technology guide 1 hardware t1-1. it for management prof. efraim turban t1-2 representing data in...

Technology Guide 1

Hardware

T1-1

IT for ManagementProf. Efraim Turban

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Representing Data in Computer• Coding Schemes

– ASCII (American National Standard Code for information Interchange)

– EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

• Binary Digit, or Bit– Binary 1 or 0

• Byte– 8 bits

• Uni-code– 16-bit code that has the capacity of representing more than

65,000 characters and symbols


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Representing Pictures, Time

• Pictures– Pixel : measure the color (or light level) of

each cell of the grid

• Time– Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds– Microsenond = 1/1,000,000– Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000– Picosencond = 1/1,000,000,000,000


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Representing Size of Bytes

• Size is measured by the number of bytes– Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes (actually 1024)– Megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes = 106 bytes– Gigabyte = 109 bytes– Terabyte = 1012 bytes– Petabyte = 1015 bytes– Exabyte = 1018 bytes


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Hardware Generations

FeatureFeatureCircuitryPrimarystorageCycle timesAveragecost

1st

Vacuum tubes

2 KB

100 millisecs

$2.5 million

2nd

Transistors

64 KB

10 microsecs

$250 thousand

3rd

Integrated circuits

4 KB

500 nanosecs

$25 thousand

FeatureFeatureCircuitryPrimarystorageCycle timesAveragecost

4th(early)LSI and VLSI

16 MB

800 picosecs

$2.5 thousand

4th(1988)ULSL

64 MB

2,000 picosecs

$2.0 thousand

4th(2000)GSI

128 MB

4,000 picosecs

$1.5 thousand


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Other Generations

• Fifth-Generation Computer– use Massive Parallel processing to process

multiple instructions simultaneously

• Future Generations– DNA (Deoxycomputer acid) : coding a problem

into the alphabet and then creating conditions under which DNA molecules are formed that encode all possible solutions of a problem

• Optical Computer– uses beams of light instead of electrons


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Types of Computers

• Supercomputers– the computers with the most processing power– valuable for large simulation models of real-world

phenomena, where complex mathematical representations and calculations are required, or for image creation and processing

• Massively-Parallel Computers– modern problems in science and engineering, such as

structural engineering, fluid mechanics, and other large scale physical simulations


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Types of Computers

• Mainframes– large corporations, where data

processing is centralized and large databases are maintained

• Minicomputers– widespread acceptance within the

scientific community and, more recently, within the business community


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Types of Computers• Microcomputers (PCs)

– Four classifications• Desktop personal computer• Laptop computers• Notebooks• Palmtop computers

– Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)• a palmtop computer that combines a fast processor with

a multitasking operating system using a pen rather than keyboard input for handwriting recognition

– Smart Cards• Contain a small CPU, memory, and an input/output

device that allow these “computers” to used in everyday activities such as person identification and banking


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Types of Computers

• Network Computer and Terminals– Network computer (NC)

• a desktop terminal that does not store software programs or data permanently

– Windows-based terminals (WBTs)• a subset of the NC• access Windows applications on

central servers as if those applications were running locally


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The Components ofComputer Hardware

InputDevicesInput

DevicesOutputDevicesOutputDevices

CommunicationDevices

CommunicationDevices

ControlUnit

Arithmetic-LogicUnit

Primary Storage

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

Central Processing Unit

BusBus

Bus Bus

ExternalNetwork


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Microprocessor

• The Central Process Unit (CPU)– The center of all computer-

processing activities, where all processing is controlled, data are manipulated, arithmetic computations are performed, and logical comparisons are made.


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Microprocessor

• Primary Storage– integrated circuits are interconnected

layers of etched semiconductor materials forming electrical transistor memory units with “on-off” positions that direct he electrical current passing through them


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Microprocessor• Buses

– data is passed in electronic form via this channel

– data bus; address bus; control bus

– bus width : capacity of a bus

• Control Unit– reads instructions and directs the other components of the

computer system to perform the functions required by the program

– machine cycle : series of operations required to process a single machine instruction


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Microprocessor

• Arithmetic-Logic Unit : internal memory

– Random-Access Memory (RAM) : the place in which the CPU stores the instructions and data it is processing

• Dynamic random access memories(DRAMs)• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)

– Read-Only Memory (ROM) : continually retained program instructions

• Programmable read-only memory (PROM)• Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)


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Microprocessor

• Microprocessor Speed– The speed of a chip depends on four things:

the clock speed, the word length, the data bus width, and the design of the chip

• Parallel Processing– A computer system with two or more

processors– Systems with large numbers of processors are

called massively parallel processor (MPP) systems


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Secondary Storage

• Magnetic tape• Magnetic disks

• Hard disk

• Zip disks• Optical storage devices

• Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) disk– write once, read many (WORM)– Rewritable optical disks

– Digital video disk (DVD)


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Input Devices

• Keyboard• Mouse• Touch Screen• Touchpad• Light Pen• Joystick• Automated Teller Machines• Electronic Forms• Whiteboard


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Source Data Automation

• Point of Sale Terminals• Bar Code Scanner• Optical Character Reader• Handwriting Recognizers• Voice Recognizers• Magnetic Ink Character Readers• Digitizers• Digital Cameras


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Output Devices

• Monitors• Impact Printers• Nonimpact Printers• Plotters• Voice Output


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Multimedia

• A group of human-machine communication media, some of which can be combined in one application

• Involves the use of computers to improve human-machine communication by using a combination of media

• Merges the capabilities of computers with television sets, VCRs, CD players, and other entertainment devices

Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner in unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Son, Inc. Adopters of the textbook are granted permission to make back-up copies for his/her own use only, to make copies for distribution to student of the course the textbook is used in, and to modify this material to best suit their instructional needs. Under no circumstances can copies be made for resale. The publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.


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