teknologi bangunan berkecekapan tenaga kuliah 2b dr. mohd zin kandar rat 430: teknologi rekabentuk...

Teknologi Bangunan Teknologi Bangunan Berkecekapan TenagaBerkecekapan Tenaga

Kuliah 2bKuliah 2bDr. Mohd Zin KandarDr. Mohd Zin Kandar

RAT 430: Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan Berkecekapan TenagaRAT 430: Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga

TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGATEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

LightingLighting

Air-conditioning & MVAir-conditioning & MV

Toilet & Water conservationToilet & Water conservation

Electrical motorElectrical motor

Refrigerator and FreezerRefrigerator and Freezer

Water SupplyWater Supply

Other EE FeaturesOther EE Features

Contents of EE TechnologyContents of EE Technology

BANGUNANBERKECEKAPAN

TENAGA

LightingLightingLighting – generalLighting – general

EE LightingEE LightingLighting layoutLighting layout

Lighting sensorsLighting sensorsLighting controlLighting control


Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and TermsTo choose the best lighting options, you should To choose the best lighting options, you should understand basic lighting terms. This section explains understand basic lighting terms. This section explains terminology used in the industryterminology used in the industry

1. Illumination1. IlluminationA A lumenlumen is a measurement of light output from a lamp, is a measurement of light output from a lamp, (often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated in (often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated in lumens. For example, a lumens. For example, a 100-watt incandescent100-watt incandescent lamp lamp produces about produces about 1750 lumens1750 lumens..The distribution of light on a The distribution of light on a horizontal surface is called horizontal surface is called its its illuminationillumination. Illumination is measured in footcandles. . Illumination is measured in footcandles. A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributed A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributed over a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.over a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.


Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and TermsThe amount of illumination required varies according to The amount of illumination required varies according to the difficulty the difficulty of a visual taskof a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles . Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles necessary to allow you necessary to allow you to perform a task comfortablyto perform a task comfortably and and proficiently without eyestrain. proficiently without eyestrain. The Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 to The Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 to 50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult 50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult and lengthy visual tasks—like sewing for extended periods of time—and lengthy visual tasks—like sewing for extended periods of time—require 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., tasks require 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., tasks whose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by quality whose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by quality and quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need to and quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need to provide only security, safety, or visual comfort—requiring from 5 to provide only security, safety, or visual comfort—requiring from 5 to 20 footcandles of illumination.20 footcandles of illumination.

2. efficacy2. efficacy. . This is the This is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric powerratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it it consumes and is measured in consumes and is measured in lumens per wattlumens per watt (LPW). (LPW).


Compact Fluorescent

Fluorescent

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure Sodium

Mercury Vapor

Halogen

Incandescent

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Lumens/Watt

Efficacy of Common Lamps

EfficacyEfficacy;;This is the This is the ratio of light output from a lamp ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric powerto the electric power it consumes and is it consumes and is measured in measured in lumens per wattlumens per watt (LPW). (LPW).


Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms3. Lighting Uses3. Lighting Uses

Experts divide lighting uses into three Experts divide lighting uses into three categories: categories: Ambient lighting, Ambient lighting,

Ambient lighting provides security and safety, as well as Ambient lighting provides security and safety, as well as general illumination for performing daily activities.general illumination for performing daily activities.

Task lighting, Task lighting, The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide so much light that entire areas are illuminated.so much light that entire areas are illuminated.

accent lighting. accent lighting. Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and windowswindows


Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms4. Light Quality4. Light Quality

Light quality describes how well people in a Light quality describes how well people in a lighted space can see to do visual tasks and how lighted space can see to do visual tasks and how visually comfortable they feel in that space. visually comfortable they feel in that space. Light quality is important to Light quality is important to energy efficiencyenergy efficiency because spaces with higher quality lighting need because spaces with higher quality lighting need less illumination. High-quality lighting is fairly less illumination. High-quality lighting is fairly uniform in brightness and has no glare.uniform in brightness and has no glare.

5. Glare5. GlareEliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness from Eliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness from a direct light source) is essential to achieving a direct light source) is essential to achieving good lighting qualitygood lighting quality. Types of glare include direct . Types of glare include direct glare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.glare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.


Lighting Principles and TermsLighting Principles and Terms6. Light Color 6. Light Color

Lamps are assigned a color temperature (according to the Lamps are assigned a color temperature (according to the Kelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" or Kelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" or "warmness." The human eye perceives colors as "warmness." The human eye perceives colors as cool if cool if they are at the blue-greenthey are at the blue-green end of the color spectrum, and end of the color spectrum, and warm if they are at the red endwarm if they are at the red end of the spectrum. of the spectrum.Generally, sources below 3200K are considered “warm” Generally, sources below 3200K are considered “warm” while those above 4000K are considered “cool.”while those above 4000K are considered “cool.”

7. Color Rendering7. Color RenderingColor Rendering Index (CRI)Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a - a scale from 0-100, is a measure of how well a lamp renders color.measure of how well a lamp renders color.A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do in sunlight.in sunlight.CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar color CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar color temperature.temperature.


Light SourcesLight Sources

1. Incandescent1. Incandescent2. Gaseous Discharge2. Gaseous Discharge

A. Low Pressure Gaseous DischargeA. Low Pressure Gaseous DischargeFluorescentFluorescent

Low pressure sodiumLow pressure sodium

B. High Intensity Discharge (HID)B. High Intensity Discharge (HID)Mercury vaporMercury vapor

Metal halideMetal halide

High pressure sodiumHigh pressure sodium


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting

There are four basic types of lighting: There are four basic types of lighting:

incandescentincandescent, ,

fluorescentfluorescent, ,

high-intensity dischargehigh-intensity discharge (HID), (HID),

low-pressure sodiumlow-pressure sodium..


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting1. Incandescent1. Incandescent

Incandescent lamps are the Incandescent lamps are the least least expensiveexpensive to buy but the to buy but the most expensive most expensive to operateto operate. . Incandescent light is produced by a Incandescent light is produced by a tiny tiny coil of tungsten wire that glowscoil of tungsten wire that glows when it is when it is heated by an electrical current.heated by an electrical current.Incandescent lamps have the Incandescent lamps have the shortest shortest liveslives of the common lighting types. of the common lighting types. They are also They are also relatively inefficientrelatively inefficient compared with other lighting types. compared with other lighting types. However, significant energy and cost However, significant energy and cost savings are possible if you select the right savings are possible if you select the right incandescent lamp for the right job.incandescent lamp for the right job.70%-90%70%-90% of the power consumed is of the power consumed is lost lost as heat.as heat.


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting1. Incandescent1. Incandescent

The three most common The three most common types of incandescent types of incandescent lights are lights are standard incandescent, standard incandescent, tungsten halogen, and tungsten halogen, and reflector lamps.reflector lamps.


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting2. Fluorescent2. Fluorescent

The light produced by a fluorescent The light produced by a fluorescent tube is caused by an tube is caused by an electric current electric current conducted through mercury and inert conducted through mercury and inert gasesgases. . Fluorescent lighting is used mainly Fluorescent lighting is used mainly indoors—both for indoors—both for ambientambient and and tasktask lighting.lighting.About 3 to 4 times as About 3 to 4 times as efficientefficient as as incandescent lighting. incandescent lighting. Last about Last about 10 times longer than 10 times longer than incandescentincandescent. But, to gain the most . But, to gain the most efficiency, you should install efficiency, you should install fluorescents in places where they will fluorescents in places where they will be on for several hours at a time.be on for several hours at a time.



Fluorescent lights need Fluorescent lights need ballastsballasts (i.e., devices that control the (i.e., devices that control the electricity used by the unit) electricity used by the unit) for for starting and circuit protectionstarting and circuit protection. . Ballasts consume energy. Ballasts consume energy. Can increase the energy Can increase the energy savings for existing fluorescent savings for existing fluorescent lighting by relamping (e.g., lighting by relamping (e.g., replacing an existing lamp with replacing an existing lamp with one of a lower wattage), one of a lower wattage), replacing ballasts, and replacing replacing ballasts, and replacing fixtures with more efficient fixtures with more efficient models.models...



Compact fluorescentCompact fluorescent Energy savings up to Energy savings up to

75% over incandescent 75% over incandescent lamps.lamps.

Longer lamp life equals Longer lamp life equals reduced maintenance reduced maintenance costs.costs.


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)

High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps provide the provide the highest efficacyhighest efficacy and and longest service life of any lighting longest service life of any lighting type. type. They are commonly used for They are commonly used for outdoor outdoor lighting and in lighting and in large indoor arenaslarge indoor arenas..HID lamps HID lamps use an electric arc to use an electric arc to produce intense lightproduce intense light. . They also They also require ballastsrequire ballasts, and they , and they take a few seconds to produce light take a few seconds to produce light when first turned on because the when first turned on because the ballast needs time to establish the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc.electric arc.


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)

The three most common types of HID lamps are The three most common types of HID lamps are mercury vapor, mercury vapor, metal halide, and metal halide, and high-pressure sodium. high-pressure sodium.

HID lamps and fixtures can HID lamps and fixtures can save 75% to 90%save 75% to 90% of lighting energy of lighting energy when they replace when they replace incandescentincandescent lamps and fixtures. lamps and fixtures. Significant energy savings are also possible by replacing old Significant energy savings are also possible by replacing old mercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressure mercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressure sodium lamps.sodium lamps.

Lamp Efficacy Life

Lamp Type (lm/W) CRI (hours) Mercury Vapor 19-43 15-50 16,000-24,000 Metal Halide 53-115 65-92 6,000-20,000

High Pressure Sodium 53-147 21-85 16,000-24,000


Types of LightingTypes of Lighting4. Low-Pressure Sodium4. Low-Pressure Sodium

Low-pressure sodium lamps work Low-pressure sodium lamps work somewhat somewhat like fluorescent lampslike fluorescent lamps. . They are the They are the most efficientmost efficient artificial artificial lighting, have the lighting, have the longest service lifelongest service life, , and maintain their light output better and maintain their light output better than any other lamp type. than any other lamp type. Low-pressure sodium lighting is used Low-pressure sodium lighting is used where color is not important because it where color is not important because it renders all colors as tones of yellow or renders all colors as tones of yellow or gray. gray. Typical applications include Typical applications include highway highway and security lightingand security lighting..


EE LightingEE Lighting

Lighting accounts for Lighting accounts for 20% to 25%20% to 25% of all electricity of all electricity consumed in the developed countries. consumed in the developed countries. An average household dedicates An average household dedicates 5% to 10%5% to 10% of of its energy budget to lighting, its energy budget to lighting, Commercial establishments consume Commercial establishments consume 20% to 20% to 30%30% of their total energy just for lighting. of their total energy just for lighting.In a typical residential or commercial lighting In a typical residential or commercial lighting installation, installation, 50% or more of the energy is wasted 50% or more of the energy is wasted by obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance, by obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance, or inefficient use.or inefficient use.


Energy Efficiency with LightingEnergy Efficiency with Lighting

Saving lighting energy requires either reducing Saving lighting energy requires either reducing electricity consumed by the light source or electricity consumed by the light source or reducing the length of time the light source is on. reducing the length of time the light source is on. This can be accomplished by:This can be accomplished by: Lowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps or Lowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps or

entire fixtures entire fixtures Reducing the light source's on-time, which means Reducing the light source's on-time, which means

improving lighting controls and educating users to turn improving lighting controls and educating users to turn off unneeded lights off unneeded lights

Using daylighting, which reduces energy consumption Using daylighting, which reduces energy consumption by replacing electric lights with natural light by replacing electric lights with natural light

Performing simple maintenance, which preserves Performing simple maintenance, which preserves illumination and light quality and allows lower initial illumination and light quality and allows lower initial illumination levels. illumination levels.


Conventional vs Energy Efficiency light bulb

Incandescent Lamp100 W

Compact fluorescent Lamp18W

Energy Efficiency uses less energy for same output and reduces CO2 emissions

CO2 Emission – 110 g/hr CO2 Emission – 20 g/hr


Conventional vs Energy Efficiency light bulb


A solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in response A solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in response to a signal (from a photosenso, for example).to a signal (from a photosenso, for example).A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballast A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballast (either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up (either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up and to regulate current during operation. and to regulate current during operation. Electronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higher Electronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higher frequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts. frequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts. Operating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 to Operating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 to 15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output. 15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output. Electronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noise Electronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noise and longer life than do magnetic ballasts. and longer life than do magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts are also available as Electronic ballasts are also available as dimming ballastsdimming ballasts. These . These ballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%. ballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%. Magnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but they Magnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but they cannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than do cannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than do electronic ballasts. electronic ballasts.

Dimmable Electronic Dimmable Electronic ballastsballasts


Dimmable Electronic Dimmable Electronic ballastsballasts

Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors, Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors, occupancy sensorsoccupancy sensors and/or a time clock. and/or a time clock. It is estimated that the combination of photosensor control and It is estimated that the combination of photosensor control and dimmable electronic ballasts can dimmable electronic ballasts can reduce annual electricity use by reduce annual electricity use by 50%50% over non-dimming systems. over non-dimming systems. The combination of all three control methods can save approximately The combination of all three control methods can save approximately 75%75% of electricity use. of electricity use.

ApplicationApplicationElectronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need for Electronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need for electric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones of electric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones of offices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level for offices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level for occupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to use occupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to use conventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps that conventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps that are operated.are operated.


Due to continuous operation, upgrades Due to continuous operation, upgrades offer the potential for huge reductions in offer the potential for huge reductions in energy and maintenance costs.energy and maintenance costs.

40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp 40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp life of 7000 hours should be retrofitted with life of 7000 hours should be retrofitted with a a light-emitting diode (LED)light-emitting diode (LED) sign sign consuming between consuming between 2-5 watts2-5 watts with a 25+ with a 25+ year life. year life.

Exit Sign Lighting


Replacing Lamps and FixturesReplacing Lamps and Fixtures

"Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another to "Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another to save energy. You can decide to make illumination higher save energy. You can decide to make illumination higher or lower when relamping. But be sure that the new or lower when relamping. But be sure that the new lamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the space lamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the space and conforms to the fixture's specifications.and conforms to the fixture's specifications.When relamping an entire store or office, first test the When relamping an entire store or office, first test the new lamps in a small area to ensure adequate new lamps in a small area to ensure adequate illumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility of illumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility of the new lamp and the old fixture.the new lamp and the old fixture.Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. Buying new fixtures made for new lamps produces Buying new fixtures made for new lamps produces superior energy savings, reliability, and longevity superior energy savings, reliability, and longevity compared with relamping.compared with relamping.


Replacing Lamps and FixturesReplacing Lamps and Fixtures

Use linear fluorescent and energy-efficient Use linear fluorescent and energy-efficient compact compact fluorescent lampsfluorescent lamps (CFLs) in fixtures to (CFLs) in fixtures to provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting. provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting. Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than incandescent bulbsincandescent bulbs and last 6 to 10 times and last 6 to 10 times longer. longer.

Although fluorescent and compact fluorescent Although fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps are more expensive than incandescent lamps are more expensive than incandescent bulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energy bulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energy over their lifetime. over their lifetime.


Lighting circuit designLighting circuit design

Response to daylight levelResponse to daylight level

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section



PSALIPSALI

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section


Improving Lighting ControlsImproving Lighting Controls

Lighting controls are devices for turning lights on and off Lighting controls are devices for turning lights on and off or for dimming them. The simplest type is a standard or for dimming them. The simplest type is a standard snap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers, snap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers, occupancy sensors, and dimmers.occupancy sensors, and dimmers.Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas, Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas, make it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turn make it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turn off lights in unused areas. off lights in unused areas. Photocells turn lights on and off in response to natural Photocells turn lights on and off in response to natural light levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at dusk light levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at dusk and off at dawn, for example. Advanced designs and off at dawn, for example. Advanced designs gradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels with gradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels with changing daylight levels. changing daylight levels. Mechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turn Mechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turn on and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety, on and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety, and tasks such as janitorial work. and tasks such as janitorial work.



Daylight sensorDaylight sensor

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section



Movement / occupant sensorMovement / occupant sensor

1 2 2 1

Plan

Section

RE lightingRE lighting


SM-110 110 watt Solar Panel & APM Mount SM-110 110 watt Solar Panel & APM Mount 100 LED Fight Fixture 100 LED Fight Fixture MorningStar SunLight Controller MorningStar SunLight Controller 8A27 AGM Batteries 8A27 AGM Batteries Lockable Battery Box Lockable Battery Box Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included) Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included) Panels and post arm mount easily to any standard Pole Panels and post arm mount easily to any standard Pole

EE lighting EE lighting installation (case installation (case

study)study)


ENERGY-10 Optimisation

0

25

50

75

100

125

Cooling Lights Other Total

KWh/m2 year

6764

1811

25

111

100

25

KTAK KTAK/no Daylight use LEO BuildingLEO Building


LEO BuildingLEO Building

TopicTopic Standard Standard Requirement Requirement

KTAK LEOKTAK LEO

Requirement Requirement

Actual data in Actual data in LEO Design LEO Design

Design Design Temperature Temperature

Small PowerSmall Power

IlluminanceIlluminance

Lighting Power 20 W/m2 16 W/m2 8 -10 W/m2

27 W/m2 20 W/m2 6 - 8 W/m2

500 lux 500 lux ~ 400 lux

23 oC 24 oC 24 oC

Improved Energy Performanceby Review of Design Criteria

Terima KasihTerima Kasih

teknologi bangunan berkecekapan tenaga kuliah 2b dr. mohd zin kandar rat 430: teknologi rekabentuk...

Documents

ambient lighting

lighting systems

highquality lighting

basic lighting terms

common lighting types

basic types of lighting

higher quality lighting

good lighting quality