ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Occupational and Environmental Hazards:
the Campaign in Silicon Valley
Presented at the International Symposium on Labor Rights and
Environmental Justice in the Electronics Industry
Graduate School of Public Health
Seoul National University
Seoul, Korea
November 12, 2011
Ted Smith, Founder,
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition;
Electronics TakeBack Coalition; and
International Campaign for Responsible Technology
www.icrt.co
![Page 2: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Silicon Valley used to be
known as the
“Valley of Heart’s Delight”
![Page 3: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Transition from Valley of Hearts
Delight to Silicon Valley
• In the 1970s, farming and the canning and
food packaging industries started to move
away
• A new industry started to grow up based
on new technologies – it became known
as the high tech electronics industry and
produced semiconductors, printed circuit
boards, disk drives and computers
![Page 4: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
• In the mid 1970's, a small group of people started meeting to discuss concerns over the chemical-handling aspects of the semiconductor industry and what might be done to raise these issues publicly. The group was called ECOSH, Electronics Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. ECOSH members included electronics workers, occupational nurses, attorneys, industrial hygienists, engineering and medical students, labor, environmental and religious leaders.
![Page 5: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
• Organized an effort to ban the use of TCE
• Santa Clara Center for Occupational Safety and Health (SCCOSH) was formally organized in 1978. ECOSH continued as a SCCOSH project into the early 1980s, gaining recognition for a vigorous and largely successful campaign to ban TCE as well as energetic support and advocacy for many workers trying to win better conditions for themselves and co-workers.
![Page 6: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
• Another early SCCOSH project was
Injured Workers United, a support group
for workers already affected by chemical
exposures, trying to secure fair
compensation, decent medical care and
retraining. The Silicon Valley Toxics
Coalition (SVTC) also started out as an
early project of SCCOSH.
![Page 7: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
1978 Community testing for TCE in breast milk –
organizers use fliers, newspaper, radio, phone hot line -
500 people are tested for TCE
1978 Campaign to Ban TCE (Cal-OSHA lowers PEL from
100 to 25 ppm.)
1980 NIOSH HHE finds narcotic and irritant symptoms
in clean room environment; all solvent exposures below
PELs, yet workers are getting sick.
1981 HESIS reproductive hazard alert on glycol
ethers
1983 Cal- OSHA semiconductor study does not
investigate reproductive and cancer hazards
1983 Cal- OSHA semiconductor study does not
investigate reproductive and cancer hazards
1985 Media charge chip makers with keeping two sets of
records for toxic exposures and systematically
underreporting # of affected workers.
![Page 8: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
1981 – Toxic leaks into the water supply discovered at Fairchild
and IBM
1982 – Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition formed as a project of
SCCOSH
1983 Cal- OSHA semiconductor study does not investigate
reproductive and cancer hazards
1984 - “The not so clean business of making chips” by Dr. Joseph
LaDou published in Technology Review from MIT
1985 Media charge chip makers with keeping two sets of records
for toxic exposures and systematically underreporting # of
affected workers.
![Page 9: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
History of organizing for better conditions
1986 - First report of elevated miscarriage and illness rates in clean rooms reported at Digital Equipment Corporation
1986 - IBM workers ask about cancer in clean rooms. IBM says ‘no problem’
1992 – Results of epidemiological reports by IBM and Semiconductor Industry Association report high rates of miscarriages
1992 - First call for replacement of ethylene glycol ethers: “Campaign to end the Miscarriage of Justice”
2000s – HealthWatch organizes WE LEAP OSH trainings for 12 ethnic groups, including Chinese, Cambodian, Indonesian, Indian, Korean, Latino, Vietnamese, etc.
![Page 10: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Unions
Organizing Silicon Valley's High Tech Workers
by David Bacon
• From the beginning, high tech workers had to face an industry-wide anti-union policy. Robert Noyce, who participated in the invention of the transistor, and later became a co-founder of Intel Corp., declared that "remaining non-union is an essential for survival for most of our companies. If we had the work rules that unionized companies have, we'd all go out of business. This is a very high priority for management here. We have to retain flexibility in operating our companies. The great hope for our nation is to avoid those deep, deep divisions between workers and management which can paralyze action."
![Page 11: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CAL OSHA report in 1981
![Page 12: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Toxic Trouble in Silicon Valley Newsweek 1984
![Page 13: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
High-tech Organizer’s Retreat
• In 1985 "High-Tech Organizer's Retreat" held
in California, brought together twenty labor,
occupational health, and environ-mental
organizers. The Integrated Circuit, a national
coalition, formed out of the retreat and
resulted in the publication of the newsletter
Around the Circuit. This later evolved into
Campaign for Responsible Technology
(CRT), then ICRT.
![Page 14: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
AMRC Handbook - 1985
![Page 15: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Reality of
High Tech Impact
• Semiconductor workers experience illness
rates 3 times greater than manufacturing
workers in other industries
• In 3 epidemiological studies, women who
worked in fabrication rooms were found to
have rates of miscarriage of 40% or more
above non-manufacturing workers
• Silicon Valley has more EPA Superfund sites
than any other area in the USA
![Page 16: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
New York Times – November 10, 1984
![Page 17: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Clean rooms and
miscarriages
“ new concerns … may prove a potential black eye for a high technology industry that … sought to portray itself as clean and with little impact on the environment.
Women exposed to certain chemicals … in the nation’s semiconductor factories face a significantly higher risk of miscarriage, a broad industry-financed study has found. The study is the 3rd in 4 years to find that … glycol ethers have toxic effects. “
Oct 12 and Dec. 4, 1992
![Page 18: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IBM Corporate Mortality File http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1626450/
• IBM maintained records of 30,000 workers that
identified cause of death over 30 years
• Records were analyzed by Dr. Richard Clapp,
epidemiologist at Boston Univ.
• Breast cancer deaths in women at IBM were
2.42 times the expected number
• Similar findings for brain cancer, kidney cancer,
non-Hodgikins lymphoma
![Page 19: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
IBM settles chemical suit
January 23, 2001 Case involved
microchip site workers' son
• By Craig Wolf Poughkeepsie Journal A lawsuit described as the first to test claims that chemicals in a microchip plant could be harmful to people has been settled, the parties said Monday. IBM Corp. and attorneys for Zachary Ruffing, a 15-year-old whose parents both had worked in the 1980s at IBM's East Fishkill plant, confirmed that an agreement had been reached.
• Settlements typically involve payment by the defendant. Neither side would disclose what IBM or two chemical companies involved in the suit would pay.
• IBM said ''human factors'' played a role in the decision. It still denies guilt.
• ''I think it's an enormously important case, partly because of the really serious damage suffered by Zach Ruffing and his family, and partly because this is the first major test case of its kind involved the high-tech industry,'' said Ted Smith, executive director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition in San Jose, Calif.
![Page 20: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Practice precaution: close the gap
between environmental and workplace
PELS
68 chemicals known to the State of California to
cause cancer or reproductive harm are totally
unregulated by Cal-OSHA or regulated only for non-
cancer effects
There is a huge disparity between workplace and
environmental protections against carcinogens and
developmental toxicants everywhere.
![Page 21: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Workplace PELS (if any) for carcinogens and
developmental toxics are much weaker than
environmental standards
•If the air you breathe at work contains 1 ppm
benzene, you are getting over 500 times the
dosage set by EPA to protect the most
vulnerable level of benzene with every breath
you take (industrial health standards are not
set to prevent birth defects in workers kids)
•If you breathe1 ppm of benzene at work, it
takes only 166 hours to get a complete lifetime
dose (using the federal public health exposure
limit. )
![Page 22: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Toxic Agent Best OCC STDD
8 hr. TWA Best Env. STDD
NSRL or MCL
Env. STDD converted to 8
hr. TWA
Yield in improved worker
protection
Benzene 1 part per
million 7 ug/day 1 part per billion 1,000:1
TCE 25 ppm 80 ug/day 7 ppb 3,571:1
Perc 25 ppm 14 ug/day .3 ppb 8,333:1
Methylene Chloride 25 ppm 0.005 mg/L 1 ppb 25,000:1
![Page 23: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The wake up call !!
The Fairchild Case --Groundwater pollution in Silicon
Valley poisons families
![Page 24: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Right-To-Know Grows in
1982
![Page 26: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Labor unions were central to SVTC
![Page 27: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TRI Releases for 2007
for Selected Electronics Companies
Facility City State Total On-site Disposal or Other Releases
Total Off-site Disposal or Other Releases
Total On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases
IBM CORP HOPEWELL JUNCTION NY 1074661 22249.4 1096911
SILTRONIC CORP. PORTLAND OR 635958 3.3 635961
SANYO SOLAR (USA) LLC CARSON CA 8069 234714 242783
IBM CORP ESSEX JUNCTION VT 185718 2645.1034 188363
SONY ELECTRONICS INC. DOTHAN AL 74820 16891.52 91711
MICRON TECHNOLOGY INC BOISE ID 88375 864.3 89239
PHILIPS LUMILEDS LIGHTING CO SAN JOSE CA 73231 0 73231
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC DALLAS TX 23652 44124.89 67776
DU PONT ELECTRONICS MICROCIRCU ITS INDUSTRIES LTD. MANATI PR 1428 34679.232 36107
INTEL CORP RIO RANCHO NM 18193 3589.9 21783
![Page 28: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The footprint of high-tech
development
![Page 30: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Body Burden (1000+ Chemicals Used in Electronics Production)
![Page 31: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Moore’s Law
![Page 33: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Apple Campaign
![Page 34: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Inside an iPhone
![Page 35: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Inside your iPhone
![Page 36: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Our movement expands as
Industry moves out of S.V.
Global High-Tech Production is Undergoing the Largest
Industrial Expansion in the History of the World
![Page 37: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Electronics Supply Chain Research done by Sarah Boyd
Unraveling the High-Tech Supply Chain
![Page 38: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
International Campaign for
Responsible Technology
(ICRT)
Global Symposium on Strategies for a
Sustainable High-Tech Industry
November 14-17, 2002
San Jose, CA
http://www.svtc.org/icrt/index.html
![Page 39: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
International Campaign for
Responsible Technology
(ICRT)
Mission Statement,
adopted November 16, 2002
• We are an international solidarity network that
promotes corporate and government
accountability in the global electronics industry.
We are united by our concern for the lifecycle
impacts of this industry on health, the
environment and workers' rights.
![Page 40: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Consumer Education:
The Story of Electronics
• The Story of Electronics explores the high-tech
revolution's collateral damage—25 million tons of e-waste
and counting, poisoned workers and a public left holding
the bill. Host Annie Leonard takes viewers from the mines
and factories where our gadgets begin to the horrific
backyard recycling shops in China where many end up.
The film concludes with a call for a green 'race to the top'
where designers compete to make long-lasting, toxic-free
products that are fully and easily recyclable.
• http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-electronics/
![Page 42: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Delegates to Vienna SAICM
Meeting – March 2011
![Page 43: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
UN expert meeting charts the way forward on
hazardous chemicals in electronic products
Historic meeting addresses entire lifecycle of electronics
For the first time, more than 100 experts from
around the world gathered in Vienna, Austria to
make recommendations for a UN process on
reducing and eliminating hazardous chemicals in
the design, manufacturing, and end of life stages
of electronic products. Concerns over toxic
exposures during manufacturing, use, and
recycling of electronic products provoked
governments, the private sector, and public
interest NGOs from around the world to call for
the meeting at a global conference in 2009.
![Page 44: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Key Recommendations from
SAICM in Vienna
Delegates developed key recommendations:
• eliminating chemical hazards during design;
• phasing-out hazardous substances;
• improving information transparency and flow;
• ensuring equal protection of workers,
communities, and consumers;
• preventing export of hazardous electronic
wastes from developed to developing countries;
• and controlling export and import of near-end-
of-life equipment.
![Page 45: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Health-Based Exposure Limits
• Governments should formulate, promote, and implement
health-based exposure limits for workers. These
exposure limits are to be based on thorough and
adequate hazard testing of all chemicals and mixtures
used and produced throughout the life cycle. Producers,
manufacturers and suppliers of chemicals are
responsible for performing these tests. Exposure limit
values should be protective of the most vulnerable
populations, and should provide equal protection in the
workplace and the community; In cases where data are
not yet sufficient to develop a health-based exposure
limit value, the precautionary principle should be applied,
namely by eliminating exposure to chemicals or reducing
it as low as possible.
![Page 46: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Health Surveillance
• Producers and manufacturers, with oversight by the government and the full
participation of worker and community representatives should ensure (and
report the results to appropriate governmental authorities of):
– comprehensive, occupationally relevant health surveillance for all of its
workers;
– comprehensive ongoing industrial hygiene and environmental
monitoring to measure the release and exposure to all hazardous
materials used in manufacturing and production;
– access to these data (and adequate funding) to ensure comprehensive
and independent epidemiological assessments of worker health;
– Action plans to preserve and protect worker health based on these data.
– In situations where pollution from electronics production facilities has
been found in surrounding communities, the manufacturers and
producers should cooperate with health researchers and investigators to
assess and control adverse health impacts, especially with respect to
vulnerable populations.
![Page 47: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ma Jun’s slide from IPE in China
![Page 48: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Electronic Sustainability
Commitment
Each new generation of technical
improvements in electronic products
should include parallel and proportional
improvements in environmental, health
and safety as well as social justice
attributes. Adopted by the Trans-Atlantic Network for
Clean Production, May 16, 1999
![Page 49: Ted ppt presentation for international symposium in soeul, korea november 12 2011 final1](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051609/5462bb48b1af9f92238b50b9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
For Further Information:
Ted Smith – International Campaign for Responsible Technology;
Electronics TakeBack Coalition
[email protected]; +408-242-6707
www.icrt.co; www.electronicstakeback.com/home/
http://www.archive.org/details/pioneeractivistsil00smitrich
http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt2b69r7hf;style=oac4;view=dsc