technology needs assessments report
TRANSCRIPT
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
TECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASSESSMENTS REPORT
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
April 2013
Supported by
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Technology Needs Assessments Report - Climate Change Adaptation
Vientiane, April 2013 Editors: Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change Advisors: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Country Coordination: Department of National Disaster Management and Climate Change National consultant: Kaisone Phengsopha Water Sector Contributors: Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forest Resources Management, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry National Disaster Management Committee Secretariat Office, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare Faculty of Forestry, National University of Laos Mekong River Commission Agriculture Sector Contributors: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Livestock and Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forest Resources Management, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Department of Land Management, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos International Rice Research Institute Supporting team: Work Group of Department of Energy Management, Ministry of Energy and Mining; Renewable Energy Research Institute, Ministry of Science and Technology; Urban Planning Department and Public Work and Transport Research Institute, Ministry of Public Work and Transport; Ministry of Planning and Investment; Ministry of Industry and Commerce; Ministry of Finance; National Economic Research Institute; Ministry of Planning and Investment; Water Resources and Environment Research Institute; Faculty of Environmental Science, National University of Laos
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DISCLAIMER This document is an output of the Technology Needs Assessment project, funded by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and
the UNEP-Risoe Centre (URC) in collaboration with the Regional Centre Asian Institute of Technology,
Bangkok for the benefit of the participating countries. The present report is the output of a fully country-
led process and the views and information contained herein are a product of the National TNA team, led
by the National Disaster Management and Climate Change of the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment.
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Contents
Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 4
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 6
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................................................................... 8
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13
1. 1 About the TNA project .......................................................................................................... 13
1.2 Existing national policies about climate change adaptation and development priorities ........... 14
Chapter2. Institutional arrangement for the TNA and the stakeholders’ involvement .............................. 19
2.1 National TNA team ................................................................................................................ 20
2.2 Stakeholder Engagement Process followed in TNA – Overall assessment ............................... 21
Chapter3. Sector selection ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 An Overview of expected climate change, vulnerability and impacts ...................................... 23
3.2 Process, criteria and results of sector selection ........................................................................ 28
Chapter 4. Technology prioritization for water sector ............................................................................. 31
4.1 The vulnerability and impacts of the climate change on the water sector ................................. 32
4.2 Existing adaptation technologies in the water sector ............................................................... 32
4.3 An overview of possible adaptation technology options in water sector .................................. 39
4.4 Process, criteria of technology prioritization in the water sector .............................................. 40
4.5 Results of technology prioritization for water sector ............................................................... 44
Chapter 5. Technology prioritization for agriculture sector..................................................................... 45
5.1 Climate change vulnerability and impact on the agriculture sector .......................................... 46
5.2 Existing adaptation technologies of agriculture sector ............................................................. 47
5.3 An overview of possible adaptation technology options in agriculture sector .......................... 49
5.4 Process and criteria for technology prioritization in the agriculture sector ............................... 50
5.5 Results of adaptation technology prioritization in the agriculture sector .................................. 54
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Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................... 56
List of References.................................................................................................................................. 60
Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 61
Annex 1: List of key stakeholders involved in the TNA process ................................................... 61
Annex 2: the priority adaptation projects in the NAPA ................................................................. 64
Annex 3: List of key stakeholders involved in the inception and sector selection workshop .......... 67
Annex 4: List of key stakeholders involved in the technology prioritization workshop ................. 70
Annex 5: Sensitivity analysis of the criteria and score of technologies .......................................... 74
Annex 6: Technology Factsheets for selected technologies ........................................................... 83
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List of Figures
Figure 1 Organization arrangement structure for TNA project implementation. ...................................... 19
Figure 2: Impacts of floods and drought in Lao PDR from 1966 to 1995 (modified from NAPA, 2009) . 25
Figure 3: Histogram of Sensitivity and Exposure Index (SEI) of the Lao PDR (MoNRE, 2012) ............. 26
Figure 4: Weighting of the criteria ......................................................................................................... 42
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List of Tables
Table 1: Rain-fed rice fields impacted by flood (1996-2005) in hectares (ha). Severe drought occurred in
1998 to 2003 ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 2: Climate change impacting human health from 2001 to 2005 ..................................................... 26
Table 3: Climate change and health risks ............................................................................................... 27
Table 4: Climate change impacting for human health from 2001 to 2005 ............................................... 28
Table 5: The criteria for technology prioritization .................................................................................. 29
Table 6: Result of the sector selection .................................................................................................... 30
Table 7: Edited existing technology and categorization .......................................................................... 33
Table 8: the adaptation technology options in water sector ..................................................................... 39
Table 9: Ten Technology Options .......................................................................................................... 41
Table 10: The criteria for technology prioritization ................................................................................ 41
Table 11: The results of the scoring of technology prioritization for water sector ................................... 43
Table 12: Adaptation technology options and categorization in the agriculture sector ............................. 49
Table 13: Results of the scoring of the adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector ......................... 51
Table 14: results of the scoring of technology prioritization for agriculture sector .................................. 53
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
AIT Asian Institute of Technology
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DNDMCC Department of National Disaster Management and Climate Change
EST Environmentally Sound Technology
FNC First National Communication on Climate Change to the UNFCCC
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LDC Least Developed Country
LUCF Land Use Change and Forestry
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MEM Ministry of Energy and Mining
MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment
MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce
MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Lao PDR
MPWT Ministry of Public Work and Transport
MRC Mekong River Commission
NAFRI National Agriculture and Forest Research Institute
NUOL National University of Laos
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SNC Second National Communication to on Climate Change the UNFCCC
TAP Technology Action Plan
TNA Technology Needs Assessments
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
URC UNEP Risoe Centre
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Executive Summary
The technology needs assessment for climate change adaptation includes selection of the priority sector
and technologies for adaptation of greenhouse gas. The sector selection and technology prioritization was
carried out through review of the status and trend of climate change vulnerability and impact in different
sectors, existing adaptation technologies and stakeholders consultation together with the use of multi-
criteria and scoring for prioritization. The review of the climate change vulnerability and impact status
and trends including existing adaptation technologies mainly focussed on assessment and summary of the
climate change vulnerability and impact and technologies described in the First and Second National
Communication on Climate Change-FNC and SNC (STEA, 2000 and MoNRE, 2012), National
Adaptation Programme of Action (WREA, 2009), Strategy on the Climate Change of the Lao PDR-SCC
(WREA, 2010), National Socioeconomic Development Plan of the Lao PDR 2011-2015 (MPI, 2011)
development plans1 of different sector including information on the adaptation technologies elsewhere
such as IPCC Assessment Report (IPCC, 2007), handbook2 and website3. The stakeholder consultation
particularly sector selection and technology prioritization workshops were held in February and May
2012 which were participated by public sector, research institutions, academic and international
organizations. In total not less than 24 departments or organizations and 35 participants participated. The
multi-criteria which wereapplied in the sector and technology prioritization are broadly divided into four
main categories namely adaptation potential, economic, social and environment benefits. These criteria
are mainly originated from the criteria recommended in Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) handbook
(UNDP and UNFCCC, 2010) but they were edited and elaborated particularly in theselector selection and
technology prioritization workshops. In the prioritization of the sector and technology, those criteria were
weighted and scored based on the multi-criteria techniques (Communities and Local Government, 2009).
Through the stakeholder process involving scoring on the criteria based on expert judgments; two sectors
and eight technologies are chosen as priority sectors and technologies needs for climate change adaptation
respectively. The sectors are water and agriculture sector and eight technologies, four technologies each
for water and agriculture sector were summarized as follows:
Adaptation technologies for water sector:
1 For example: Water Resource Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR (WREA, 2010) and Agriculture Development to the
year 2020 for agriculture sector (MAF, 2011) etc. 2 For handbook on the Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: the Water Sector (UNEP, 2011)
3For example: http://climatetechwiki.org/
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Four adaptation technologies for water sector consist of Early Warning System, Disaster Impact
Reduction Fund, Climate Change Oriented Irrigation and Water Supply System.
Early Warning System:
is pre-requisite for flood prevention. It involved with setting up system weather forecast, modeling of
discharge, water gauges, information dissemination tools provide the information to society or
community including enhancement of readiness or preparedness and recovery plan for minimizing
impacts that would be caused by extreme event including flood. This technology is practiced in Laos
years ago by different stakeholders but it is not systematically functioning due to shortage of financial
support, knowledge and skills on the system including equipments and tools. However it is priority of the
country as defined on the socioeconomic development plan 2011-2015 (MPI, 2011), Strategy on Climate
Change of the Lao PDR (WREA, 2010), National Disaster Management Master Plan and so son. With
system in place, it is expected that the impacts which may result from disasters particularly flood
including flash flood could be minimized; leading prevention property and life of the people from losses.
Disaster Impact Reduction Fund:
To complement the early warning system, disaster management fund or impact reduction fund should be
established. Previously fund for recovery after disasters were insufficient as mobilization of fund was on
the ad hoc basis and lack of fund mobilization mechanism; leading the flood impacts are prolonged and or
chronic. So a specific and ready fund is needed for increase effectiveness of the prevention and handling
with such disaster in timely manner. The disaster fund management should include fund raising and
management mechanism, responsible organizations and networks in all level, from central to village.
With such fund and mechanism in place, it is expected that impacts that would result from disasters
particularly flood including flash flood could be largely minimized while adaptive capacity can be
enhanced.
River Basin or Watershed Management:
The river basin or watershed is of significance for environment and socioeconomic development
including climate change adaptation. To sustain water resource and ensure environment and
socioeconomic development, practical tools should be in place. Recently, Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) which embedded participatory techniques and multi-disciplinary approach is
developed and perceived as a key tool for realize such sustainability including climate change adaptation.
Similarly, strategy on water resources management of Laos also defined to apply IWRM for all river
basin and watershed management. Till now, there are some initiatives on the application of IWRM
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particularly for Nam Ngum and Nam Theun-Kading river basin. In addition, by 2015, at least 5 river
basins such as Sebangfai, Sebanghieng, Sekong, Sedone and Nam Ouwill be completed its IWRM and
management committee. So prioritization of this technology means support for implementation of water
resources policy including food and nutrition security, pervert reduction, environmental, renewable
energy development, climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Water Supply System:
The water supply system means set of water reservoir and supply system such as Nampapa and gravity
water supplies including water use group and management mechanism. Currently, only 77 percent of
people have access to clean water and 54 have access to sanitary toilets (MPI 2011), so to realize targets
defined in the MDG, Laos needs more investment in this area and design the system in the climate change
context. So prioritization of this water supply system in TNA is expected to enhance investment,
management mechanism and water supply system as well as increase access to clean water of Lao people
including health and sanitation improvement.
Adaptation technologies for agriculture sector:
Throughout the prioritization process particularly the scoring against criteriaand consultation of the
stakeholders; four technologies which received highest scores are selected as priority technology needs
for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector. Those technologies are:
1) Livestock disease prevention and control;
2) Agricultural Development Subsidy Mechanism;
3) Climate Resilient Rural Infrastructure and
4) Crop Diversification.
Livestock disease prevention and control:
Livestock is one of foundation of socioeconomic and livelihood of farmers. Recently disease outbreak has
become a challenge for Lao farmers and also government. Every year impacts caused by diseases lead to
loses of productivity, income, uncertain food security and negative impacts on human health. The changes
of climate are anticipated to exacerbate the situation due to increasing temperatures which can support the
expansion of vector populations and thereby risk of diseases into cooler areas. Therefore, livestock
disease prevention and control which covers management of livestock import and transportation,
monitoring and control of diseases outbreaks, developing and improving antibiotics, vaccines and
diagnostic tools, evaluation of ethnotherapeutic options, and vector control techniques including
improvement of livestock health are of important for enhancement of adaptive capacity to changing
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climate and ensuring productivity including minimization of economic losses, environmental and human
health impacts.
Agricultural development subsidy mechanism:
It is the fact that the key obstacle of the development in Laos associates with adequate and effective
subsidy and financial support. As of now, the agriculture subsidy and insurance is not well-established or
sustainable. The production under changes of climate and its related disaster can add more risks for
farmers and stakeholders. So, agricultural development subsidy mechanism including insurance against
crop loss and market fails is pre-requisite for agriculture development of Laos. The subsidy mechanism in
this context include agricultural subsidy, development fund and or easy credits, insurance for production
failure not only because of climate change, flood or drought but also due to failure of market and
production technology that particularly beyond farmer’s capacity to handle. Without this mechanism in
place, Laos may not be able to realize its policies and targets on agriculture production, development of
agricultural based industry process, improvement of people livelihood and poverty reduction timely.
Climate resilient rural infrastructure:
The agriculture development is beyond dependence on fertile land, water, weather and cultivation
technologies. The infrastructure such as irrigation networks, road, warehouse, transportation, and markets
system is also critical factor for the development particularly quality, durable and tolerance to changing
climate and disaster. This infrastructure is insufficient and or poor conditions particularly in the rural area.
Although the rural infrastructure is the priority of the government due to limited financial resource, the
development is slowly going. So if investment is not taken place sufficiently and effectively, agriculture
development and adapting to climate change can be at risk or ineffective; lead to loss of production as
well as economics and quality of life of farmers.
Crop Diversification:
The crop diversification is fundamental for agriculture development and conservation of biodiversity.
Despite it is in the initial stage of development and numbers of efforts are needed to research, develop and
deploy such technology in order to effectively contribution to sustainable productivity including climate
change resilience and conservation of biodiversity.
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Chapter 1. Introduction
1. 1 About the TNA project
The current Global Technology Needs Assessments (TNA) project is implemented under the Poznan
Strategic Program on Technology Transfer and is supporting 36 countries, and one of them is Lao PDR.
The project is funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implemented by the United Nations
Environment Programme and UNEP Risoe Centre (URC) and technical support is provided by the Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT). The objective of the project is to help to carry out improved Technology
Needs Assessments within the framework of the UNFCCC. The project is being implemented in two
rounds, with 15 countries engaged in the first round and the remaining 21 countries in the second round.
Lao PDR as a second round country started the project in June 2011 and scheduled to complete in
February 2013. The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE) is responsible for the
execution of the project in the country. However, there are number of ministries and organizations
involved and Chapter 2 will dwell on the in-country institutional structure created to implement the
project.
The purpose of the TNA project is to assist participant developing country Parties to identify and analyze
priority technology needs, which can form the basis for a portfolio of environmentally sound technology
(EST) projects and programmes to facilitate the transfer of, and access to, the ESTs and know-how in the
implementation of Article 4.5 of the UNFCCC Convention. Hence TNAs are central to the work of
Parties to the Convention on technology transfer and present an opportunity to track an evolving need for
new equipment, techniques, practical knowledge and skills, which are necessary to mitigate GHG
emissions and/or reduce the vulnerability of sectors and livelihoods to the adverse impacts of climate
change. The main objectives of the project are:
- To identify and prioritize through country-driven participatory processes, technologies
that can contribute to adaptation and adaptation goals of the participant countries, while
meeting their national sustainable development goals and priorities (TNA);
- To identify barriers hindering the acquisition, deployment, and diffusion of prioritized
technologies;
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- To develop Technology Action Plans (TAP) specifying activities and enabling
frameworks to overcome the barriers and facilitate the transfer, adoption, and diffusion of
selected technologies in the participant countries.
1.2 Existing national policies about climate change adaptation and development priorities
Key existing national policies on climate change adaptation include the overall strategies and plan on the
adaptation; specific strategies and plans on climate change adaptation of vulnerable sectors such as water
resources, agriculture, health and disaster; and other relevant strategies and plans that also aim at
addressing climate change impacts and or enhance adaptation capacity.
The overall strategies and plan on the adaptation include the National Adaptation Programme of Action
(WREA, 2009) and the Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR (WREA, 2010).
The NAPA, as a consequence of the COP 7 under UNFCCC in 2001 and recognition of Lao government
on the challenge of adapting to climate change, was developed and completed in 2009 by the leading of
Water Resources and Environment Administration (nowadays Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment) and support from relevant ministries and organizations. The NAPA identified 45 priority
projects on climate change adaptation; covering four main sectors namely agriculture, forestry, water and
water resources, and public health. Of which 13 projects are under the agriculture sector; 14 projects are
under forestry sector, 10 projects are under water sector and 8 projects in the public health sector. Out of
45 priority projects; 12project proposals were categorized as first priority and the rest 33 projects are in
the priority two. The priority projects are as in the annex 2.
The Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR (SCC) is the key policy which specifically aims to
provide guidance for climate change adaptation and mitigation of the country in a way that promotes
sustainable development. It was developed with the leading of Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (MONRE) and endorsed by Prime Ministers’ Office in 2010. This strategy defined
directions and specific measures for seven sectors on climate change adaptation and six sectors on climate
change mitigation. Those adaptation sectors are (1) agriculture and food security, (2) forestry and land use
change, (3) water resources, (4) energy and transport, (5) industry, (6) urban development and (7) public
health while mitigation excluded health sector. The key measures include:
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• Mainstreaming climate change into the 7th National Socio-Economic Development Plan
(NSEDP) 2011-2015 (Lao PDR, 2010) as well as sectoral strategies, programmes and projects;
• Strengthen international partnerships and network for capacity building and development and
transfer of technology to support the adaptation and low-carbon growth;
• Enhance capacity as a priority for government agencies, technical institutions, the private sector
and local communities to be able to carry out appropriately climate change mitigation and
adaptation;
• Enhance synergy and complement in development and implementation of mitigation and
adaptation in order to maximize benefits;
• Build the innovative financial mechanism that lead ensure financial support and investment for
implementation of mitigation and adaptation action plans;
• Increase awareness, education and community participation in order to mobilize and realize
effective climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Recently there are some specific climate change adaptation strategies of vulnerable sector such as climate
change adaptation strategy of health sector and disaster master plan. However, to great extend, the
agriculture, water resources and forestry sectoral strategies included directions and measures on climate
change adaptation.
Climate change adaptation in health sector formulated in 2009 recognizes the risk and challenges to
overcome health risks associates with changing climate. Therefore, it identified 6 main objectives and
strategies to address such risks and challenges. Those objectives and strategies are:
1. Conduct research on human health in light of climate change: this includes identification of a
scope of research/study, data and Information development and management;
2. Control of water, food, vector, rodent borne diseases and health care waste management: by
provision of safe drinking water and improve sanitation, strengthen food sanitation, control
malaria, dengue and rodent, promotion of hygiene practices and strengthen health care waste
management;
3. Strengthen health education and communication, and empower people to take actions to
reduce individual and community vulnerability to climate changes: this links with the
objective and strategies 1 but more emphasis on education and awareness raising;
4. Establish, improve, and maintain mechanisms for surveillance and monitoring of climate-
related illness, vulnerabilities, protective factors, and adaptive capacities: includes
identification of vulnerable people and health risk, establishment of plan/warning system,
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monitoring system including surveillance of vector populations, monitoring & reporting of
diseases incidences including skin and eye incidences, improve post-disaster surveillance and
health promotion;
5. Improve the medical intervention: especially adjust work schedules to avoid heat-stress
exposure, establish emergency response plans during heat waves (e.g. by increasing staff & beds
in hospitals), improve and maintain public health preparedness and emergency response including
tools for local public health facilities to provide rapid health needs, preparation of vaccines and
drugs, offering immunization programs and provision of healthcare professionals with
information and tools to assist people at risk;
6. Work in partnership with other agencies for infrastructure development: especially maintain
standards of health service systems, laboratory diagnosis facilities, increase shaded areas in cities
and public places, provide accessible public drinking fountains in outdoor public places and
accessible air conditioned public facilities and shelters.
The National Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Management to 2020, formulated in 2003, defined four
strategies and six specific objectives for disaster management. Those strategies are (1) safeguarding
sustainable development and reducing the impacts and damages caused by natural and manmade
disasters; (2) shifting the focus from relief to mitigation of disaster impacts on communities, society and
the economy to preparedness and post recovery with emphasis on hazards such as floods, drought,
landslides and fires; (3) ensuring that disaster management is a joint responsibility of both the
Government and the people, through building of community capacities; and (4) promoting sustainable
protection of the environment and the country’s natural wealth, including forests, land and water
resources.
The specific objectives and actions are described as below:
(1) Ensuring that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority. by(a) Formulate policies and
legislation in support of disaster risk reduction; (b) Create and strengthen a national disaster risk reduction
coordination mechanism or platform; (c) Integrate disaster risk reduction into national development
policies and planning such as NSEDP; and (d) Allocate appropriate resources for DRR at the national,
provincial and community levels.
(2) Strengthening sub-national and community-based disaster risk management. by
(a)Decentralizing responsibilities and resources for DRR; (b) Promoting implementation of community-
based DRR programmes; and (c) Developing a National Disaster Management Plan that supports
activities at provincial, district and village levels.
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(3) Identifying, assessing and monitoring hazard risks and enhance early warning. by (a) Conducting
periodic national and local risk assessments to ensure that timely response mechanisms are developed;
(b) Establishing and maintaining a disaster management information system; (c) Developing and
maintaining a multi-hazard early warning system; (d) Collaborating with international and regional
disaster risk reduction stakeholders; and (e) Establishing and operationalizing Emergency Operations
Centres at national and sub-national levels.
(4) Using innovative knowledge and education to build a culture of safety and resilience. by (a)
Establishing mechanisms for information exchange and networking; (b) Promoting disaster risk
management education and training; (c) Promoting gender and cultural sensitivity training as integral
components of disaster risk management; (d) Undertaking DRR technical and scientific research; and (e)
promoting public awareness of hazards, risks and mitigation strategies.
(5) Mainstreaming DRR strategies into policies and programmes of relevant Government
Ministries. by (a) Promoting food security to enhance community resilience; (b) Integrating DRR and
response preparedness planning into all sectors of relevant Government Ministries; (c) Promoting
appropriate structural and non-structural mitigation measures into national building codes; and (d)
Developing innovative financial instruments for addressing disaster risks.
(6) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. by (a) Strengthening national
and sub-national capacities for preparedness and response; (b) Developing coordinated regional
operational mechanisms for emergencies exceeding national coping capacities; (c) Preparing and
periodically updating disaster preparedness and contingency planning; and (d) Establishing emergency
funds at national and local levels.
Furthermore, there are other relevant strategies and plans that also covers the climate change adaption
such as Environment Strategy to 2020 and Action Plan 2011-2015(STEA, 2004) and The Forestry
Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR (MAF, 2005).
The National Environment Strategy until 2020 and Action Plan 2006-2010 (NES-AP) was formulated in
2004.This strategy focused on overall environmental management and sustainability which is a
fundamental for climate change adaptation. The key areas of focused included (1) sustainable
management and utilization of natural resources; (2) promotion and enforcement of environmental and
social impact assessments; (3) institutional and capacity building; (4) private sector involvement in
environmental protection, restoration, and sustainable use of natural resources; (5) promotion of
investment in and establishment of financial mechanisms for environmental protection and management;
(6) strengthening of regional and international cooperation.
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The Forestry Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR(MAF,2005), endorsed in 2005, aims at promoting
sustainable forest resource management and use which is also a means for climate change adaptation. The
defined vision in the strategy envisaged to comprise extensive and scientifically well-managed forests and
forest resources, managed with the wider participation of society and international cooperation. Such
resources would provide socioeconomic benefits to local communities; enhance environmental quality;
and promote biodiversity, ecosystem and water resources conservation, as well as sustainable growth of
the agriculture, industrial, ecotourism and hydropower sectors. In line with this, nine key programmes of
action were proposed:
1) Land and forest use;
2) Production forest;
3) Non-timber forest products;
4) Tree plantation development;
5) Harvest/logging plans and royalties;
6) Wood processing industry;
7) Biodiversity conservation;
8) Protection forest and watershed management;
9) Village land and forest management.
Implementing these programmes effectively is expected to stabilize forest cover at about 70 percent of
total land by 2020; to ensure a sustainable flow of forest products for domestic consumption and export;
to preserve important biodiversity and unique habitats; to conserve the environment, including soil,
watersheds and climate; and ultimately, to contribute to improved livelihoods, revenue and foreign
exchange earnings, thereby increasing direct and indirect employment.
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Chapter2. Institutional arrangement for the TNA and the
stakeholders’ involvement
The organizations involved with the implementation of the TNA project can be divided into five main
groups;1) steering committee, 2) project management team, 3) technical working group, 4) partners and
technical advisor and 5) other stakeholders. The groups’ arrangement structure is as shown in the Figure1;
the roles and responsibilities of each group are described in the section 2.1anddetail of engagement
process is in the section 2.2 respectively.
Figure 1 Organization arrangement structure for TNA project implementation.
AIT Asian Institute of Technology
DDMCC Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change
Mass Org Mass Organizations
MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment
NGO Non-Government Organization
TNA Technology Needs Assessments
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
URC UNEP Risoe Centre
UNEP/URC
AIT
Project Coordinator
(DDMCC)Relevant Public
Sectors
Other Stakeholders (Mass org, Private,
NGOs…)
Consultants
Project Support
Mitigation Adaption
TNA Steering Committee
Chair (MoNRE)
Members (relevant ministries)
Secretariat (DDMCC)
Technical Working Group
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2.1 National TNA team
As mentioned earlier the TNA project team included project steering committee, project management
team, technical working group, partner and advisory, and other stakeholders.
The steering committee is a group of senior and decision making staffs members who were officially
nominated for overseeing the project. The committee is chaired by Vice Minister of MONRE and most of
committee members are from public organizations particularly MONRE, relevant ministries which mainly
were former committee for development of the strategy on climate change and second national
communication on climate change (SNC). The main roles and responsibilities of this committee is to
overall oversee the implementation of the project, policy alignment and advice, approval the TNA reports
including the prioritized sectors and technologies.
The project management team, in general, is Department of National Disaster Management and Climate
Change (NDMCC), MoNRE and the overall role and responsibility of this team is to coordinate,
implement the TNA project and reporting to the steering committee and UNEP Risoe Centre. The
members of the team include the project director, coordination, support staff and consultants who
assigned and recruited by the MONRE. The project director is the director of the NDMCC whom main
role is to supervises the team. The coordinator is senior staff of the NDMCC and IPCC focal point,
responsible for both technical and administrative tasks on daily basis on the facilitation and
implementation of the project including working with consultants and coordination with UNEP-Risoe
Centre, the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) and Technical Working Group and Stakeholders. The
support staff are administrative staff of the NDMCC responsible for administrative and financial
including arrangements of the workshop while the consultant, who was recruited based on selection
procedures of MONRE including consultation process with key member of the steering committee and
partners, is taking roles and responsibilities on the provision the TNA teams with the process-related and
methodological/technical advisory services and facilitation including research, analysis and synthesis
needed for the project.
The established technical working group is mainly from same sectors with the steering committees. The
roles and responsibilities of the group are to provide technical support particularly ensuring alignment
between the prioritized sectors and technologies and their sectoral strategies and or plans, assistance in
collecting and providing data relevant to their sectors including technical review and feedback on the
TNA reports.
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The UNEP-Risoe Centre and Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) is technical advisory body who
provides technical support including training, revision and quality control of the TNA report in order to
meet the report requirements of the UNEP as well as GEF.
Other stakeholders consist of wide range of organizations, international organizations, private,
educational and research institutes and NGO. This group are involved in the project based on their
relevance, requirements of MONRE/TNA project and also voluntary. This group is engaged to share the
experiences, data, advices and feedbacks including on decision on the sector and technology
prioritization.
Annex 1 provides the list of project teams and their belonged ministries and organization.
2.2 Stakeholder Engagement Process followed in TNA – Overall assessment
The stakeholder engagement is key element of the TNA project’s success. However, engagement of all
stakeholders may not possible or ineffective and inefficient. So this project focused on engagement of
only key stakeholders and stakeholder arrangement in project’s activity implementation.
The key stakeholders were identified based on their relevance, influence, impacts, voluntary and
performance on climate change mitigation, adaptation including mitigation, adaptation technology. As a
result, there were 36 organizations; from public, private, international organizations, projects and
individual participated in the project. Detail of stakeholders was in the Annex 1. Their participation in the
project included project planning, implementation and reporting. During the planning phase, the
stakeholders were taking part in particularly inception workshop which project’s activity plan was
presented, discussed and validated. During project implementation, the stakeholders particularly
participated in the prioritisation of the sector and technology on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
During reporting the stakeholders involved with report review and validation.
22
Picture 1: Inception and sector selection workshop in February 2012
Picture 2: Technology prioritization workshop in May 2012
Chapter3. Sector selection
In overall the selection of sector for climate change adaptations was also conducted through literature
review of climate change vulnerability and impacts on different sectors in the country, initial sector
identification and then selection of sectors through consultation with stakeholders.
23
The review of climate change vulnerability and impacts was mainly conducted by consultant with support
from the project management team. The review, based on the available and accessible data, covered
review of the climate change vulnerability and impact in Laos in order to gain insight about the expected
climate and vulnerable sectors which helps initial identification of priority sector for adaptation. Detail of
the expected climate change in Laos and vulnerable sectors are presented in the section 3.1.
The initial sector identification was similarly conducted by consultant with consultation and support from
the project management team. This initial sector identification is to scope or screen critical sector that is
susceptive to changing climate and required immediate adaptation. The identification based on the results
of the review presented in the section 3.1 and focussed on the key sectors required for climate change
adaptation that recommended in national climate change policies, plans of Laos and IPCC. The initial
identified sectors were partly described in the section 3.1.4 and used as reference for stakeholder
consultation and decision on sector selection in the TNA inception and sector selection workshop which
described in the section 3.2.
The selection of sectors was taken place in the TNA inception and sector selection workshop and
employed multi-criteria and scoring including expert judgement for assessment and selection of the key
sector for climate change adaptation respectively. Detail of process and criteria including result of the
sector selection is described in the section 3.2
3.1 An Overview of expected climate change, vulnerability and impacts
Currently, there is limited research on climate change, vulnerability and impacts in Laos. This is due to
lack of historical climatic data, financial and human resources for research. However, previous study and
assessment such as by Southeast Asia START (SEA START) (2005), Kiem et al (2008), World Food
Programme (2007) including observation in the NAPA (2009), Strategy to Climate Change of the Lao
PDR and SNC (2012) indicated some aspects of climate change, vulnerability and impacts.
The SEA START (2005) predicted that future temperature change in the LMB region will vary from
baseline condition within the range of 1 ºC ~ 2ºC;the region will have longer summer periods with shorter
winters. The precipitation is on the rising trend between 10% and 30% throughout the region, with the
highest increase in the eastern and southern part of the Lao PDR. Climate variability tends to be more
extreme with wider differences in precipitation between dry and wet years, especially in the Lao PDR. In
24
addition, such as SEA START study also predicted climate change impact on agriculture with the use of
Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and Decision Support System for Agro Technology
Transfers (DSSAT version 4.0) crop modeling software and a result indicated that 10 percent of
productivity would be lost in Savanakhet province under CO2 concentration of 540 ppm scenarios.
Kiem et al, (2008) reported that the result of the use of Japan Meteorological Agency atmospheric general
circulation model (JMA AGCM) for production of climate scenarios in the Mekong River basin showed
that the annual mean precipitation will increase in the 21st century (2080–2099) by 4.2 percent averaged
across the basin, with the majority of this increase occurring over the northern MRB (i.e. China). Annual
mean temperatures are also projected to increase by approximately 2.6 ºC(averaged across the MRB),
leading to significant changes in the hydrology of the Mekong River basin. In addition, all Mekong River
basin sub-basins will experience an increase in the number of wet days in the ‘future’, magnitude and
frequency of extreme events such as flood while there is likelihood of reduction of droughts/low flow
periods though water extraction would be at a sustainable level.
A study by World Food Program (2007) predicted that 46 percent of the rural population in Lao PDR are
vulnerable to drought, most of whom are located in the lowlands, especially in the Southern regions and
in the provinces of Xayabury and Luangprabang. Of which, most households vulnerable to drought are
farmers or (agricultural)unskilled laborers, 12 percent of agro-pastoralists are also considered vulnerable
to drought; leading 2 percent of the population were already chronically food insecure.
According to the Joint Study Team including MAF,WREA, IUCN, ADPC and PAFO, climate change is
likely to enhance the severity and frequency of flood and drought in the future. Floods will increase
during the rainy season and drought will increase during the dry season (Report of the Joint Study Team
including MAF, STEA, IUCN, ADPC,PAFO of Attapeu, January 2005).
According to the data recorded, Lao PDR has already faced the impacts of climate change, particularly
from floods, droughts and human health. Basically, over 80 percent of Lao people depend closely on the
agriculture practice and natural forest resources sectors for their livelihoods. However, the data reviewed
has shown that from 1966 to 2005, climate change causing floods and drought, which affect extreme
economics, food security and background infrastructure, example, houses, roads and irrigations value in
millions of USD (UNDP 2009). Flooding disaster impacted the central and southern parts of Laos,
especially in year 2005, with losses amounting to more than 10 million UA$ in Vientiane (UNDP 2009).
Furthermore, the areas of rain-fed rice fields destroyed by flooding were over 65,937 ha in 1995, 67,500
25
ha in 1996, 42,900 in 2000, 42,223 ha in 2001, and 57,300 ha in 2005. In 2005 and 2006, paddy rice field
irrigation systems damaged by flooding costed over 5 million USD. The climate change affecting to
flood and drought in Laos not only impacts to the economics of Lao people, but it is also affected directly
for rice production shortage and increasing hunger and poverty to Lao people, some detailed data for
floods and drought are shown in Table 1.
The climate change impacts not only the Lao economy, agriculture products and livelihoods, but it also
creates a public health hazard for both direct and indirect ways to people. For the indirect way, floods
and drought which causing from climate change impact to the human health by spreading diseases
through dirty water flooded and drought to the people, especially from the people up stream to lower
stream. The diseases that usually occur are small pox, malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, dengue fever and
pneumonia. The UNDP report in 2009 stated that in year 2005 there were more than 10,000 cases of
diseases were recorded causing by the climate change causing for flash flooding and droughts (Table 2).
Table 1: Rain-fed rice fields impacted by flood (1996-2005) in hectares (ha). Severe drought occurred in 1998 to 2003
Regions 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Northern 1,215 255 161 20 240 1,810 207 357 620
Central 42,350 26,370 4,792 29,420 30,193 24,151 607 13,078 44,120
Southern 23,981 6,750 3,549 13,460 11,790 8,103 - 960 9,900
Total: 67,546 33,375 8,502 42,900 42,223 34,064 814 14,395 54,640
Source: modified from NAPA, 2009
Figure 2: Impacts of floods and drought in Lao PDR from 1966 to 1995 (modified from NAPA, 2009)
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1987 1988 1989
Cos
t of i
mpa
cts
(US
D)
Flood Drougth
Table 2: Climate change impacting human health from 2001 to 2005
Disease 2001
Case Death
unidentified dysentery
899 0
Diarrhoea 2,941 15
dengue fever
3,968 3
malaria 246,844 244
pneumonia 2,431 142
smallpox 1,361 20
Modified from (NAPA, 2009)
A study in relation to the vulnerability to climate change in Laos(2012) was developed by aggregating indices for vulnerability and adaptive capacity which are called Sensitivity and Exposure index (SEI) and Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI). These aggregated indices are used to reflect the vulnerability and adaptive capacity levemore vulnerable the village (MoNRE,
Figure 3: Histogram of Sensitivity and Exposure Index (SEI) of the Lao PDR (MoNRE, 2012)
The result shows high vulnerability to the of Laos have more than one-fourth of villages that are highly sensitive and expose to extreme climate. Only Champasak and Vientiane capital have small proportion of villages having exposed to thMoreover, over 75 percent of Lao villages and provinces have low adaptive capacity to climate change and low capacity to cope with related disasters.
: Climate change impacting human health from 2001 to 2005
2002 2003 2004
Case Death Case Death Case Death
959 1 790 1 879
2,042 3 1,572 7 1,761
9,176 21 19,638 63 3,414
267,454 195 274,911 187 53,808
2,645 133 2,798 160 3,206
1,237 0 1,278 0 1,846
A study in relation to the vulnerability to climate change in Laos for Second National Communication was developed by aggregating indices for vulnerability and adaptive capacity which are called
Sensitivity and Exposure index (SEI) and Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI). These aggregated indices are used to reflect the vulnerability and adaptive capacity levels of villages in Laos, the higher the SEI, the
MoNRE, 2012).
: Histogram of Sensitivity and Exposure Index (SEI) of the Lao PDR (MoNRE, 2012)
The result shows high vulnerability to the change of climate. As shown in Figure 3fourth of villages that are highly sensitive and expose to extreme climate.
Only Champasak and Vientiane capital have small proportion of villages having exposed to thMoreover, over 75 percent of Lao villages and provinces have low adaptive capacity to climate change and low capacity to cope with related disasters.
26
: Climate change impacting human health from 2001 to 2005
2005
Death Case Death
0 - -
10 - -
10 5,471 13
105 30,341 77
185 3,809 154
7 - -
for Second National Communication was developed by aggregating indices for vulnerability and adaptive capacity which are called
Sensitivity and Exposure index (SEI) and Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI). These aggregated indices are ls of villages in Laos, the higher the SEI, the
: Histogram of Sensitivity and Exposure Index (SEI) of the Lao PDR (MoNRE, 2012)
gure 3, nearly all provinces fourth of villages that are highly sensitive and expose to extreme climate.
Only Champasak and Vientiane capital have small proportion of villages having exposed to the change. Moreover, over 75 percent of Lao villages and provinces have low adaptive capacity to climate change
27
Agriculture and health are the key sectors exposed to the impact of the change, especially, flood, drought and disease epidemic. In agriculture sector, the areas of rain-fed rice fields were destroyed by flood in average over 45,000 ha each year between 1995 and 2005. In 2005 and 2006, irrigated paddy field was damaged by flooding with losses over 5 million USD. These negatively affected the rice production causing shortage of rice, increasing hunger and poverty to Lao people (NAPA, 2009). Health sector is one of major concerns to the change of climate. Lao Heath has identified seven significant health concerns related to climate change and shown in Table below: Table 3: Climate change and health risks
No Impact of Climate change
Risk Adaptive capacity
1 Increases in average temperature
Population with heart problem, asthma, the elderly, young and homeless.
No preparation to cope with unexpected heat. No health-care records of heat-related health effects.
2 Extreme weather events such as flood and drought
Death, injure, deceases and mental disorder, water born and vector maborne disease
3 Change in average temperature and rainfall
Vector borne and rodent borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, tick borne, and encephalitis
72% of population are covered by Anti-malaria programs 83.8% of population are protected by impregnated bed nets. But 90% of villages claim malaria as a major health problem.
4 Heavier rainfall events and higher temperatures
-Waterborne diseases such as E.coli, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis-Contamination of drinking water from Flushing bacteria, sewage, fertilizers and other organic waste into water ways and aquifers.
5 Increase in temperatures in summer
Flood born diseases causing diarrhea, illnesses and deaths especially amongst mothers and children
Limited report and research in food born diseases. Limited surveillances of food contamination,
6 Air pollution Respiratory infection
7 UV radiation Exposure to Solar UV can cause cataracts, growth of pterygium, macular degeneration, and eyelid cancers
Sources: modified from Climate Change and Health Adaptation Strategy in Laos (2009)
28
Malalia, Dengue fever and Diarrahea remain problems for Laos from 2001 to 2005 as shown in Table below: Table 4: Climate change impacting for human health from 2001 to 2005
Disease 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Case Death Case Death Case Death Case Death Case Death
Unidentified dysentery
899 0 959 1 790 1 879 0 - -
Diarrhoea 2,941 15 2,042 3 1,572 7 1,761 10 - -
Dengue fever
3,968 3 9,176 21 19,638 63 3,414 10 5471 13
Malaria 246,844 244 267,454 195 274,911 187 53,808 105 30,341 77
Pneumonia 2,431 142 2,645 133 2,798 160 3,206 185 3,809 154
Smallpox 1,361 20 1,237 0 1,278 0 1,846 7 - -
3.2 Process, criteria and results of sector selection
As stated in the earlier of the Chapter 3; the overall sector selection process included the review of the
climate change vulnerability and impact in different sectors, initial sector selection and selection of the
sector with the use of multi-criteria and expert judgement in the TNA inception and sector selection
workshop. However, as the review of the climate change vulnerability and impact in different sectors,
initial sector selection was already mentioned in the sector 3.1 before; this section focused on initial
sector section, the TNA inception and sector selection workshop and applied multi-criteria, scoring
including the results of the sector selection.
As mentioned, the initial sector identification mainly based on key climate change vulnerable sectors that
were recommended in national climate change policies, plans of Laos and by IPCC and it is pre-selection
of sectors in order for stakeholder to discuss and make judgement in the TNA inception and sector
selection workshop. So the initial sector selection was conducted through review and summary of the
climate change vulnerable or adaptation sectors that identified in the National Adaptation Programme of
Action (WREA, 2009), the Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PRD (WREA, 2010), Second National
Communication on Climate Change of the Lao PDR-SNC (MoNRE, 2012) including Fourth IPCC report
(IPCC, 2007). Those identified sectors consisted of agriculture, water resources, public health, forestry,
industry, energy, transportation, urban and residential including their infrastructure.
29
The TNA inception and sector selection consultation workshop was held on 17th February 2012 and
participated by 36 participants representing18 organizations including public, private and international
organizations(Annex 3).Prior to the workshop; the stakeholders were informed about the climate change
vulnerability and impacts of different sectors in Laos as described in the section 3.1;during the workshop,
the stakeholders discussed vulnerable or adaptation sectors defined in the NAPA, SCC, SNC and IPCC
AR4 as well as initial identified sectors mentioned above. In addition, the stakeholders were also
consulted about steps and methodologies for sector selection particularly multi-criteria and application of
the criteria for the selection including judgment of the results.The multi-criteria applied in the
prioritization of the sectors were basically developed and agreed amongst stakeholders with reference of
the criteria recommended in the TNA guidebook (UNDP and UNFCCC, 2010). These criteria cover four
main areas: contribution to GDP, GHGs reduction and sequestration, environmental and social
improvement. Below is the detail of criteria and its description.
Table 5: The criteria for technology prioritization
Category Criteria Description
Cost/investment Cost/investment Sounds cost and preferable technology which also priority for
investment.
Adaptation
potential Adaptation potential
Potential for adaptation including reduction of vulnerability
and impacts while enhancement of adaptive capacity.
Development
Eco
nom
ic b
ene
fits
Yield/Income Enhance economic growth particularly GDP and stability
including create income and increase.
SMEs/MSMEs
Enhance SMEs/MSMEs, growth and diversification
particularly environmentally and social responsibility
enterprise.
Env
iron
me
nta
l ben
efits
Reduce
environmental
negative impacts
and pollution
Covers reduction of environmental negative impacts, pollution
while contribution to environment protection such as protection
of land, water, biodiversity resources and ecosystem.
Soc
ial b
enef
its
Employment Creation of new jobs and employment opportunities including
working conditions such as learning and safety.
Gender equality
Addressing gender gaps and contribution to gender equality
particularly opportunities for gender such as income
generation, , capacity building and employment.
Enhance adaptive
capacity
Particularly health safety, infrastructure, education and
organization strengthening
30
In the selection, based on sector performances, the scores were given to each sector against criteria. The
score ranks from 1 to 5; of which 1 is the least preferred while 5is most preferred. With this, in principle,
the sector that obtains highest score would be selected as priority sector for adaptation. As a result of
stakeholder judgement and scoring; the scores of each sector against criteria can be shown as in theTable
6below.
Table 6: Result of the sector selection
According to the scores in the criteria; the agriculture and water sector were chosen as priority for climate
change adaptation. On the other view, these sectors were selected because of its vulnerability, priority and
significance for the socioeconomic development and environment preservation.
As mentioned, the agriculture sector is a top vulnerable sector which is directly and indirectly affected by
the changes of climate including disasters caused by climate change. While this sector is fundamental
sector for socioeconomic development of Laos and the key employment sector as the majority of Lao
lives in rural area and relies on agriculture and natural resources (UNDP, 2010). For past six years, this
sector contributed about 30 percent of the GDP for the period of 2006to 2010 and it expected that this
level of contribution will continue until 2011-2015 (MPI, 2011).In addition, enhancing climate resilience
of agriculture sector means support implementation of the national strategies and policies as well as
ensuring poverty eradication, food security, rural development, promotion of commercialization of
products, decentralization.
Water sector is also among the key climate change vulnerable sector while it is crucial resource and
critical sector for development of socioeconomics, environment conservation including support
development other sectors. Water resources can be directly and indirectly affected by the changes of
climate such as change of hydrological cycle and ecosystem; leading flood and drought including water
and water resources supply. Impact of the water sector means impact on the socioeconomic development
as Laos’s economy and livelihood are more dependence on water resources such as hydropower,
Sectors/Criteria Environment/ Ecosystem
Contribute Poverty
Reduction/ Livelihoods
Water 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 33 1Agriculture 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 33 1Health 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 26 3Forestry 5 3 5 4 4 3 5 29 2Industry 4 3 2 3 4 2 3 21 5Energy 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 25 4
PriorityContribution to GDP
Most Vulnerable
Employment Existing /Initiative
Social Benefits
Total Score
31
irrigation, water supply, aquatic resources and tourism. Enhance adaptive capacity of this sector would
help ensure economic growth, poverty reduction, livelihood improvement and conservation of ecosystem.
Chapter 4. Technology prioritization for water sector
Similar to sector section process, in overall, the prioritization of adaptation technologies for water sector
were carried out through the review of vulnerability and impact of climate change; identification existing
adaptation technologies in the water sector; initial assessment and selection of technology options; and
then prioritization.
The review of the vulnerability, impact of climate change in the water sector included the literature
review of the vulnerability, impacts from previous studies and assessment such as study and assessment
of climate change and impact in the Mekong region of SEA START, in the First and Second National
Communication-FNC and SNC(STEA, 2000; MoNRE, 2012), National Adaptation Programme of Action
(WREA, 2010), Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR–SCC (MoNRE, 2010),Water Resources
Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR (WREA, 2011) and Master Plan on Disaster Prevention (MLSF,
2009). In addition, it also included review of the climate change impact elsewhere such as IPCC annual
report 2007 as reference. Detail and results of the review of the climate change vulnerability, impact are
as described in section 4.1.
The identification and edition of existing adaption technology in the water sector included the review of
existing technologies recommended policies, plans and reports that mentioned in the above. In addition,
the existing technologies were also identified and edited in the technology prioritization workshop. Detail
of edited existing adaptation technologies is as described in section 4.2.
The initial assessment of the technology options is a pre-requisite for technology prioritization. This
assessment included categorization of the edited existing and recommended technology, which based on
its scale of application and availability. The section of the technology options is the identification of the
technology option based on benefits of technology and alignment with national policies. Both the initial
assessment and selection was initially conducted by consultant with consultation and support from the
project management team. It is then justified and validated in the technology prioritization workshop by
stakeholders. The results of the initial assessment are described briefly in the section 4.3: overview of
possible adaptation technology options in the water sector.
32
The technology prioritization was conducted in the technology prioritization workshop which was held in
May2012. It was attended by 37 participants from 24departments of relevant ministries and organizations
(Annex 4).The workshop technology employed multi-criteria, scoring and sensitivity analysis for
assessment of the technology options and expert judgement for prioritization of the technology. Detail of
the workshop and prioritization were as described in Section 4.3 following.
4.1 The vulnerability and impacts of the climate change on the water sector
The vulnerability and impact of the climate change can be assessed and viewed in various aspects and
sectors. However, according to available information; this report just provided overview of risk and
impacts of flood, drought and water bone disease.
As mentioned in the section 3.1; one of the main impacts of climate change is on hydrological cycle and
increase of magnitude and frequency of such events including flood and drought. According to SEA
START study (2005), the precipitation is on the rising trend between 10% and 30% throughout Mekong
region and Kiem et al, (2008) also projected that the number of wet day would increase in future. In
addition, WREA (2010) also provided observation that the dry season is becoming longer, droughts are
more frequent and more severe, unusual and extreme flood events are escalating.
It is fact thatLaos is at risk of flood and drought. The north faced the flash flood while the middle and
south region experienced river flood. In addition, the extreme events such storms already exacerbated the
flood situation and it is anticipated Laos would experience increase of magnitude and frequency of such
events including flood and drought. Based on ten years flood record, between 1995 to 2005, the areas of
rain-fed rice fields destroyed by flooding were over 65,937 ha in 1995, 67,500 ha in 1996, 42,900 in
2000, 42,223 ha in 2001, and 57,300 ha in 2005. In 2005 and 2006, paddy rice field irrigation systems
damaged by flooding costed over 5 million USD. For flooding disaster, in the central and southern parts
of Laos especially in year 2005, Vientiane was losses amounted to more than 10 million UA$ (UNDP
2009).
4.2 Existing adaptation technologies in the water sector
33
Based on review of existing technologies particularly those recommended in the NAPA (WREA, 2010),
SCC (MoNRE, 2010), SNC (MoNRE, 2012), Water Resources Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR
(WREA, 2011) and Master Plan on Disaster Prevention (MLSF, 2009), IPCC annual report 2007, TNA
Guidebooks and Climate Techwiki together with technology identification and edition by stakeholders
during technology prioritization workshop; the existing technology in water sector can be summarized as
in the table 7 below.
Table 7: Edited existing technology and categorization
No Category/
Sub-sector
Key adaptation technology
options
Scale of application Availability
1 Water sources
and supply
management
1. Watershed management
(IWRM)
Medium to large scale Short to medium term
2. Ground water pump Small scale Short term
3. Multi -purpose hydropower
dam
Small to large scale Short to medium term
4. Irrigation Small to medium scale Short term
5. Borehole/Tube wells Small scale Short term
6. Rain water harvesting Small scale Short term
7. Water safety plan
2 Water quality
management
1. Water quality monitoring Medium scale Short to medium term
2. Effective law enforcement Medium to large scale Short term
3. Water treatment plants Medium to large scale Short to medium term
4. Water recycle Small to medium scale Short to medium term
5. Water drainage system Medium to large scale Short to medium term
6. Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage
Small to medium scale Short to medium term
7. River bank protection Medium to large scale Short to medium term
3 Flood and
drought
management
1. Early warning system Medium to large scale Short to medium term
2. Flood and drought hazard
mapping
Medium to large scale Short to medium term
3. Flood and drought monitoring Medium scale Short to medium term
4. Improve weather forecast
system
Medium to large scale Short to medium term
5. Regulation of water discharge
(from dam)
34
6. Preservation of wetland Small to medium scale Short to medium term
4 Promote water
use efficiency
Water resources awareness and
education
Small to medium scale Short to medium term
5 Strengthen
water sector
administration
Water use group
Small to medium scale Short to medium term
River basin/Watershed management:
This refers to the river basin or watershed management that applies Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) techniques for the planning and management. The IWRM covers application of
participatory techniques, multi-disciplinary and organization to realize sustainable water resource and
environment with balance of socioeconomic development in the hydrological boundaries. Usually the
IWRM process includes institutional arrangement and engagement, selection of critical river basin or
watershed, creating consultation dialogues, assessment of the watershed function, creating action plan,
implementation of action plan, monitoring and evaluation.
Lao PDR is in the Mekong River Basin and occupies number of important Mekong River tributaries and
river basins. Based on the strategy on water resources to the year 2020, government expected to apply
IWRM for all river basin and watershed. However, to date, only two river basins namely Nam Ngum and
Nam Thuen-Nam Kading that completed basic steps of IWEM such as organization of management
committee and in the process of planning for sustainable river basin management.
Water Supply System:
Water supply system is key water storage and conveyance for consumption and useof water in society.
There are two main types of systems: pumping and gravity system or Napapa and Namlin which usually
applied for urban and rural community respectively. The pumping systems consist of head pump which is
usually electricity pump while gravity usually relies on head dam and water reservoir in higher area. The
pumping system sometimes requires dam and reservoir as well. These two systems similarly equipped
with water storage and treatment, pipe and control system.
The water supply system has been introduced in Laos for centuries. Currently 77 percent of total
population access to clean water (MPI, 2011). The system doest cover all area yet, some are inadequate
35
water particular in dry season due to drying of water sources and or leakage including insufficiency of
water use. Therefore; in the changing climate, water supply system development should consider climate
resilience, the construction standard, proper and regularly maintenance and management including water
sources or catchment conservation and cost effectiveness.
Irrigation
It is a group of technologies for irrigating rice and other crops. In addition, it is also constructed to
preserve water for the use in the dry season and drainage system during rainy season or flood. There are
several types of irrigations: concrete and earthen dam, weir and stone pocket weir. It also includes
pumping and gravity system; irrigation and dripping or sprinkle system. Usually the irrigation system
consists of head pump, water reservoir, canal, dripping and or sprinkle system. However, the concrete
dam and canal is the most preferable as it can be more resilient to flood and more effective in drainage or
irrigating the water.
The irrigation has been introduced in Laos for more than 40 years and in 2010, the irrigated rice is 108,
410 ha or around 15 percent of the total rice area of the country (MPI, 2011). However, recently numbers
of irrigation were broken or use of use because of flood, low of maintenance and low quality of
construction. In addition, many are of use due to lack of water and or high cost for electrical pump
system. Therefore; future irrigation development should consider climate resilience, meeting the
construction standard, proper and regularly maintenance and management including water sources or
catchment conservation and cost effective irrigation.
Water pump:
It is a technology that involves drilling into ground and extracting water from ground water for use. This
technology is mainly used in sub urban and rural area where access to river and other water sources is
limited. The technology consists of drilling, inserting a tube to protect the erosion, and a hand or electrical
pump. In addition, concrete floor around the pump or wet area and roof to keep shade. There are several
sizes of pump but on average, in case ground water is sufficient, it can be used to cover water supply for a
cluster of village or community or about 100 households. Average cost is approximately $US 3,000 for
construction of a pump system including water quality testing. Water from the well can use directly for
other use but is encouraged to boil for the drinking.
This type of pump has been introduced in Laos for decade and currently, quite a lot of families or
households in sub-urban and rural area are still using the water pump. The construction of pump is not so
36
costly but the issue is quality and quantity of ground water. In some areas, manganese and cyanide are
higher than acceptable levels; some are facing dry out of ground water. It also associates with knowledge
and information about the ground water which is usually limited. In addition, there is a problem break
down of pump and low maintenance of pump. So regular monitoring of water quality, quantity and
maintenance of the pump is necessary.
Borehole/Tube Well:
It is traditional technology that used for centuries and majority is in the rural areas. Borehole well is for
getting cleaner ground water and water from nearby river through soil filtration. The technology involves
with digging the hole particularly in the area that near river, ground water table. Tube is sometimes used
to protect erosion in the well and it is also usually covered by a roof to prevent from leaves, dusts into the
well. It is a low cost and not required high kills and knowledge including save cost for paying water.
Water from the well can use directly for use but is encouraged to boil for the drinking. Because it is close
to river or water sources, for flood prone area, this type of well is often affected and out of use during
flooding and or some heavy raining period. Often the maintenance and cleaning of well is taken every
year and usually after raining season or flooding. Sometimes, the sour stone is used for clarify the water
and sedimentation particularly in the first few days after digging or cleaning.
Currently, several families or households in rural areas are still using the borehole well. The construction
of borehole well is though low cost and affordable by poor and local people, however, this boreholes well
can be risk sources of water in the changing climate, flood prone and ground water high contamination
area. In addition, the use of sour stone can cause health effect. So water proofed well with regular
monitoring of water quality and awareness raising should be the option for improvement of boreholes
well.
Rain water harvest from roof:
It is also a traditional technology that used for centuries and majority is in the rural areas. It is for
collection of water in rainy season and for use in the dry season and or save water from other sources
including reduction of payment for Nampapa water. It is a low cost and does not require high kills and
knowledge. The technology involves with roof drainage system, pipe, filter and water container. Water
from the well can be used directly for other use but not encouraged for drinking as water is usually
contaminated due to rusty, dirty roof and precipitation particularly the first rain. However, some practices
used the first rain water in rainy season as liquid of battery.
37
Currently, there is no statistic about the number of households are still using this technology. However, it
is only practical for small scale and use collected water for other purpose rather than drinking. Ad
mentioned, other issues of the harvesting water from roof are contamination of rusty and dust including
particles or elements in the air and precipitation. In addition, filtration of treatment can be costly compare
to access water from other sources. This means rain harvest can be only practical for certain purpose, area
and cases.
Multi-purpose dam:
It refers to the dam that, apart from electricity production, includes function of flood reduction, irrigation
system, fishery, and tourism and environment conservation in the watershed. Lao PDR’s total
hydropower potential is estimated to be more than 30,000MW. The dam or hydro power dam has been
introduced in Laos since 1975 and it is also estimated that by 2011 installed capacity will increase the
four-fold from the current 624 MW to 2,735 MW and the net revenues could grow 20-fold from relatively
little today (US$17 million) to approximately US$350 million by the year 2020 and could exceed $700
million by 2025 (WB, 2010). It is one of largest income sources and significantly contribution to
socioeconomic development of the county, however, many cited that the development of hydropower,
despite it is clean energy, but it cause lots of damage to environment, ecosystem including community. In
addition, the hydropower was not designed and implemented effectively for other function such as flood
regulation, irrigation, tourism, conservation of water resources and environment in the watershed. So;
multi-purpose hydropower dam construction should be considered as option for future hydropower dam
development.
Water safety plan:
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) are described collectively as a systematic and integrated approach to water
supply management based on assessment and control of various factors that pose a threat to the safety of
drinking water. WSPs enable identification of threats to water safety during any and all steps in the
catchment, transport, treatment and distribution of drinking water. This approach is fundamentally
different from those traditionally adopted by water suppliers, which rely on treatment and end-product
testing to ensure water safety. When implemented successfully, the WSP approach can ensure that water
quality is maintained in almost any context. Framework for safe drinking water WSPs contribute to
climate change adaptation at the catchment level primarily through increased resilience to water quality
degradation. The WSP approach allows for water suppliers to be flexible and responsive to changing
input parameters. This means that the monitoring, management and feedback components of a successful
WSP naturally absorb the acute impacts of climate change. The WSP approach can also be modified to
38
adapt to long-term climate change and slow-onset hazards by recognizing how the water supply system
may be affected by specific climate change effects, by factoring these effects into the risk assessment, and
by identifying appropriate control measures.
Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS):
The drinking water treatment and safe storage is for improving the quality and safety drinking water by
treating it in the home. Common technologies include ultraviolet disinfection processes, biological sand
filters, combined products with both coagulant and disinfectant (e.g. Procter and Gamble PUR product),
and solar disinfection (SODIS).These technologies have been used for decade but still in small scale due
to poor people may face high of cost for modern technology e.g PUR, ultraviolet disinfection while
majority of urban people already access to Nampapa. However, this technology is important particularly
in the flood area which access to safe drinking water is difficult.
Water treatment plants and facilities:
This is for water recycles and maintenance water to be available for use in long run. The water treatment
plants include one for treatment of waste water from urban, industry, landfill and sewage. In Laos,
recently there is no waste water treatment plant for addressing waste water from urban and residential,
landfill and sewage. Although industrial factories and manufacturing equipped with this facilities but only
large one does. Law on industry, decree on environmental impact and social assessment, water quality
and environmental standards are in place, but the implementation is less effective. In addition, capacity on
the design and maintenance of such plants and facilities is limited. So it is important to the treatment
plants in place for recycle of water, reduce impact on environment and health including GHGs emissions.
Early warning system:
is a technology for flood prevention. It associates with setting up system weather forecast, modeling of
discharge, water gauges, information dissemination tools that provide the information to society or
community including enhancement of readiness or preparedness and recovery plan for minimizing
impacts that would be caused by extreme event including flood. This technology is practiced in Laos
years ago and mainly by MRC, department of meteorology and hydrology of MONRE, center for flood
prevention in Asia pacific, disaster prevention office of ministry of social welfare and projects funded
world food programme and Lao Red Cross. However, the approach or technologies employed by these
organizations were various and not yet systematically functioned. MRC focused on the river flood and
used water gauge including computer-based modeling for flood monitoring and prevention. Department
of meteorology and hydrology focused on the regular prediction and provision of the precipitation and
39
river discharge information for society and communities. While the rest focused on preparedness and
flood recovery. This means, early warning system was not implemented systematically. This issue caused
by lacks of equipments, capacity including financial resources. So improvement of this system and
implemented effective is expected to realize or ensure flood prevention and impact minimization.
4.3 An overview of possible adaptation technology options in water sector
There are several adaptation technology options in the water sector recommended in the policies, plans
and reports particularly NAPA (WREA, 2009), Water Resources Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao
PDR (WREA, 2011), Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR (WREA,2010) and Second National
Communication on Climate Change (MoNRE, 2012), IPCC fourth report (2007), TNA handbook on
water sector and Climate Tecwiki including ones identified in the edited and categorized technology
mentioned in section 4.2. However, based on technology performance potential, and benefits including
beneficial groups coverage justified and judged by stakeholders particularly in the technology
prioritization workshop in May 2012, the technologies in the Table 8 below are considered as adaptation
technology options.
Table 8: the adaptation technology options in water sector
No Category/
Sub-sector
Key adaptation technology options
1 Water sources
and supply
management
1. Watershed management (IWRM)
2. Ground water pump
3. Multi -purpose hydropower dam
4. Irrigation
5. Borehole/Tube wells
6. Rain water harvesting
7. Water safety plan
2 Water quality
management
1. Water quality monitoring
2. Effective law enforcement
3. Water treatment plants
4. Water recycle
5. Water drainage system
6. Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage
40
7. River bank protection
3 Flood and
drought
management
1. Early warning system
2. Flood and drought hazard mapping
3. Flood and drought monitoring
4. Improve weather forecast system
5. Regulation of water discharge (from dam)
6. Preservation of wetland
4 Promote water
use efficiency
1. Water resources awareness and education
2. Research
5 Strengthen
water sector
administration
3. Flood and drought operation center
4. Water use group
5. Flood relief subsidy mechanism
4.4 Process, criteria of technology prioritization in the water sector
As mentioned earlier, the technology prioritization was conducted through the process of reviewing status
of climate change vulnerability and impact and identification of existing adaptation technologies in water
sector; initial assessment and section or screening technology options and prioritization of the technology
in the technology prioritization workshop with the use of multi-criteria and expert judgement. The status
of climate change vulnerability and impact and existing adaptation technologies were as described in the
section 4.1 and 4.2 respectively. The initial assessment and selection of the technology options was as in
4.3. So following focussed on the technology prioritization in the workshop which was organized in May
2012.
37 participants representing 24 departments or organizations of government, academic, research institutes,
private, international organizations and projects attended the technology prioritization workshop
organized in May 2012. The list of the participants is in the Annex4. Pre-workshop the stakeholders were
informed about the vulnerability and impacts of the climate change in the water sector as in section 4.1
and adaptation technologies and options particularly ones that were mentioned in the section 4.2. During
the workshop, the stakeholders were introduced and discussed on the steps and methodologies particularly
validating technology options, criteria and application of the multi-criteria and scoring techniques for
assessment and prioritization of four technologies. As a result of expert judgement and validation; top ten
41
technology options that perceived as key the technology for adaptation were selected for further
prioritization. Those top ten technologies are as presented in the Table 9 below.
Table 9: Ten Technology Options
No Ten Technology Options
1 Flood risk mapping
2 Early warning
3 Multi -purpose water reservoir and storage
4 Optimal water supply system
5 Disaster impact reduction fund
6 Climate change oriented irrigation
7 Effective water sources and basin management
8 Flood and drought operation center
9 Groundwater management
10 Hydrological monitoring
For prioritization of four priority technology; in overall, the top ten technologies were assessed with the
use of multi-criteria and scoring techniques including sensitivity analysis. The criteria for the
prioritization consisted of technology performance, adaptation potential, and contribution to sustainable
development as well as benefiting economic, environmental and social development. These criteria were
elaborated, edited and agreed by the stakeholders with reference to the criteria recommended in the TNA
guidebook (UNDP and UNFCCC, 2010). Prior to the prioritization of the technologies, the criteria were
weighted by stakeholders based on its significance and technologies were scored against the criteria. The
applied criteria and weighing is presented in the Table 10 and Figure 4 below.
Table 10: The criteria for technology prioritization
Category Criteria Description
Cost/
Investment Cost or investment
Cost or investment in the development, application or operation
and maintenance of the technology.
Reduction of
impact and
vulnerability
Reduction of impact and
vulnerability while
enhancement of adaptive
capacity
Reduction of impact and vulnerability while enhancement of
adaptive capacity
42
Development
Eco
nom
ic
bene
fits Yield/ Income
Support for economic growth particularly GDP and stability
including create income and increase.
SMEs/MSMEs Enhance SMEs/MSMEs, growth and diversification particularly
environmentally and social responsibility enterprise.
Env
iron
me
nt
al b
enef
its
Reduce
environmental
negative impacts
Covers reduction of environmental negative impacts and
contribution to environment protection such as protection of land,
water, biodiversity resources and ecosystem.
Soc
ial b
enef
its
Employment Creation of new jobs and employment opportunities including
working conditions such as learning and safety.
Gender equality
Addressing gender gaps and contribution to gender equality
particularly opportunities for gender such as income generation,
capacity building and employment.
Socioeconomic
equality
Addressing gaps between urban and rural and contribution to
rural development and poverty reduction through
decentralization, capacity building, local ownership,
participation, transparency and good governance.
Figure 4: Weighting of the criteria
In the prioritization, the score were given against the criteria by stakeholders. The score varies from 0 to
100; of which, 0 is for the least preferred while 100 is for the most preferred. And basically, technology
that gains highest is considered as the highest priority technology for climate change adaptation
respectively. The results, from scoring and weighting of each technology are presented in the following
table.
20%
17%
10%10%
8%
10%
15%
10%
WeightCost (20%)
Adaptaiton potential (15%)
Reduce environmental negative impacts (9%)
Employment (10%)
Gender equality (5%)
Health, education and capacity (5%)
Yield/Income (20%)
SMEs/MSMEs (8%)
Table 11: The results of the scoring of technology prioritization for water sector
Environmental Benefits
Environmental Negative Impacts
Reduction
Employment Creation
Gender Equity
Promotion
Health, Educaiton and
Capacity Promotion
GDP/ Income/
Yield
SMEs/ MSMEs
Flood risk mapping 65 55 80 50 60 70 65 60 13 50 63 7
Early warning 75 100 100 70 60 70 65 75 15 63 78 2
Multi-purpose reservoir and
water storage 70 70 0 65 0 50 100 100 14 48 62 8
Optimal water supply system 80 75 70 60 100 100 70 65 16 61 77 3
Disaster impact reduction
fund100 90 80 80 80 75 70 70 20 63 83 1
Climate change oriented
irrigation80 75 65 75 60 65 85 70 16 58 74 5
Effective water sources and
basin management80 75 80 70 60 70 70 80 16 58 74 4
Flood and drought operation
center70 80 70 100 65 70 65 0 14 53 67 6
Groundwater management 0 30 50 0 60 0 0 60 0 21 21 10
Hydrological monitoring 65 0 60 70 50 60 60 85 13 41 54 9
Technology Options
Total Score
RankSocial Benefits Economic Benefits Total Costs Total Score of Benefits
Adaptation Potential
Cost/ Investment
4.5 Results of technology prioritization for water sector
Throughout the prioritization process particularly the assessment of the scores in the criteria and
stakeholder judgement; four technologies namely Early Warning System, Disaster Impact Reduction
Fund, Climate Change Oriented Irrigation and Water Supply System which obtained highest preferable
scores are selected as priority technology need for climate change adaptation in the water sector.
Early Warning System:
Early warning system is one of the area that one of the country priority which defined on the
socioeconomic development plan 2011-2015 (MPI, 2011), Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR
(WREA, 2010), National Disaster Management Master Plan and plan of the department of hydrology and
meteorology of MONRE. However, despite it is the priority, lacking of financial support, knowledge and
skills on the system; leading to this system is not yet fully functioned and or effective. With system in
place, it is expected that impacts that would result from disasters particularly flood including flash flood
could be largely minimized.
Disaster Impact Reduction Fund:
Complementary to the early warning system, disaster management fund or impact reduction fund should
be established in order to ensure the preparedness plan implementation, monitoring and recovery of
disaster impacts. Despite it is immediate need, facing financial shortage; government only allocates and or
mobilized disaster recovery fund periodically or event based basis which caused disaster or flood
handling ineffectively, not timely; leading long term and expansion of impacts. So a specific and ready
fund is needed for increase effectiveness of the prevention and handling with such disaster in timely
manner. The disaster management may include fund raising and management mechanism, responsible
organizations and networks in all level, from central to village. With such fund and mechanism in place, it
is expected that impacts that would result from disasters particularly flood including flash flood could be
largely minimized while adaptive capacity can be enhanced.
Watershed or River Basin Management:
The management of the watershed or river basin is to ensure water supply, both quality and quantity. The
management in this context refers to Integrated Water Resources Management. IWRM is perceived as a
comprehensive, participatory planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water
resources including climate change adaptation. This management associated with applying knowledge
from various disciplines as well as the insights from diverse stakeholders to devise and implement
45
efficient, equitable and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. In addition, it also
associates with water allocation and pollution licensing is implemented at the scale of the river basin or
catchment, institutional arrangements for water resources management which for example based on
hydrological boundaries. There are some initiatives in some key river basin in Laos and it is a high
priority of the environment management but due to limited resources and capacity including, the
application of these techniques can not cover most river basin and catchment yet. The application IWRM
for the watershed is expected to ensure water resources and ecosystem conservation, protection of
hydrological process and water supply; which are means for climate change adaptation.
Water Supply System:
Water supply as well as access to clean water is priority of the government. As such water supply system
play important roles for ensuring access to clean water in a sustainable manner. The water supply system
in this context refers to Nampapa and gravity water supplies which include water reservoir, pumping and
pipe is its system and management mechanism. Based on the target of the government, by 2020, 85
percent of Lao people will access to clean water; increase from currently, 77 percent of people have
access to clean water and 54 have access to sanitary toilets (MPI 2011). The low access is resulted from
number of issues include lack of financial support, lack of regular maintenance of the system, exclusion
of climate change in the design and weak water reservoir conservation. So prioritization of this water
supply system in TNA is expected to bring about improvement of investment, management mechanism
and water supply system as well as increase access to clean water of Lao people including health and
sanitation improvement.
Chapter 5. Technology prioritization for agricultur e sector
The process and approach of the prioritization of adaptation technologies for water sector was also used
for the prioritization of adaptation technologies for agriculture sector. Those processes are review of
vulnerability, impact of climate change and identification existing adaptation technologies in the
agriculture sector; initial assessment and selection of technology options; and then prioritization of the
technology.
The review of the vulnerability, impact of climate change and identification existing adaption technology
in the agriculture sector was carried out through literature review of the vulnerability, impact and
identification of technologies that recommended policies, plans and reports such as the First and Second
National Communication-FNC and SNC (STEA, 2000; MoNRE, 2012), National Adaptation Programme
46
of Action (WREA, 2010), Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR–SCC (MoNRE, 2010) and
Strategy on Agriculture Development to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR (MAF, 2011). In addition, the
identification of existing technologies was also revisited in the technology prioritization workshop. Detail
of the climate change vulnerability, impact and existing adaptation are as described in section 5.1 and 5.2
respectively.
The initial assessment and selection of the technology options is an important stage before prioritization
of technology. It included categorization of existing and recommended technology by scale of application
and availability while section of the technology options was taken by expert judgement. This initial
assessment and selection was initially carried out with the lead of consultant with consultation and
support from the project management team. In addition, the result of assessment and selection were also
validated by stakeholders in the technology prioritization workshop. Detail of the initial assessment and
selection of the technology options are described in the section 5.3: overview of possible adaptation
option in agriculture sector.
The technology prioritization for agriculture was coincidentally taken place with technology prioritization
in the technology prioritization for water sector in the workshop technology prioritization held in May
2012. Number of participants and organizations are same number of participants and organizations
engaged technology prioritization for water sector (see Annex 4). In the workshop; multi-criteria and
scoring are used for assessment of the technology options and prioritization. Detail of the workshop and
prioritization were as described in Section 5.4 hereafter.
5.1 Climate change vulnerability and impact on the agriculture sector
Although there is limited assessment of the climate change vulnerability and impacts in agriculture sector;
impacts caused by changes of climate and its related disaster is obvious for agriculture sector. As
mentioned, the flood and drought already threaten and cause loss of yield, paddy field, livestock and
agricultural facilities such as irrigation.
For flooding disaster, in the central and southern parts of Laos was impacted, especially in year 2005,
Vientiane was losses amounted to more than 10 million US$ (UNDP 2009). Furthermore, the areas of
rain-fed rice fields destroyed by flooding were over 65,937 ha in 1995, 67,500 ha in 1996, 42,900 in
2000, 42,223 ha in 2001, and 57,300 ha in 2005. In 2005 and 2006, paddy rice field irrigation systems
damaged by flooding costed over 5 million USD. In addition, In addition, SEA START’s study also
47
climate change impact on agriculture with the use of Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and
Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfers (DSSAT version 4.0) crop modeling software
revealed that 10 percent of productivity would be lost in Savanakhet province under CO2 concentration of
540 ppm scenarios.
5.2 Existing adaptation technologies of agriculture sector
Number of adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector practiced in the Laos and regions. Those
technologies are particularly identified in the strategies, plans and reports such as Strategy for Agriculture
Development 2011to 2020 (MAF, 2010),National Adaptation Programme of Action (WREA, 2009),
Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR (WREA,2010) and Second National Communication on
Climate Change (MoNRE, 2012).In addition, it also described in the Assessment Report of IPCC-AR4
(IPCC, 2007), TNA Guidebook on Agriculture and Climate Techwikietc4. However, followings are
summary of key technologies that have been practiced and sound applicable to Laos.
Crop diversification:
Crop diversification in this context includes introduction of new cultivated species, improved genetics and
varieties of crops including conservation of seeds and crop diversity for diversification. The new species
or variety may be imported while the improved genetics and varieties are through biotechnological and
genetic process including domestication and breeding of wild or traditional crop species and Non-timber
forest product. As for the import of new variety, of cause it should be monitored, control based on
particularly the regulations on the import of fauna and flora. Similarly the improvement of the variety of
crop should also follow the regulations on biotechnology. In addition, importantly the crop diversification
is to ensure enhancement of both quantity and quality of productivity, value added and resilience to
diseases, pest and environmental stresses including flood and drought.
In Laos, in overall, this practice is in the initial stage of the development. Although there are some
initiatives on demonstration of flood or floating and drought tolerant rice variety but the yield resulted
from the technologies is uncertain and or mixed. However, such crop diversification is a priority defined
particularly in the agriculture development strategy (MAF, 2010), Notational Socioeconomic
Development Plan (2011-2015, (MPI, 2011) and policies on food security, commercialization and
4 http://climatetechwiki.org/category/service/agriculture
48
industrialization of the agriculture sector as well as climate change adaptation which called for further
development and development through research and capacity development.
Ecological Pest Management or Control:
Ecological Pest Management (EPM) is a natural method for increasing the strengths of natural systems to
reinforce the natural processes of pest regulation and improve agricultural production. Chemical
pesticides are used only where and when these natural methods fail to keep pests below damaging levels”
(Frison et al, 1998; 10).The key components of an EPM approach are crop, soil, pest management and
herbicide application. Crop Management includes selecting appropriate crops for local climate and soil
conditions while soil Management is maintaining soil nutrition and pH levels to provide the best possible
chemical, physical, and biological soil habitat for crops. Pest Management, using beneficial organisms
that behave as parasitoids and predators and herbicide is a product from pest repelling herbs by extracting
the chemical, odder, liquid etc as from herbs and use for spraying crops.
EPM contributes to climate change adaptation by providing a healthy and balanced ecosystem in which
the vulnerability of plants to pests and diseases is decreased (LEISA, 2007). By promoting a diversified
farming system, the practice of EPM builds farmers’ resilience to potential risks posed by climate change,
such as damage to crop yields caused by newly emerging pests and diseases. In addition, with the EPM
approach, farmers can avoid the costs of pesticides as well as the fuel, equipment and labour used to apply
them(Pimentel et al, 2005).
Agro-forestry:
Agro-forestry is an integrated production which combines trees, crops and or animals on the same area of
land. In general it is categorized into three broad types: agrosilviculture (trees with crops), agrisilvipasture
(trees with crops and livestock) and silvopastoral (trees with pasture and livestock) systems. Integrated
cropping, mixed farming, stratus cropping, terrace and hedgerow and contour planting are often mixed or
applied in the agro-forestry system. In Laos, most of the practices are in the forms of plantation and
orchards, alley cropping, economical and biological improve fellow, contour hedgerow, home garden,
Taungya system (Hansen K.P, Sodarak, H. 1996).In addition, there are some practices on tree fence,
pasture and livestock. However, to date, although it lacks specific research and confirmation about the
agro-forestry and climate change adaptation; but based on the research and alike with agro-forestry
practice elsewhere it can be assumed that with appropriate design and substantial management; agro-
forestry can improve the resilience of agricultural production to current climate variability as well as
long-term climate change through the use of trees for intensification, diversification and buffering of
49
farming systems from extreme climate including flood and drought, maintaining improve soil fertility,
retention of water; leading to ensure production through the years or during wetter and drier years.
Community-managed seeds bank and storage:
Community-managed seeds bank and storage associates with the selection of seeds, building storage
system, storage of seeds, and managed by organized responsible body with the use of saving and
supplying mechanism. Seed security is key resource to ensure the quality and quantity of the production.
It is of important particularly for poor farmers in developing countries (Wambugu et al, 2009).
Availability of quality seeds helps ensure long term production and conservation of diversity. It is also
immediate needs for household and community particularly during the extreme climate such as flood,
drought; when seeds are needed for recovery of the production. In Laos, traditionally each farmer selects
and keeps seeds for next production. Moreover, with recognition the needs of the seeds particularly in the
changing climate and food insecurity, there are more activity and organized systems on seeds keeping.
Those include seeds project, rice bank and production of quality seeds for increase income and
productivity. However, there are some challenges associates with effectiveness and sustainability
especially maintaining and or improvement of the regular savings schemes, participation of wider
communities including changing the prevailing 'relief' mentality (Datta, 2009). In addition, there are also
financial and technical challenges about storage including cleaning, drying and moisture and pest
infestations control.
5.3 An overview of possible adaptation technology options in agriculture sector
Although numbers of technologies are available for adaptation; according to the Strategy for Agriculture
Development 2011to 2020 (MAF, 2010),National Adaptation Programme of Actions (WREA, 2009),
Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR (WREA,2010) and Second National Communication on
Climate Change (MoNRE, 2012)including consultation and justification of the stakeholders in the
technology prioritization workshop; the key recommended adaptation technology options are summarized
in the table 12 below.
Table 12: Adaptation technology options and categorization in the agriculture sector
Sub-sector Technology Scale of
application
Availability
Crops Crop diversification Small to medium Short term
50
management Pest management or control Small Medium term
Seeds bank and storage Small to medium Short term
Integrated cropping system Small to medium Short term
Floating rice cultivation Small to medium Short term
Drought tolerant rice Small to medium Short term
Organic farming Small to medium Short term
Non-timber forest product
management Small to medium Short term
Greenhouse cropping Small to medium Short term
Crops genetic improvement Small to medium Short term
Livestock
Livestock disease control Small to medium Short to medium
term
Livestock health promotion Medium Short term
Genetic improvement Small Medium to long term
Clean production Medium Short term
Feeds and feeding improvement Medium Short term
Agriculture
management
Improve agricultural subsidy
mechanism
5.4 Process and criteria for technology prioritization in the agriculture sector
The technologies prioritization in the agriculture sector was coincidentally conducted with technology
prioritization in the water sector and using the same processes. As mentioned earlier in the Chapter 5,
overall process include review of vulnerability and impact on climate change and identification of
existing adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector, selection or screening of technology options,
validation of the technology option and the prioritization. However, as the review of vulnerability and
impact on climate change and existing adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector areas already
described in the section 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. The technology options are also explained in the section
5.3; so the following description focused on the validation of top ten technology options and prioritization
of four priority technologies for climate change adaptation in the technology prioritization workshop.
The technology prioritization workshop was organized in May 2012, which was participated by 37
participants from various organizations (Annex 4).The workshop aims to validate the technology options
51
and prioritize four priority adaptation technologies out of the technology option. To realize these; pre-
workshop, the stakeholders were informed about the adaptation technologies and options as in the section
5.2 and 5.3 as well as technologies recommend in the FNC (STEA, 2000), NAPA (WREA, 2009), SNC
(MoNRE, 2012), Strategy on Agriculture Development (MAF, 2011) including in the IPCC AR4 (IPCC,
2007) and climate techwiki. During the workshop; the stakeholders discussed on the steps and
methodologies for technology prioritization particularly validation of the technology options, assessment
and prioritization of four technologies with the use of the multi-criteria, scoring including sensitivity
analysis and agreement of the results.
Through the stakeholder consultation and validation; ten technology options as presented in the Table 13
were selected for further assessment and prioritization.
Table 13: Results of the scoring of the adaptation technologies in the agriculture sector
No Ten Technology Options 1 Biogas
2 Appropriate Water Management for Paddy Field 3 Promote Use of Adapted and High Production Cattle 4 Agricultural Soil Carbon Management 5 Organic Farming 6 Integrated Farming 7 Fodders Improvement and Appropriate Feeding/Feeds optimization 8 Crop Land Management 9 Land Suitability and Ecosystem Based-Agriculture
10 Crops Residual to Energy
The criteria applied in the prioritization of the technologies are same criteria used for technology
prioritization for forestry sector, as shown in the table 10, which covers three main areas: cost or
investment, potential for adaption, contribution to sustainable development (economic, environmental and
social). In addition, prior to the technology prioritization, these criteria were weighted as presented in the
figure 4 before.
Similarly, for technology prioritization in the agriculture sector; the technologies were scored against the
criteria by stakeholders. The score ranks from 0 to 100; of which 0 is the least preferred while 100 is most
preferred. Under this approach, the technology that obtains that highest score is considered as highest
52
priority technology and reversely. Through the process, score of each technology can be summarized the
table 14 below.
Table 14: results of the scoring of technology prioritization for agriculture sector
Environmental Benefits
Environmental Negative Impacts
Reduction
Employment Creation
Gender Equity
Promotion
Health, Educaiton and
Capacity Promotion
GDP/ Income/
Yield
SMEs/ MSMEs
Climate change oriented irrigation
95 90 70 65 60 60 80 60 19 58 77 7
Flood prevention and drainage system
79 75 70 65 60 0 60 50 16 45 61 9
Promote integrated farming 75 80 90 90 70 60 90 90 15 66 81 5Livestock disease prevention and control
93 90 75 78 100 80 90 80 19 68 87 1
Crop diversification 95 90 75 70 65 65 85 90 19 63 82 4
Rural climate resilient infrastructure development
90 100 75 75 60 70 90 90 18 66 84 3
Agricultural development subsidy mechanism
100 95 78 60 80 70 80 100 20 65 85 2
Integrated land use planning and sustainable resettlement
75 77 85 70 65 65 65 60 15 56 71 8
Conservation agriculture and preservation of agriculture land
70 75 100 100 70 65 70 80 14 63 77 6
Research on climate change impact on agriculture
0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 10 10
Technology Options
Total Score
RankSocial Benefits Economic Benefits Total Costs Total Score of Benefits
Adaptation Potential
Cost/ Investment
5.5 Results of adaptation technology prioritization in the agriculture sector
Throughout the prioritization process particularly the scoring against criteriaand consultation of the
stakeholders; four technologies which received highest scores are selected as priority technology needs
for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector. Those technologies are:
1) Livestock disease prevention and control;
2) Agricultural Development Subsidy Mechanism;
3) Climate Resilient Rural Infrastructure and
4) Crop Diversification.
Livestock disease prevention and control:
Livestock diseases are one of the challenges faced by Lao farmer and also government. Every year
impacts caused by diseases lead to loses of productivity, income, uncertain food security and negative
impacts on human health. The changes of climate are anticipated to exacerbate the situation due to
increasing temperatures can support the expansion of vector populations into cooler areas while in the
cooler and temperate region can be risky of diseases. Changes in rainfall pattern can also influence an
expansion of vectors during wetter years and can lead to large outbreaks. Improving livestock disease
control including improvement of livestock health is, therefore, of important for enhancement of adaptive
capacity to changing climate and ensuring productivity including minimization of economic losses,
environmental and human health impacts.
Livestock disease prevention and control include management of livestock import and transportation,
monitoring and control of diseases outbreaks, developing and improving antibiotics, vaccines and
diagnostic tools, evaluation of ethnotherapeutic options, and vector control techniques.. In addition, it also
includes improvement of livestock health through feeds improvement, vaccination, farming system
management and safety consumption.
Agricultural development subsidy mechanism:
It is the fact that the key obstacle of the development in Laos associates with adequate and effective
subsidy and financial support. To date, the agriculture subsidy and insurance is not yet well-established or
in sustainable manner in Laos. The production under changes of climate and its related disaster can add
more risks for farmers and stakeholders. So, agricultural development subsidy mechanism including
insurance against crop loss and market fails is pre-requisite for agriculture development of Laos. Without
55
this mechanism in place, Laos may not be able to realize its policies and targets on agriculture production,
development of agricultural based industry process, improvement of people livelihood and poverty
reduction timely. The subsidy mechanism for Laos context should include overall agricultural subsidy,
development fund and or easy credits, insurance for production failure not only because of climate
change, flood or drought but also due to failure of market and production technology that particularly
beyond farmer’s capacity to handle. In addition, the specific policy, good agriculture and production
management system should be place to ensure effective financial and credits management.
Climate resilient rural infrastructure:
The agriculture development is beyond dependence on fertile land, water, weather and cultivation
technologies. The infrastructure such as irrigation, road, warehouse, transportation, and markets system is
also critical factor for the development particularly quality, durable and tolerance to changing climate and
disaster. This infrastructure is insufficient and or poor conditions particularly in the rural area. Although
the rural infrastructure is the priority of the government due to limited financial resource, the development
is slowly going. So if investment is not taken place sufficiently and effectively, agriculture development
and adapting to climate change can be at risk or ineffective; lead to loss of production as well as
economics and quality of life of farmers.
Crop Diversification:
The crop diversification is fundamental for agriculture development and conservation of biodiversity.
Although it is in the initial stage of development; as it is a priority defined in the national policies as well
as under this project more investment in this area in the future is expected in order to ensuring sustainable
productivity including climate change resilience and conservation of biodiversity.
56
Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusions
The technology needs assessment for climate change adaptation was basically conducted though
participatory process. The assessment involved with two main steps; sector selection and prioritization of
adaptation technology in the selected sectors. The key approach used in the selection and prioritization
process included literature review, application of the multi-criteria, scoring, expert judgement and
sensitivity analysis.
The sector selection which aims to scope or screen for priority or vulnerable sector was carried out
through review of the climate change vulnerability, impact status and trends in different sectors, initial
identification of sectors and prioritization of the sector in the sector selection consultation workshop in
February 2012 and applied multi-criteria, scoring and expert judgement for assessment and decision
respectively.
The technology prioritization workshop which basically aims to select four priority technologies was
organized in May2012. The workshop followed the steps and methodologies for technology prioritization,
as suggested in the TNA handbook (UNDP and UNFCCC, 2010) particularly technologies identification,
editing technology and categorization, and prioritization of technologies with the use of the criteria and
scoring, sensitivity analysis and decision on the priority technologies through stakeholders consultation.
Through the process and approach particularly score in the criteria and expert judgments; two sectors and
eight technologies are chosen as priority sectors and technologies needs for climate change adaptation
respectively. Those sectors are water and agriculture sector and eight technologies, four technologies each
for water and agriculture sector were summarized as follows:
Adaptation technologies for water sector:
Four adaptation technologies for water sector consist of Early Warning System, Disaster Impact
Reduction Fund, Climate Change Oriented Irrigation and Water Supply System.
Early Warning System:
is pre-requisite for flood prevention. It involved with setting up system weather forecast, modeling of
discharge, water gauges, information dissemination tools provide the information to society or
community including enhancement of readiness or preparedness and recovery plan for minimizing
57
impacts that would be caused by extreme event including flood. This technology is practiced in Laos
years ago by different stakeholders but it is not systematically functioned due to shortage of financial
support, knowledge and skills on the system including equipments and tools. However it is priority of the
country as defined on the socioeconomic development plan 2011-2015 (MPI, 2011), Strategy on Climate
Change of the Lao PDR (WREA, 2010), National Disaster Management Master Plan and so son. With
system in place, it is expected that the impacts which may result from disasters particularly flood
including flash flood could be minimized; leading prevention property and life of the people from losses.
Disaster Impact Reduction Fund:
To complement to the early warning system, disaster management fund or impact reduction fund should
be established. Previously fund for recover after disasters were insufficient due to mobilization of fund
was on the ad hoc basis and lacked of mechanism; leading expansion of impacts and or chronic. So a
specific and ready fund is needed for increase effectiveness of the prevention and handling with such
disaster in timely manner. The disaster fund management should include fund raising and management
mechanism, responsible organizations and networks in all level, from central to village. With such fund
and mechanism in place, it is expected that impacts that would result from disasters particularly flood
including flash flood could be largely minimized while adaptive capacity can be enhanced.
River Basin or Watershed Management:
The river basin or watershed is of significance for environment and socioeconomic development
including climate change adaptation. To sustain water resource and ensure environment and
socioeconomic development, practical tools should be in place. Recently, Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) which embedded participatory techniques and multi-disciplinary is developed and
perceived as a key tool for realize such sustainability including climate change adaptation. Similarly,
strategy on water resources management of Laos also defined to apply IWRM for all river basin and
watershed management. To now, there are some initiatives on the application of IWRM particularly for
Nam Ngum and Nam Theun-Kading river basin. In addition, by 2015, at least 5 river basins such as
Sebangfai, Sebanghieng, Sekong, Sedone and Nam Ouwill be completed its IWRM and management
committee. So prioritization of this technology means support implementation of water resources policy
including food and nutrition security, pervert reduction, environmental, renewable energy development,
climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Water Supply System:
58
The water supply system means set of water reservoir and supply system such as Nampapa and gravity
water supplies including water use group and management mechanism. Currently, only 77 percent of
people have access to clean water and 54 have access to sanitary toilets (MPI 2011), so to realize targets
defined in the MDG, Laos needs more investment in this area and design the system in the climate change
context. So prioritization of this water supply system in TNA is expected to enhance investment,
management mechanism and water supply system as well as increase access to clean water of Lao people
including health and sanitation improvement.
Adaptation technologies for agriculture sector:
Throughout the prioritization process particularly the scoring against criteriaand consultation of the
stakeholders; four technologies which received highest scores are selected as priority technology needs
for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector. Those technologies are:
5) Livestock disease prevention and control;
6) Agricultural Development Subsidy Mechanism;
7) Climate Resilient Rural Infrastructure and
8) Crop Diversification.
Livestock disease prevention and control:
Livestock is one of foundation of socioeconomic and livelihood of farmers. Recently diseases outbreak
becomes one of the challenges for Lao farmer and also government. Every year impacts caused by
diseases lead to loses of productivity, income, uncertain food security and negative impacts on human
health. The changes of climate are anticipated to exacerbate the situation due to increasing temperatures
can support the expansion of vector populations into cooler areas while in the cooler and temperate region
can be risky of diseases. Therefore, livestock disease prevention and control which covers management of
livestock import and transportation, monitoring and control of diseases outbreaks, developing and
improving antibiotics, vaccines and diagnostic tools, evaluation of ethnotherapeutic options, and vector
control techniques including improvement of livestock health are of important for enhancement of
adaptive capacity to changing climate and ensuring productivity including minimization of economic
losses, environmental and human health impacts.
Agricultural development subsidy mechanism:
It is the fact that the key obstacle of the development in Laos associates with adequate and effective
subsidy and financial support. To date, the agriculture subsidy and insurance is not yet well-established or
in sustainable manner in Laos. The production under changes of climate and its related disaster can add
59
more risks for farmers and stakeholders. So, agricultural development subsidy mechanism including
insurance against crop loss and market fails is pre-requisite for agriculture development of Laos. The
subsidy mechanism in this context include agricultural subsidy, development fund and or easy credits,
insurance for production failure not only because of climate change, flood or drought but also due to
failure of market and production technology that particularly beyond farmer’s capacity to handle. Without
this mechanism in place, Laos may not be able to realize its policies and targets on agriculture production,
development of agricultural based industry process, improvement of people livelihood and poverty
reduction timely.
Climate resilient rural infrastructure:
The agriculture development is beyond dependence on fertile land, water, weather and cultivation
technologies. The infrastructure such as irrigation, road, warehouse, transportation, and markets system is
also critical factor for the development particularly quality, durable and tolerance to changing climate and
disaster. This infrastructure is insufficient and or poor conditions particularly in the rural area. Although
the rural infrastructure is the priority of the government due to limited financial resource, the development
is slowly going. So if investment is not taken place sufficiently and effectively, agriculture development
and adapting to climate change can be at risk or ineffective; lead to loss of production as well as
economics and quality of life of farmers.
Crop Diversification:
The crop diversification is fundamental for agriculture development and conservation of biodiversity.
Despite it is in the initial stage of development and numbers of efforts are needed to research, develop and
deploy such technology in order to effectively contribution to sustainable productivity including climate
change resilience and conservation of biodiversity.
60
List of References
Communities and Local Goverment,2009, Multi-criteria analysis: a manual
Data, 2007, Community-Managed Rice Banks: Lessons from Laos. Development in Practice. Vol. 17, No.
3 (Jun., 2007), pp. 410-418
IPCC, 2007, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
MAF, 2005, Forestry Strategy to the year 2020 of the Lao PDR.Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MAF,2010, Strategy for Agriculture Development 2011-2015. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MONRE,2010, Strategy on Climate Change of the Lao PDR. Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment
MONRE,2012, Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment
MPI, 2006, National socio-economic development strategy to 2020.Ministry of Planning and Investment
MPI, 2011, Statistical Yearbook 2010. Department of Statistics. Ministry of Planning and Investment
MPI, 2011, Socio-economic development plan 2011-2015.Ministry of Planning and Investment
STEA, 2000, First National Communication to the UNFCCC. Science Technology and Environment
Administration
STEA, 2004, Assessment Report on Technology Needs and Priority for Greenhouse Gas Adaptation.
Science Technology and Environment Administration
STEA, 2004, National Environment Strategy until 2020 and Action Plan 2006-2010. Science Technology
and Environment Administration
UNDP/UNFCCC, 2010, Handbook on conducting technology needs assessment for climate change
UNEP and STEA, 2001, State of Environment Report of the Lao PDR
WB, 2010. Lao PDR Development Report 2010. Natural Resources Management for Sustainable
Development: Hydropower and Mining.
WREA, 2009.National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change.
61
Annexes
Annex 1: List of key stakeholders involved in the TNA process
General
Name Organization/Institution Type of organization/institution
Mr. XayavethVixay Department of National Disaster
Management and Climate Change
(DNDMCC), MoNRE
Government
Mr. SyamphoneSengchandala DNDMCC, MoNRE Government
Mr. Mr. ImmalaInthaboualy DNDMCC, MoNRE Government
Mr. BountheeSaythongvanh DNDMCC, MoNRE Government
Mr. BuathongTheothavong DNDMCC, MoNRE Government
Mr. KhampadithKhammounhueng
Ms. ChandaSouliya
Department of Environment Promotion,
MoNRE
Government
Ms. Simountha
Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
Mr. SackdaPhixayavong Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
Mr. KeoKorakoth Department of Forest Resources
Management, MoNRE
Government
Mr. ThongsaySihalath Department of Land Management,
MoNRE
Government
Ms. Chansouk Si Oudome Department of Meteorology and
Hydrology, MoNRE
Government
Ms. DalounyVilaythong
Natural Resources and Environment
Research Institute, MoNRE
Research Institutes
Ms. NguenmanyKhamphoumy Natural Resources and Environment
Research Institute, MoNRE
Research Institutes
Mr. LaeManivong Department of agriculture, MAF Government
Ms.PhonguenPhosalath Department of agriculture, MAF Government
Mr. PhimphacksomphanPhalakhone Department of Livestock and Fishery,
MAF
Government
Mr. SyammoneSisongkham Department of Irrigation, MAF Government
Mr. PhousithPhoumavong Department of Agriculture and Forestry Government
62
Extension Services, MAF
Mr.KhamphoneMounlamai
National Agriculture and Forestry
Research Institute (NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
Mr. SomesoukSomechai National Agriculture and Forestry
Research Institute (NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
Mr. SomesoukSomechai National Agriculture and Forestry
Research Institute (NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
Mr. KhamsenOunkham
Department of Forestry, MAF Government
Ms. SouthchaiPhilavong Department of Forestry, MAF Government
Mr. SithongThongmanivong Faculty of Forestry, NUoL Academic
Mr. SivangXayavong
Department of Energy Management, MEM Government
Mr. ViengsoukSanapaya Department ofEnergy Management, MEM Government
Dr. Simone Nampanya Center for Malaria Control, MPH Government
Ms. BounthanomePhimmasone Center for Water Sanitation and Hygiene,
MPH
Government
Mr. XaythavoneSihanath Department of Transport, MPWT Government
Mr.PhouthasomeInthavong Department of Urban Planning and
Housing, MPWT
Government
Mr, HoumphanPhaduangdaetha
Public Work and Transport Research
Institute, MPWT
Research Institute
Mr. LamkhaXayasanh
Public Work and Transport Research
Institute, MPWT
Research Institute
Mr. PhouthasomeInthavong Public Work and Transport Research
Institute, MPWT
Research Institute
Ms. LathsamySouthammavong Faculty of Environment Science, NUoL Academic
Mr. SengchanPhaxayaseng
Department of Technology and Innovation,
MST
Government
Mr. BounchanDouangvilay
Department of Technology and Innovation,
MST
Government
Mr. HoumphengTheuadbounmy Renewable Energy Research and
Development Center, MST
Research Institute
Mr. Viengsavanh National Economic Research Institute Research Institute
63
(NERI), MPI
Ms. KhamnangKhounphakdy National Economic Research Institute
(NERI), MPI
Research Institute
Mr. KeophaseurthChanthaphime Department of International Personal,
MoFA
Government
Mr. PhiengsavanhThammasith Department of International Finance,
MoFA
Government
Mr.PhetmixayKasermsouk Department of Industry Process, MIC Government
Mr. RubenitoLampayan
IRRI International Organization
Ms. PanyVanmanivong IRRI International Organization
Ms. TitaroseVijitpan MRC International Organization
Ms. ParichatBorkham MRC International Organization
Ms. KhamphoneLueangvanh MRC International Organization
Mr. Uwe Singer IUCN International Organization
UNDP International Organization
Mr. Chansome WB International Organization
64
Annex 2: the priority adaptation projects in the NAPA
No. Sector Priority Projects 1 Agriculture Priority One:
1) Strengthen the capacity and knowledge of the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC)
2) Promote secondary occupations and livelihood of farmers affected by disasters influenced by climate change
Priority Two: 3) Improve land use planning in hazard-prone and -affected areas 4) Promote short-duration paddy and other cash crops in natural
hazard-prone areas. 5) Strengthen technical capacities of local agricultural officers in
natural hazard-prone areas 6) Improve and develop crop varieties and animal species that are
better adapted to natural hazard-prone areas 7) Improve and construct crop and animal disease laboratories at
central and local levels and build related capacity of technical staff 8) Train farmers on the processing and storing of human and animal
food stuffs 9) Establish and strengthen farmers groups in natural hazard prone
areas 10) Promote soil improvement using locally available organic fertilizer
and existing agricultural waste 11) Develop appropriate bank erosion protection systems for
agricultural land in flood prone areas 12) Promote integrated pest management (IPM) and use of herbal
medicines in pest management and livestock treatment 13) Develop the capacity of technical staff in organic fertilizer research.
2 Forestry Priority One:
1) Continue the slash-and-burn eradication programme and permanent job creation programme
2) Strengthen capacities of village forestry volunteers in forest planting, caring and management techniques, as well as the use of village forests
Priority Two: 3) Carry out surveys and identify and develop forest areas suitable for
supporting seed production 4) Promote and establish tree nurseries to provide saplings to areas at
high risk from flooding or drought 5) Raise public awareness on wildlife conservation and forest fire
prevention 6) Set up and further strengthen technical capacities of forest fire
management teams at provincial, district and village levels
65
7) Develop public awareness campaigns to disseminate information on forest and wildlife regulations and laws, and strengthen implementation of these regulations
8) Develop agro-forestry systems for watershed protection and erosion reduction in steep areas
9) Develop small reservoirs in upland areas in order to provide water for wildlife/aquatic animals and plants during the dry season
10) Develop a public awareness campaign on pest and disease outbreaks in wildlife caused by natural disasters, as well as on associated preventive measures
11) Develop an extension campaign on integrated forest plantation management for crop pest and disease control
12) Conduct research and select seeds of plant species suitable for flood- and drought-prone areas
13) Construct bush fire barriers/forest fire protection buffer zones in forest conservation areas
14) Build research capacity on wildlife pests/diseases and outbreaks of animal diseases
66
Water and water resources
Priority One: 1) Raise awareness on water and water resource management 2) Map flood-prone areas 3) Establish an early warning system for flood-prone areas, and
improve and expand meteorology and hydrology networks and weather monitoring systems
4) Strengthen institutional and human resource capacities related to water and water resource management
5) Survey underground water sources in drought-prone areas 6) Study, design and build multi-use reservoirs in drought-prone areas
Priority Two:
7) Conserve and develop major watersheds 8) Build and improve flood protection barriers to protect existing
irrigation systems 9) Improve and protect navigation channels and navigation signs 10) Repair/rehabilitate infrastructure and utilities damaged by floods in
agricultural areas
Public health Priority One:
1) Improve systems for the sustainable use of drinking water and sanitation, with community participation, in flood- and drought-prone areas
2) Improve knowledge and skills of engineers who design and build water and sanitation systems
Priority Two: 3) Raise public awareness on sanitation in flood-prone areas 4) Improve and standardize the quality of drinking water 5) Expand epidemic disease diagnostic laboratories at regional and
provincial levels, to provide disease epidemic information in a timely fashion to flood- and drought-affected areas
6) Improve prevention and treatment of water-borne diseases 7) Develop a timely and accurate reporting system for epidemic
diseases 8) Improve the capacity of the epidemic disease surveillance system
67
Annex 3: List of key stakeholders involved in the inception and sector selection workshop
Name Organization/Institution Type of
organization/
institution
1 Mr. KhampadithKhammounhueng Department of Environment Promotion, MoNRE Government
2 Mr. SyamphoneSengchandala Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change
Government
3 Mr. Immala Inthaboualy Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
4 Mr. BountheeSaythongvanh Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
5 Mr. VanthonePhonnasan Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
6 Ms. ChindalakVilanon Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
7 Ms. ThounheuangBuiyavong Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
8 Ms. Simountha Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
9 Ms. DalounyVilaythong Natural Resources and Environment Research Institute,
MoNRE
Research
Institutes
10 Mr. LaeManivong Department of agriculture, MAF Government
11 Mr.KhamphoneMounlamai National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
(NAFRI), MAF
Research
Institute
12 Mr.BounmanhKeomolakoth
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
(NAFRI), MAF
Research
Institute
13 Mr. KhamsenOunkham Department of Forestry, MAF Government
14 Mr.KaisonePhengsopha Faculty of Forestry NoUL Academic
15 Mr. SivangXayavong Department of Energy Management , MEM Government
16 Mr. XaythavoneSihanath Department of Transport, MPWT Government
17 Mr.PhouthasomeInthavong Department of Urban Planning and Housing, MPWT Government
18 Mr, HoumphanPhaduangdeth
Public Work and Transport Research Institute, MPWT Research
Institute
19 Mr. BounchanDouangvilay Department of Technology and Innovation, MST Government
20 Mr. PhiengsavanhThammasith Department of International Cooperation, MPI Government
68
21 Mr. Viengsavanh
National Economic Research Institute (NERI), MPI Research
Institute
22 Mr. KeophaseurthChanthaphime Department of International Personal, MoFA Government
23 Ms. KeophouthoneInthavong Department of International Finance, MoF Government
24 Mr.PhetmixayKasermsouk Department of Industry Process, MIC Government
25 Mr. RubenitoLampayan IRRI International
Organization
26 Ms. PanyVanmanivong IRRI International
organization
27 Ms. TitaroseVijitpan MRC International
Organization
28 Ms. ParichatBorkham
MRC International
Organization
29 Mr. Uwe Singer IUCN International
Organization
30 Ms. SomesanithMounphoxay Second National Communication (SNC) Project
(MoNRE/UNDP)
Project
31 Mr. SomesavanhSivilay Second National Communication (SNC) Project
(MoNRE/UNDP)
Project
32 Mr. Chansome WB International
Organization
33 Ms. DouangchaiSichanthavong LBD Private
34 Mr. OudoneTamixay Faculty of Environment Science, NUOL Academic
35 Ms. VathsudaNilathxai Faculty of Environment Science, NUOL Academic
36 Mr. MoneNouansyvong Consultant, TNA project Project
Adaptation Work Group
Name Organization/Institution Type of
organization/
institution
1 Mr. SyamphoneSengchandala Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
2 Mr. Immala Inthaboualy Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
3 Mr. BountheeSaythongvanh Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
69
4 Ms. ThounheuangBuiyavong Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
5 Mr.KhamphoneMounlamai National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
(NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
6 Mr. KhamsenOunkham Department of Forestry, MAF Government
7 Mr. SivangXayavong Department of Energy Management , MEM Government
8 Mr. XaythavoneSihanath Department of Transport, MPWT Government
9 Mr.PhouthasomeInthavong Department of Urban Planning and Housing, MPWT Government
10 Mr, HoumphanPhaduangdeth
Public Work and Transport Research Institute,
MPWT
Research Institute
11 Mr. BounchanDouangvilay Department of Technology and Innovation, MST Government
12 Mr.PhetmixayKasermsouk Department of Industry Process, MIC Government
13 Mr. Uwe Singer IUCN International
Organization
14 Mr. Chansome WB International
Organization
15 Mr. MoneNouansyvong Consultant, TNA project Project
16 Mr. SomesavanhSivilay Second National Communication (SNC) Project
(MoNRE/UNDP)
Project
17 Mr. OudoneTamixay Faculty of Environmental Science, NUoL Academic
18 Ms. VathsudaNilathxai Faculty of Environmental Science, NUoL Academic
Adaptation Work Group
Name Organization/Institution Type of
organization/
institution
1 Mr. KhampadithKhammounhueng Department of Environment Promotion, MoNRE Government
2 Mr. VanthonePhonnasan Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
3 Ms. ChindalakVilanon Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change , MONRE
Government
4 Ms. Simountha Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
5 Ms. DalounyVilaythong Natural Resources and Environment Research
Institute, MoNRE
Research Institutes
6 Mr. LaeManivong Department of agriculture, MAF Government
7 Mr.BounmanhKeomolakoth
National Agriculture and Forestry Research
Institute (NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
70
8 Mr.KaisonePhengsopha Faculty of Forestry NoUL Academic
9 Mr. PhiengsavanhThammasith Department of International Cooperation, MPI Government
10 Mr. Viengsavanh
National Economic Research Institute (NERI),
MPI
Research Institute
11 Mr. KeophaseurthChanthaphime Department of International Personal, MoFA Government
12 Ms. KeophouthoneInthavong Department of International Finance, MoF Government
13 Mr. RubenitoLampayan IRRI International
Organization
14 Ms. PanyVanmanivong
15 Ms. TitaroseVijitpan MRC
16 Ms. ParichatBorkham
International
Organization
17 Ms. SomesanithMounphoxay Second National Communication (SNC) Project
(MoNRE/UNDP)
Project
18 Ms. DouangchaiSichanthavong LBD Private
Annex 4: List of key stakeholders involved in the technology prioritization workshop
No Name Organization/Institution Type of
organization/
institution
1 Mr. XayavethVixay Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
2 Mr. SyamphoneSengchandala
3 Mr. BountheeSaythongvanh Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
4 Mr. VanthonePhonnasan Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
5 Ms. MonxamSothipmany Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
6 Ms. ChindalakVilanon Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
7 Ms. ThounheuangBuiyavong Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
8 Mr. KeoKorakoth Department of Forest Resources Management, MoNRE Government
9 Ms. ChandaSouliya Department of Environment Promotion, MoNRE Government
10 Mr. SackdaPhixayavong Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
71
11 Mr. ThongsaySihalath Department of Land Management, MoNRE Government
12 Ms. Chansouk Si Oudome Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, MoNRE Government
13 Mr. PhimphacksomphanPhalakhone Department of Livestock and Fishery, MAF Government
14 Ms. PhouNguenPhosalath Department of Agriculture, MAF Government
15 Mr. SyammoneSisongkham Department of Irrigation, MAF Government
16 Mr. PhousithPhoumavong Department of Agriculture and Forestry Extension
Services, MAF
Government
17 Mr. SouksomeSomechai
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
(NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
18 Faculty of Agriculture, NUoL Academic
19 Mr. SithongThongmanivong Faculty of Forestry, NUoL Academic
20 Mr.KaisonePhengsopha Faculty of Forestry NoUL Academic
21 Mr. ViengsoukSanapanya Department of Energy Management, MEM Government
22 Mr. SengchanPhasaiyaseng Department of Technology and Innovation, MST Government
23 Mr. HoumphengTheuatbounmy Renewable Research Institute, MST Research Institute
24 Mr. PhouthasomeInthavong Department of Urban and Housing, MPWT Government
25 Mr. LamkhaXayasan Public Work and Transport Research Institute, MPWT Research Institute
26 Ms. VilaykhamLathsaad National Disaster Management Office, MSWF Government
27 Dr. Simone Nampanya Center for Malaria Control, MPH Academic
28 Mr. LatsamyInthavongsa Department of Water Sanitation and Hygiene, MPH Government
29 Ms. BounthanomePhimmasone Center for Water Sanitation and Hygiene, MPH Government
30 Ms. LathsamySouthammavong Faculty of Environment Science, NUoL Academic
31 Mr. HoumphengTheuadbounmy Renewable Energy Research and Development Center,
MST
Research Institute
32 Ms. KhamnangKhounphakdy National Economic Research Institute, MPI Research Institute
33 Mr. PhiengsavanhThammasith Department of International Finance, MoFA Government
34 KhamphoneLueangvanh MRC International
Organization
35 Mr. MoneNouansyvong Consultant, TNA project
36 Ms. LathsoudaVilathxai Faculty of Environment Science, NUOL Academic
37 Ms. LathdavoneBuaphaseut Faculty of Environment Science, NUOL Academic
38 Mr. OudonTavamixai Faculty of Environment Science, NUOL Academic
Agriculture Sector
Name Organization/Institution Type of organization/institution
72
1 Mr. SyamphoneSengchandala Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
2 Ms. MonxamSothipmany Government
3 Ms. ThounheuangBuiyavong
4 Ms. ChandaSouliya Department of Environment Promotion, MoNRE Government
5 Mr. PhimphacksomphanPhalakhone Department of Livestock and Fishery, MAF Government
6 Ms. PhouNguenPhosalath Department of Agriculture, MAF Government
7 Mr. PhousithPhoumavong Department of Agriculture and Forestry Extension
Services, MAF
Government
8 Mr. SouksomeSomechai
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
(NAFRI), MAF
Research Institute
9 Faculty of Agriculture, NUoL Academic
10 Ms. LathsamySouthammavong Faculty of Environment Science, NUoL Academic
11 Mr. MoneNouansyvong Consultant, TNA project Private
12 Ms. LathdavoneBuaphaseut Faculty of Environment, NUoL Academic
Forestry Sector
Name Organization/Institution Type of organization/institution
1 Mr. XayavethVixay Department of Disaster Management and Climate
Change, MoNRE
Government
2 Mr. BountheeSaythongvanh
3 Ms. ChindalakVilanon Government
4 Mr. KeoKorakoth Department of Forest Resources Management,
MoNRE
Government
5 Mr. ThongsaySihalath Department of Land Management, MoNRE Government
6 Mr. SithongThongmanivong Faculty of Forestry, NUoL Academic
7 Mr. ViengsoukSanapanya Department of Energy Management, MEM Government
8 Mr. SengchanPhasaiyaseng Department of Technology and Innovation, MST Government
9 Mr. HoumphengTheuatbounmy Renewable Research Institute, MST Research Institute
10 Mr. HoumphengTheuadbounmy Renewable Energy Research and Development
Center, MST
Research Institute
11 Mr. OudonTavamixai Faculty of Environment, NUoL Academic
Water Sector
Name Organization/Institution Type of organization/institution
1 Mr. VanthonePhonnasan Department of Disaster Management and Climate Government
73
Change, MONRE
2 Mr. SackdaPhixayavong Department of Water Resources, MoNRE Government
3 Ms. Chansouk Si Oudome Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, MoNRE Government
4 Mr. SyammoneSisongkham Department of Irrigation, MAF Government
5 Mr.KaisonePhengsopha Faculty of Forestry NoUL Academic
6 Mr. PhouthasomeInthavong Department of Urban and Housing, MPWT Government
7 Mr. LamkhaXayasan Public Work and Transport Research Institute, MPWT Research Institute
8 Ms. VilaykhamLathsaad National Disaster Management Office, MSWF Government
9 Dr. Simone Nampanya Center for Malaria Control, MPH Government
10 Mr. LatsamyInthavongsa Department of Water Sanitation and Hygiene, MPH Government
11 Ms. BounthanomePhimmasone Center for Water Sanitation and Hygiene, MPH Government
12 Ms. KhamnangKhounphakdy National Economic Research Institute, MPI Research Institute
13 Mr. PhiengsavanhThammasith Department of International Finance, MoFA Government
14 KhamphoneLueangvanh MRC International
Organization
15 Ms. LathsoudaVilathxai Faculty of Environment, NUoL Academic
74
Annex 5: Sensitivity analysis of the criteria and score of technologies
Agriculture Sector:
Technology 1 Climate change oriented irrigation
Technology 2 Flood prevention and drainage system
Technology 3 Promote integrated farming
Technology 4 Livestock disease prevention and control
Technology 5 Crop diversification
Technology 6 Rural climate resilient infrastructure development
Technology 7 Agricultural development subsidy mechanism
Technology 8 Integrated land use planning and sustainable resettlement
Technology 9 Conservation agriculture and preservation of agriculture land
Technology 10 Research on climate change impact on agriculture
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Cost/ Investment>
75
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Adaptation Potential>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Environmental Negative Impacts Reduction>
76
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Employment Creation>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Gender Equity Promotion>
77
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Health, Educaiton and Capacity Promotion>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <GDP/Income/Yield >
78
Water Sector:
Technology 1 Flood risk mapping
Technology 2 Early warning
Technology 3 Multi -purpose reservoir and water storage
Technology 4 Optimal water supply system
Technology 5 Disaster impact reduction fund
Technology 6 Climate change oriented irrigation
Technology 7 Effective water sources and basin management
Technology 8 Flood and drought operation center
Technology 9 Groundwater management
Technology 10 Hydrological monitoring
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <SMEs/MSMEs>
79
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Cost/Investment>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Adaptation Potential>
80
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Environmental Negative Impacts Reduction>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Employment Creation>
81
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Gender Equity Promotion>
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <Health, Educaiton and Capacity Promotion>
82
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 8 Technology option 8
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <GDP/ Income/ Yield >
Technology option 1 Technology option 1
Technology option 2 Technology option 2
Technology option 3 Technology option 3
Technology option 4 Technology option 4
Technology option 5 Technology option 5
Technology option 6 Technology option 6
Technology option 7 Technology option 7
Technology option 9 Technology option 9
Technology option 10 Technology option 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Sensitivity analysis - Technology rankingCriteria: <SMEs/ MSMEs>
83
Annex 6: Technology Factsheets for selected technologies
Annex 7: Picture of the workshops
84
85
86