temple entry movement and nationalist agitation in kerala

8/11/2019 Temple Entry Movement and Nationalist Agitation in Kerala

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Br.I.^.Ifliftdfl, Fss`kaftj _r`gjss`r `g Dast`ry, Gfr``h K`mmjcj iflifbflOgfr``hk`mmjcj.fk.al

Rdj tjipmj-jltry fcatfta`l `g tdj 61>?s flb ;?s al Hjrfmf dfs njkìj f mflbifrh altdj dast`ry `g s`kafm rjg`ri flb lfta`lfmast i`vjijlts g`r tdj ulaqujljss `g tdj jvjlt flb ats ifssfppjfm. At as rjcfrbjb fs f sukkjssgum jxpjraijlt `g tdj Cflbdafl k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij. _`pumfrdast`ry dfs bjpaktjb tdj jpas`bj fs f rjv`muta`lfry stjp t`wfrbs rjmacaùs flb s`kafm rjg`ri flb fs

fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt salkj tdj assuj wfs jlb`rsjb ny tdj K`lcrjss flb tdjfcatfta`l wfs mjb ulbjr ats fuspakjs. Nut tdas abjfmast aiprjssa`l `g tdj i`vjijlt dfs njjl kdfmmjlcjbgrì vfraùs qufrtjrs. At as pàltjb ùt tdft tdjrj dfvj njjl vjry mattmj fttjipts ft malhalc tdj jvjltwatd tdj fbvflkalc kavak racdts i`vjijlt mjb ny tdj m`wjr kfstj pj`pmj g`r rjmacaùs flb s`kafmjqufmaty wdakd wfs cfalalc iìjltui ny tdj >?s flb ;?s `l fkkùlt `g tdj rfbakfm turl `g tdjfcatfta`l8 tdj prjssurj jxjrtjb ny tdj ultùkdfnmjs t` fkdajvj kavak grjjbì jvjl ft tdj k`st `grjlùlkalc Dalbuasi dfb nrùcdt tdj satufta`l t` f eulkturj wdakd l` uppjr kfstj kùmb acl`rj.I`rj fpprjdjlsavj as tdj fnsjlkj `g fkfbjiak fttjipts t` malh tdj i`vjijlt watd tdj rfiagakfta`ls `g

tdj ^jnjmma`l `g 61>68 al gfkt tdj rjnjmma`l dfb tdrjftjljb tdj altjcraty flb tdj vjry jxastjlkj `g tdjK`lcrjss `rcflazfta`l al Hjrfmf8 tdas gfkt`r br`vj tdji t` rjtrjft grì tdjar jfrmajr sjkumfrstflbpàlt t` fb`pt f rjmacaùs abaì tdft wùmb sjrvj tdjar aiijbaftj p`matakfm purp`sjs. Rdj tjipmjjltry i`vjijlt, tdjrjg`rj, dfs t` nj stubajb al tdj macdt `g tdj frnatjrs r`mj pmfyjb ny tdj K`lcrjsst` k`ltfal p`pumfr flb rfbakfm fcatfta`ls flb al tdj k`ltjxt `g ats cr`walc tjlbjlky t` alkmalj

t`wfrbs Dalbu syin`ms al p`mataks fs f ijfls t` jskfpj fbbrjssalc vatfm flb nurlalc s`kafm assujs.

Hjyw`rbs5 Rjipmj-jltry, k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij, Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf, 61>6 ^jnjmma`l, k`lvjrsa`l,

K`lcrjss.

@lj `g tdj krukafm pr`nmjis tdft tdj Albafl lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb t`

k`lgr`lt wfs d`w t` rjs`mvj tdj vfraùs halbs `g altjrlfm k`lgmakts, sukd fs njtwjjl

mflbm`rbs flb pjfsflts, kfpatfmasts flb mfnùrjrs, uppjr kfstjs flb m`wjr kfstjs, flb

ijl flb wìjl, flb altjcrftj tdji watd tdj cjljrfm kùrsj `g tdj flta-k`m`lafm

struccmj. Dast`rafls dfvj k`ltrfstalc pjrkjpta`ls `l tdas assuj watd tdj Ifrxast skd``m

tfhalc tdj i`st rfbakfm p`sata`l fkk`rbalc t` wdakd tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt ulbjr

tdj K`lcrjss fmwfys nypfssjb kfstj flb kmfss assujs kmfaialc tdft tdj mfrcjr altjrjsts

`g tdj lfta`l flb tdj aiijbaftj c`fm `g lfta`lfm manjrfta`l rjbukjb tdji fs assujs `g

sjk`lbfry aip`rtflkj.6Napfl Kdflbrf flb das manjrfm Ifrxast fss`kaftjs, `l tdj

`tdjr dflb, dfvj frcujb tdft tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb jlcfcjb tdjsj sjk`lbfry

k`ltrfbakta`ls sjraùsmy,t` tdj jxtjlt p`ssanmj flb watdal tdj mfrcjr grfijw`rh `g tdj

praifry flb fmm-kmfss kdfrfktjr `g tdj lfta`lfmast struccmj, nut kjrtfalmy watd

kfuta`l flb kìprìasj.>

Al das tdjsas `g tdj lfta`lfmast rjs`muta`l, _frtdf

Kdfttjrejj dfs frcujb tdft tdj i`bjrfta`l `l tdj pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt al


4/25

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dast`ry gfr``h w`rhalc pfpjr sjrajs Luinjr 3 Gjnrufry >?6>


s`kafm rjg`ri wfs f k`lskaùs fkt wdakd k`lg`rijb t` tdj lfta`lfmast prèjkt8 ats

abj`m`cakfm gùlbfta`l wfs f sjmjktavj fppr`prafta`l `g wjstjrl i`bjrlaty fkk`rbalc

t` wdakd tdj sparatufm flb kumturfm magj `g tdj pj`pmj wfs abjltagajb fs lfta`lfmast

bìfal al wdakd tdj altjrvjlta`l `g tdj k`m`lafm stftj flb tdj altrusa`l `g k`m`lafm

kumturj wfs va`mjltmy rjsastjb flb put al rjstrfalt.;

@g tdj altjrlfm assujs tdft tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb t` bjfm watd, aljqufmaty

`g kfstjs, flb tdj s`kafm syin`ms tdrùcd wdakd kfstj bastalkta`ls wjrj frtakumftjb,

p`sjb tdj i`st sjraùs kdfmmjlcj. At tdrjftjljb tdj ulaty `g tdj lfta`l, mahj tdj Dalbu-

Iusmai k`lgmakt, njkfusj tdj `rcflazfta`lfm strukturj flb tdj abj`m`cy flb s`kafm

kìp`sata`l `g tdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss njtrfyjb ats jmatast kdfrfktjr. Rdj rfbakfm

fwfhjlalc fi`lc tdj ultùkdfnmjs flb tdj alkrjfsalc tjlbjlky fi`lc tdji t` fmmy

watd tdj k`m`lafm stftj fs f ijfls `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l ej`pfrbazjb tdj bìalflt

pjrspjktavjs `g tdj lfta`l stftj. Kjrtfal jggjktavj ijfsurjs g`r malhalc flta-k`m`lafm

struccmj watd tdj lfta`l-nuambalc pr`kjss njkfij iflbft`ry. Rdj k`lstruktavj

pr`crfiij wfs bjvasjb t` sjrvj tdas purp`sj.

Rdj Cflbdafl k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij dfs ats `wl fbdjrjlts fs wjmm fs str`lc

krataks. G`r alstflkj, Napfl Kdflbrf dfs trajb t` g`riumftj tdj`rajs frùlb tdj

pr`crfiij flb pjrkjavjb at fs fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl p`matakfm abj`m`cy

flta-k`m`lafm strftjcy `g struccmj-kìprìasjljkjssatftjb fktavj pdfsjs aljvatfnmy

g`mm`wjb ny pfssavj `ljs buralc wdakd p`matakfm jltdusafsi wfs ifaltfaljb ny s`kafm

flb duiflatfrafl w`rh alkmubalc jgg`rts t` jrfbakftj ultùkdfnamaty. Rdus i`vjijlts

wdakd fppjfrjb t` nj l`l-p`matakfm wjrj al gfkt ijfsurjs faijb ft p`matakfm

i`namazfta`l al f baggjrjlt iflljr5 p`matakfm k`lstrukta`l `g tdj lfta`l dfb t` nj

suppmjijltjb ny s`kafm flb kumturfm fkta`l t` kmjflsj at `g nm`ts wdakd st``b fcfalst


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truj flb abjfm lfta`ld``b. Rdj lfturj `g tdj pr`crfiijs vfrajb grì rjca`l t` rjca`l

`r fppjfrjb al vfraùs rjca`ls al fkk`rbflkj watd m`kfm k`lbata`ls flb s`kafm

prjssurjs. Al tdas sjlsj tdjy wjrj altjcrfm t` tdj fmm-kmfss kdfrfktjr, flb djlkj fl

alsjpfrfnmj pfrt, `g tdj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt.2Rdjrj frj, d`wjvjr, str`lc bassjltalc

vàkjs. [uiat [frhfr dfs frcujb tdft tdj k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij wfs bjvasjb t`

jstfnmasd K`lcrjss djcji`ly `vjr m`w kfstjs flb ultùkdfnmjs.:At wfs aljvatfnmj al

tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj iùltalc prjssurjs grì njm`w wdakd tdrjftjljb tdj vjstjb

altjrjsts `g tdj bìalflt s`kafm crùps wd` wjrj stjjralc tdj i`vjijlt. Jgg`rts t`

jrfbakftj ultùkdfnamaty wjrj tfhjl fs f k`lskaùs i`vj t` pfkagy m`wjr kfstj

rfbakfmasi wdakd dfb njcul t` frtakumftj atsjmg al vfraùs g`ris sukd fs tdj i`vj t`

rjlùlkj Dalbuasi `r t` fmmy watd tdj k`m`lafm ifstjr. Ndahdu _frjhd, tdùcd

syipftdjtak t` Cflbdafl abjfms, jxprjssjs das str`lc bastrust al tdj ultùkdfnamaty

pr`crfiij `g tdj K`lcrjss tdus5

Zltùkdfnamaty wfs n`td f i`rfm flb p`matakfm pr`nmji5 tdj g`rijr njkfusj ats

jrfbakfta`l alv`mvjb ulbjrialalc ats i`rfm mjcataifky flb kdflcalc, `r ft mjfst

s`gtjlalc, Dalbu fttatubjs8 tdj mfttjr njkfusj at wfs bjjpmy r``tjb al tdj dacdmy

uljqufm strukturj `g p`wjr rjmfta`lsdap njtwjjl tdj uppjr kfstjs flb tdj

dfraefls flb kùmb l`t nj rji`vjb watdùt rjstrukturalc at. At dfb tdjrjg`rj t`

nj gùcdt ft n`td mjvjms. Cflbdas kfipfacl wfs k`lbuktjb `lmy ft tdj i`rfm

flb rjmacaùs mjvjm. Djlkj dj k`lkjltrftjb `l kfstj Dalbus , fppjfmjb t`

tdjar sjlsj `g buty flb d`lùr, i`namazjb tdjar gjjmalcs `g sdfij flb cuamt, flb

sukkjjbjb al fkdajvalc das alatafm `nejktavj `g baskrjbatalc ultùkdfnamaty flb

rfasalc tdj mjvjm `g tdj Dalbu k`lskaùsljss. [alkj dj bab l`t `rcflazj flb

p`matakazj tdj dfraefls, strjss tdjar racdts flb gacdt g`r f rfbakfm rjk`lstrukta`l `g

tdj jstfnmasdjb s`kafm flb jk`lìak `rbjr, Cflbdas kfipfacl wfs ulfnmj t`

c` gurtdjr.7


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Rdj g`rjcàlc baskussa`l pr`nmjiftazjs tdj k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij al cjljrfm

flb tdj flta-ultùkdfnamaty ijfsurjs `g tdj Albafl lfta`lfm i`vjijlt al pfrtakumfr. Al

tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj pr`m`lcjb trfbata`l `g kfstjast struccmj al Hjrfmf flb tdj str`lc

uppjr kfstj kìp`sata`l `g tdj K`lcrjss, ats bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj flta-

ultùkdfnamaty i`vjijlt al tdj 61>?s flb ;?s dfs fkquarjb k`lsabjrfnmj s`ka`-

p`matakfm altjrjst. Kjrtfalmy at wfs fl fttjipt t` kìnalj lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt watd

s`kafm rjg`ri ijfsurjs al fkk`rbflkj watd tdj Cflbdafl pr`crfiij. Rdj lfta`lfmast

rjfbalc `g tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt gurlasdjs sukd f cm`ssy pakturj5 tdj wd`mj

jpas`bj as bjskranjb fs fl altjcrfm pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl p`mataks flb tdj k`lstruktavj

pr`crfiij.3At as `nsjrvjb tdft upmagt `g tdj bjprjssjb sjkta`ls `g Dalbu kìiulaty

dfb fmwfys njjl fl aip`rtflt fspjkt `g tdj w`rh `g tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss al

Hjrfmf.4Rdft tdj bufm tfsh tfhjl up ny tdj K`lcrjss tdrùcd tdj i`vjijlt al Hjrfmf,

t` nuamb tdj lfta`l flb t` k`lstrukt f s`mab Dalbu kìiulaty, wfs l`t f iastfhjl

strftjcy8 al tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj prjbìalfltmy Dalbu ife`raty lfta`l-stftj, tdj

fppr`prafta`l `g Dalbu rjmacaùs syin`masi wfs l`t alk`lcruùs.1

Cflbda

jipdfsazjb tdj jssjltafm ulaty `g tdj Dalbus flb wfltjb t` k`lstrukt f ljw Dalbu

rjmaca`l ny rjg`rialc kustìs flb prfktakjs nut `lmy watd tdj k`lsjlt `g jvjl tdj

i`st `rtd`b`x. Fi`lc tdj prfktakjs wdakd ljjbjb urcjlt rjg`ri, rji`vfm `g

ultùkdfnamaty fkquarjb pra`raty. Grì jfrmy 61>?s Cflbda njcfl t` qujsta`l

ultùkdfnamaty flb wratj frtakmjs jxp`salc tdas assuj al Qùlc Albaf (flb mftjr al

Dfraefl). Rdus, tdj K`lcrjss bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj kfusj `g tjipmj-jltry wfs fl

jxprjssa`l `g ats k`lskaùs rjs`mvj t` iax rjmaca`l watd p`mataks.

[ìj pj`pmj dfvj rjcfrbjb tdj wd`mj jpas`bj `g tjipmj jltry fs f k`lkmusavj

fkt `g tdj kavak racdts i`vjijlt.6?

F m`lc brfwl ùt struccmj g`r kavam racdts mjb ny


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tdj ultùkdfnmj kfstjs wfs càlc `l al Hjrfmf grì tdj jfrmy laljtjjltd kjltury

wdakd dfb cfaljb iìjltui al tdj jfrmy bjkfbjs `g tdj twjltajtd kjltury watd tdj

alk`rp`rfta`l `g tdj bjiflb g`r tjipmj jltry. Rdj i`vjijlt wdakd dfb njcul watd

tdj pmjf `g tdj m`wjr kfstj wìjl t` wjfr uppjr cfrijlts, pr`kjjbjb `l watd grjsd

bjiflbs sukd fs tdj racdt t` jbukfta`l, spfkj al punmak sjrvakj flb grjjbì t` usj

punmak r`fbs, rjfkdjb tdj dacd wftjrifrh watd tdj mùb kmfiùr g`r tjipmj jltry.

[aiamfrmy, tdj ultùkdfnmj kìiulatajs, wd` rfasjb tdj bjiflb g`r tjipmj jltry,

altjrprjtjb tdj sukkjss `g tdj i`vjijlt fs tdj vakt`ry `g tdjar fmrjfby fbvflkalc sjmg-

pr`kmfaijb skdjij `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l.66

Rdj rjg`riast altjrvjlta`l `g tdj

Kdrastafl iassa`lfrajs al tdj prjvfamalc s`kafm `rbjr flb tdj rfbakfm p`sata`l tfhjl ny

vfraùs m`wjr kfstj `rcflazfta`ls nrùcdt fnùt f satufta`l wdakd uppjr kfstj Dalbus

kùmb l`t `vjrm``h watdùt sfkragakalc tdjar `wl guturj pr`spjkts. Rdas wfs tdj

k`ltjxt al wdakd tdj kfstj-Dalbu mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss bjkabjb t` jlb`rsj tdj

assuj. D`wjvjr, tdj i`tavjs `g tdj K`lcrjss wfs kìpmjx flb vfrajb5 at rflcjb grì f

sdrjwb bravj t` pfkagy m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi6>

(flb t` prjvjlt rjmacaùs k`lvjrsa`ls)

t` galb f quakh bjmavjrflkj grì tdj i`rfm sjtnfkh algmaktjb ny tdj rjnjmma`l `g 61>6

wdakd al gfkt tdrjftjljb t` bjstr`y tdj vjry gùlbfta`ls `g tdj K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf.

Rdj dacdmy kìpmakftjb s`ka`-p`matakfm jlvar`lijlt nrùcdt fnùt ny tdj 61>6

^jnjmma`l pr`nmjiftazjb n`td tdj guturj kùrsj `g lfta`lfmast p`matakfm fkta`l flb tdj

jxastalc kìiulaty rjmfta`lsdaps up`l wdakd lfta`lfmast p`mataks dfb mfab ats r``ts.

Rdj prjsjlt pfpjr, fpfrt grì jxfialalc tdj r`mj `g m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi al

jlcjlbjralc tdj tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt, jxfialjs tdj datdjrt` ulbjvjm`pjb st`ry `g

tdj aipfkt `g tdj 61>6 rjnjmma`l `l puttalc prjssurj `l tdj K`lcrjss t` bjvaftj grì

ats jfrmajr sjkumfr stflkj t` fl fppfrjlt p`mataks `g rjmaca`l.


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Rdj Kavak âcdts I`vjijlt

Rdj aipfkt `g k`m`lafm i`bjrlaty wfs jxprjssjb al vfrajb g`ris al Hjrfmf nut

tdj i`st aiprjssavj fi`lc tdji wjrj tdj jgg`rts t` rjg`ri kustìfry prfktakjs flb t`

bji`krftazj s`kafm rjmfta`lsdaps. At wfs tdj Kdrastafl iassa`lfrajs wd` t``h tdj

pa`ljjralc stjps al prì`talc s`kafm rjg`ris al Hjrfmf8 tdjy fktavjmy jlcfcjb al

sprjfbalc tdj ijssfcj `g rjg`ri ny jlkùrfcalc tdj ljw k`lvjrts t` `pjlmy qujsta`l

syin`ms `g kfstj `pprjssa`l flb rumjs `g ratufm p`mmuta`l. Rdj rjv`mt `g tdj Kdrastafl

k`lvjrtjb Kdfllfr wìjl t` cjt tdjar racdt t` wjfr uppjr cfrijlts rjfmmy sd``h

sùtdjrl Rrfvflk`rj al tdj garst dfmg `g tdj laljtjjltd kjltury.6;

[aiamfrmy, iassa`lfry

prjssurj wfs bjkasavj al nralcalc fnùt tdj fn`mata`l `g smfvjry al n`td Rrfvflk`rj

flb Ifmfnfr al tdj iabbmj `g tdj laljtjjltd kjltury.62

Rdj iassa`lfrajs wjrj fms` tdj

garst t` altr`bukj pralt-kumturj al Hjrfmf. Rdjy utamazjb tdj pralt ijbaf t` `pp`sj

kustìs flb prfktakjs wdakd k`ltrfbaktjb watd i`bjrl ùtm``h flb duifl rjfs`l.

Rdj jgg`rts `g tdj iassa`lfrajs dfb tdj bjsarjb jggjkt, jspjkafmmy fi`lc tdj m`wjr

kfstjs, flb mfrcj ifss `g sukd pj`pmj njkfij k`lvjrts t` Kdrastaflaty. Nut iassa`lfry

fppjfm gfamjb t` aiprjss tdj uppjr `r iabbmj mjvjm kfstj crùps8 jvjl tdj ultùkdfnmj

kfstj `g tdj Azdfvfs t``h fbvfltfcj `g tdj ljw `pp`rtulaty flb tdj ljwmy fkquarjb

hl`wmjbcj t` njttjr tdjar kìiulaty stftus ny fttjiptalc t` trflsg`ri tdj kfstj

strukturj grì watdal tdrùcd rfbakfm s`kafm rjg`ri.6:

@rcflazjb struccmj g`r s`kafm kdflcj dfb ats cjljsas al tdj pralkjmy stftj `g

Rrfvflk`rj8 tdùcd njalc k`lsjrvftavj flb vjry vacamflt al pr`tjktalc tdj `mb s`kafm

`rbjr, tdj c`vjrlijlt dfb stfrtjb i`bjrlazalc tdj stftj ny gùlbalc skd``ms, r`fbs,

mfw kùrts, flb jggakajlt nurjfukrfky. Ijflwdamj, f p`wjrgum iabbmj kmfss, wdakd dfb

njjl bjvjm`palc fi`lc tdj ultùkdfnmj kfstj `g Azdfvfs, crjw i`rj flb i`rj


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grustrftjb `vjr tdj stftj p`maky `g hjjpalc tdji fwfy grì c`vjrlijlt skd``ms flb

sjrvakj ulbjr tdj prjvfamalc s`kafm systji, kfstj rflhalc wfs tdj kratjra`l g`r s`kafm

stftus flb kavak grjjbì.67

Al 6417 tdj Azdfvfs `g Rrfvflk`rj suniattjb f ducj

iji`rflbui (sacljb ny 6;637 ijl hl`wl fs Azdfvf Iji`rafm) kfmmalc up`l tdj

c`vjrlijlt t` `pjl punmak skd``ms flb sjrvakjs t` tdji. Rdj gfamurj `g sukd jfrmy

stjps pjrsufbjb tdji t` turl t`wfrbs i`rj rfbakfm ijfsurjs ulbjr f str`lc

`rcflazfta`l, tdft as, tdj [.L.B._. Q`cfi. Al Nratasd Ifmfnfr, tdj stftj bab l`t fbdjrj

t` kfstj rumjs flb djlkj tdj m`wjr kfstjs kùmb cjt rjkruatjb alt` jvjl dacdjr

c`vjrlijlt p`sts.63

Rdus tdj Rayyfs al Ifmfnfr wjrj l`t fs bjpravjb fs tdjar Azdfvf

kùltjrpfrts al K`kdal `r Rrfvflk`rj flb djlkj rfbakfm s`kafm rjg`ri i`vjijlts

gfamjb t` tfhj r``ts al Ifmfnfr. Rdj bjiflbs rfasjb ny tdj [.L.B._, sukd fs tdj

grjjbì t` usj punmak r`fbs flb tjipmj-jltry flb rjprjsjltfta`l al c`vjrlijlt e`ns

flb mjcasmfturjs, flb tdj strftjcy `g ifss struccmj tdjy fb`ptjb t` fkdajvj tdjar

bjiflbs, kmjfrmy rjgmjktjb tdjar rjs`mvj t` trflsg`ri

l`t ijrjmy t` rjg`ri

tdj

jxastalc s`kafm strukturj.64

Rdj Lfta`lfmast _`mataks

Rdj lfturj `g p`matakfm fwfhjlalc al Hjrfmf baggjrjb al tdj tdrjj p`matakfm

rjca`ls al fkk`rbflkj watd tdj prjvfamalc p`matakfm satufta`l wdamj al Ifmfnfr wdjrj

barjkt k`m`lafm rumj jxastjb, lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt dfb ifbj bjjp r``ts nut al tdj

pralkjmy stftjs `g Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal tdjy wjrj ft m`w jnn. Al Ifmfnfr tdj

jbukftjb ijl grì tdj Lfar kìiulaty c`t fttrfktjb t` K`lcrjss p`mataks flb tdj

K`lcrjss atsjmg s``l njkfij f Lfar `rcflazfta`l. Rdj Lfars, wd` wjrj tdj

prjbìalflt tjlflt kmfss ulbjr tdj (Lfinutara) mflbm`rbs, utamazjb tdj K`lcrjss


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pmftg`ri t` prì`tj tdjar tjlflky altjrjsts, jspjkafmmy gaxaty `g tjlurj flb rjbukta`l `g

rjlt. Rdas uppjr kfstj kdfrfktjr `g tdj K`lcrjss flb tdj ulbuj aip`rtflkj at cfvj t`

tdj tjlflt kfusj kìnaljb watd tdj cjljrfm gjjmalc sdfrjb ny tdj ultùkdfnmjs, tdft

tdj K`lcrjss rjprjsjltjb uppjr kfstj vfmujs, br`vj tdj Rayyf iabbmj kmfss t` hjjp f

bastflkj watd tdj K`lcrjss p`mataks flb t` gacdt g`r kavak racdts jlmastalc tdj supp`rt `g

tdj k`m`lafm stftj.61

Al Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal, p`matakfm k`lbata`l `g tdj pralkjmy stftj wjfhjljb

tdj p`ssanamatajs `g tdj sprjfb `g f str`lc lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt flb djlkj tdj rasalc

iabbmj kmfss `g n`td tdj uppjr flb m`wjr kfstjs k`lkjltrftjb `l prì`talc

kìiulaty altjrjsts. Rdas wfs tdj nfkhcrùlb `g tdj Azdfvf iji`rafm, flb tdj

fnstjlta`l i`vjijlt `g tdj 61;?s, al wdakd vfraùs bjpravjb crùps g`rijb f

k`fmata`l g`rui kfmmjb Eàlt _`matakfm K`lcrjss t` prjss g`rwfrb tdjar iabbmj kmfss

bjiflbs g`r rjsjrvjb rjprjsjltfta`l al c`vjrlijlt e`ns flb mjcasmfturjs al

fkk`rbflkj watd p`pumfta`l strjlctd fcfalst tdj ducj i`l`p`my `g tdj Lfars flb

Nrfdials.

Lfta`lfmast p`matakfm bjvjm`pijlts dfb ats barjkt aipfkt al Ifmfnfr flb ny tdj

njcallalc `g tdj 61>?s k`lsabjrfnmj p`matakfm jltdusafsi njcfl t` sprjfb ùt djrj al

k`lljkta`l watd tdj Hdamfgft flb l`l-k``pjrfta`l i`vjijlts. Rdj K`lcrjss t``h at fs

fl `pp`rtulaty t` jxpflb ats algmujlkj fi`lc mfrcjr sjkta`ls `g tdj pj`pmj flb t`

fbvflkj tdjar tjlflt kfusj fs i`st `g tdj Ifppamfs wd` wjrj fcatftjb `vjr tdj

Hdamfgft assuj dfb f m`lc trfbata`l `g flta-mflbm`rb rjsastflkj.>?

Nut tdj i`vjijlt

s``l t``h f va`mjlt turl flb al tdj sukkjjbalc ^jnjmma`l `g 61>6 tdj Ifppamf rjnjms al

f surcalc i``b `g flta-Nratasd sparat fttfkhjb fmm syin`ms `g k`m`lafm flb gjubfm


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futd`raty. Alkmalfta`l t`wfrbs va`mjlkj flb tdj rjp`rtjb alkabjlts `g fttfkh `l tdj

kfstj Dalbus g`rkjb tdj K`lcrjss t` watdbrfw ats supp`rt t` tdj mfrcjmy eustagafnmj

struccmj `g tdj Ifppamfs. Rdj yjfrs tdft g`mm`wjb tdj supprjssa`l `g tdj Ifmfnfr

^jnjmma`l flb tdj watdbrfwfm `g tdj l`l-k``pjrfta`l i`vjijlt ifbj at jxtrjijmy

baggakumt g`r tdj K`lcrjss `rcflazfta`l t` gulkta`l al Hjrfmf. H. _. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, tdj

K`lcrjss mjfbjr, bjskranjs tdj k`lbata`l `g tdj K`lcrjss al tdj g`mm`walc w`rbs5 G`r

f m`lc taij fgtjr tdj rjnjmma`l l` punmak fktavaty wfs p`ssanmj al Ifmfnfr. Jliaty

t`wfrbs tdj K`lcrjss wfs jvabjlt jvjrywdjrj. Rdj futd`ratajs stftjb tdft tdj

K`lcrjss dfb nrùcdt b`wl kfmfiaty `l tdj kùltry tdrùcd pfrtakapfta`l al tdj

Hdamfgft fcatfta`l. Rdjy jvjl wfltjb fmm tdj K`lcrjssijl al Ifmfnfr t` nj

aipras`ljb. Rdj Iusmais kìpmfaljb tdft td`sj wd` dfb albukjb tdji t` eàl

fnflb`ljb tdji wdjl p`makj `pprjssa`l flb garalc ny tdj tr``ps stfrtjb.>6

Rdj kfstj-

Dalbus, `l tdj `tdjr dflb, kratakazjb tdji g r supp`rtalc tdj g``masd flb gflftak

Ifppamfs flb g`r alkatalc tdji t` pmulcj alt` f va`mjlt fkta`l.>>

J.I.[. wratjs tdft

tdjrj wfs f wabjsprjfb gjjmalc (fi`lc tdj uppjr kfstjs) tdft tdj Ifppamfs frj

ulw`rtdy t` nj trustjb flb tdas gjjmalc sm`wmy crjw fs fl fttatubj fcfalst tdj K`lcrjss

flb Cflbda.>;

Rdj K`lcrjss wfs l`t fnmj t` rjk`vjr grì tdj as`mfta`l al wdakd at dfb

gfmmjl fgtjr tdj ^jnjmma`l flb t` w`hj up t` fkta`l tamm tdj crjft jltdusafsi cjljrftjb

ny tdj Wfahfi sftyfcrfdf, fm`lc watd tdj lfta`lfmast pr`pfcflbf sprjfb tdrùcd tdj

Iftdrunduia.>2

Rdj tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt al gfkt pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss watd f

mjfsj `g magj fs at nypfssjb barjkt p`matakfm fcjlbf, sdagtjb tdj kjltrj `g fkta`l t`

gurtdjr sùtd wdjrj Ifppamfs wjrj l`t prjsjlt flb pr`vabjb f galj `pp`rtulaty t`

kìpjlsftj g`r tdj jfrmajr basfstrùs fmmaflkj watd tdj Ifppamfs.

>:


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6?



Rdj Rjipmj jltry i`vjijlt

Rdj p`matakfm flb s`kafm fti`spdjrj `g Hjrfmf al tdj 61>?s flb ;?s crjw tjlsj

watd tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss upd`mbalc tdj kfusj `g tjipmj jltry. Al 61>2 tdj

K`lcrjss `rcflazjb tdj vac`rùs >? i`ltd m`lc sftyfcrfdf ft tdj Wfahfi tjipmj watd

tdj saipmj fai `g sjkuralc tdj racdt t` usj tdj fppr`fkd r`fbs `g tdj tjipmj g`r tdj

ultùkdfnmjs. Sdamj tdj uppjr kfstjs flb l`l-Dalbus alkmubalc Kdrastafls flb

Iusmais grjjmy usjb tdj tjipmj r`fbs, tdj ultùkdfnmjs mahj tdj Azdfvfs flb _umfyfs

wjrj g`rnabbjl t` pfss tdrùcd tdji. Rdj Azdfvfs wjrj `l tdj vjrcj `g f rjv`mt `vjr

tdj qujsta`l `g kfstj p`mmuta`l flb vajwjb at fs fl `nvaùs fkt `g s`kafm aleustakj flb

`pjl va`mfta`l `g duifl racdts. Rdj [.L.B._. Q`cfi wfs sjraùsmy baskussalc tdj

ijfls t` `vjrkìj tdas s`kafm stacif. [alkj tdj Azdfvfs dfb tdjar `wl tjipmjs al

wdakd tdjy tdjisjmvjs fktjb fs `ggakaftalc prajsts, tdjar jfcjrljss t` cjt fkkjss t`

sfvfrlf tjipmjs wfs i`rj f ifttjr `g kavam racdts tdfl f qujsta`l `g grjjbì `g

w`rsdap. R.H. Ifbdfvfl, tdj prìaljlt mjfbjr `g tdj [.L.B._. flb tdj truj sparat

njdalb tdj sftyfcrfdf, iflfcjb t` cjt f rjs`muta`l pfssjb ft tdj K`lcrjss sjssa`l al

61>; ft Hfhalfbf `l tdj qujsta`l `g tdj rji`vfm `g ultùkdfnamaty. Rdj Hjrfmf

_rfbjsd K`lcrjss Kìiattjj bjkabjb t` mfulkd f sftyfcrfdf ft Wfahfi `l tdas

nfsas.>7Cflbdaea nmjssjb tdj sftyfcrfdf nut kfuta`ljb fcfalst l`l-Dalbu pfrtakapfta`l

flb l`l-sfvfrlf mjfbjrsdap al at fs at wfs straktmy f Dalbu kfusj flb f c`mbjl

`pp`rtulaty g`r kfstj-Dalbus t` ft`lj g`r f djalùs sal.>3

Rdj sfvfrlf-eftdf`rcflazjb

ulbjr tdj mjfbjrsdap `g Ifllftd _fbiflfndfl t` tdj kfpatfm Rravflbrui, t` aiprjss

up`l tdj halc `g tdj urcjlky `g tdj bjiflb, trumy rjgmjktjb tdas sparat. Rdj pr`m`lcjb

kfipfacl flb tdj barjkt alv`mvjijlt `g Cflbda g`rkjb tdj futd`ratajs t` kìj t` f


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sjttmjijlt fkk`rbalc t` wdakd fmm tdj fppr`fkd r`fbs, jxkjpt tdj jfstjrl `lj, `g tdj

tjipmj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm pj`pmj arrjspjktavj `g kfstj flb kìiulaty. Rdj

i`bfmatajs `g tdj fcrjjijlt wfs f sunejkt `g altjlsj bjnftj flb tdj K`lcrjss wfs

sjvjrjmy kratakazjb g`r baskfrbalc tdj struccmj dfmgwfy flb g`r jggjktalc tdj fcrjjijlt

`lmy t` tdj Wfahfi tjipmj.>4

Buj t` tdas rjfs`l, sjvjrfm saiamfr struccmjs dfb t` nj

wfcjb g`r tdj sfij purp`sj sunsjqujltmy. Fs f rjsumt, al 61>4, fppr`fkd r`fbs t` fmm

tjipmjs al Rrfvflk`rj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm pj`pmj.>1

Rdj sjk`lb sftyfcrfdf struccmj fcfalst kfstj nfsjb p`mmuta`l, nut l`w t` cjt

tdj tjipmj `pjl t` fmm Dalbus, wfs `rcflazjb al 61;6-;> ft tdj Curuvfyur tjipmj al

Ifmfnfr. Rdj sftyfcrfdf fttrfktjb kùltrywabj fttjlta`l flb pj`pmj grì fmm `vjr

Albaf rjfkdjb Curuvfyur t` supp`rt tdj struccmj. Rdj Ufi`ral wd` wfs tdj trustjj `g

tdj tjipmj, rjgusjb t` kìprìasj `vjr tdj assuj wdakd mjb Hjmfppfl t` stfrt f gfst

ult` bjftd wdakd, d`wjvjr, wfs watdbrfwl ulbjr tdj fbvakj `g Cflbdaea. Rdj

sftyfcrfdf fs f wd`mj wfs galfmmy tjrialftjb njg`rj fkdajvalc fly `g ats bjkmfrjb

`nejktavjs. F rjgjrjlbui wfs djmb fi`lc tdj kfstj Dalbus `g _`llfla tfmuh wdjrj

tdj tjipmj wfs satuftjb wdakd rjvjfmjb tdft 3?% `g tdji supp`rtjb tdj kfusj `g

tjipmj jltry.;?

Rdus tdj fcatfta`l tdùcd ulsukkjssgum, krjftjb f kmaiftj al gfvùr `g

tjipmj jltry. Rdj i`vjijlt g`r tjipmj jltry rjcastjrjb ats kr`wlalc vakt`ry wdjl tdj

Rrfvflk`rj c`vjrlijlt ifbj tdj tjipmj jltry pr`kmfifta`l al 61;7 ny wdakd fmm

tjipmjs al Rrfvflk`rj wjrj tdr`wl `pjl t` fmm Dalbus.;6

Ljvjrtdjmjss, tdj tjipmjs `g

K`kdal flb Ifmfnfr rjifaljb km`sjb njg`rj tdj fvfrlfstamm 6123.


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_`mataks `g tdj Rjipmj-jltry I`vjijlt

Rdj tw` sftyfcrfdfstruccmjs mjb ny tdj K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf al tdj 61>?s flb

;?s fcfalst kfstj-nfsjb p`mmuta`l al gfkt rjprjsjltjb tdj galfm stfcj `g f m`lc brfwl

ùt struccmj mjb ny tdj ultùkdfnmj kìiulatajs. Rdj sfvfrlf mjfbjrsdap `g tdj

K`lcrjss fppr`praftjb tdj tjipmj-jltry assuj t` g`rcj f kjltrfm pmftg`ri t` bjvjm`p at

alt` f Dalbu flb f lfta`lfm kfusj flb t` kdflljmazj tdj lfrr`w kfstjast k`lgmakt t` f

rjmacaùs pmflj. Rdj K`lcrjss bjkasa`l t` tfhj up tdj assuj al Hjrfmf wfs kjrtfalmy al

tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj alkmusa`l `g tdj rji`vfm `g ultùkdfnamaty fs pfrt `g tdj Cflbdafl

k`lstruktavj pr`crfiij flb ats bjkasa`l t` gacdt ùt s`kafm jvams al tdj lfta`lfmast wfy

rjg`rialc trfbata`l ny trfbata`lfmazalc rjg`ri;>

nut at kùmb nj sjjl tdft jvjl tdj

Cflbdafl mjfbjrsdap wfs sjraùsmy trùnmjb ny m`wjr kfstj rfbakfmasi flb tdj

qujsta`l `g rjmacaùs k`lvjrsa`l.;;

Rdus, fl `vjrvajw `g tdj k`ltjip`rfry s`ka`-

p`matakfm satufta`l, tdj taialc `g tdj tw` struccmjs flb tdj lfturj `g tdj fcatfta`l, fmm

kmjfrmy rjvjfm tdft tdj fppr`prafta`l `g tdj tjipmj jltry assuj ny tdj K`lcrjssijl al

Hjrfmf wfs bjtjrialjb i`rj ny s`ka`-p`matakfm gfkt`rs, tdfl ny f salkjrj urcj t`

jiflkapftj tdj ultùkdfnmjs, `g wdakd tdjar strftjcy `g survavfm al tdj p`st-61>6 jrf

ny rjtrjftalc t` f Dalbu abaì `g p`mataks;2

pmfyjb f bjkasavj r`mj. Rdj rjg`ri `g

Dalbu gfatd ny krjftalc f kìiulaty `g jqufms;:

njkfij tdj g`rji`st fcjlbf wdakd

wfs rjalg`rkjb ny tdj tdrjft `g tdj k`lvjrsa`l nìn tdr`wl ny tdj Azdfvfs.

Rdj 61>?s flb ;?s wjrj turnab al Rrfvflk`rj `vjr tdj djftjb bjnftj ulmjfsdjb

ny tdj Azdfvf iabbmj kmfss `l rjmacaùs k`lvjrsa`l fs f ijfls `g s`kafm jiflkapfta`l.

K.W. Huleurfifl, tdj garjnrflb mjfbjr `g tdj [.L.B._. flb tdj jbat`r `g Hjrfmf

Hfuiubadfb ifbj tdj fmfri saclfm ny urcalc tdj Azdfvfs t` rjlùlkj Dalbuasi ag

tdj uppjr kfstjs bab l`t supp`rt tdjar kfusj `g tjipmj jltry.;7

F sjkta`l `g tdj Azdfvfs


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6;



jltdusafstakfmmy wjmkìjb tdj succjsta`l. Rdùcd tdjrj wjrj baggjrjlkjs `g `pala`l

fs t` wdakd rjmaca`l tdjy sdùmb `pt wdjtdjr Kdrastaflaty, Asmfi `r Nubbdasitdj

kdfmmjlcj gjmm mahj f nìnsdjmm `l tdj sfvfrlfcrùps. Fmtdùcd k`lvjrsa`ls dfb njjl

tfhalc pmfkj fi`lc tdj ultùkdfnmjs grì vjry jfrmy taijs flb ats pfkj dfb

k`lsabjrfnmy alkrjfsjb ny tdj laljtjjltd flb jfrmy twjltajtd kjlturajs, tdj >?s flb

;?s wjrj spjkafm njkfusj l`w tdj kdfmmjlcj kfij grì tdj Azdfvfs wd` tdùcd frj

fvfrlfs frj rakd flb jbukftjb.;3

Rdj m`ss `g tdj iabbmj kmfss wfs jxkjpta`lfmmy

dfrigum fs tdjy kùmb tdrjftjlfs al tdj kfsj `g tdj Kdrastafl iabbmj kmfss `g kjltrfm

Rrfvflk`rj;4

tdj iftjrafm pursuats `g tdj uppjr kfstj Dalbus. F p`wjrgum sjkta`l

watdal tdj [.L.B._alkmubalc Huifrfl Fsfl, R.H. Ifbdfvfl flb F. Fyyfppfl, flb

`g kùrsj [rjj Lfrfyflf Curu t`` st``b g`r f rjg`rijb Dalbuasi.;1

^`nal Ejggrjy

dfs frcujb tdft td`sj wd` rjejktjb tdj pftd `g k`lvjrsa`l dfb tdjar `wl vjstjb

altjrjsts5 f rjspjktjb pmfkj al Dalbu s`kajty wfs f i`rj bjsarfnmj c`fm tdfl f bùntgum

Kdrastafl r`mj njtwjjl k`ltjiptuùs [yrafls flb p`mmutalc _umfyf k`lvjrts. 2?K.W.

urcjb tdj Azdfvfs t` jinrfkj Nubbdasi wdakd dj eustagajb `l tdj crùlb tdft Azdfvfs

wjrj iacrflts grì [ra Mflhf flb wjrj Nubbdasts njg`rj tdjar iacrfta`l826

tdas dfb

mjlt spfkj t` spjkumfta`ls, tdft tdj k`lvjrsa`l assuj wfs f prjssurj tfktak t` jlg`rkj f

rjg`ri `g kustìs. D`wjvjr, at dfb ats bjsarjb jggjkt5 kfstj Dalbus alkrjfsalcmy njcfl

t` rjfmazj tdj ljjb `g ratufm rjg`ri wdakd as jvabjlt al tdj rdjt`rak fcfalst k`lvjrsa`ls

watd f strjss `l tdj allftj qufmaty `g Dalbuasi.2>

Mjfbjrs mahj Ifllfi, wd` wfs l`t

f Cflbdafl flb wfs al cjljrfm `pp`sjb t` tdj K`lcrjss, pfrtakapftjb al tdj Wfahfi

[ftyfcrfdf g`r das k`lkjrl `vjr tdj m`ss t` Dalbuasi `g k`lvjrts t` Kdrastaflaty.2;

Rdj

tjipmj jltry i`vjijlt ulbjr tdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj K`lcrjss tdus rjprjsjltjb fl

fttjipt ft g`rcalc f k`ls`mabftjb Dalbu kìiulaty flb t` baskùrfcj k`lvjrsa`ls

wdakd wfs jlcjlbjrjb ny basfnamatajs jlg`rkjb ny tdj kfstj systji. ^jmacaùs


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k`lvjrsa`l kùmb kfusj trùnmj t` tdj kfstj Dalbus njkfusj at rjbukjb tdjar rdjt`rakfm

k`lstatujlky.22

Rdj frtakmjs wrattjl ny Hjmfppfl al Iftdrunduia kmjfrmy

bji`lstrftjb d`w tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt wfs barjktmy rjmftjb t` tdj tdrjft p`sjb

ny rjmacaùs k`lvjrsa`ls.2:

G`r tdj K`lcrjss mjfbjrsdap, njsabjs, tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l wfs f crjft sùrkj

`g njwambjrijlt. At trajb t` jskfpj grì tdj alatafm sd`kh ny bas`wlalc tdj i`vjijlt

`vjr tdj qujsta`l `g va`mjlkj flb kratakazjb tdj Ifppamfs g`r l`t fbdjralc t` l`l-

va`mjlkj flb rjfktalc grì fl ji`ta`lfm flb rjmacaùs pmflj. Rdj Fdijbfnfb [jssa`l

`g tdj Albafl Lfta`lfm K`lcrjss al Bjkjinjr 61>6 rjs`mvjb tdft tdj rjnjmma`l wfs l`t

kfusjb ny tdj Hdamfgft `r L`l k`-`pjrfta`l i`vjijlts, flb tdft tdj kfusjs `g tdj

rjnjmma`l dfb l`tdalc t` b` watd tdjsj i`vjijlts.27

_rìaljlt K`lcrjss mjfbjrs al

Hjrfmf sdfrjb tdas vajw fs as ulbjrst``b grì Hjsfvf Ijl`ls kìijlt tdft at wfs

wr`lc t` dfvj k`lljktjb tdj Hdamfgft pr`nmji watd tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt.23

K`lcrjssijl al Hjrfmf dfb t` gfkj sjvjrj kratakasi grì vfraùs qufrtjrs g`r

upd`mbalc tdj Hdamfgft assuj flb g`rcalc fl fmmaflkj watd tdj gflftak Ifppamfs wdakd

nrùcdt fnùt crjft dfrbsdaps t` tdj Dalbus flb basd`l`r t` tdj mflb. Rdj

kìiattjjs fppàltjb ny tdj K`lcrjss gfamjb t` ifhj f kìprjdjlsavj flb `nejktavj

jlquary alt` tdj kfusj `g tdj rjnjmma`l, wdakd mjb t` bjvjm`p k`ltr`vjrsajs watd str`lc

p`matakfm flb kìiulfm `vjrt`ljs. H. Iàbu Ifumfva, Hdamfgft mjfbjr flb stfulkd

lfta`lfmast, rjatjrftjb das gari k`lvakta`l tdft tdj rjnjmma`l stfrtjb fs fl flta-

aipjrafmast rasalc, fmtdùcd al tdj jlb tdj Nratasd futd`ratajs dfb sukkjjbjb t` fl

jxtjlt al bjcrfbalc at alt` f kìiulfm k`lgmakt.24

Nut H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l stftjb

(mftjr) tdft at wùmb l`t nj k`rrjkt t` k`lsabjr tdj Ifppamf ^jnjmma`lfs pfrt `g tdj

Lfta`lfmast i`vjijlt njkfusj tdj rjnjms wjrj i`tavftjb i`rj ny rjmacaùs zjfm flb


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altjrjst al tdj Hdamfgft tdfl ny truj lfta`lfm k`lskaùsljss.21

Al tdjar dacdmy

ammuialftalc fkkùlts `g tdj jvjlt, tw` `tdjr prìaljlt K`lcrjss mjfbjrs H.

Ifbdfvfl Lfar flb I`zdahullftd Nrfdifbftdfl Lfinutarapfb trfkjb tdj `racal `g

tdj rjnjmma`l nfkh t` tdj dacd-dflbjb Nratasd p`maky `g rjprjssa`l.:?

Ny fttranutalc tdj

va`mjlkj `g 61>6 t` tdj `ggakafm ftr`katajs, tdjy eustagajb tdj bjkasa`l `g tdj K`lcrjss t`

fmmy watd tdj Ifppamfs nut rjcrjttjb tdft tdj mfttjr wjrj stamm ulgat g`r f i`bjrl flb

sjkumfr p`matakfm struccmj flb tdus eustagajb tdj `ggakafm K`lcrjss p`sata`l rjejktalc

tdj struccmj fs f pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfm i`vjijlt. Rdjar fkkùlts pr`kjjbjb fm`lc maljs

`g prjsjltalc tdj uprasalc fs f ra`t flb sdfrjb tdj k`m`lafm pjrkjpta`l `g tdj

Ifppamfs fs wamb flb gflftak pj`pmj wd` kùmb l`t nj jfsamy k`ltr`mmjb `r tfijb.:6

Ljatdjr bab tdj rjnjmma`l k`lgalj ats aipfkt t` Ifmfnfr p`mataks fm`lj. Rdj

wabjsprjfb pr`pfcflbf rjkùltalc fwjsìj bjtfams `g tdj Dalbu suggjralc ft tdj

dflbs `g tdj Ifppamf rjnjms cfvj nartd t` fl fccrjssavj Dalbu kfipfacl, ft garst

fcfalst tdj krujm Ifppamfs flb mftjr fcfalst Iusmais al cjljrfm. @l tdj `tdjr dflb,

tdj suggjralcs `g tdj Ifppamfs bjjpmy i`vjb Iusmais fmm `vjr Albaf. Grfltak fppjfms

g`r djmpalc tdji rjkjavjb cjljrùs rjsp`lsj grì tdj L`rtd. Fmm tdjsj fggjktjb tdj

rjmfta`lsdap njtwjjl tdj Dalbus flb Iusmais fmm `vjr Albaf. Rdj jxfccjrftjb tfmjs

(fnùt tdj rjnjmma`l) algmfijb gjjmalcs. Rdj kry `g Dalbuasi al bflcjr wfs rfasjb

flb i`vjijlts `g [dubbda (rjk`lvjrsa`l) flb [flcdftdfl(`rcflazfta`l) pmflljb. F

vakaùs kykmj `g fkkusfta`l flb kùltjr-fkkusfta`l wfs sjt up wdakd krjftjb tdj djft

al wdakd tdj tjlbjr pmflt `g Dalbu-Iusmai ulaty njcfl t` watdjr.:>

Rdj kìiulfm

fltfc`lasis cjljrftjb ny tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l:;

flb tdj stjfbamy fbvflkalc

lfta`lfmast baskùrsj kjltrjb `l rjmacaùs flb kumturfm lfta`lfmasi crjftmy strjlctdjljb

tdj k`lkjpt `g tdj Iusmai `tdjr t` tdj jxtjlt tdft jvjl fl Azdfvf p`jt mahj Huifrfl


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Fsfl kùmb l`t jskfpj vammfalazalc tdj Ifppamfs al das kjmjnrftjb w`rh Burfvfstf

wdakd t`mb tdj tfmj `g f Lfinutara carm tdr`wl bjs`mftj ny tdj krujm Iudfiijbfls

buralc tdj rjv`mt `g 61>6.:2

Rdj stftjijltwrattjl ny H. Hjmfppfl al 613? t` tdj

Ifmfnfr^jnjmma`l`g H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar rjvjfms d`w jvjl t`p mjfbjrs `g tdj K`lcrjss

dfb njkìj sp`hjsijl `g tdj ial`raty Dalbus `g Jrlfb fcfalst tdj ammatjrftj,

acl`rfltflb djlkj rubj Ifppamfs.::

Rdj gjfr `g tdj Ifppamfs g`r tdjar mfkh `g kavamaty, tdj wabjsprjfb k`lkjrl

`vjr tdj dfrbsdaps `g tdj (uppjr kfstj) Dalbus wd` dfb jskfpjb grì tdj fggjktjb

frjfs t` tfhj sdjmtjr al tdj ljfrny t`wl `g Kfmakut `r al tdj pralkjmy stftjs `g

Rrfvflk`rj flb K`kdal, tdj k``pjrfta`l jxtjlbjb ny K`lcrjss t` tdj rjmajg ijfsurjs

ulbjrtfhjl ny tdj Fryf [fife, wdakd wfs fms` vjry fktavj al rjk`lvjrtalc td`sj

Dalbus wd` wjrj k`lvjrtjb t` Asmfi,:7

tdj t`tfm nrjfhb`wl `g tdj `rcflazfta`lfm

strukturj `g tdj K`lcrjss flb ats alfnamaty t` kfrry `l jvjl l`rifm p`matakfm fktavaty al

tdj gfkj `g `ggakafm rjtranuta`l flb p`pumfr bastrust al ats pr`crfiijs, fmm g`rkjb tdj

K`lcrjss t` utamazj tdj p`ssanamatajs `g tdj p`mataks `g rjmaca`l. Al gfkt Cflbda dfb sjt

tdj trjlb wdjl dj jxfialjb tdj rjnjmma`l fs tdj praifry kfusj `g Dalbu-Iusmai

tjlsa`l flb trajb t` bastflkj tdj K`lcrjss grì tdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, l`t fmm`walc at

t` fggjkt fly `g ùr pmfls.:3

Cflbdas stftjijlt Rdj I`pmfds frj Iusmais

rjvjfms tdj stjrj`typakfm kdfrfktjr-k`lstrukt `g tdj Iusmai. :4Rdj mjfbjrsdap `g tdj

K`lcrjss al Hjrfmf kùmb l`t cjt ùt `g tdj sd`kh algmaktjb ny tdj jvjlts `g tdj

rjnjmma`l, jspjkafmmy tdj fttfkh `g tdj Ifppamf rjnjms `l kfstj Dalbus. Rdas wfs l`t

surprasalc njkfusj al Ifmfnfr kfstj systji rùcdmy k`rrjsp`lbjb t` kmfss rjmfta`ls5

tdj kfstj Dalbus wjrj tdj mflbm`rbs `r tdj prìaljlt mjfsjd`mbjrs `g tdj frjf flb tdj

Ifppamfs wjrj tdj sun-tjlflts ulbjr tdji.:1

Fs dfs racdtmy njjl `nsjrvjb, fi`lc tdj


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dacdjr kfstjs al pfrtakumfr, tdj fttatubj t`wfrbs Asmfi wfs k`mùrjb ny tdj wfy al

wdakd Asmfi aipalcjb up`l tdjar altjrjsts.7?

Rdft tdj m`wjr kfstj tjlflts rjgusjb t`

rjnjm fcfalst tdjar uppjr kfstj m`rbs al Ifmfnfr kmjfrmy rjvjfmjb tdj iflljr ny wdakd

kfstj dajrfrkdy flb tdj i`bj `g kmfss rjsp`lsj c`t jlijsdjb.76

Rdj dacdjr kfstjs

kùmb rjfmazj tdft tdj tdrjft p`sjb ny k`lvjrsa`l t` tdjar altjrjsts kùmb `lmy nj

kùltjrjb ny nralcalc vfraùs kfstj crùps t`cjtdjr `l sìj kìi`l assuj flb ny

rjg`rialc s`kafm prfktakjs wdakd sjcijltjb tdji8 jgg`rts t` g`rcj f syin`mak ulaty

fi`lc Dalbu kìiulatajs frùlb tdj qujsta`l `g tjipmj-jltry fppjfrjb f usjgum

wjfp`l t` baskùrfcj tdj ultùkdfnmj kfstjs t` cjt fttrfktjb t` rjmaca`ls wdakd

prìasjb t` jiflkapftj tdji. Rdj Wfahfi sftyfcrfdf tdus pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss

watd f nac mjfsj `g magj5 at cfvj f pmftg`ri g`r fkta`l watd f straktmy l`l-p`matakfm

pr`crfiij8 at sfvjb tdji grì `ggakafm survjammflkj fs tdj kjltrj `g fktavaty wfs

sdagtjb t` tdj sfgj jlvar`ls `g tdj pralkjmy stftj `g Rrfvflk`rj8 at jskdjwjb tdj gjfr `g

kìiulfm tjlsa`l njkfusj tdj Ifppamf gfkt`r wfs fnsjlt al Rrfvflk`rj87>flb fn`vj

fmm, at pr`vabjb tdj K`lcrjss watd fl `pp`rtulaty t` jxpaftj g`r tdj sal `g fmmyalc watd

tdj bflcjrùs Ifppamfs ny upd`mbalc f Dalbu kfusj. Fs as `nsjrvjb ny Ijl`l,

al tdj rjtrjft grì sjkumfr p`matakfm fktavaty fgtjr tdj Ifppamf rjnjmma`l, tdj r`mj `g tdj

frnatjr njtwjjl kfstjs prjsjltjb tdj Ifmfnfr K`lcrjssijl watd f pr`crfiij.7;

K`lkmusa`l

Rdj jpas`bj `g tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt wùmb kjrtfalmy ulg`mb tdj

saclagakflt s`kafm flb p`matakfm ulbjrkurrjlts `g tdj 61>?s flb ;?s. G`r tdj m`wjr kfstj

sjkta`ls, jspjkafmmy tdj Azdfvfs, at wfs f gacdt t` galasd tdjar pr`trfktjb struccmj g`r

kavam racdts flb t` krjftj f kìiulaty `g jqufms frùlb tjipmjs. Rdus, g`r tdji, eust

mahj tdjar fttjipts ft k`lvjrsa`l, tdj tjipmj-jltry kfipfacl wfs f p`matakfm fkt. G`r


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tdj K`lcrjssijl, at pr`vabjb f sfgj pr`crfiij t` jskfpj grì tdj p`matakfm vfkuui

krjftjb ny tdj ^jnjmma`l `g 61>6 flb t` sfvj tdj K`lcrjss grì f kìpmjtj

nrjfhb`wl. Al tdft sjlsj, g`r tdji t``, at wfs kjrtfalmy f p`matakfm ijfsurjtdj sdagt

grì Nratasd Ifmfnfr t` tdj p`matakfm jlvar`ls `g tdj pralkjmy stftj `g Rrfvflk`rj wfs

f gari bjkmfrfta`l `g s`kafm rjg`ri fs f purj lfta`lfm bìfal872

tdj jspùsfm `g f

rjmacaùs assuj wfs fl fssjrta`l `g Dalbu lfta`lfmasi8 flb tdj jxkmusa`l `g tdj

mjfbjrsdap `g tdj m`wjr kfstjs al tdj sftyfcrfdfs rjatjrftjb tdj rjgusfm t` pr`vabj tdji

fcjlky al rjmacaùs rjg`ri.7:

Ny sdagtalc tdj kjltjr `g s`kafm rjg`ri t` Rrfvflk`rj, `r

ny mjfbalc f struccmj fcfalst f lfta`lfm trustjj mahj tdj Ufi`ral, tdj K`lcrjss kùmb

fppjfsj tdj kfstj Dalbus wd` wjrj fcatftjb `vjr fl fmajl c`vjrlijlt altr`bukalc

s`kafm rjg`ris. Rdj jlb`rsjijlt `g tjipmj-jltry ny tdj K`lcrjss tdus djmpjb al

k`ltfalalc tdj pfkj `g rjmacaùs k`lvjrsa`ls al Hjrfmf77

nut, `l tdj `tdjr dflb, at

crjftmy ulbjrialjb tdj aifcj `g tdj K`lcrjss fs f sjkumfr g`rui. Rdùcd tdjrj frj

fttjipts t` bjpakt tdj tjipmj-jltry i`vjijlt fs fl albaspjlsfnmj pfrt `g tdj lfta`lfm

struccmj, ats r`mj al iùmbalc f bastalkt Dalbu abjltaty, wdakd wfs al tdj pr`kjss `g

g`rifta`l, flb ats r`mj al pr`vabalc f sdfrp racdtwfrb turl t` tdj K`lcrjss p`mataks al

Hjrfmf, kùmb dfrbmy nj `vjrm``hjb.


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61



L`tjs flb ^jgjrjlkjs

6 ^._. Butt,Albaf R`bfy, Iflasdf Crfltdfmfyf, Kfmkuttf, 6147 (^pt), pp.;;>-468 F.^.Bjsfa, [`kafm

Nfkhcrùlb `g Albafl Lfta`lfmasi, _`pumfr _rfhfsdfl, Nìnfy, 611: (^pt), pp.;71-3>.

> Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm, Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj 64:3-6123, _jlcual N``hs, Ljw Bjmda,

6141, pp.:?:-:63. G`r bjtfams sjj Napfl Kdflbrf, Albafl Lfta`lfm I`vjijlt5 Rdj M`lc-tjri

Bylfiaks,Ljw Bjmda, 6144.

; _frtdf Kdfttjrejj, Rdj Lfta`l flb ats Grfcijlts5 K`m`lafm flb _`stk`m`lafm Dast`rajs, @xg`rb

Zlavjrsaty _rjss, Ljw Bjmda, 6111 (^jpralt), p.7. Rdas as tdj kjltrfm frcuijlt `g das w`rh

Lfta`lfmast Rdùcdt flb tdj K`m`lafm S`rmb5 F Bjravftavj Baskùrsj0, Ujb N``hs, M`lb`l, 6147.

2 Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm,Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj, pp.:?1-:6>.

: [uiat [frhfr,I`bjrl Albaf, 644:-6123, Ifkiammfl, Ifbrfs, 611?, p. >;?.

7 Ndahdu _frjhd, K`m`lafmasi, Rrfbata`l flb ^jg`ri5 Fl Flfmysas `g Cflbdas _`matakfm Baskùrsj,

[fcj _unmakfta`ls, Ljw Bjmda, 6141, pp.>2:-7.

3 F. [rjjbdfrf Ijl`l,F [urvjy `g Hjrfmf Dast`ry, B.K. N``hs, H`ttfyfi, >??3, pp.;6:-638 F.H.

_ammf, K`lcrjssui Hjrfmfvui, _rfndftd N``h Dùsj, 6147, ;:3-7482?1-6:8 Napfl Kdflbrf8 jt.fm.,

Albafs [truccmj g`rAlbjpjlbjlkj, pp.>>2-;2.

4 _.H.H. Ijl`l, Dast`ry `g tdj Grjjbì I`vjijlt al Hjrfmf, W`m. AA, Bjpfrtijlt `g Kumturfm

_unmakfta`ls, C`vjrlijlt `g Hjrfmf, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, >??6, pp.626-7;8 ;67-;6.

1 Napfl Kdflbrf, jt fm,Albafs [truccmj g`r Albjpjlbjlkj, pp.>;?->;2.

6? ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rrfvflk`rj5 [tftus, Kmfss flb tdj Cr`wtd `g ^fbakfm _`mataks, 6471 -612? Rdj

Rjipmj Jltry I`vjijlt al ^`nal Ejggrjy jb., _j`pmj, _ralkjs flb _frfiùlt _`wjr5 [`kajty

flb _`mataks al tdj Albafl _ralkjmy [tftjs, Bjmda, 6134, pp.6;7-671.

66 [jj K. Hjsfvfl,Ejjvatfsfifrfi (Fut`na`crfpdy), Lfta`lfm N``h [tfmm, H`ttfyfi, 6174, pp. ;:-

;3.

6> Fm`ysaus `nsjrvjs5 Rdjar (ultùkdfnmjs) altjrjst al flta-ultùkdfnamaty wfs mfrcjmy grì tdj

pàlt `g vajw `g jskfpalc tdj kavam mafnamatajs aip`sjb al tdj lfij `g rjmaca`l. @l tdj k`ltrfry,

Cflbdafl ultùkdfnamaty wfs ùt flb ùt f rjmacaùs assuj flb wdjl pursujb, fppjfrjb t` kùltjr

tdjar `wl abjf flb struccmjs g`r jiflkapfta`l. C. Fm`ysaus, Lfta`lfmasi watdùt f Lfta`l al

Albaf, @xg`rb Zlavjrsaty _rjss, Ljw Bjmda, >?6? (^jpralt), p.646.

6; ^`njrt M. Dfrbcrfvj Er., Nrjfst Km`td K`ltr`vjrsy5 Kfstj K`lskaùsljss flb [`kafm Kdflcj al

[ùtdjrl Rrfvflk`rj, Albafl Jk`lìak flb [`kafm Dast`ry rjvajw, W`m. :, L`. 6, Ifrkd 6174,

pp.636-43.

62 ^fe [jhdfr Nfsu, _umfyfs al Hjrfmf5 Rdj Laljtjjltd Kjltury Jiflkapfta`l Vujsta`l ^j -

Jxpm`rjb, Rdj AKGFA Zlavjrsaty Eùrlfm g Dast`ry flb Kumturj, W`m. AA, L`.;, >??4, p.32.

6:

[fd`bfrfl, tdj ifcfzalj punmasdjb ny tdj Rayyf mfwyjr K. Hrasdlfl grì Kfmakut, urcjb tdjAzdfvfs t` k`lkjltrftj `l rjg`rialc Dalbuasi grì watdal fs l` `tdjr rjmaca`l wfs s` manjrfm flb


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>?



t`mjrflt. [jj [fd`bfrfl, >566-6>, Ifrkd-Ify 61>?, pp.>1?-12. Ejggrjy fbbs tdft fs mfrcj luinjr

`g Azdfvfs pr`spjrjb, tdjy wjrj fnmj kfutaùsmy t` aiatftj tdj iflljrs `g Lfars. F rjspjktjb pmfkj

al Dalbu s`kajty wfs f i`rj bjsarfnmj c`fm tdfl f bùntgum Kdrastafl r`mj njtwjjl k`ltjiptuùs

[yrafls flb p`mmutalc _umfyf k`lvjrts. ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rdj [`kafm @racals `g f Kfstj Fss`kafta`l,

643:-61?:5 Rdj Gùlbalc `g tdj [LB_ Q`cfi, [ùtd Fsaf, W`m. 2, 6132, p.24.

67 Azdfvfs wd` dfb `wljb kfrs gùlb at baggakumt t` usj tdji al punmak r`fbs. Rdjy trajb t` `vjrkìj

tdas baggakumty pfrtafmmy ny jipm`yalc bravjrs grì uppjr kfstjs. [jj _. Ndfshfrflulla, Hjrfmfi

_ftdìnftdfi L``ttflbam, Hjrfmf [fdatyf Fkfbjiy, Rrassur, >??? (^jpralt), p.672.

63 K`kdal Kjlsus ^jp`rt, 61?6, p.64>8 K. Hjsfvfl,Ejjvatfsfifrfi,pp.>7;-3?.

64 Kdfrmjs D. Djasiftd, Grì [`kafm ^jg`ri t` [`kafm [truccmj, Ifl flb Bjvjm`pijlt, W`m. AW,

L`. ;, [jp. 614>, p. ;; (pp.>1-;2).

61 K. Hjsfvfl, Ejjvatfsfifrfi, pp.;:7-3. Fms` sjj H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [ìj Fspjkts `g tdj

lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr (^jp`rt `g fl Altjrvajw), al H._.[. Ijl`l, (Cjl. Jb),Hjsfvf

Ijl`l 1?, H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l 1?tdNartdbfy Kjmjnrfta`l Kìiattjj, Kfmakut, 6133, p.22.

>? J.I.[. wr`tj tdft f strahalc s`mabfraty dfb bjvjm`pjb njtwjjl tdj Ifppamfs flb tdj kmfss `g

mfwyjrs, eùrlfmasts flb p`matakafls (a.j., K`lcrjssijl) wd` nrùcdt tdji alt` lfta`lfmast p`mataks8

n`td wjrj murjb ny tjlflt altjrjsts, flb m``hjb g`rwfrb t` cjt f tjlflky mjcasmfta`l pfssjb. J.I.[.

Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpdy, Kdaltdf _unmasdjrs, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, >??: (^jpralt), p.2>.

>6 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, Hfzdalef Hffmfi (Fut`na`crfpdy), Iftdrunduia N``hs, Kfmakut, 6147,

p.6>4. (_fssfcj qu`tjb grì I. Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, B.K. N``hs, H`ttfyfi,

>??4, p.>24). Hjsfvf Ijl`l as rjp`rtjb t` dfvj rjvjfmjb mftjr tdft tdj K`lcrjssijl wjrj dftjb

ny tdj futd`ratajs, m``hjb `l watd suspaka`l ny tdj Iusmais flb basmahjb ny `tdjrs. I.

Cflcfbdfrfl, HjsfvfIjl`ls ^`mj al tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Hjrfmf al Hjsfvf Ijl`l

1?, p.;1.

>> [jj Ifppamf Mfdfmf, Q`cfhsdjifi, 66523, [jp.1, 61>6.

>; J.I.[. Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpcy,p.2;.

>2 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, Hfzdalef Hffmfi, p.6>48 I. Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l, p.>248

J.I.[. Lfinutarapfb,Fut`na`crfpcy,pp.7:-4.

>: Ejggrjy wratjs tdft g`r tdj K`lcrjssijl grì Ifmfnfr bastrakt, tdj tjipmj-jltry kfipfacl cfvj fl

`pp`rtulaty t` rjvavj altjrjstft f sfgj bastflkjal f K`lcrjss tdft dfb suggjrjb f sjvjrj sjtnfkh

watd tdj Ifppamf rjnjmma`l `g 61>6. [jj ^`nal Ejggrjy, Rrfvflk`rj5 [tftus, Kmfss flb tdj Cr`wtd

`g ^fbakfm _`mataks, 6471-612?Rdj Rjipmj Jltry I`vjijlt, pp.6:;-:2.

>7 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l,Hfzdalef Hffmfi,pp.67?-72.

>3 [jj Qùlc Albaf, ?2.?7.61>:, p.6;:, al H. ^fifkdflbrfl Lfar (Jb), Cflbda [fdatyf [frvfswfi,

Hjrfmf Cfbda [ifrfhf Labda, Rdaruvflfltdfpurfi, 6112.

>4 [jj R.H. fvalbrfl, Cflbda flb Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf, Rravflbrui, 6144.


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24/25

>>



2: H. Hjmfppfl, tdj crjft Cflbdafl K`lcrjssifl flb tdj g`rji`st kdfipa`l `g tdj tjipmj-jltry

i`vjijlt al Hjrfmf, al das frtakmj `l tdj Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdf (Wfahfi [ftyfcrfdfi,

Iftrunduia @lfi [pjkafm, 61>:, pp. 2>-2:), eustagajb tdj struccmj al tdj k`ltjxt `g tdj alkrjfsalc

tjlbjlky `g tdj m`wjr kfstjs, jspjkafmmy Azdfvfs, t` rjlùlkj Dalbuasi. Al fl`tdjr frtakmj wrattjl

frùlb tdj taij `g tdj Curuvfyur [ftyfcrfdf, dj jxprjssjb crjft k`lkjrl `vjr tdj dfris kfusjb

ny k`lvjrsa`ls. Rdas frtakmj as spjkafmmy l`tjb g`r tdj `tdjrljss fttranutjb t` tdj Iusmais8 tdjy

frj pjrkjavjb fs f tdrjft t` tdj lfta`l flb lfta`lfm ulaty8 ifalmy njkfusj `g tdjar s`mabfraty flb

strjss `l altjrlfta`lfm nr`tdjrd``b. (H. Hjmfppfl, Iftdfvui [fiubfyfvui5 Iftdfpfravfrtdflf

[rfifi H`lbummf B`sdfi (^jmaca`l flb Kìiulaty5 Rdj Dfris Kfusjb ny ^jmacaùs

K`lvjrsa`l), IftrunduiaSjjhmy, 6?563, 64 Eumy 61;>, pp. 3-4). Dj fms` succjstjb f sjkumfr

pr`crfiij tdj c`vjrlijlt sdùmb g`mm`w t` kurn tdj cr`wtd `g (Iusmai) kìiulfmasi. [jj H.

Hjmfppfl, Iftdfvui [fiubfyfvui5 @ru [wftdfltrf C`vjrlijlt Kdjyyjlbftdjltdjmmfi

(^jmaca`l flb Kìiulaty5 Sdftjvjr fl Albjpjlbjlt C`vjrlijlt @ucdt t` B`), Iftdrunduia

Sjjhmy, 6?5>?, 4 Fuc.61;>, pp.2-:, 6?.

27 I. Cflcfbdfrfl,Ifmfnfr ^jnjmma`l,p.>27.

23 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [ìj Fspjkts `g tdj Lfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr, alHjsfvf Ijl`l

1?,p.24.

24 Iàbu Ifumfva, Mjttjr t` tdj Jbat`r, Iftdrunduia, Kfmakut, 6; L`v. 613;, p.2, katjb al I.

Cflcfbdfrfl, Rdj Ifmfnfr jnjmma`l,p.>23.

21 H._. Hjsfvf Ijl`l, [ìj Fspjkts `g tdjLfta`lfmast I`vjijlt al Ifmfnfr, p.24.

:? H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar, Ifmfnfr Hfmfpfi, Iftdrunduia N``hs, Kfmakut, >??> (^jpralt)8

I`zdahullftd Nrfdifbftdfl Lfinutarapfb, Hdamfgft [ifrflfhfm, Lfvfhjrfmf K`-`pjrftavj

_unmasdalc Dùsj, H`zdahh`bj, 617:.

:6 Cflbda t`` usjb ijtfpd`rs mahj gflftak jrupta`ls, ifbljss, jtk. t` bjpakt tdj rjnjmma`l. [jj

I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak5 Ifmfnfr, 64;7-61>> al [unfmtjrl [tubajs, W`m. TAA,

_jrifljlt Nmfkh flb ^fva Bfyfm, Bjmda, >??:, p. :6.

:> Rfrf Kdflb, Dast`ry `g tdj Grjjbì I`vjijlt al Albaf, W`m. AAA, _unmakfta`ls Bavasa`l,

C`vjrlijlt `g Albaf, Ljw Bjmda, 613>, p.213.

:; Eubatd I. Nr`wl, Cflbdas âsj t` _`wjr5 Albafl _`mataks, 616:-61>>, Kfinrabcj Zlavjrsaty

_rjss, Kfinrabcj, 613>, p.;>1.

:2 Huifrfl Fsfl,Burfvfstdf, [frfbf N``h Bjp t, Rravflbrui, 6171 (^jpralt).

:: H. Ifbdfvfl Lfar,Ifmfnfr Hfmfpfi,pp.ax-xaa.

:7 Cfam Ialfumt l`tjs tdft tdj ljw [dubbda wfs barjktmy alsparjb ny tdj 61>6 rjnjmma`l wdakd mjb t`

tdj rasj `g kìiulfm tjlsa`l al l`rtdjrl Albaf. Rdj Hdamfgft I`vjijlt5 ^jmacaùs [yin`masi flb

_`matakfm I`namazfta`l al Albaf(Ljw Bjmda5 @xg`rb Zlavjrsaty _rjss, 6111 (^jpralt), p.61;), katjb

al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,p.72.


25/25

>;


:3 I.H. Cflbda, KS, W`ms. >;&>2, katjb al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,p.77.

:4 Cflbda wr`tj5 Rdj I`pmfdsfrj Iusmais. Rdjy dfvj Frfn nm``b al tdjar vjals. At as sfab tdft tdjar

g`rjgftdjrs kfij grì Frfnaf ifly yjfrs fc` flb sjttmjb al Ifmfnfr. Rdjy frj `g f gajry

tjipjrfijlt, flb frj sfab t` nj jfsamy jxkatfnmj. Rdjy frj jlrfcjb flb rjs`rt t` va`mjlkj al f

ifttjr `g sjk`lbs. Rdjy dfvj njjl rjsp`lsanmj g`r ifly iurbjrs Rdjy fmwfys sjt ùt g`r

gacdtalc watd f pmjbcj l`t t` rjturl bjgjftjb At as l`t kmjfr fs yjt wdft mjb t` tdjar prjsjlt

ùtnurst. I.H. Cflbda, KS, W`m.>6, pp.23-4, katjb al I.R. Flsfra, ^jgacuralc tdj Gflftak,

p.3;.

:1 H.L. _flahhfr, _jfsflt Jxpmàtfta`l al Ifmfnfr al tdj Laljtjjltd Kjltury, Eùrlfm `g Hjrfmf

[tubajs, W`m. 66, 6142, pp.6::-4:.

7? Fifmjlbu Iasrf, Abjltaty flb ^jmaca`l5 Gùlbfta`ls `g Flta-Asmfiasi al Albaf, [fcj _unmasdjrs,

Ljw Bjmda, >??2, p.>?.

76 [frhfr pàlts ùt tdft tdj Dalbu pjfsflts fms` rjsastjb, nut al f baggjrjlt iflljr. Mfrcj luinjr `g

Dalbu r`nnjr nflbs frj rjp`rtjb t` dfvj njjl fktavj al [ùtd Ifmfnfr buralc 647?s flb 3?s. Al

tdj fnsjlkj `g iammjlfrafl abj`m`cy sukd fs Asmfi kùmb `ggjr, Dalbu pjfsflt basfggjkta`l kùmb

l`t rasj fn`vj tdj mjvjm `g s`kafm nflbatry. [uiat [frhfr,I`bjrl Albaf, p.:?.

7> Rdj gjfr `g tdj Ifppamfs m`ìjb mfrcj jvjl al tdj ;?s flb buralc tdj sfmt ifrkd at as rjp`rtjb tdft

sfmt mfw dfb njjl nr`hjl fmm `vjr Ifmfnfr jxkjpt al tdj jrstwdamj rjnjm frjfs. I`rj`vjr, tdj

pr`kjssa`l `l g``t grì _fyyfllur, djfbalc g`r tdj Curuvfyur sftyfcrfdf st`ppjb sd`rt `g tdj

rjnjm frjf. Rdj ifrkdjrs t``h f trfal grì Gjr`hj t` Rarur njkfusj `g f ruiùr tdft tdj

Ifppamfs wùmb prjvjlt tdji grì i`valc alt` Jrlfb. Bamap I. Ijl`l, Kfstj, Lfta`lfmasi flb

Kìiulasi,pp.6?;-?2.

7; Bamap I. Ijl`l, Kfstj, Lfta`lfmasi flb Kìiulasi, p.4?.

72 _frtdf Kdfttjrejj, Rdj Lfta`l flb ats Grfcijlts, p.7.

7: Ndahdu _frjhd wratjs5 Cflbda sp`hj g`r tdji, nut bab l`t fmm`w, mjt fm`lj jlkùrfcj, tdji t`

spjfh g`r tdjisjmvjs. [jj K`m`lafmasi, Rrfbata`l flb ^jg`ri,p.>2;.

77 I.C.[. Lfrfyflfl,Ifmfyfmf Ifl`rfif [ulbfy [uppmjijlt, 7 L`vjinjr >?66, p. AT.

temple entry movement and nationalist agitation in kerala

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