tema 5. the anthropic footprint as a measure of sustainability 1.the concept of ecological footprint...

Tema 5. The anthropic footprint as a measure of sustainability

1. The concept of ecological footprint

2. Input-output Models

3. Life Cycle Assesment Models

4. Measuring ecological footprints…

Ecological footprint

http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/

It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste

(Wackernagel y Rees, 1996)

1. The concept of ecological footprint2. Input-output Models3. Life Cycle Assesment Models4. Measuring ecological footprints…

Environmental footprints= CONSUMPTION + (IMPORTS-EXPORTS)

Ecological footprint? = Hectares Carbon footprint? = CO2

Water footprint? = Water

Resources and land necessaries to satisfy human demands



Biocapacity


http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/ecological_debtors_and_creditors/

The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials (those demanded by humans) and to absorb waste materials generated by humans, using current management schemes and extraction technologies




A summary of footprints


o Carbon footprint (Minx et al, 2009)* “The total sets of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or individual”

o Water footprint (Hoekstra et al., 2011)* “The water footprint tells us how much water is used each and every day in all our activities, such as for producing our food and to clothe us, and indicates the pressure we exert on our freshwater resources.”

o Material footprint (Wiedmann et al., 2013)* “Full material requirements of all countries covering a period of two decades. Called the “material footprint,” this indicator provides a consumption perspective of resource use and new insights into the actual resource productivity of nations”

o Labour footprint (Alsamawi et al., 2014)* “A country’s domestic employment and that recruited along the supply chains of, and hence embodied in, its imported goods and services”

A summary of footprints*


Hoeskstra and Wiedmann (2014)

http://www.carbonfootprint.com/

http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/personal-water-footprint-calculator/

Material footprint


Hoeskstra and Wiedmann (2014)

Fig. 1. MF of national final demand of selected countries in 2008 (totals and per capita).

Water footprint


Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2014).

Carbon footprint


o Measure for Goods and services.- The total amount of GHG trough the life cycle.

Carbon footprint


o Measure for Nation’s, Organization’s or Individual’s, .- The total amount of GHG for a period of time

http://visual.ly/carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-population?view=true

Carbon footprint

o Who is responsible?

Producer responsibility

Who has it produced? Who has it consumed ?

Consumer responsibility

To who benefits?

Share responsibility


Producer responsability

o GHG emissions are allocated to the country in which the emission occurred.

o Disadvantages: Exclude international transport and a country

o … account for its exports (production, but not consumption)

o … does not account for its imports

o As a consequence…o Increase of GHG related to international commerce (globalization

and offshoring)

o Unfair treatment of developing countries.

o Opposition of exports and pollutent economies (China)

o Consumers are excluded from signaling “clean production”

o Carbon leakage.


Carbon leakage

o Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) and its Doha Amendment (2012) does not apply in all countries Incentives to relocate production to countries outside KP or with weak environmental legislations, as a consequence the countries fulfill its commitments by importing “more polluted” products.

o It could increase the global pollution, because the industries relocate in countries with technologies more polluting.

o Pollution haven hypothesis, PHH) The offshoring of polluting industries to more permissive countries concerning environmental regulations.o Strong.- Industries relocate from KP-countries to a non-KP

country.

o Weak.- Increasing demand of a KP-country is covered via imports of non-KP countries.


Pollution Haven Hypothesis

o China has become a pollution haven for the Spanish economy.o The balance of avoided emissions between these two countries shows

an increase of emissions of 29,667 KtCO2 in 2005 because of the existence of international trade between the countries.


López, L.A., Arce, G., y Zafrilla, J. (2014).

Consumer responsability

o Consumption-based GHG inventories account for emissions from production and imports, and subtracts embodied emissions exported in trade.

o Some advantages.- o Avoids carbon leakage and concerns about competitivity

o Encourage international cooperation among developed and developing countries to transfer cleaner technologies.

o Consumer and regulators will became more aware of their decisions


Share responsability

o Allocation schemes in which carbon emissions are shared between producers and consumers

o These shared allocation schemes provide economic incentive to the consumer nation to favour products with the smallest environmental impacts, and thereby push producers to reduce the carbon emissions embodied in their products


The “founding” father

o Leontief, W. (1936): “Quantitative relationships in the economic system of the United States”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 18, 105-125.

o Leontief, W. (1941): The structure of the American economy: 1919-1939, Oxford University Press, New York (ampliada, 1951).

1906-1999

Premio Nobel en 1973:"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems".


Single Regional Input-Output Table (SRIO)


Intermediate consumes

Sectors

1 2 ... n

1 Z11 Z12 Z1n

2 Z21 Z22 Z2n

... Zij

n Zn1 Zn2 Znn

1 Zm11 Zm

12 Zm1n

2 Zm21 Zm

22 Zm2n

... Zmij

n Zmn1 Zm

n2 Zmnn

Domestic intermediateconsumption

Imported intermediateconsumption

Sales of row-sector to the rest

Purchases of column-sector to the rest

Inputs (requirements) of the production process of column-sector

Total intermediate consumptions


ijZZijijZ mT

Intermediate consumption matrix


Agricultura, ganadería y

caza

Selvicultura y explotación

forestal

Pesca y acuicultura

Extracción de antracita, hulla, lignito y turba

Extracción de crudos de

petróleo y gas natural.

Extracción de uranio y torio

Extracción de minerales metálicos

Extracción de minerales no

metálicos

Coquerías, refino y

combustibles nucleares

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Agricultura, ganadería y caza 1 2,297.2 0.5 1.9 0.1

Selvicultura y explotación forestal 2 15.7 0.4

Pesca y acuicultura 3

Extracción de antracita, hulla, lignito y turba 4 0.3 0.2 0.1 14.7 0.8

Extracción de crudos de petróleo y gas natural. Extracción de uranio y torio5 3.1 17,743.6

Extracción de minerales metálicos 6

Extracción de minerales no metálicos 7 0.5 7.5 1.1 54.2

Coquerías, refino y combustibles nucleares 8 534.2 10.6 141.5 30.1 6.6 1.8 243.6 5,532.7

Producción y distribución de energía eléctrica 9 455.5 4.3 88.4 3.7 1.3 253.8 72.5

Producción y distribución de gas 10 0.2 8.5 0.1 14.6 30.3 3.9

Captación, depuración y distribución de agua 11 291.2 0.1 6.3 1.2 0.1 20.5 25.4

Industria cárnica 12 1.0 4.9

Industrias lácteas 13 0.7

Otras industrias alimenticias 14 5,959.5 23.3

Ramas homogéneas-TSIORamas homogéneas-TSIO

Ramas homogéneas-TSIO


Intermediate consumption matrix

o ¿De qué informa por filas?o ¿Y por columnas? o ¿La estructura de costes de inputs de una rama

se ve por filas o por columnas?o Cuánto vende la rama de “Coquerías, refino y

combustibles nucleares” a la “Pesca y acuicultura” ¿Te suena raro?

o Cuánta energía eléctrica usa la rama agrícolao Esas cantidades son domésticas, totales o

importadas

Final Demand

DEMANDA FINAL (DF, F o Y)Consumo

(familias y AAPP)

Export. Inversión (FBKF)

Variación de stocks

C1 E1 I1 S1

C2 E2 I2 S2

Ci Ei Ii Si

Cn En In Sn

Cm1 Em

1 Im1 Sm1

Cm2 Em

2 Im2 Sm2

Cmi Em

i Imi Smi

Cmn Em

n Imn Smn

Gross fixed capital formation

¡Warning! Investment does NOT FROM to the sector, but to the whole economy ON this sector



Final Demand Matrix


Final Demand Matrix

o ¿De qué informa por filas?o ¿Y por columnas? o Cuál es la inversión de la Agricultura [de

productos de la agricultura realizada por toda la economía]

o Cuántos productos químicos exporta la economíao Esas cantidades son domésticas, totales o

importadas

By rows

Output of sector j

By columns (Structure costs of the sector)

j

n

i

mij

n

i

dijj VAZZx

11

Imported intermediate output (summatory of column j)

Domestic intermediate output (summatory of column j)

Value added


]SIEC[Zx ii

n

jiiiji

1

Basic identities

Primary inputs

RA W1 W2 ... Wn

EBE B1 B2 ... Bn

VAB VAB1 VAB2 ... VABn

PE=CI+VAB X1 X2 ... Xn

M M1 M2 ... Mn

Total Recursos =PE+M

R1 R2 ... Rn

n

i

Tjiii ZxVA

1

Value added computed as difference



Primary Inputs Matrix


Primary Inputs Matrix

o ¿De qué informa por filas?o ¿Y por columnas? o ¿De qué es la suma el valor añadido?o Cuál es el volumen de salarios de la agriculturao Cuál es el excedente bruto de explotación (Bº) de

la rama de distribución energía electrícao ¿Esas cantidades son domésticas, totales o

importadas?


Multio Regional Input-Output Table (MRIO)

Data Sources


http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t35/p008/&file=inebase

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/data/database

http://www.wiod.org/new_site/home.htm

From identities to models

o Input-Output matrix are accounting identities and…o … became an economic tool when Leontief introduced an

assumption of fixed-coefficient linear production functions relating inputs used by an industry along each column to its output flow, i.e., for one unit of every industry's output, a fixed amount of input of each kind is required.

o Back assumptions of the model:o Productions functions are linealo Fixed technical coefficientso There is constant scale returnso Prices does not influx


The technical coefficients

o The technical coefficient, input-output coefficient or direct input coefficient (aij) are the ratio of quantity of input of sector i (row) which is necessary to produce one unit of output of sector j (column).

o The ratios are assumed to be constant (main assumption and critic)

2221

1211

2

22

1

21

2

12

1

11

1ˆaa

aa

xZ

xZ

xZ

xZ

xZAx

Za

j

ijij

- By rows.- intermediate inputs of i sectors which are used by j sectors- By columns.- intermediate inputs used by the sector j as requeriments

to accomplished its production.


Input-output coefficient table

Input-output flow table and accounts

Input-output coefficient table / Inputs per unit of output

0,0 0,1 0,30,3 0,0 0,20,0 0,4 0,0

IO (Z) industry A industry B industry C DF (qd) Outputindustry A 0 20 45 35 100industry B 30 0 30 140 200inudstry C 0 80 0 70 150VA 70 100 75output 100 200 150


0.00 𝑋 𝐴+0.10 𝑋 𝐵+0.30𝑋𝐶 +35=100 0.00 (100)+0.10 (200)+ 0.30(150)+35=100

Solving the model


o Considering fixed-linear coefficients, it is possible to calculate what output levels would be required to meet various postulated levels of net final demand and consequently…

o … how output levels would be required to change to meet postulated changes in net final demand

Leontieff inverse

yAIx 1)(

Multiplier


212

111

2

1

2221

12111

0

1)(

x

x

x

xyAIx

yAIx 1)(

En forma matricial, esto mismo es (con aumento de la demanda final en un solo sector igual a la unidad, por ejemplo, en el sector 1):

0

1y

Producción necesaria, directa e indirectamente, en el sector 1 para atender 1 unidad de DF de bien 1

Producción necesaria, directa e indirectamente, en el sector 2 para atender 1 unidad de DF de bien 1


Example

Sector Verticalmente Integrado 1

2221212

2121111

222121

212111

2

1

2221

12111

0

0ˆ)(

yyx

yyx

yy

yy

y

yyAIx

βij recoge la producción necesaria, directa e indirectamente, en la rama i (primer subíndice) para producir una unidad de producto de la rama j (segundo subíndice) que pueda ir destinado a la demanda final.


The economic meaning ot the Leontieff Inverse

1)( ijij AI

Sector Verticalmente Integrado (SVI) (Columnas)

Sector Observable (Filas)

Demanda final diagonalizada

A chain reaction…

The leontieff inverse as a sucession of rounds, (tier o layers)

...)( 3211 AAAIAI

Unitary increase in Final Demand

Inputs que directamente se necesitan para producir esa unidad de producto final

Inputs necesarios en una etapa anterior de la producción para

producir los inputs directos


Direct Effects Indirect Effects

…

…

…

I

A2

A


What happened if a textil company wants to increase its pull-over production?

EmissionsE


Emissions multiplier

o By rows: emisions related to the good production (first subscript)o By columns: emissions rearranged by SVI. Emissions related to the the

process of production of a merchandise for Final Demand (second subscript)

222121

212111ˆ·

yy

yyyEM

iii xEetCoefficienEmissions 1)( AIêEMMultiplierEmissions

When the leontieff inverse is pre-multiplied by a factor we get a multiplier which shows the requeriments of that factor to get one unit of final output.

Multipliers and factor contents


yAIx 1)( Output

𝑽=𝒗𝒂(𝑰− 𝑨)−𝟏 ��=𝑉𝐴 𝒚 Value Added

LabourL

EmissionsE

EnergyE

MaterialsM

Facebook:o Un estudio mide el impacto laboral y económico de la red social en la

Unión Europea.o Según la empresa, aporta 15.300 millones de euros al PIB comunitario

y ha ayudado a crear más de 230.000 trabajos.

yAIx 1)(

LyAIllx 1)(

iii xLl

Economic Impact

Labour Impact

Example


Computing responsabilities

Producer responsibility

Who has it produced? Who has it consumed ?

Consumer responsibility

To who benefits?

Share responsibility


Multi-Regional vs Single-Regional Input-Output accounts


1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35AUS AUT BEL … RoW AUS AUT BEL ym … Row

1 to 35 AUS Zd Zm Zm … Zm Yd ym AUS ym AUS ym … ym AUS1 to 35 AUT Zm Zd Zm … Zm ym AUT Yd ym AUT ym … ym AUT1 to 35 BEL Zm Zm Zd … Zm ym BEL ym BEL Yd ym … ym BEL1 to 35 … Zm Zm Zm … Zm ym … ym … ym … Yd … Zm1 to 35 RoW Zm Zm Zm … Zd ym RoW ym RoW ym RoW ym … Yd

Final Demand

(1435*1435)(1435*1435)

1 to 35 Final Demand ExportsESP ESP ESP

1 to 35 ESP Zd Yd X1 to 35 M Zm Ym 0

(70*35) (70*6)

1dd xZA 1ˆ xZA mm

AT = Ad + Am

1( )T d dX I A y mddm yyAIAM 1)(

Importaciones intermedias Importaciones finales


Emissions Single Region Analysis (SRIO)

Domestic and imported flows

d m

d r x

Y Y Y

Y Y Y

Df int Df Exp

Producer Responsability (SRIO)


1ˆ ˆ( )d dPR e I A y

o To calculate producer responsability…

http://cait2.wri.org/wri/Country%20GHG%20Emissions?indicator%5B%5D=Total%20GHG%20Emissions%20Excluding%20Land-Use%20Change%20and%20Forestry&indicator%5B%5D=Total%20GHG%20Emissions%20Including%20Land-Use%20Change%20and%20Forestry&year%5B%5D=2011&chartType=geo

Consumer responsability (SRIO)


o Consumer responsibility

Producer without exports

Emissionns embodied in imports without export

1CR

-11 m d r m

ˆ ˆ( )

ˆ ˆ ˆ( ) [A I-A y y ]s

d r

t

e I A y

e I A

DTA

AT = Ad + Am

Trade and Responsability Emissions Balance (SRIO)


o Emissions embodied in exports (SRIO)

o Emissions embodied in imports (SRIO)

-11 1 m dˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ( ) y ( ) [A I-A y ]x d x t xE e I A e I A

]yyA-IA[)(ˆ md-1dm1 tm AIeE

x mTEB E E REB PR CR

Consumer and Producer responsability (MRIO)


2222

2221

2122

2121

2212

2211

2112

2111

1222

1221

1122

1121

1212

1211

1112

1111

FFFF

FFFF

FFFF

FFFF

j

iji FFt

i

ijj FFt

By rows: Producer responsability

By columns: Consumer responsability

Note.- Ft Factor under analysis (Emissions, energy, materials…)

Aggregation Example

9 24 21 25 17 24 21 5 17 24 21 25 17 14 21 7 7 22 2 2 3 3 2 211 15 23 29 21 1 2 9 21 25 23 29 21 15 23 13 11 5 2 2 3 3 2 213 26 22 26 42 4 3 6 42 26 22 26 42 16 22 12 2 7 2 2 3 3 2 27 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 5 21 5 6 10 3 5 6

17 24 21 25 17 24 21 25 17 4 21 15 17 3 21 25 17 1 17 2 3 3 17 25 15 15 9 21 4 6 17 17 5 23 20 21 2 23 29 15 1 21 6 3 3 21 6

42 18 11 6 12 4 2 26 42 26 22 26 42 4 22 26 13 1 42 2 3 3 42 210 11 10 1 10 11 10 2 5 6 5 6 10 11 10 11 10 1 10 2 1 3 10 257 24 21 15 17 24 21 7 17 24 21 25 17 8 21 25 17 5 2 2 3 3 2 225 15 12 14 14 15 23 9 21 7 9 9 21 8 7 29 15 4 2 2 17 3 2 215 26 12 16 3 2 22 3 5 26 14 6 42 14 22 26 13 12 6 5 21 3 6 55 11 10 9 10 27 25 11 1 2 12 5 10 11 10 11 10 3 2 2 42 3 2 2

36 24 21 4 17 24 21 5 17 24 21 5 17 24 21 25 17 3 2 2 10 3 2 226 15 23 2 21 48 73 6 21 25 23 9 9 25 23 9 21 7 5 6 3 3 5 622 26 22 16 42 35 62 9 42 26 22 6 12 26 22 6 42 9 12 23 9 18 12 2310 11 10 11 10 11 40 11 10 11 10 3 5 11 10 3 10 8 25 12 1 3 25 12

16X16 16x8

R3

R4

DF1 DF2 DF3 DF4Región 1 Región 2 Región 3 Región 4

R1

R2

60 96 84 80 34 28 42 40 34 17 42 32 43 27 6 6 19 458 35 46 64 38 30 46 49 42 17 46 42 49 14 6 6 23 8109 52 38 64 84 52 44 52 84 20 44 38 59 12 6 6 44 437 44 40 25 15 17 15 17 20 22 20 22 30 30 11 6 15 874 48 42 22 17 24 21 25 17 8 21 25 19 7 3 3 2 239 30 35 23 21 7 9 9 21 8 7 29 17 6 17 3 2 218 28 34 19 5 26 14 6 42 14 22 26 19 17 21 3 6 515 38 35 20 1 2 12 5 10 11 10 11 12 5 42 3 2 253 48 42 9 17 24 21 5 17 24 21 25 19 5 10 3 2 247 63 96 8 21 25 23 9 9 25 23 9 26 13 3 3 5 664 61 84 25 42 26 22 6 12 26 22 6 54 32 9 18 12 2320 22 50 22 10 11 10 3 5 11 10 3 35 20 1 3 25 12

12X16

DF1+2 DF3 DF4Región 1+2 Región 2 Región 3


Aggregation Example

1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 1 to 35 Final DemandSPAIN RUE NAFTA China EastAsia BRIIAT RoW SPAIN

1 to 35 SPAIN Ad Am Am Am Am Am Am yd1 to 35 RUE Am Ad Am Am Am Am Am ym RUE1 to 35 NAFTA Am Am Ad Am Am Am Am ym NAFTA1 to 35 China Am Am Am Ad Am Am Am ym China1 to 35 EastAsia Am Am Am Am Ad Am Am ym EastAsia1 to 35 BRIIAT Am Am Am Am Am Ad Am ym BRIIAT1 to 35 RoW Am Am Am Am Am Am Ad ym RoW


WIOD Aggregation to 7 regions

)2451435()14351(

)35*205()2051435()1435245(

)2451435()14351435()1435245(

'7*41_7_

'7*41_*77_

'7*41_*77_

xx

xx

xxx

AGMVARVA

AGDFDFAGMRDF

AGMCIAGMRCI

Aggregation 9R – World Visualization


Zafrilla, J. E.; Cadarso, M.-Á.; Monsalve, F.; de la Rúa, C., How Carbon-Friendly Is Nuclear Energy? A Hybrid MRIO-LCA Model of a Spanish Facility. Environmental Science & Technology 2014.

Aggregation 9R – Circos Visualization


Scenarios Analisys


Glossary

o Ecological footprint

o Carbon footprint

o Water footprint: Green, Blue, Gray

o Material footprint

o Biocapacity

o Kyoto protocol

o Producer responsibility

o Consumer responsibility

o Share responsibility

o Carbon Leakage

o Pollution Haven Hypothesis

o Input-Output Framework

o Simmetric, Supply and Use matrix

o Input-Output Transaction Table

o Intermediate consumes

o Final demand

o Primary inputs

o Identities vs models

o Technical Coefficients

o Leontieff inverse

o Rounds, tiers or layers

o Factor contents

o Multi-Regional

o Single-Regional

tema 5. the anthropic footprint as a measure of sustainability 1.the concept of ecological footprint...

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