialist · types of biopesticides •microbial pesticides active...
TRANSCRIPT
Wendy McFadden-Smith Tender Fruit and Grape IPM Specialist
OMAFRA, Vineland
Unconventional Thinking Workshop March 29, 2018
I’m conventional, but responsible. Why should I bother?
• Conventional products under review – Good chance that many broad spectrum products
will be lost or use restricted – Need to be comfortable with alternatives – Resistance management
• Sustainability – pollinators – water quality – climate change – changing consumer demographics
What are Biopesticides?
• Derived from natural sources such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, plants, animals and minerals.
• Must be registered by Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) before becoming available for use in Canada.
• Many are more environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides.
http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/?id=1288727518132
Types of Biopesticides
• Microbial Pesticides
– contain living microorganisms
– bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans, algae, mycoplasma, rickettsia and related organisms and associated metabolites (or by-products
– Many target only specific pests.
Types of Biopesticides
• Microbial pesticides
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest
Bacillus thuringiensis Bioprotec CAF
O apple, pear, apricot, cherry,
peach, plum, OBLR
grape GBM raspberry, blueberry LR
Dipel 2X DF O
apple, pear, apricot, cherry, plum,
OBLR
grape GBM raspberry, blueberry LR Foray 48 BA apple, pear OBLR blueberry, raspberry LR Cydia pomonella granulovirus CYD-X
O apple CM
Virosoft O
Types of Biopesticides
• Microbial pesticides Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest spinosad Entrust O pome fruit OBLR, CM
stone fruit OBLR, WFT,
CFF
blueberry, raspberry OBLR grape GBM
Success
pome fruit OBLR, CM,
CWM stone fruit, raspberry OBLR, SWD blueberry OBLR grape GBM
GF-120 O cherry CFF Polyoxin D Diplomat apple PM
grape PM, Bot
LR = leafrollers, OBLR = oblique-banded leafroller, CM = Codling moth, WFT = western flower thrips, CFF = cherry fruit fly, CWM = clearwing moths, SWD = Spotted wing drosophila, GBM = grape berry moth
Types of Biopesticides
• Microbial pesticides
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest Aureobasidium pullulans Botector O grape Bot Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Double Nickel apple, pear FB grape, strawberry PM, Bot Bacillus subtilis Serenade OPTI O grape PM, Bot strawberry Bot blueberry MB raspberry Bot, BB Pantoea agglomerans Bloomtime O apple, pear FB Pseudomonas syringae Bio-Save 10 LP apple, pear, cherry PH Streptomyces lydicus Actinovate O strawberry Bot, PM blueberry MB grape PM Citric and lactic acids Tivano O grape DM
stawberry PM FB = fire blight, BB = bacterial blight, PH = post harvest diseases, MB = mummyberry
Types of Biopesticides
• Plant based pesticides
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest
pyrethrin Pyganic EC O grape, blueberry, raspberry LH
BLAD polypeptide Fracture
apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach plum BlB
grape, strawberry Bot, PM garlic Buran O apple, pear scab, PM grape PM
Reynoutria extract Regalia Maxx O
apple PM, SB, FS,
WR, BitR grape, strawberry PM, Bot
blueberry MB, Bot,
Anth tea tree extract Timorex Gold O grape, strawberry PM, Bot blueberry, raspberry Bot
LH = leafhoppers, BlB = blossom blight, PM = powdery mildew, SB = sooty blotch, FS = fly speck, WR = white rot, BitR = bitter rot, , MB = mealybug,
Types of Biopesticides
• Plant based pesticides
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest
canola oil Vegol Crop Oil O pome fruit
aphids, SJS, ERM, TSSM,
PP, PM
stone fruit aphids, SJS, TSSM, PM
grape Phyl, ERM, MB, scales
strawberry, raspberry PM
SJS = San Jose scale, ERM = European red mite, TSSM = two-spotted spider mite, PP = pear psylla Phyl = phylloxera, MB = mealybug
Types of Biopesticides
• Semiochemicals – message-bearing chemicals produced by an
organism that causes a behavioural response in another organism of the same or different species.
– Synthetically produced equivalents of these chemicals are also considered to be semiochemical biopesticides.
– Insect sex pheromones used in monitoring traps, lure-and-kill systems or to disrupt the mating of target pests
Biorationals
• Products that are not biologicals but have lower human toxicity
• Includes biologicals that could be organic but not because of formulation
Biorationals
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest kaolin clay Surround WP
O pome fruit
OBLR, LH, AM, PC, CM OFM, EASF
stone fruit
OFM, PC, OBLR, CFF,
TPB grape LH
strawberry, raspberry PLH mineral oil PureSpray
Green Spray Oil O pome fruit EFS, LS,
ERM, SJS, PP
Superior Oil stone fruit SJS, ERM,
aphids, PM blueberry LS
Grape, strawberry (PGSO only) PM, mites
AM = apple maggot, PC = plum curculio, EASF = European apple sawfly, TPB = tarnished plant bug, PLH = potato leafhopper EFS = European fruit scale, LS = lecanium scale, PP = pear psylla
Biorationals
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest potassium salts of fatty acids (insecticidal soaps)
Kopa
O
pome fruit stone fruit
grape strawberry, raspberry
aphids, mites, MB, PP, PS, scales spider mites
copper oxychloride Copper spray O pome fruit FB Peach, nectarine PLC
Tart cherry BR, CLS raspberry BBl
Guardsman copper O Pome fruit FB
peach PLC cherries CLS, BC
grape DM (PM)
PS = pear slug, FB = fire blight, BlSp = blister spot, PLC = peach leaf curl, BR = brown rot, CLS = cherry leaf spot Ph = phomopsis, BR = black rot, DM = downy mildew, LS = leaf spot, BBl = bacterial blight, BC = bacterial canker
Biorationals
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest copper sulphate Copper 53W O pome fruit FB, BlSp
apricot, peach, nectarine PLC, BR, CLS grape Ph, BlR, DM
strawberry LS raspberry BBl
copper hydroxide Kocide 2000 grape DM copper octonoate Cueva pome fruit FB, scab
stone fruit PLC, BSp, BC,
BR, CLS grape PM, DM
strawberry PM
FB = fire blight, BlSp = blister spot, PLC = peach leaf curl, BR = brown rot, CLS = cherry leaf spot, Ph = phomopsis, BlR = black rot, DM = downy mildew
Biorationals
Active Ingredient Product names Registered on Pest Elemental sulphur Kumulus
O
pome fruit Scab, PM,
RM Microthiol Disperss Cosavet
O
O peach, plum, cherry BR, CLS, scab, PM
grape PM, EM Microscopic S O pome fruit Scab, PM
peach, plum, cherry BR, scab, BK,
PM
grape PM
Potassium bicarbonate Milstop/Sirocco O stone fruit, strawberry PM
grape PM, Bot*
PM = powdery mildew, RM = rust mites, BR = brown rot, CLS = cherry leaf spot, BK = black knot, EM = erineum mite
Wendy McFadden-Smith Tender Fruit and Grape IPM Specialist
OMAFRA, Vineland
PMRA Level of Control Arthropods
• Control – when applied in accordance with label directions, consistently
reduces pest numbers or pest damage to commercially acceptable level.
– "commercially acceptable control" • depends on type of damage caused by pest, economic threshold levels
for the particular pest, the tolerance for damage of the crop and the performance of other available commercial standard treatments.
• pests that cause direct damage to the marketable portion of the crop (e.g., codling moth on apples), a high level of pest reduction would be required to ensure that the damage caused will be reduced to a level that will allow a marketable crop to support a "control" claim.
• For pests where the crop can withstand considerable levels of damage without a negative impact on marketable yield, lower levels in reduction of pest numbers or damage can be considered to support a "control" claim.
PMRA Level of Control Arthropods
• Suppression – does not consistently reduce pest populations or
damage to a level typically required to achieve commercially acceptable control,
– but has value in a pest management program. – might not be as efficacious as an available commercial
standard treatment but other performance characteristics of the product might contribute to its value as a pest management tool • new or different mode of action for management of
pesticide resistance. • little or no negative impact on pest predators or parasites
PMRA Level of Control Diseases
• Control – For some diseases, particularly those affecting the quality of the
crop, high levels of consistent control need to be demonstrated. • in order to claim control of direct diseases (e.g., scab, anthracnose,
powdery mildew), a product needs to reduce disease incidence by at least 95%
• For other diseases, like leaf spots, which do not affect the quality of the crop directly but can reduce yield, the level of control needed to protect the yield potential can be lower.
• Suppression – "consistent" control at level which is not optimal but is still of
commercial benefit. • threshold of acceptable disease reduction depends on disease and
crop, the efficacy of alternative control measures, and the expected impact of a proposed fungicide product on crop yield or quality.
Photo: www.hort.wisc.edu
Directly kill pest Repel or disorient pest
Interfere with mating
How do biopesticides work?
Parasitism
Form barrier on plant
surface
Photo:
Trigger plant defenses
Production of
antibiotics/antifungal compounds
Competition for nutrients/space
How do biopesticides work?
Trigger Plant Defences
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
• activated in healthy systemic tissues of locally infected plants.
• Upon pathogen infection, a signal travels through vascular system to activate defense responses in distal tissues.
• Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential signal molecule for the onset of SAR, as it is required for the activation of a large set of genes that encode pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) with antimicrobial properties.
Trigger Plant Defences
Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
• activated by colonization of plant roots by beneficial microorganisms.
• long-distance signal travels through vascular system to activate systemic immunity in above-ground plant parts.
• ISR-expressing plants are primed for accelerated JA- and ET-dependent gene expression, which becomes evident only after pathogen attack.
Using Biopesticides
• Target a very narrow species range
– generally deter or kill only the pest damaging the crop
– Low impact on beneficials
• Help prevent pesticide resistance development:
– Not prone to resistance
– Rotation partners for conventional pesticides
Using Biopesticides
• Short residue periods:
– “non-persistent” in the environment
– less exposure and potentially less harm to humans and environment.
• Short restricted entry intervals:
– enter immediately or within a short period of time
Using Biopesticides
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
– often are most effective at low pest pressures
– scout and monitor to detect pest problems before they are out of control.
– Use in combination with other practices
Organic Pest
Management
Healthy Soil
Traps
Crop Rotation
Release/Conserve
Natural Enemies
Resistant Varieties Timing of Planting,etc.
Approved Pest Control
Products
Balanced Crop
Nutrition
Barriers, Mulches, etc.
Source: http://archive.energyfarms.net
Source: www.ruralni.gov.uk
Cover Crops
Important things to know before
choosing a biopesticide for organic
production…..
• ANY commercial product (organic or
conventional) applied for the
purpose of controlling a pest in
Canada must be registered by the
PMRA.
• Must be labelled for the particular
crop and pest
• Application of an unregistered
product to a crop is illegal.
They must be federally registered.
They must be federally registered.
Some organically
acceptable biopesticides
are not registered in
Canada.
.
• All organic products must meet the
requirements of the Canadian Organic
Standards and any additional
requirements of the certifying bodies
• Certifying bodies may differ in what
products are acceptable
They must be deemed organically acceptable.
BotaniGard is a biopesticide based on the
insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana that
is not allowed for organic production.
Some biopesticides are not organically acceptable.
Entrust and Success have the same
active ingredient (spinosad) but only
Entrust is organically acceptable.
The moral of the story….
• Before using a biopesticide for the first time, always check:
– that you can legally use it on your crop
– that it is acceptable to your certifier
Biopesticide Considerations:
• Not a “silver bullet”. Use with other pest control tactics. • Application timing.
– Many products are preventative. – Host life stage, activity
• Environmental sensitivity – Sunlight – Rain, humidity – Temperature
• Residual activity – need for reapplication • Coverage, coverage, coverage • Spray tank conditions
– Compatibility with other products – Spray water temperature, pH and chlorination – Life of spray mix
• Storage Conditions – Temperature – Shelf life/expiration dates
Biopesticides – final thoughts
• Follow label instructions closely.
• If possible, leave an untreated check (multiple checks
• even better!).
• However…. pests, especially disease, can be patchy – so no damage in an untreated check doesn’t mean there were no pests in the treated area of the field.
• If control was not sufficient, were there any adverse conditions that could have affected product performance?
• Ensure level of control achieved is worth the costs associated with applying the product.
