technology options for photoperiodic lighting options for photoperiodic lighting dr. erik runkle...

Technology Options for Photoperiodic

Lighting

Dr. Erik RunkleProfessor of Horticulture

Michigan State UniversityNot for publication or duplication, in whole or in part, without written permission from Erik Runkle

Light Consists of Three Dimensions

Light quantity (intensity)

Light quality (spectrum)

Light duration (photoperiod)

Plant biomass Morphology Flowering

The different properties of light interact to control growth and development of plants

Longday

Shortday

Biological Photoperiod

13 14 1615Photoperiod (hours):

Campanula ‘Merrybell Bright Blue’

Regulating Flowering with Photoperiod

Photoperiodic lighting Supplemental lighting

Objective Create a long day Increase photosynthesis by increasing the DLI

Plants targeted Crops in which flowering is influenced by day length

Young plants, sometimes shade-avoiding plants

Plant responsesInhibit flowering in short-day plants, promote flowering in

long-day plants

Increase rooting, more branching, thicker stems,

etc.Intensity desired 1-2 µmol∙m–2∙s–1 50 to 75 µmol∙m–2∙s–1

Measurement Instantaneously Accumulated during a24-hour period

Time of day used After sunset and before sunrise

At night and during the day when cloudy

Number of hours used per day Usually up to 4 Usually up to 20

Primary Types of Greenhouse Lighting

Lamps Used to Create Long Days

• Incandescent and/or compact fluorescent• Screw-in LEDs

– Flowering (red with or without far red)– Conventional white

• High-pressure sodium– Partial operation of supplemental lighting– With rotating reflectors (for example, Beamflicker)

• Boom lighting

Incandescents or Fluorescents

15-hourday

4-hNI

2-hNI

INC

Photographs taken 59 days after transplant at 20 °C

Petunia ‘Purple Wave’

Short days

Photographs taken 59 days after transplant at 20 °C

15-hourday

4-hNI

2-hNI

CFL

Petunia ‘Purple Wave’

Short days

Petunia ‘Purple Wave’Photographs taken 59 days after transplant at 20 °C

Short days 15-hourday

4-hNI

2-hNI

INC + CFL

Incandescentbulb

Compact fluorescent bulb LEDs

Purchase price increasesElectrical efficiency increases

Lamp lifetime increases

Lighting Technologies

Effective R:FR to Control Flowering

Objective: Determine how the red : far-red (R:FR) influences flowering and extension growth of photoperiod-sensitive crops to facilitate the development and use of effective LEDs for flowering applications

Snapdragon ‘Liberty Classic Cherry’

Days to flower at 20 °C

LEDs for Night-Interruption Lighting

0.6

9-hour short day 140.3 5.0 2.4 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.1

INC lamps Red to Far-Red Ratio

100% Red LEDs

100% Far red

LEDs

9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption

41 56 49 47 45 44 44 4952

LED Products to Control Flowering

400 500 600 700 800Wavelength (nm)

Rela

tive

phot

on fl

ux1.00.80.60.40.2

0

1.00.80.60.40.2

0

Waveband or ratio % outputBlue (400−500 nm) 7Green (500−600 nm) 14Red (600−700 nm) 36Far red (700−800 nm) 44Red:Far red 0.83

Waveband or ratio % outputBlue (400−500 nm) 12Green (500−600 nm) 2Red (600−700 nm) 61Far red (700−800 nm) 27Red:Far red 2.28

GreenPower LED Flowering DR/W/FR Lamp from Philips

Total Grow Night & Day Management Lamp from Venntis Technologies

VenntisTechnologies

Philips

LEDs for Photoperiodic Lighting

Philips GreenPower LED Flowering DR/W/FR Lamp

Total Grow Night & Day Management Lamp

Ageratum ‘Hawaii Blue’

After 7 weeks at 20 °C, DLI = 5.7 mol∙m-2∙d-1

Incan.9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption

R+W R+W+FR9-hour

short day

Petunia ‘Wave Purple Classic’

After 6 weeks at 20 °C, DLI = 5.7 mol∙m-2∙d-1

Incan.9-hour day with 4-hour night interruption

R+W R+W+FR9-hour

short day

Top

view

Sid

e vi

ew

Altman Plants (California)

Natural short dayWith 4-hour night interruption

Incandescent R+W+FR LEDs

59 a 100% 30 b 100% 31 b 100%

No data 8% 44 a 100% 42 a 100%Days to flower at 20 °C; flowering percentage

Calibrachoa ‘Callie Deep Yellow’

Petunia ‘Wave Purple Classic’

52 a 88%

Ageratum ‘Hawaii Blue’

40 b 100% 41 b 100%

63 a 84% 53 b 100% 53 b 100%

Dianthus ‘Telstar Crimson’

Michigan State University

9-hour short dayWith 4-hour night interruption

Incandescent R+W+FR LEDs

Days to flower at 20 °C; flowering percentage

Short day R B+R Cool-W Warm-W R+W+FR

With 4-hour night interruption from LEDs:

8 am 5 pm 10:30 pm 2:30 am 8 am

9-hours of sunlight 4-hour night interruption

Efficacy of White LEDs

R B+R Cool-W Warm-W R+W+FR

20 °C with a truncated 9-h day

Days from transplant to first flower85 a 24 b 27 b 26 b 26 b 25 b

4-hour night-interruption lighting from:

100% flowering under all treatments.

Calibrachoa ‘Callie Yellow Improved’


20 °C with a truncated 9-h day4-hour night-interruption lighting from:

Snapdragon ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’

64 ab 64 a 66 a 63 b 63 ab 53 cDays from transplant to first flower

100% flowering under all treatments.


20 °C with a truncated 9-h day4-hour night-interruption lighting from:

Chrysanthemum ‘Cheryl Golden Yellow’

44 c 87 a 84 a DNF DNF 75 bDays from transplant to first flower

High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp

High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp

Traditional (single-ended) HPS lamp (400 to 1,000 W)

Newer double-ended HPS lamp (1,000 W only)

Rotating HPS Lamp (Beamflicker)

• Stationary high-pressure sodium lamp with an oscillating reflector

• Reflector rotates 180° to provide an intermittent beam of light over a relatively large growing area

Campanula ‘Pearl Deep Blue’10 weeks after transplant at 20 °C

∞ +50 +3+5 +7 +8 +14

9-hour short day

4-hour incandescent:

20%100%

Beamflickerdistance from lamp (m):

41 7 10 13

Days to flower relative to 100% incandescent

Boom lighting

Photo: Matt Blanchard, Syngenta

Flowering percentage at 11 weeks

Short day 15 30 45

Cyclic HPS for 4-hour NI2 min every (min):

2.4 24 240

Continuous NI (min):

Campanula ‘Uniform White’7 weeks after transplant at 21.5 °C

NI light integral: 3,600 µmol∙m−2

240INCHPS

NI light integral: 14,400 µmol∙m−2

100 50 0 100 100

100 100 90 0 30 100 100

Flowering percentage at 11 weeks0

0

Boom lighting Recommendations

• Operate boom lighting during middle of the night for at least four hours

• Ensure that plants are lighted at least every 15-20 minutes during the lighting period

Photo: Roberto Lopez, MSU

Boom lighting Recommendations

• The total amount of light provided to plants should be at least 3,600 µmol∙m-2 during the long-day lighting period

• Examples:Slow speed Fast speed

Boom passes every 15 min 10 minBoom speed 3 m per min 6 m per minDuration of light per pass 40 s 20 sAverage light intensity 10 µmol·m−2·s−1 10 µmol·m−2·s−1

NI lighting period 240 min 240 minBoom passes per night 16 24NI light integral 6,400 µmol·m−2 4,800 µmol·m−2

Photoperiodic Lamps that Work

Lamp type Short-day plants Long-day plantsIncandescent Fluorescent (including CFLs) X*Mix incandescent + CFL HID (HPS, MH, mercury, Beamflicker) White LEDs X*Red LEDs X*Red + far-red LEDs Far-red LEDs X XBlue LEDs At low intensity X XGreen LEDs X X

General efficacy of different lamp types at regulating flowering. = Effective; X = Not effective; * = Some crops, esp. when DLI is high.

Photoperiodic Lighting – Examples

Examples of delivering 1-2 µmol∙m-2∙s-1 of night-interruption lighting for 43,200 ft2 (4,000 m2; 1.0 acre) of greenhouse (GH)

INCR+FR LEDs

H250-W HPS

400-WHPS

Rotating HPS

Watts consumed per lamp (Incl. ballasts) 150 18 290 460 675Approximate area per fixture (ft2) 111 111 432 690 1400Number of fixtures per GH 390 390 100 62 30Fixture cost ($) $5.30 $5.30 $168.00 $225.00 $700.00Bulb cost ($) $1.80 $40.00 $10.00 $16.00 $35.00Bulb lifetime (hours) 750 20,000 12,000 12,000 12,000



INCR+FR LEDs

H250-W HPS

400-WHPS

Rotating HPS

Watts consumed per lamp (Incl. ballasts) 150 18 290 460 675Approximate area per fixture (ft2) 111 111 432 690 1400Number of fixtures per GH 390 390 100 62 30Fixture cost ($) $5.30 $5.30 $168.00 $225.00 $700.00Bulb cost ($) $1.80 $40.00 $10.00 $16.00 $35.00Bulb lifetime (hours) 750 20,000 12,000 12,000 12,000Bulb life (weeks) at 28 hours/week 27 714 429 429 429Initial fixture and bulb cost ($/ft2) $0.0640 $0.4081 $0.4120 $0.3493 $0.5250Bulb cost per week ($/GH) $25.95 $21.80 $2.33 $2.34 $2.52Total purchase cost (not installation) $2,763 $17,630 $17,800 $15,089 $22,680


INCR+FR LEDs

H250-W HPS

400-WHPS

Rotating HPS

Energy consumption and operating costsElectrical input (kW) per GH (incl. ballasts) 58.5 7.0 29.0 28.5 20.3Amps required (230 voltage) 255 31 126 124 88Electricity used per week (kWh/ft2) 0.3792 0.0455 0.1880 0.1849 0.1313Total electricity cost per week ($/ft2) $245.70 $29.48 $121.80 $119.78 $85.05Total bulb + electricity cost per week ($/GH) $271.65 $51.29 $124.13 $122.12 $87.57

Cost for bulb + electricity 10 weeks/year $2,716 $513 $1,241 $1,221 $876Cost for bulb + electricity 20 weeks/year $5,433 $1,026 $2,483 $2,442 $1,751



INCR+FR LEDs

H250-W HPS

400-WHPS

Rotating HPS

Energy consumption and operating costsElectrical input (kW) per GH (incl. ballasts) 58.5 7.0 29.0 28.5 20.3Amps required (230 voltage) 255 31 126 124 88Electricity used per week (kWh/ft2) 0.3792 0.0455 0.1880 0.1849 0.1313Total electricity cost per week ($/ft2) $245.70 $29.48 $121.80 $119.78 $85.05Total bulb + electricity cost per week ($/GH) $271.65 $51.29 $124.13 $122.12 $87.57

Cost for bulb + electricity 10 weeks/year $2,716 $513 $1,241 $1,221 $876Cost for bulb + electricity 20 weeks/year $5,433 $1,026 $2,483 $2,442 $1,751

--------------------------------- versus ---------------------------------Total purchase cost (not installation) $2,763 $17,630 $17,800 $15,089 $22,680


• Matt Blanchard, Daedre Craig, Nate DuRussel, Fumiko Kohyama, Qingwu Meng, and Cathy Whitman (MSU Floriculture)

• Horticulture and lighting companies and granting agencies that financially support MSU Floriculture research, especially:

Acknowledgments

New Book on Plant Lighting

• Updated and expanded from 2004 Lighting Up Profitsbook edited by Fisher and Runkle

• 18 chapters, 20 chapter authors, edited by Lopez and Runkle

• Published by Meister Media (parent company of Greenhouse Grower)

• Available in print and digital versions this fall

www.flor.hrt.msu.edu/lighting

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