technology management mini project

7/30/2019 Technology Management Mini Project

1/35

TECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENT

MINI PROJECT

ABHIROOP SEN

ANJANI MANURI


2/35

DOMAIN AND TECHNOLOGY

DOMAIN CHOSEN

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY

VOIP


3/35

CONTENTSA. THE BASIC CONCEPT

B. INVENTION OF THE TELEPHONE

C. EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY INTELECOM

D. VOIP TECHNOLOGY

E. COSTITUENTS OF VOIP AND ITSFUNCTIONING

F. FUTURE OF TELECOM


4/35

A. THE BASIC CONCEPT

A basic telecommunication system consistsof three primary units that are alwayspresent in some form:

A transmitter that takes information andconverts it to a signal.

A transmission medium, also called the"physical channel" that carries the signal.

A receiver that takes the signal from thechannel and converts it back into usableinformation.


5/35

B. INVENTION OF THE TELEPHONE

Surprisingly, there were two people in the running topatent the telephone.

In the 1870s, two relatively unheard of inventors ofthis time, Alexander Graham Bell and the less

known Elisha Gary, both independently designeddevices that could transmit speech electrically.

Both men rushed their respective designs to thepatent office within hours of each other, but Bell

patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered

into a famous legal battle over the invention of thetelephone, which as most people know, Bell won.


6/35

C. EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

IN TELECOM

The first telephones were a purely scientificendeavor, with little thought to aesthetics. Theentire focus of these first creations was to come up

with a replacement for the primitive telegraph.

The first call was made from Bell to an assistantsitting 15 feet away on March 10, 1876, when Bell

said, Watson, come here, I want you.


7/35


8/35

USE OF ELECTRICITY(TRADITIONAL TELEPHONES) A telephone converts sound, typically and most

efficiently the human voice, into electronic signalssuitable for transmission via cables or other

transmission media over long distances, and replayssuch signals simultaneously in audible form to itsuser.

This is the most common telephone we know(before

cell phones) and normally the Governmentprovides the infrastructure of cables to carry theseelectric signals.


9/35


10/35

USE OF RADIO WAVES

(CAR PHONES)

When phones went the least bit mobile, the amountof hardware required to accompany them requiredthey be incorporated into a car so the heavy gutsof the phone could reside in the trunk.

This is an additional example of a technology thatthe next generation will find laughable, despite itsrevolutionary effect at the time.


11/35


12/35

VIDEOTELEPHONY

The development of videotelephony involved the historicaldevelopment of several technologies which enabled the useof live video in addition to voice telecommunications. Theconcept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late1870s

This was first embodied in the device which came to beknown as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolvedfrom intensive research and experimentation in severaltelecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy,telephony, radio, and television.

The development of the crucial video technology first startedin the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and theUnited States, spurred notably by John Logie Baird and AT&T'sBell Labs.


13/35


14/35

USE OF RADIO WAVES

(MOBILE PHONES)

To start with, one of the most interesting thingsabout a cell phone is that it is actually a radio - anextremely sophisticated radio, but a radiononetheless. It is a Duplex device.

It makes use of radio waves and initially used by themilitary. It progressed to 2G, 3G & 4G(IP)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are twocompeting standards in cellular service.

The major difference between the two technologiesis how they turn voice data into radio waves andhow the carrier connects to the phone


15/35


16/35

USE OF SATTELITES

(SATTELITE PHONES)

A satellite phone orsat phone is a mobilephone that sends and receives calls using satellitesrather than landlines or cellular broadcastingtowers.

This phone only requires a clear line of sight to thesky, so it can complete calls from anywhere. Itprovides solid communication on the seas and inthe air.

A disadvantage of a satellite phone is a noticeable

delay in conversations. Satellite minutes are also more expensive than

cellular minutes.


17/35


18/35

USE OF INTERNET PROTOCOL (VOIP)

Voice over Internet Protocol, is a method fortaking analog audio signals, and turning theminto digital data that can be transmitted overthe Internet.

How is this useful? VoIP can turn a standardInternet connection into a way to place freephone calls.

The practical upshot of this is that by usingsome of the free VoIP software that isavailable to make Internet phone calls, you'rebypassing the phone company (and itscharges) entirely.


19/35


20/35

D. VOIP TECHNOLOGY

VOIP which stands for voice over Internet protocoland often pronounced "voyp" is a newtechnology that will improve the way wecommunicate.

VoIP basically means voice transmitted over a

digital network. The Internet, however, isn't strictlynecessary for VoIP. What is necessary for VoIPtechnology is the use of the same protocols thatthe Internet uses.

A protocol is a set of rules used to allow orderlycommunication.

Thus, voice over Internet protocol means voicethat travels by way of the same protocols used on

the Internet


21/35


22/35

E. COSTITUENTS OF VOIP AND

ITS FUNCTIONING

A VoIP system basically consists of a number of endpoints which maybe VoIP phones or computers and an IP network.

It includes a vocoder (voice encoder / decoder) which converts the

audio to and from the analogue format into a digital format.

It also compresses the encoded audio, and in the reverse direction itdecompresses the reconstituted audio. The data generated is splitinto packets in the required format by the network interface card

which sends them with the relevant protocol into the outside world.

The IP networkaccepts the packets and provides the medium overwhich they can be forwarded, routing them to their final destination.


23/35

VOIP Protocols In order to be able to communicate using a VoIP system, there are

two types of protocol that must be used. One is a signalling

protocol, and the other is a protocol to facilitate the dataexchange.

The signalling protocol is used to control and manage the call. Itincludes elements such as call set up, clear down, call forwarding

and the like. The first protocol to be widely used for VoIP was H323.

The second type of protocol is used to manage the data exchangefor the VoIP traffic. The one used is termed RTP (Real Time Protocol)and this can handle both audio and video. RTP handles the data

exchange, but in addition to this a codec is required. Where voice isused a vocoder is used (a codec can be used for any form of dataincluding audio, video, etc). The most widely used VoIP vocoder isG711


24/35

How does VOIP technology work?

VoIP phone calls can be made in one of three ways:

Analog Telephone Adaptor

VoIP phoneComputer to computer using a Software VoIP

Phone


25/35

Analog Telephone Adaptor

The simplest way to make a VoIP call is to use an ATA (analogtelephone adaptor), sometimes called a gateway. Thisdevice allows you to use your current standard phone.

To make a VoIP call, simply plug your standard handset intothe ATA and connect the ATA to your computer or your

internet connection.

The ATA takes the analog signal from your standard phoneand turns it into a signal that is ready to be sent over theinternet.

With some ATAs you may be able to:

select whether your outgoing calls use VoIP or the standardtelephone connection

switch between VoIP and your standard phone connection forincoming calls


26/35

VOIP Phone

A dedicated VOIP handset looks just like astandard phone, but it is connected directly toyour router or PC, typically through an Ethernet or

USB port.

The handset already includes all softwarenecessary to send and receive VoIP calls. It offers a

fast and cost-effective way to use Voice overInternet Protocol.


27/35

Computer to computer using aSoftware VoIP Phone

As the term suggests, this involves using software onyour PC and an internet connection to contact

someone else with compatible software at theircomputer.

Apart from the software, your computer needs a

microphone, speakers, a suitable sound card and afast internet connection.


28/35

Benefits of VOIP

One of the main benefits is that VoIP cansignificantly reduce call costs, especially over longdistances. Calls may even be free of charge inmany cases, for instance if calls are made to users

on the same network.

Another benefit is that you can unplug yourtelephone handset from your PC or adaptor,travel to a new location (potentially anywhere in

the world), plug it into another connection andcarry on exactly as if you were at home. This isknown as nomadic operation.


29/35

VOIP Service Offerings

Apart from standard call services, VoIP providers may alsooffer:

video calls conference callsSome services also offer advanced call-handling options.

These are based on caller ID information and allow you todecide how to handle calls from a particular number.For example, you may automatically:

re-direct the call to another number

send the call directly to your voice mailbox

reject the callWith many VoIP services, you can also check voicemail viathe web or attach messages to an e-mail that is sent to yourcomputer or handheld device.


30/35

F. FUTURE OF TELECOM

Nanotechnology for Future Telecommunication (5G)

Perception of 5G The Nano Core is based uponthe convergence of existing technologies.

The incorporated technologies are.

1. Nanotechnology.

2. Cloud Computing.

3. All IP Network.4. Flat IP Architecture.


31/35


32/35


33/35


34/35


35/35

technology management mini project

Documents