Temperate Grassland

• Temperate grasslands are characterized by a rich mix of grasses and underlaid by fertile soils.• Periodic fires and

heavy grazing by large herbivores maintain the characteristic plant community.

Temperate Grassland

• Abiotic factors: warm to hot summers; cold winters; moderate, seasonal precipitation; fertile soils; occasional fires– Mountains often play a crucial role in maintaining

grasslands as rain clouds from the west are blocked. However, rainfall does increase as you move eastward, allowing taller grasses to grow.

Temperate Grasslands

• Dominant plants: lush, perennial grasses and herbs; most are resistant to drought, fire, and cold

Temperate Grassland

• Dominant wildlife: coyotes, badgers, pronghorn antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, introduced cattle, hawks, owls, bobwhites, prairie chickens, mountain plovers, snakes, ants, and grasshoppers

• Geographic distribution: central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe, and upland plateaus of South America

Threats to Temperate Grasslands• Farming and overgrazing have changed the

grasslands.• Grains crops cannot hold the soil in place as well

as native grasses can because the roots of crops are shallow, so soil erosion eventually occurs.

• Erosion is also caused as the grasses are constantly eaten and trampled.

• Constant use can change the fruitful grasslands into desertlike biomes.

Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

• This biome is characterized by a semiarid climate and mix of shrub communities and open woodlands.• Large areas of grasses and wildflowers are

interspersed with oak trees.

Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

• Communities that are dominated by shrubs are also known as chaparral.

• The growth of dense, low plants that contain flammable oils makes fires a constant threat.

Woodland and Shrubland

– Abiotic factors: hot, dry summers; cool, moist winters; thin, nutrient-poor soils; periodic fires

– Dominant plants: woody evergreen shrubs; herbs that grow during winter and die in summer

Woodland and Shrubland

– Dominant wildlife: coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions, black-tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, California quails, warblers, lizards, snakes, and butterflies

– Geographic distribution: western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, and Australia

Threats to the Chaparral

• Worldwide, the greatest threat to chaparral is human development.

• Humans tend to develop lands of the chaparral for commercial and residential use because these biomes get a lot of sun, are near the oceans, and have a mild climate year round.

Temperate Forest

– Temperate Forest• Temperate forests contain a mixture of deciduous

and coniferous trees. • Coniferous trees, or conifers, produce seed-

bearing cones and most have leaves shaped like needles. • These forests have cold winters that halt plant

growth for several months.

Temperate Forest

– In autumn, the deciduous trees shed their leaves. – Soils of temperate forests are often rich in humus,

a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile.

Temperate Forest

– Abiotic factors: cold to moderate winters; warm summers; year-round precipitation; fertile soils

– Dominant plants: broadleaf deciduous trees; some conifers; flowering shrubs; herbs; a ground layer of mosses and ferns

Temperate Forest

– Dominant wildlife: Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, numerous songbirds, turkeys

– Geographic distribution: eastern United States; southeastern Canada; most of Europe; and parts of Japan, China, and Australia