temperature inversion - california state university, northridgesd1229/101/lecture6_chpt4_2.pdf ·...
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Temperature Inversion
Figure 3.9
Example of temperature inversion
Smog
The Clean Air ActBenefits:
Total direct cost to implement the Clean Air Act $523 billionDirect monetized benefits $5.6 to $49.4 trillion – average $22.2 trillionNet financial benefit $21.7 trillion
Chapter 4:Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
I. Energy EssentialsII. Energy Balance in the TroposphereIII. Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface
I. Energy Essentials
Figure 4.1
I. Energy EssentialsA. The Basics
TransmissionPassage of energy through either atmosphere or water
ScatteringA change in the direction of light’s movement, without altering its wavelengths (Rayleigh)
RefractionChange in speed and direction of light
I. Energy EssentialsA. The Basics
ScatteringA change in the direction of light’s movement, without altering its wavelengths (Rayleigh)
I. Energy EssentialsA. The Basics
RefractionChange in speed and direction of light
I. Energy Essentials
Figure 4.1
(Absorption)
I. Energy EssentialsInsolation Input
Figure 4.4
I. Energy EssentialsAlbedo and Reflection
Figure 4.5
Albedo – the reflective quality of a surface or the percentage of insolation that is reflected.
I. Energy EssentialsReflection
Figure 4.5
I. Energy EssentialsTotal Albedos for July and January (Fig. 4.7)
Figure 4.5
Albedo and Reflection
I. Energy Essentials Clouds and Albedo
Figure 4.8
An increase in an object’s albedo caused by clouds is called cloud-albedoforcing.
I. Energy Essentials Aerosols and the Atmosphere’s Albedo
Figure 4.9
I. Energy EssentialsHeat Transfer
ConductionMolecule to molecule transfer of heat energy from warmer to cooler portions
ConvectionHeat energy transferred by vertical mass movement through a medium
AdvectionHeat energy transferred by horizontal mass movement through a medium
RadiationEnergy traveling through air or space
I. Energy EssentialsHeat Transfer
Figure 4.10
II. Energy Balance in the Troposphere
A. The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
B. Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
A. The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Greenhouse effect: Process whereby radiatively active gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, CFC’s, etc.) absorb insolation and reradiate energy at longer wavelengths, which are retained longer, delaying the loss of infrared to space.
B. Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
Figure 4.13
B. Earth-Atmosphere Radiation Balance