Chapter 2 - Literature

2.0Introduction

The implementation of an automatic heater regulator was achieved (Richard.M, 2010). The project was achieved with an LM35 sensor as the temperature monitoring medium coupled with an ATS microcontroller through an external ADC (Analogue to Digital converter). A 5volt DC power supply obtained through a 7850 regulator connected to a full wave rectifier output was used to power the system. The relay circuits were then connected to the microcontroller through Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN) driver, which then operate the heater connected to it.

Yet another research was carried out by (Comer.M.J, 1999) the design of the older conventional regulator , which looked like a big square box having a circular knob on it, popping out of the switch board, which are also called Resistance regulator.

The box has a tapped resistor inside it, which is connected in series with the motor of the fan. Basic circuit diagram of a Sconventional fan regulator (Comer.M.J, 1999)

When the knob is at position 1, the maximum resistance is added in series with the single phase AC motor of the fan. Thus, there will be maximum voltage drop in this resistance of the regulator, and hence a reduced voltage will applied to the motor of the fan.When we move knob to position 2, resistance R2 will be dropped out, and only resistance from point 2 to point 5 will be in the circuit. Hence, in this case voltage applied to the motor will be greater than that of previous case. Similarly, when the knob is moved towards right, resistance in circuit will be decreasing, and when the knob is at position 5, maximum voltage will be applied to the motor as there is no external resistance in the circuit, and hence the speed of the fan will be maximum. This was the basic working principle of a conventional ceiling fan regulator.

2.1BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE

Temperature has always been a very important feature. Its effect spreads across physical, chemical and characteristics and processes. For instance, many different reactions needed to keep the human system functioning will only work around temperature of about 37C. Hence, the body develop elaborate mechanism to keep the temperature constant (Akasnksha. P, Kajol .A, 2013). Yet the measurement and study of this phenomenon (temperature) have been slow in development. The history of temperature discovery dated as far back as thousands of years ago. Since as at then, people have always known fire to be hot and snow to be cold. It has always becomes an important part of our life, ever since bakers and blacksmiths relied on specific temperature to control chemical reactions. This process requires certain degree of temperature control. However there arises the need to monitor and measure these temperature variations which is intended to be controlled.

2.2BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE MONITORING

The ancient people are probably aware of the temperature variation. They could note the temperatures by fire size or how close to it, in order to get warm. These ancient people are at first, fire tenders maintaining fire started by natural cause. Later they became fire makers, by mastering the art of starting their own fire. Eventually they became fire managers, as they attempt to gain the specific heat needed to boil water, cook different kind of food, work with copper, tin, bronze, iron and to make glasses. Although they have no quantitative device to determine how hot the fire was, so they choose to develop recipes for building different type of fire and probably use some physical indicator such as some minerals or metal melting to indicate correctly temperature of the system. The ancient Greeks know that air expanded when heated and applied the principle mechanically, so they too developed no means of measuring temperature or amount of heat needed (Akasnksha. P, Kajol .A, 2013).

The Italian scientist Galileo (1564 - 1642), is one of the first recorded to attempt measuring temperature in 1592. His measuring device consist of a bulb of air, which when heated, forced liquid (water, spirit, or wine) down a column immersed in an open container of liquid. In about 1611 the thermometer was calibrated by Sanctorious sanctorious, a colleague of Galileo, who noted the liquid level when the bulb was cooled with melting snow and again when heated with candle. The space on the column between those two was then subdivided into 110 equal parts. Jean ray (1552 1645), a French physician, invented the first liquid thermometer in the year 1632. His thermometer consists of a flask with a long slander neck partially filled with water. As the temperature changes, the liquid level will rise or fall along the slander neck in response. The 20th century also saw the refinement of the temperature scale (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).

The LM35 can now be operated as a form of an effective temperature monitoring device. It is a precision temperature sensor with output linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature scale. It also operate on a single phase supply and draws only about 60amperes of current. Its self-heating is as low as 0.1degree at still air. LM35 can detect effectively temperature within the range of -55C to 150C. However, supply voltage required to operate an LM35 sensor ranges between 4 to 30volts DC (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).

2.3BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLING

The manual temperature controlling techniques have recently been used control heating and cooling systems when seeking to maintain conducive temperature. The use of potentiometer used to be common in regulating the operating level of some electrical device, but it never counter the need to control such devices manually by pushing the switch button. The potentiometer is a three terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms adjustable voltage divider. If only two of its terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers comprises of a resistive element, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along the element making good electrical contact with one part of it , electrical terminal at each end of the element, a mechanism that move the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and the wiper (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).

In modern designs, like the computer system; it employs the use of fan as a cooling system meant to protect the CPU and other delicate components from overheating (Cosmos.I.Q, 2007). The fan is operated automatically, and the fan speed depends on the temperature level of the CPU. The fan standard control, simply involves setting the fan to run at a constant speed whenever the CPU is ON. This include setting up a minimum, required and maximum fan speed and its corresponding high, desired or low CPU temperature. At low temperature, the fan will run at a minimum speed. The fan will continue to vary in line with the CPU temperature, until the temperature level reach the high pre-set value, in which case the fan will operate at a maximum speed.

2.4CHALLENGES OF PREVIOUS WORKS

In recent times, several attempts have been made to design automated systems to monitor and control the temperature over a specified range. However at various point different challenges were been encountered during such inventions. Some of which render such inventions totally ineffective and unaffordable, while other merely reduces some fractions of its efficiency. This project is therefore designed to solve the notable challenges found with previous works. Some of the challenges faced by the previous inventions are listed below;

i. The use of a single switching relay, which only permits the system to switch between two modes (OFF and ON) only. This makes the control exercise very limited and ineffective.

ii. Unavailability of a display unit, most of similar projects done in the past dont usually have an LCD, this makes it impossible for the user to know the current value of temperature, and so cant detect if the system is faulty.

iii. Employing the ATS microcontrollers as a control unit, this set of microcontrollers always requires an external ADC, which could make the work less portable, and also exhibit complex pin connection settings.

In the course of this project, several steps have been taken to conquer the above listed and common challenges during the design. The project entails a multi-relay circuit to switch between at least three levels of operation. It is also designed as a general system which could be used to control heating and cooling devices simultaneously. The project incorporates an LCD unit, which could easily verify if the system is working appropriately with the displayed ambient temperature. Lastly the system make use of a PIC microcontroller which has an internal ADC device and also a very straightforward pin configuration. In continuous research several other challenges could be found with this current design as well, which might require further restructuring.

2.5REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS

A remote control is an electronic device that is used to control an activity, process, or machine from a distance, by radioed instructions or coded signals. The remote control can be contracted to remote or controller. Commonly, remote controls are consumer IR devices used to issue commands from a distance to televisions or other consumer electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers. Controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel, track number, and volume. In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of control, the remote contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself only has a handful of essential primary controls. Most of these remotes communicate to their respective devices via infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio signals. Earlier remote controls in the 1970sused ultrasonic tones. Television IR signals can be mimicked by a universal remote, which is able to emulate the functionality of most major brand television remote controls. One of the earliest examples of remote control was developed in 1898 by Nikola Tesla, and described in his patent, U.S. Patent613,809, named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles. In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla called his boat a "tele-automaton". (Nikola T.1970)

2.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

In overall, the system consists of several components as shown in Figure 1. Firstly, the range of the highest and the lowest temperature are set in the microcontroller. Then a GSM modem circuit is used to trigger the system to on or off state. When the system is on, the ambient temperature will then be sensed by the temperature sensor. The output of the sensor will then feed to the PIC Microcontroller. The PIC Microcontroller will generate the desired output signals which are correspondent to the difference ambient temperatures by comparing the output voltage from the temperature sensor with the preset values. These output signals will be sent to the firing angle control circuit to trigger certain relay to control the firing angle of the Triac. Therefore, the average power supply to the motor will be varied; hence, the speed of the motor can be controlled.

2.7 GSM PHNOE SWITCH

A GSM Phone switch is used to permit the current flow across two or more terminal to allow interaction between electrical components. In addition, it is also used to terminate the flow when necessary. This switch is normally used to provide means for connecting two or more terminals in order to permit the flow of current across them to allow the interaction between electrical components. The proposal of having such a switch is to alleviate the problem faced by the aged and physically challenged persons in trying to control some household appliances. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of GSM Phone circuit. The main processes in the circuit include the input transducer, amplifier, memory, changing state and output stage.

A bistable multivibrator is formed by connecting two cross transistors. This bistable multivibrator has the function of storing memory. It will store the state of either on or off until the end of time. Once the clap on, the state of the bistable changed. The output of the amplifier is converted to a sharp pulse by passing it through a low valued capacitor, 0.1F. With the help of IN4001 diodes which helps it to be connected together steers the pulse to the base of the transistor. When the first transistors stop conducting, the other transistor which is already at the off state will remain off. Then, those two capacitors across the base resistors will start to action. The capacitor that connected to the base of the transistor which was ON has voltage across it. In the other hand, the transistor that was off has no voltage across the capacitor that is connected to it.

In the output stage, there are a relay and a transistor. The relay is used as a switch to trigger another circuitry. One of the coil terminals of the relay is joined to the collector of the transistor, and remain coil terminal will be joint to a relay triggering source. The base of the transistor is joined to the collector of one of the transistors in the bistable multivibrator. As the transistor is in off state, the current from the source that nearby the collector will be flowed to the base and hence the transistor is in on state and the relay triggering source can be flowed to the relay and hence, the relay will be on and able to triggering the third party circuit.

CHAPTER THREE

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN

3.0INTODUCTION

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the project. It discusses the design and working of the design with the help of block diagram and circuit diagram and explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer programming, serial communication, interrupts of Lm35, microcontroller. It also explains the various modules used in this project.

3.1METHODOLOGY MODELLING TOOLS

The modelling tool used for this project work is the on feedback waterfall modelling tool for this projects.

Figure 3.1Non feedback methodology model

3.1.1Factors considered in selecting waterfall model

In Royce's original waterfall model, the following phases are followed in order:

1. System and software requirements: captured in a product requirements document

2. Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules

3. Design: resulting in the software architecture

4. Coding: the development, proving, and integration of software

5. Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of defects

6. Operations: the installation, migration, support, and maintenance of complete systems

Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a phase only when its preceding phase is reviewed and verified.

Various modified waterfall models (including Royce's final model), however, can include slight or major variations on this process.[3] These variations included returning to the previous cycle after flaws were found downstream, or returning all the way to the design phase if downstream phases deemed insufficient.

3.1.2Advantages of waterfall model:

The following benefits can be deriving in selecting this model which was considered appropriate and well matches for the project;

It will provides better planning for the project

It will enable faster project implementation

It will improve the development and knowledge base approach on the project.

3.1.3Structure of waterfall model with feedback:

The figure 3.1 below represents a feedback waterfall model; it is broken down into number of phases I VI, each phase is linked to the next step using the forward loop and also link to the previous step using the feedback loop. The looping creates a proper check at every level. Each phase will critically evaluate to ensure it meet up with the requirement of the phase before moving to the next step. Where there is need to re-evaluate the previous step, the feedback loop is followed.

The following structure has been adopted for the discussion on the methodology. Each phase will be treated separately; system requirement, analysis, design and coding where necessary will be treated in chapter three. Chapter four will discuss testing which will also look at all measurement and analysis of the result. Chapter five will state the system acceptance alongside system appraisal.

3.2METHOD INFORMATION COLLECTION

This is the approach followed to collect information relating to the project; the available methods of data collections are mentioned.

(a) Questionnaire

(b) Google and Google Scholar Search

(c) Library

(d) Internet source

(e) Reading Journals

(f) Interview

(g) Observations

(h) Study documentation and

(i) Text Books.

3.2.1Factors considered in methods of information collection The main factors that influenced the decision on the sources of information includes; Information Utilization

The project utilizes more than one source which are; Surfing the Internet Source, Consulting Books, Google Search and Google Scholar, Reading Journals and Observing similar designs work carried-out. The information collected was used to develop the literature, improve on the project concept and the design approach, and to understand the communication protocol for the sensors and the camera modules.

System Requirements

The major requirement for the systems are listed below:

Readable display unit: This is a digital display unit, the font size shall be 5x7 and the display can hold 32 viewable characters.

Temperature sensor: the tempreture sensor senses the temtreture of the room and relays the information to the microcontroller.

Power button (toggle): This button will determine power status in the device, when toggle UP it will supply power to the system and when toggle DOWN it cut off supply to the system.

The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

Hardware implementation

Firmware implementation

Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper according to the application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard using the various ICs to find if the design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the schematic tested on breadboard, finally preparing the board and testing the designed hardware.

The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the operation of the ICs used in the implementation. In the present work, we have used the Orcad design software for PCB circuit design, the MicroC software development tool to write and compile the source code, which has been written in the C language. The Flash maic programmer has been used to write this compile code into the microcontroller. The firmware implementation is explained in the next chapter.

The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block diagram and circuit diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required components of the design and working condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring diagram.

3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AND ITS DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of the project is as shown in the figure 3.1

( Pic16f877a16 X 2 LCDCrystal OscillatorPower SupplyEEPROMLM35)

Fig 3.1 : BLOCK DIAGRAM

Brief explanation of functioning of each block of the system is given below the detailed is given in next chapters

3.5 POWER SUPPLY

The design used 12V transformer. The circuit consists of microcontroller, transistors, regulator, transistor LCD and some passive components. The regulator transistor is designed to limit the output to 5V; this voltage will be maintain over the capability of the circuit, the transistor oscillator is a high current type as it is turned ON for a very short time of period to saturate the core of the transformer. The energy is then released as a high voltage pulse. These pulses are then passed to the electrolytic capacitor and appear as a 5V supply to the traffic light controller circuit.

I.e. Vin =12V

According to Hauman(1988)

Drop out voltage for I.C = 2V

Vdc = 1.41 Vac -------------------- (i)

Idc = 191.6mA

Idc = 0.62 Vac -------------------- (ii)

Therefore total voltage = 12 + 2 + 1.14 = 15.41V

From equation (i)

Vdc = 1.41 X 12 = 16.92V

Vac = Vdc = 16.92V

1.41 1.41

This means input voltage to ICs is 12V

From equation (ii)

Iac = Iac = 191.6

0.62 0.62

Iac = 309mA

This is the maximum current (Iac) each IC can carry effectively without deviation in its characteristics.

The circuit is designed with an exit delay which is determined by the charging time of capacitor C6

Hence: Time constant (= C6 R11

Where C6 = 100R11 = 220k

= 100 X 10-6 X 220 X 103

= 22s

Therefore at switch ON, it will take the capacitor about 22 seconds to charge.

The transistor Q1 has a gain of 258 i.e = 258

Biasing is by fixed bias or Base resistor method and it is used as a switch in the circuit.

Let Ic = Zero signal collector current

IB = IC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)

Ic = IB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)

Applying Kirchooffs Voltage law

Vcc = IB RB + VBE

RB = VCC - VBE = IB = VCC,

IBRB

IB is approximately VCC(Mehta, 2000)

RB

IB = 12=1.2 mA

10000

Testing with the multi-meter, = 258

From equation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (ii)

Ic = 1.2MA X 258

Ic = 0.30 96A = 309.6 ma

Stability of the transistor is given by

S = + 1

1- (dIB) - - - - - - - - - - - - (iii)

(dIc)

But (dIB) is approximately Zero (Mehta, 2000)

(dIc)

S = + 1

S= 258 + 1

S = 259

3.5.1COMPONENT OF POWER SUPPLY

Fig 3.2 components of power supply

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels

3.6OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENT

Passive components are component, which cannot amplify power and require an exeteral power source to operate. They include, resistor, capacitor, diode, and inductor etc.

3.6.1 Resistor

Resistor is a component of an electric circuit that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric current. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light.

An electric current is the movement of charged particles called electrons from one region to another. The amount of resistance to the flow of current that a resistor causes depends on the material it is made of as well as its size and shape. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits, which are devices formed when current moves through an electrical conductor (a material that allows the current to flow without much resistance, such as copper wire) and when the conductor makes a complete loop.

When a voltage, or electric potential, is applied to opposite ends of a circuit, it causes current to flow through the circuit. As the current flows, it encounters a certain amount of

resistance from the conductor and any resistors in the circuit. Each material has a characteristics resistance. For example, wood is a bad conductor because it offers high resistance to current; copper is a better conductor because it offers less resistance. In any electric circuit, the current in the entire circuit is equal to the voltage across the circuit divided by the resistance of the circuit. Resistors are often made to have a specific value of resistance so that the characteristics of the circuit can be accurately calculated.

3.6.2Capacitor

Capacitor, or electrical condenser, device for strong an electrical charge, in its simplest form a capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non-conducting layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct-current or electrostatic source, the other plate will have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the charge is positive. The Leyden jar is a simple form of capacitor in which the two conducting plates are metal foil coatings on the inside and outside of a glass bottle or jar that serves as the dielectric. The electrical size of a capacitor is its capacitance, the amount of electric charge it can hold.

Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, mica, ceramics, paper, oil, and vacuums are used as dielectric, depending on the purpose for which the device is intended.

Capacitance, ability of a circuit system to store electricity, the capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads and is determined by the formula c = q/v, where q is the charge (in coulombs) on one of the conductors and v is the potential difference (in volts) between

the conductors. The capacitance depends only on the thickness, area, and composition of the capacitors dielectric.

3.6.3DIODE

The diode used in this project, perform the work of rectification. They are three type of rectification; half, full and bridge rectifier. But in this project work bridge rectifier was used

3.7L C D

LCD (liquid crystal display) screen is an electronics display module and find a wide range of applications.

A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in various device and circuit. These module are preferred over seven segments and other muilti segment LEDS. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special and even custom characters unlike in seven segments, animations and so on

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely command and data

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a prefixed task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc the data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII valve of the character to be displayed on the LCD. The physical app earance of the lcd is

showwn below;

Fig 3.0 LCD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

S/NO.

COMPONENT

QTY

UNIT PRICE

(N)

TOTAL

(N)

1.

RESISTOR

8

20

160

2.

DIODE

4

25

100

3.

SWITCH

1

400

400

4.

REGULATOR

1

450

450

5.

BUZZER

1

1000

1000

6.

IC SOCKET

2

200

400

7.

LCD

1

1800

1800

8.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

1

800

800

9.

TRANSFORMER

1

400

400

10.

CAPACITOR

5

70

350

11.

CASING

1

4000

4000

12.

VERO BOARD

1

200

200

13.

BREAD BOARD

1

700

700

14.

SOLDERING LEAD

1 (ROLL)

1500

1500

15.

SOLDERING IRON

1

700

700

16.

LEAD SUCKER

1

450

450

17.

Transport and miscellaneous

1

12000

12000

GRAND TOTAL

25,110

1

T1

TS_PQ4_12

D1

1B4B42

1

2

4

3

U1

LM7805CT

LINEVREG

COMMON

VOLTAGE

C1

2.2F

C2

2.2F

POWER SUPPLY

U1

GNDVCCCVRSRWED0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7

ABCDEFGHJK

BCDEFGHJKA

FILE NAME:

BY:

DATE:

PAGE:

IR_AUTOMATION_.DSN

8/6/2012

C:\Documents and Settings\walmag.WALMAG-00647DFB\Desktop\roger\IR_AUTOMATION\IR_AUTOMATION_.DSN

PATH:

1of1

REV:

TIME:6:22:15 PM

DESIGN TITLE:

C:\Documents and Settings\walmag.WALMAG-00647DFB\Desktop\roger\IR_AUTOMATION\IR_AUTOMATION_.DSN

0

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

3

9

D

7

1

4

D

6

1

3

D

5

1

2

D

4

1

1

D

3

1

0

D

2

9

D

1

8

D

0

7

E

6

R

W

5

R

S

4

V

S

S

1

V

D

D

2

V

E

E

3

LCD1

LM016L

XTAL2

18

XTAL1

19

ALE

30

EA

31

PSEN

29

RST

9

P0.0/AD0

39

P0.1/AD1

38

P0.2/AD2

37

P0.3/AD3

36

P0.4/AD4

35

P0.5/AD5

34

P0.6/AD6

33

P0.7/AD7

32

P1.0/T2

1

P1.1/T2EX

2

P1.2

3

P1.3

4

P1.4

5

P1.5

6

P1.6

7

P1.7

8

P3.0/RXD

10

P3.1/TXD

11

P3.2/INT0

12

P3.3/INT1

13

P3.4/T0

14

P3.7/RD

17

P3.6/WR

16

P3.5/T1

15

P2.7/A15

28

P2.0/A8

21

P2.1/A9

22

P2.2/A10

23

P2.3/A11

24

P2.4/A12

25

P2.5/A13

26

P2.6/A14

27

U1

AT89C52

1

5

1

6

R1

1k

1B

1

1C

16

2B

2

2C

15

3B

3

3C

14

4B

4

4C

13

5B

5

5C

12

6B

6

6C

11

7B

7

7C

10

COM

9

U2

ULN2003A

+12V

RL1

12V

RL2

12V

RL3

12V

RL4

12V

RL5

12V

D1

DIODE

D2

DIODE

D3

DIODE

D4

DIODE

D5

DIODE

+12V

+12V

+12V

+12V

+12V

RELAY_3

RELAY_4

RELAY_5

RELAY_2

RELAY_1

RELAY_1

RELAY_2

RELAY_3

RELAY_4

RELAY_5

LOAD-1

LOAD_2

LOAD_3

LOAD_4

LOAD_5

LIVE(HOT)

LIVE(HOT)

LIVE(HOT)

LIVE(HOT)

LIVE(HOT)

R5

100R

C1

1uF

+5V

R6

10k

PIN2(IR_TSOP1636)

PIN1(IR_TSOP1636)

PIN3(IR_TSOP1636)

X1

11.059200Mhz

C2

22pF

C3

22pF

C4

10uF

R2

10k

+5V

MCLR

MCLR

(VCC)40

2

0

(

G

N

D

)

+5V