temperature in process

8/9/2019 Temperature in Process

1/36

Temperature Measurement

by

Luc Le

Submitted to

Dr. Grant Willson

Chemical Engineering 253M

McKetta Department of Chemical EngineeringCockrell School of Engineering

The University of Teas at !ustin

"all 2#$%


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[Title of Report]

Abstract

&!'' the tet of your a(stract here in one paragraph) *ea' the information provi'e' on the+e(site to learn ho+ to +rite this important section) Do not in'ent the first line, an' single-space the tet) .our a(stract shoul' inclu'e the follo+ing/

0 the purpose or principal o(1ectives of the eperiment

0 the metho's employe'0 uantitative results

0 conclusions

Do not inclu'e illustrations) Make sure the a(stract is self-containe' an' that it inclu'es no

information or conclusion not state' in the report) Keep the length to 25#-5## +or's)

2


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Contents

&4TE/ Check the page num(ers 6!ST to make sure they conform to the placement of yourma1or hea'ings, ta(les, an' figures)

Introduction #

Methods #

Safety #

Sample Calculations #

Results #

Conclusions and Recommendations #

Appendices [List appendices as subheadings below.][Appendix 1. (data)] #[Appendix 2. (questions)] #[Appendix 3. (supporting aterial)] #

References &use noo'le7i7 an' !8! format] #

List of Figures!igure 1" [itle o$ !igure] #!igure 2" [itle o$ !igure] #

List of Tablesable 1" [itle o$ able] #able 2" [itle o$ able] #

3


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Theory

1. Temperature Measurement Instruments

a. Liquid in glass thermometer

! liui'-in-glass thermometer T? is a simple an' common instrument that uses in'aily life application of measuring temperature) 6=>T thermometer is a glass capillary tu(e

containing a special liui' file' (ul( at one en', +hich epan's or contracts proportionally to

change in temperature) The height of liui' column in the capillary correspon's to a specifictemperature marke' on the outsi'e of the glass) Depen' on the o(1ect of temperature

measurement the use of 6=>T +as 'ivi'e' into three categories/ partial immersion, total

immersion, an' complete immersion) The general structure of the 6=>T thermometer sho+s

as "igure $, (elo+/

"igure $/ The schematic structure of a liui' in glass thermometer

T are carefully engineere' for

the accurate an' precise temperature measurement) The (ul( at one en' is 'esigne' to

contain a specific volume of liui', (ase' upon other parameters of thermometer such as thelength an' 'iameter of the capillary, as +ell as the thermal epansion coefficient of theliui') =n or'er to prevent the effects of epansion an' contraction of the glass capillary tu(e

+ith temperature, a certain specific type of glass is purposely chosen (ase' upon the

temperature range of measurement) The liui' fille' in capillary tu(e is also met certaincriteria such as a high evaporation temperature, lo+ vapor pressure, a nearly linear

relationship to temperature changes, an' not +et the tu(e


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Figure 2: The Open Circuit of ee!ec" #ffect

The voltages pro'uce' (y See(eck effect correlates to the temperature measurement as

follo+ing/∆e AB=α ABT


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+hich means each 'ifferent com(ination of t+o metals result to 'ifferent values α AB an'

affect the temperature range of measurment) "or the purpose of i'entification, each

thermocouple has 'ifferent color co'e for its 'ifferent (imetallic component +ire sho+n as

(elo+/

Ta(le $/ Different type of thermocouples

Type J ire -ire Connector

F =ron Constantan 7lack

K Chromel !lumel .ello+

T Copper Constantan 7lue

c) *esistance Thermometer

*esistance thermometers take a'vantage of a characteristic property of most metals in

or'er to measure temperature) !s the metal is heate', its electrical resistance increases

proportionally, as can (e measure' using a volt-amp-ohm multimeter) Using a cali(ration

curve of temperature versus measure' resistance, the eperimenter can calculate themeasure' temperature


8/36

8yrometers employ yet another techniue to measure temperature) 7y relating the

measure' infrare' ra'iation reflecte' off a particular o(1ect to 8lanckNs 6a+ an' the Stefan-

7olt:mann 6a+, it is possi(le to calculate the temperature of the o(1ect) 8lanckNs 6a+ isgiven (elo+/

W ( λ , T )=2 π c2

h λ

51

(ehc

λkT −1)


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+here Qi is heat transfer +ith respect to component i) Therefore, the heat lost (y component

$ euals the heat gaine' (y component 2, an' vice-versa) This lea's to the follo+ing euation

to calculate the specific heat capacity T) ! large num(er of repeate' measurementsT) ! (ath at #;C +as prepare' (y

com(ining 'eioni:e'


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"ollo+ing this theory, the eperimenters performe' measurements to help in calculating the

specific heat capacity of a metal slug


11/36

9 volume

! surface area

R time constanth convective heat transfer coefficient

Calculation of 7iot 4um(er for 7rass, 2I# alloy using Euation I/

B=h !c

k =

(9.37 J / K ∙ sec∙ m2)(0.00494m)109W /m∙ K

=0.000425

here 7i 7iot num(er

h convective heat transfer coefficient

k thermal con'uctivity6c characteristic length


12/36

c+ +ater specific heat capacity

ms slug mass

m+ +ater massTs slug initial temperature

T+ +ater initial temperature

Tf final temperature

$) The calculations use' for the linear regression analysis an' confi'ence limits for thecali(ration of K-type thermocouple vs) 8latinum resistance thermometer


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The follo+ing proce'ure sho+s the su(seuences steps to o(tain the slope ^ *1 an' y-

intercept ^ *0 )

+ (=∑=1

'

(=(0.00098+21.6816+44.9164+80.0374 )=146.6452

+ ((=∑=1

'

( 2−

(+ ( )2

' =(0.000982+21.68162+44.91642+80.03742 )−146.6452

2

4

+ ((=3517.357

+ )=∑=1

'

)=(0.2040+22.0980+45.500+80.794 )=148.596

+ ))=∑=1

'

) 2−

(+ ) )2

' =(0.20402+22.09802+45.5002+80.7942 )−148.596

2

4

+ )) 35II)#A$

+ ()=∑=1

'

( ) − + ( + )

' =3541.637

sloe ,^ *1=

+ ()

+ ((=3541.637 /3517.357=1.0069

(=∑ ( '

=( 14 )∗(0.0098+21.6816+44.9164+80.0374 )=36.661

0.42+23.62+50.76+¿¿

)=∑ )

' =(14 )∗¿

) -te.cet ,^ *0= )−^ *1 (

^ *0= )−^ *1 (=37.149−(1.0069 )∗(36.661 )=0.2346

!s a result, the linear regression relationship is/ ̂) ¿1.0069 ( +0.2346

The errors associate' +ith the error an' y-intercept of the linear regressions +ere foun' using

the 6=4EST function in ecel/

+loe %o-f/e-ce 0-te.1al=2 t ∗se√ 1

+ ((

¿22.228∗0.34605 K √ 1

6917.018 K 2=0.009271

$3


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0-te.cet %o-f/e-ce 0-te.1al=2 t ∗se√1

-+ ´ 3 2

+ ((

304.231 K ¿¿¿2¿¿

1

12+¿

¿22.228∗0.34605 K √ ¿

Error in slope #)##23III

Error in intercept #)AAAA

Etract Data from the t ta(le/

t3)$@2


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Ti 2AI)25K

Tf 2#I)%3K

T!l 3%3)$5K

% Al=

−m& % &(T f −T )

m Al (T f −T Al) ¿−

0.1006 kg∗4184 J

kg∗ K

(206.43 K −296.25 K )

0.1337 kg (206.43 K −343.15 K )

C!l @2) J

kg∗ K

ample calculation for calculating τ .

τ +as calculate' from the slope of the plot of ln


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h mcV

τ AV an' the volumes cancel resulting in an' area is +ritten as length0+i'th,

h mc

τ ∗ A +here ! 2


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5m=0.0001kg ,

the error in the heat capacity is its stan'ar' 'eviation 'ivi'e' (y suare root of num(ermeasurement

5c=

√

0.226

3

#)#@IJ

g K the error in τ is its A5B confi'ence limit from the statistical linear regression

analysis

5τ %)$% sTherefore, the uncertainty in h is calculate' (y plugging all other uncertainties into theeuation


18/36

ample calculation for calculating the -c.

c -h!


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$A

/0type T0type

Mean %A)2%$ %A)A25

STD #)#% #)#5%

A5B confi'ence interval %A)2%$[ #)#$2 %A)A25 [ #)#$%


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/ Type

2#


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T Type

T Type K Type

Mean 49.9245 49.2405

Variance 0.00292 0.00219

Observations 60 60

df 59 59

F 1.332646P(F


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K-type T-type 6=>T*egression y $)##IA J #)23%I y$)##2IJ#)2I25 y$)##2IJ)2@I2

Error in slope #)###A #)##32 #)#$2A

Error in .-intercept #)#%#2 #)$%AA #)I#A2

A5B Confi'ence in slope $)##IA [ #)##3 $)##2I [ #)$3# $)##2I [ #)#55I

A5B Confi'ence in .-intercept #)23%I [ #)$3# #)2I25 [ #)I%5# #)2@I2 [ 2)I2$3

22


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23


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"1.5 "1 "0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

"1

"0.5

0

0.5

1

& ')e ' ')e *+,'

Normal quantitle

Residual of (T.exp - T.t)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 %0 -0

"1

"0.5

0

0.5

1

&"')e '"')e *+,'

Nominal T

Residual ( T.exp -T.t)

2%


25/36

+ppendi3 2.

&=f the la(oratory +rite-up inclu'es uestions for 'iscussion, please provi'e your response to

those uestions in !ppen'i 2)

25


26/36

+ppendi3 .

&!ppen'i 3) any other supporting 'ocumentation for your report

2I


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'eferences

&!ll sources cite' in the tet an' appen'ices shoul' (e inclu'e' in a list of references) Use 4oo'le7i( to generate your list of references accor'ing to !8! style) .ou may single-space

the tet of the references themselves, (ut a'' a space (et+een each reference)

+ppendices

Ta!le +: Temperature measurement of / and T type thermometers

Time(s)

K-Type(!)

T-Type(!)

Time(s)

K-Type(!)

T-Type(!)

14-3.164 49.240 49.950

1542.664 49.290 49.930

14-5.165 49.220 50.020

1545.165 49.260 49.910

14-6.6

65 49.260 50.020

154%.1

65 49.290 49.9%014--.6

65 49.290 49.9301549.1

65 49.200 49.9501491.1

65 49.260 49.9301551.1

65 49.260 49.9101493.1

64 49.1-0 49.-%01553.1

65 49.240 49.-%01495.1

65 49.260 49.9%01555.1

65 49.200 49.-50149%.1

65 49.220 49.930155%.1

65 49.1-0 49.-%01499.1

65 49.200 49.9301559.1

64 49.240 49.-501501.1

65 49.1-0 49.-501561.1

65 49.240 49.9%01503.1

65 49.1-0 49.-501563.1

65 49.260 49.9%01505.1

65 49.200 49.9101565.1

65 49.350 50.060150%.1

65 49.220 49.-50156%.1

65 49.330 49.9%0150-.6

64 49.310 49.9501569.1

65 49.240 49.950

1511.165 49.240 49.950

15%1.165 49.200 49.910

1513.165 49.310 50.020

15%3.165 49.150 49.-90

1514.665 49.240 49.950

15%5.165 49.200 49.-%0

151%.165 49.1-0 49.-20

15%%.165 49.1-0 49.910

2


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1519.165

49.220 49.-%0 15%9.165

49.29049.9%0

1521.165

49.200 49.-%0 15-1.165

49.26049.910

1523.165

49.260 49.910 15-3.165

49.26049.-90

1525.165

49.220 49.950 15-5.165

49.31050.000

152%.165

49.200 49.-90 15-%.165

49.29049.9%0

1529.165

49.240 49.950 15-9.165

49.29050.000

1531.165

49.1-0 49.-50 1591.165

49.29049.-90

1532.664

49.200 49.910 1592.664

49.20049.-90

1535.1

65

49.260 49.910 1594.6

64

49.260

49.930153%.165

49.220 49.-%0 1596.664

49.15049.-%0

1539.165

49.310 50.020 1599.165

49.22049.-90

1541.165

49.310 50.020 1600.665

49.29049.930

Ta(le !P/ The 8yrometerThermometer Measurement

2@

"ul# $K-Type](!)

"ul# $T-type](!) %yrometer (!)

49.2600 49.9100 3-.-000

49.2400 49.-200 39.0000

49.2900 49.9300 39.200049.2600 49.-%00 39.2000

49.2000 49.-900 39.3000

59.0100 59.-300 4%.-000

59.0500 59.-100 4-.0000

5-.9900 59.%-00 4-.0000

5-.9600 59.%-00 4-.1000

59.0500 59.9100 4-.0000

6-.--00 69.%%00 56.2000

6-.-100 69.6500 56.4000

6-.-500 69.6900 56.2000

6-.9000 69.%100 56.3000

6-.9000 69.%300 56.3000

%-.6-00 %9.5900 63.5000

%-.%100 %9.6100 63.3000

%-.%100 %9.5900 63.9000

%-.6-00 %9.6500 63.9000

%-.6-00 %9.6500 63.5000


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'e)erat/reP#atin/ esitance

'eroeter

&.&&

&&

''.&&&

&

.&&&

&

*&.&&&

&0.00

90 21.6920 44.91%0 -0.03400.01

10 21.6-60 44.91%0 -0.03500.00

90 21.6-20 44.9160 -0.03400.01

00 21.6%60 44.9160 -0.03900.01

00 21.6%20 44.9160 -0.0450

& t)e 'eroco/)#e 0.2200 22.1300 45.4600 -0.-000

0.2000 22.0-00 45.5500 -0.%400

0.2000 22.0600 45.4600 -0.-000

0.2000 22.1100 45.5500 -0.-000

2A


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0.2000 22.1100 45.4-00 -0.-300

' t)e 'eroeter0.1-

00 22.0%00 45.2600 -0.3%000.13

00 21.9-00 45.2600 -0.35000.1-

00 22.0300 45.2200 -0.35000.1-

00 22.0900 45.2600 -0.43000.13

00 21.9-00 45.2000 -0.41000.16

00 22.0300 45.2400 -0.3-20*i/id in #ass

'eroeter

1.0000 22.0000 46.0000 -3.00000.50

00 22.0000 45.5000 -3.00001.00

00 22.0000 45.5000 -2.50001.00

00 22.0000 45.5000 -2.50001.00

00 22.0000 45.5000 -2.0000

Time(s) K-type

Time(s) K-type

Time(s) K-type

0.01 21.93 0 22.92 0 23.2-

1 21.93 1 22.92 1 23.25

2 21.93 2 22.-9 2 23.2-

3 21.-4 3 22.92 3 23.25

3#


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4 21.%9 4 22.92 4 23.2-

5 21.-- 5 22.92 5 23.2-

6 21.-- 6 22.-9 6 23.3

% 21.-2 % 22.92 % 23.32

- 21.-- - 22.92 - 23.3

9 21.-6 9 22.92 9 23.2510 21.-6 10 22.-9 10 23.25

11 21.91 11 22.92 11 23.25

12 21.-2 12 22.92 12 23.23

13 21.-4 13 22.92 13 32

14 21.-2 14 22.92 14 3%.13

15 21.-2 15 22.92 15 34.66

16 21.-2 16 22.-% 16 33.%3

1% 21.-2 1% 22.92 1% 34.51

1- 21.-6 1- 22.-9 1- 33.%5

19 21.91 19 22.96 19 34.-620 21.91 20 22.- 20 35.44

21 21.-4 21 24 21 32.4-

22 21.-2 22 25.61 22 31.6

23 21.%9 23 25.%3 23 33.2

24 21.-2 24 25.91 24 34.15

25 26.44 25 25.%3 25 33.-4

26 29.21 26 25.3% 26 33.%1

2% 32.%% 2% 25.21 2% 33.6

2- 29.52 2- 25.12 2- 33.44

29 29.52 29 24.-3 29 32.9130 2%.-2 30 25.0% 30 32.6-

31 2%.%5 31 26.96 31 32.6-

32 2-.22 32 2-.04 32 32.5%

33 2%.4- 33 2-.%- 33 32.44

34 2%.4- 34 29.19 34 32.11

35 2%.43 35 29.5% 35 32.02

36 2%.0% 36 29.% 36 31.91

3% 26.9- 3% 29.95 3% 31.-6

3- 26.9- 3- 30.06 3- 31.%1

39 26.-5 39 30.13 39 31.6440 26.62 40 30.2 40 31.62

41 26.62 41 30.2- 41 31.53

42 26.62 42 30.2- 42 31.4-

43 26.62 43 30.3% 43 31.4

44 26.5- 44 30.3% 44 31.4

45 26.49 45 30.42 45 31.4

46 26.4 46 30.42 46 31.33

3$


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4% 26.33 4% 30.42 4% 31.33

4- 26.35 4- 30.4- 4- 31.31

49 26.3- 49 30.51 49 31.26

50 26.4 50 30.46 50 31.26

51 26.4 51 30.46 51 31.22

52 26.4 52 30.4- 52 31.253 26.4% 53 30.4- 53 31.2

54 26.65 54 30.4- 54 31.22

55 26.6% 55 30.4- 55 31.1%

56 26.96 56 30.46 56 31.2

5% 26.96 5% 30.4- 5% 31.2

5- 2%.03 5- 30.4- 5- 31.1%

59 2%.12 59 30.4- 59 31.1%

60 2%.0% 60 30.46 60 31.2

61 2%.05 61 30.46 61 31.1%

62 2%.05 62 30.46 62 31.1%63 2%.03 63 30.46 63 31.1%

64 2%.16 64 30.46 64 31.13

65 2%.14 65 30.44 65 31.15

66 2%.14 66 30.44 66 31.1%

6% 2%.-6 6% 30.44 6% 31.13

6- 2-.%1 6- 30.44 6- 31.2

69 29.23 69 30.44 69 31.1%

%0 29.34 %0 30.44 %0 31.15

%1 29.34 %1 30.46 %1 31.1%

%2 29.41 %2 30.42 %2 31.2%3 29.41 %3 30.42 %3 31.1%

%4 29.34 %4 30.42 %4 31.1%

%5 29.43 %5 30.44 %5 31.2

%6 29.43 %6 30.44 %6 31.1%

%% 29.52 %% 30.4 %% 31.15

%- 29.55 %- 30.4 %- 31.15

%9 29.61 %9 30.44 %9 31.13

-0 29.61 -0 30.46 -0 31.13

-1 29.64 -1 30.4 -1 31.1%

-2 29.52 -2 30.42 -2 31.1%-3 29.64 -3 30.42 -3 31.15

-4 29.66 -4 30.3% -4 31.15

-5 29.66 -5 30.3% -5 31.13

-6 29.% -6 30.4 -6 31.1%

-% 29.% -% 30.4 -% 31.15

-- 29.%3 -- 30.4 -- 31.15

-9 29.6- -9 30.4 -9 31.13

32


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90 29.6- 90 30.3% 90 31.15

91 29.% 91 30.3% 91 31.11

92 29.66 92 30.3% 92 31.13

93 29.%3 93 30.42 93 31.15

94 29.%3 94 30.42 94 31.11

95 29.%3 95 30.4 95 31.1596 29.%% 96 30.3% 96 31.15

9% 29.% 9% 30.42 9% 31.13

9- 29.%5 9- 30.4 9- 31.13

99 29.%5 99 30.3% 99 31.11

100 29.%9 100 30.3% 100 31.0-

101 29.%9 101 30.3% 101 31.0-

102 29.%% 102 30.3% 102 31.06

103 29.%5 103 30.42 103 31.0-

104 29.%5 104 30.4 104 31.06

105 29.% 105 30.3% 105 31.0-106 29.%5 106 30.3% 106 31.06

Time

(s)

%lateTemperature

(!)

Room

Temperature (!)0.01 %9.-% 21.42

10 %9.93 20.%3

20 %%.%% 20.%-

30 %6.%0 20.%-

40 %6.09 20.%5

50 %5.54 20.%5

33


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60 %5.04 20.%5

%0 %4.5% 20.%5

-0 %4.04 20.62

90 %3.6- 20.%5

100 %3.19 20.%1

110 %2.%1 20.%1120 %2.2- 20.%3

130 %1.-6 20.%5

140 %1.45 20.%-

150 %0.99 20.-2

160 %0.56 20.%-

1%0 %0.16 20.%3

1-0 69.%% 20.%5

190 69.32 20.-

200 6-.-- 20.%5

210 6-.45 20.%5220 6-.06 20.%5

230 6%.63 20.66

240 6%.24 20.%1

250 66.%9 20.%3

260 66.44 20.%5

2%0 66 20.%-

2-0 65.63 20.%1

290 65.26 20.64

300 64.-9 20.%3

310 64.5 20.-2320 64.13 20.%3

330 63.%6 20.64

340 63.39 20.69

350 63 20.-

360 62.65 20.%5

3%0 62.26 20.69

3-0 61.99 20.%5

390 61.62 20.69

400 61.33 20.%5

410 60.9- 20.66420 60.63 20.69

430 60.3 20.66

440 59.95 20.64

450 59.66 20.%1

460 59.32 20.69

4%0 59.03 20.69

4-0 5-.69 20.%1

3%


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490 5-.4 20.%1

500 5-.02 20.69

510 5%.%4 20.91

520 5%.41 20.%3

530 5%.0% 20.66

540 56.%1 20.%3550 56.42 20.66

560 56.1 20.66

5%0 55.%6 20.6

5-0 55.49 20.6

590 55.24 20.6

600 54.94 20.66

610 54.6% 20.6

620 54.42 20.66

630 54.12 20.64

640 53.-5 20.62650 53.5% 20.64

660 53.32 20.64

6%0 53.05 20.6

6-0 52.-2 20.6

690 52.54 20.%-

%00 52.2% 20.6

%10 52.06 20.55

%20 51.-5 20.62

%30 51.6 20.55

%40 51.36 20.62%50 51.13 20.62

%60 50.-- 20.64

%%0 50.61 20.6

%-0 50.3% 20.6

%90 50.1- 20.64

-00 49.91 20.62

-10 49.6% 20.64

-20 49.46 20.62

-30 49.1- 20.6

-40 4-.95 20.69-50 4-.62 20.66

-60 4-.41 20.64

-%0 4-.1% 20.66

--0 4%.96 20.62

-90 4%.%5 20.66

900 4%.55 20.69

910 4%.32 20.66

35


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920 4%.0- 20.64

930 46.-% 20.66

940 46.6- 20.%1

950 46.44 20.66

960 46.2 20.64

9%0 46.05 20.%39-0 45.- 20.66

990 45.5- 20.66

1000 45.39 20.69

1010 45.1- 20.64

1020 44.9- 20.%5

1030 44.%9 20.64

1040 44.6 20.%3

1050 44.3- 20.69

1060 44.1% 20.%1

10%0 44 20.6910-0 43.-1 20.69

1090 43.66 20.69

1100 43.49 20.%3

1110 43.25 20.%1

1120 43.0- 20.%3

1130 42.-6 20.69

1140 42.%1 20.69

1150 42.54 20.%1

1160 42.35 20.66

11%0 42.2 20.%111-0 42.01 20.69

1190 41.-6 20.69

1200 41.%1 20.%1

1210 41.54 20.69

1220 41.43 20.%5

1230 41.19 20.%3

1240 41.09 20.69

1250 40.-9 20.69

1260 40.%9 20.%1

12%0 40.62 20.6912-0 40.4% 20.69

1290 40.32 20.69

temperature in process

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