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Temperature Measurement of a Candle Flame using a CCD CameraBy Arpit PatelSupervisor: Dr. G Lu

Technical Approach

IntroductionThe monitoring of flame temperature distribution in a combustor is one of the key requirements for the control of a combustion process. The flame temperature is needed to measure for evaluating the combustion efficiency and emission formation process. A flame is a difficult object to measure as its temperature is very high. Most existing flame monitoring devices are only the indication of the flame presence or absence.Research work was made to measure the temperature distribution by using a film portrait and analyzing the image accordingly but these techniques for flame temperature measurement are mostly local and offline. For similar cases a remote and online flame temperature measurement is desirable. With the recent technological advances in imaging, remote and online temperature measurement could be brought into a new dimension using a CCD camera.

Conclusion and Future WorkThe objective of this project was to create a prototype of an imaging system for the temperature measurement of a candle flame using a CCD camera and the objective has been achieved. The end result is a fully functional imaging system for temperature measurement ready to use, which meets its requirements, providing temperature values for candle flame. The most notable issues with the system are heating and camera noise but the system still provides with the results in a reasonable temperature range, but with further work, the system can give optimum results. A lot of work can still be done for the project, the system can be upgraded to new CCD camera and/or camera gain could be adjusted for better image quality and results. The heating issues can be solved with adding a copper based cooling system. A separate power supply unit could be added to supply power to camera, microprocessor and motor to make the system more efficient and with less cabling. All the programming is written in cross-platform C++, hence the system can be introduced as an embedded system running on its own as a standalone system with a monitor, embedded circuitry with processor and current system. An automated temperature control module can be written and made to control the temperature of flame, burner and/or combustion chamber to maintain temperature levels.

The Complete System

System Design

Frame GrabberImage Analysis & Temperature Calculations

Graphical Interface

Filter holder

Optical Filters

Analog to USB Converter

Motor Control Board

Motor Controller

Motor Control Tool

9V DC Motor & Board Power

12V DC Camera Power

High Medium Low1452

1456

1460

1464

1468

1472

1459.79

1464.94

1468.11

Output Temperature (˚K)

Flame Size

Tem

pera

ture

(˚K)

5.4450 5.8590 6.2980 6.7590 7.24001400

1450

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

True Temperature(˚K) Output Temperture(˚K)

Current(A)

Tem

pera

ture

(˚K)

Results and Discussions

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

f(x) = − 10.7384122861748 x + 17.407273396566

Greylevel Ratio (R)

Inst

rum

en

t F

act

or

(S)

The project aims to develop a prototype imaging system for the temperature measurement of a candle flame. The imaging system is to be designed and implemented, to consist a CCD camera, optical filters and signal processing software. The system software is to be developed to process the flame images captured by the camera and calculate the temperature of the flame. The system will be working on the two colour principle based on Plank’s radiation law. The camera is to capture flame images at two different wavelengths by attaching separate narrow band-pass filters in front of the camera using a stepper motor. The temperature distribution of flame is calculated from the ratio between the average grey-levels of the two images. Objectives of the project are:

•Build prototype of the system with CCD camera and stepper motor.•Build the digital signal software compatible with the system.•Test the working model of the system with a candle flame and/or burner.

Project Aim and Objectives

Rotate back & disconnect

Display Results

Temperature Histogram Temperature Distribution Average Temperature Display and continue to calculations

Rotate to next filterConnect MotorStore Average ImageCapture and Average at Filter

Connect Camera Capture and Average at Filter Store Average Image