Introduction - Evolution of the Mobile Market

The first radiotelephone service was introduced in the US at the end of the 1940s, and was meant to connectmobile users in cars to the public fixed network. In the 1960s, a new system launched by Bell Systems, calledImproved Mobile Telephone Service” (IMTS), brought many improvements like direct dialing and higherbandwidth. The first analog cellular systems were based on IMTS and developed in the late 1960s and early1970s. The systems were “cellular” because coverage areas were split into smaller areas or “cells”, each ofwhich is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.

Where I start? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0jYVjs_dyQ

The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japanby NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo.Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japanand became the first nationwide 1G network.

1G established seamless mobile connectivity introducing mobile voice services using AnalogRadio Signals (Range 2.9KB/s to 5.6 KB/s)

In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) (900 MHz) system simultaneously launched inDenmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network to featureinternational roaming. In 1983, the first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-basedAmeritech using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the earlyto mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) (800 MHz) was first launched in the US & TotalAccess Communications System (TACS) (900MHz) was first used in the UK in 1985. .

This first generation saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of themicroprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cellsite.

Standard “a document specifying nationally or internationally agreed properties of manufactured goods,principles for procedure, etc”. (New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary)

2G Second generation wireless telephone technology (Digital Radio Cellular Signals systems /9.5Kbps) were first developed at the end of the **1980s by European Conference of Postal andtelecommunication (CEPT, now ETSI). These systems digitized not only the control link butalso the voice signal. The new system provided better quality and higher capacity at lower costto consumers and very useful features, such as caller ID (Subscriber Identity Module), callforwarding, voice encoder and short messaging.

2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. (Originally it was called Groupe Spécial Mobile)

- Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was first developed in the 1980s through a pan-European initiative,involving the European Commission, telecommunications operators and equipment manufacturers. The EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute was responsible for GSM standardization. GSM uses TDMA (Time Division MultipleAccess) technology. It is being used by all European countries, and has been adopted in other continents.

- IS-136 (TDMA) is the digital enhancement of the analog AMPS technology. It was called D-AMPS when it was firstintroduced in late 1991 and its main objective was to protect the substantial investment that service providers had been made inAMPS technology. Digital AMPS services have been launched in some 70 countries worldwide (by March 1999, there werealmost 22 million TDMA handsets in circulation, the dominant markets being the Americas, and parts of Asia)

- IS-95 (CDMA) increases capacity by using the entire radio band with each using a unique code (CDMA or Code DivisionMultiple Access) . It is a family of digital communication techniques and South Korea is the largest single CDMA IS-95 market inthe world.

- Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) is the second largest digital mobile standard although it is exclusively used in Japan where itwas introduced in 1994. Like GSM, it is based on the TDMA access technology. In November 2001, there were some 66.39million PDC users in Japan.

- Personal Handy phone System (PHS) is a digital system used in Japan, first launched in 1995 as a cheaper alternative tocellular systems. It is somewhere in between a cellular and a cordless technology. It has inferior coverage area and limitedusage in moving vehicles. In November 2001, Japan had 5.68 million PHS subscribers.

2.5G (GPRS / Release 97 / 115 Kbps) ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systemsthat have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain (thruIP-based packet data transmission). Based on specifications in Release 97, General Packet RadioServices typically reached speeds of 40Kbps in the downlink and 14Kbps in the uplink byaggregating GSM time slots into one bearer. Enhancements in Releases R’98 and R’99 meant thatGPRS could theoretically reach downlink speeds of up to 171Kbps (Internet access/Multi MessageService MMS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 2.5G

With a new modulation technique yielding a three-fold increase in capacity, GPRS networks evolvedto Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution networks with the introduction of 8PSK replacingGMSK and new channel coding for spectral efficiency, EDGE was successfully introduced withoutdisrupting the frequency re-use plans of existing GSM deployments.

2.75G (EDGE / Release 98 / 236Kbps) The increase in data speeds to 384Kbps placed EDGE as anearly pre-taste of 3G, although it was labeled 2.75G by industry watchers.

Ongoing standards work in 3GPP has delivered EDGE Evolution, which is designed to complementhigh-speed packet access (HSPA) coverage.

(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technologythat allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE wasdeployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by AT&T in the United States.

EDGE Evolution has:Improved spectral efficiency with reduced latencies down to 100msIncreased throughput speeds to 1.3Mbps in the downlink and 653Kbps in the uplink

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access is the most common analog system. It is a technique wherebyspectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned to users. With FDMA, only one subscriber at anygiven time is assigned to a channel. The channel therefore is closed to other conversations until the initial callis finished, or until it is handed-off to a different channel. A “full-duplex” FDMA transmission requires twochannels, one for transmitting and the other for receiving. FDMA has been used for first generation analogsystems.

2G Access technologies

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Accessimproves spectrum capacity by splittingeach frequency into time slots. TDMAallows each user to access the entire radiofrequency channel for the short period of acall. Other users share this same frequencychannel at different time slots. The basestation continually switches from user touser on the channel. TDMA is thedominant technology for the secondgeneration mobile cellular networks.

2G Access technologies

CDMA: Code Division MultipleAccess is based on “spread” spectrumtechnology. Since it is suitable forencrypted transmissions, it has longbeen used for military purposes.CDMA increases spectrum capacity byallowing all users to occupy allchannels at the same time.Transmissions are spread over thewhole radio band, and each voice ordata call are assigned a unique code todifferentiate from the other calls carriedover the same spectrum. CDMA allowsfor a “ soft hand-off” , which meansthat terminals can communicate withseveral base stations at the same time.The dominant radio interface for third-generation mobile, or IMT-2000, will be awideband version of CDMA with threemodes (IMT-DS, IMT-MC and IMT-TC).

Different Mobile 2G TDMA techniques were standardized

CDMA utilizes all the available spectrum to support more users

3G Third generation systems (IMT-2000 by ITU) promise faster communications services,including voice, fax and Internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming.

It is in the mid-1980s that the concept for IMT-2000, “International Mobile Telecommunications”, wasborn at the ITU (Internacilnal Telecommunication Union) as the third generation system for mobilecommunications. After over ten years of hard work under the leadership of the ITU, a historic decisionwas taken in the year 2000 : unanimous approval of the technical specifications for third generationsystems under the brand IMT-2000. The spectrum between 400 MHz and 3 GHz is technically suitable forthe third generation. The entire telecommunication industry, including both industry and national andregional standards-setting bodies gave a concerted effort to avoiding the fragmentation that had thus farcharacterized the mobile market. This approval meant that for the first time, full interoperability andinterworking of mobile systems could be achieved.

IMT-2000 is the result of collaboration of many entities, inside the ITU (ITU-R and ITU-T), and outside theITU (3GPP, 3GPP2, UWCC and so on) It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates:a minimum speed of 2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle. Second-generation systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6 kbit/s to 28.8 kbit/s.

The first 3G networks were deployed in Korea and Japan in 2000 and 2001.

- Mobile TV- Video conferencing- Global Positioning System (GPS)

What is ITU? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jqkio_-GOQs)ITU-Radio (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZr-6AjUXSo)ITU-Development (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mh-LvltU2zM)ITU-Standarization (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsVemofz8DQ)

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

- The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP used primarily in Europe, Japan, China(however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G systeminfrastructure.a) The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.b) The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered in China.c) The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory(28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

- The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North Americaand South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typicallyCDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

In 1998, the ETSI General Assembly took the decision on the radio access technology for the thirdgeneration cellular technology: wideband code-division multiple access, W-CDMA, would beemployed. Partnership Project was formed with other interested regional standards bodies, allowing acommon system to be developed for Europe, Asia and North America. The Third GenerationPartnership Project was born.

3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System / R99 / 384Kbps / 3GPP)

UMTS is an umbrella term for the third generation RADIO technologies developed within 3GPP.

The radio access specifications provide for Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex(TDD) variants, and several chip rates are provided for in the TDD option, allowing UTRA technology tooperate in a wide range of bands and co-exist with other radio access technologies.UMTS includes the original W-CDMA scheme using paired or unpaired 5 MHz wide channels in globallyagreed bandwidth around 2 GHz, though subsequently, further bandwidth has been allocated by the ITUon a regional basis.

These are detailed in 3GPP Technical Specifications 25.101 (FDD) and 25.102 (TDD), and allow for theeventual re-use of bands currently assigned to 2G services.

W-CDMA was specified in Release 99 and Release 4 of the specifications. High Speed Packet Access(HSPA) was introduced in Releases 5 (Downlink) and 6 (Uplink) giving substantially greater bit rates andimproving packet-switched applications.

UMTS in principle allowing most services to be delivered over either 2G GERAN (GSM/EDGE) or 3G UTRAN.

Wide Code Division Multiple Access is a spread-spectrum modulation technique; one which useschannels whose bandwidth is much greater than that of the data to be transferred. Instead of eachconnection being granted a dedicated frequency band just wide enough to accommodate its envisagedmaximum data rate, W-CDMA channels share a much larger band.

The modulation technique encodes each channel in such a way that a decoder, knowing the code, can pickout the wanted signal from other signals using the same band, which simply appear as so much noise.

3.5G HSPA (High Speed Packet data Access/ Release 5&6 / 14Mbps) has been an upgrade to WCDMAnetworks (both FDD, and TDD) used to increase packet data performance. The introduction was done insteps; High Speed Down Link (DL) Packet data Access (HSDPA), was introduced in 3GPP Release 5, andEnhanced Up Link (UL), also referred to as High Speed UL Packet data Access (HSUPA), came in Release 6.

The combination of HSDPA and Enhanced UL is referred to as HSPA. HSPA evolution (also known asHSPA+ and evolved HSPA) came in Release 7 with further improvements in later releases.

HSPA+ (Release 7 / 54 Mbps)To further increase bitrates in the evolution of HSPA, referred to as HSPA+, new functions are added; forexample higher order modulation 64QAM (DL) and 16QAM (UL) as well as Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO), used only in the DL. Maximum channel rate DL, using 64QAM and 15 codes, is 21 Mbps and ULusing 16QAM is 11 Mbps.

MIMO, e.g. Spatial Multiplexing, is used to increase the overall bitrate through transmission of two (ormore) different data streams on two (or more) different antennas - using the same channelization codes at thesame time, separated through use of different data precoding and different pilot channels transmitted fromeach Tx-antenna - to be received by two or more Rx-antennas. In 3GPP Release 7 for HSPA there will be 2 Txand Rx-antennas (2x2 MIMO).

What is 3GPP2?

A collaborative third generation (3G) telecommunications specifications-setting project comprising NorthAmerican and Asian interests developing global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 Cellular Radiotelecommunication Intersystem Operations network evolution to 3G and global specifications for the radiotransmission technologies (RTTs) supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41.3GPP2 was born out of ITU "IMT-2000" initiative, covering high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP)-based mobile systems featuring network-to-network interconnection, feature/service transparency, globalroaming and seamless services independent of location.

CollaborationBack in 1998, the concept of a "Partnership Project" was pioneered by ETSI with the proposal to create a 3GPPfocusing on GSM technology. Although discussions did take place between ETSI and the ANSI-41 communitywith a view to consolidating collaboration efforts for all ITU "family members," in the end it was deemedappropriate that a parallel Partnership Project be established - "3GPP2," which, like its sister project 3GPP,embodies the benefits of a collaborative effort (timely delivery of output, speedy working methods), while atthe same time benefiting from recognition as a specifications-developing body, providing easier access of theoutputs into the ITU after transposition of the specifications in a Standards Development Organization (SDO)into a standard and submittal via the national process, as applicable, into the ITU.

Who is Involved?3GPP2 is a collaborative effort between five officially recognized SDOs:

ARIB - Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan)CCSA - China Communications Standards Association (China)TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association (North America)TTA - Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea)TTC - Telecommunications Technology Committee (Japan)

3G CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC) / 3.1Mbps / 3GPP2 ) is a family of 3G[1]mobile technology standards for sending voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites.It is developed by 3GPP2 as a backwards-compatible successor to second-generation cdmaOne (IS-95) set ofstandards and used especially in North America and South Korea.

CDMA2000 denotes a family of standards that represent the successive, evolutionary stages of the underlyingtechnology. These are:Voice: CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X AdvancedData: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized): Release 0, Revision A, Revision B, Ultra MobileBroadband (UMB)

CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000), also known as 1x and 1xRTT, is the core CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard.The designation "1x", meaning 1 times Radio Transmission Technology, indicates the same radio frequency (RF)bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio channels. 1xRTT almost doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding64 more traffic channels to the forward link, orthogonal to (in quadrature with) the original set of 64. The 1X standardsupports packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s with real world data transmission averaging 80–100 kbit/s.IMT-2000 also made changes to the data link layer for greater use of data services, including medium and linkaccess control protocols and QoS. The IS-95 data link layer only provided "best efforts delivery" for data andcircuit switched channel for voice. 1X Advanced (EVRC-WB/B) is the evolution of CDMA2000 1X. It providesup to four times the capacity and 70% more coverage compared to 1X

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is atelecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadbandInternet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well astime division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's throughput and the overall systemthroughput. It is standardized by 3GPP2 as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adoptedby many mobile phone service providers around the world.

4G (IMT-Advanced by ITU, also called B3G, beyond 3G), short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below.

LTE (Long Term Evolution) or the E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network), introduced in 3GPP R8, is the access part of the Evolved Packet System (EPS). The main requirements for the new access network are high spectral efficiency, high peak data rates, short round trip time as well as flexibility in frequency and bandwidth.

The Evolved Packet System (EPS) is purely IP based. Both real time services and datacom services will be carried by the IP protocol. The IP address is allocated when the mobile is switched on and released when switched off.

The Evolved Universal terrestrial Access Network (EUTRAN) is simply a network of base stations, evolved NodeB (eNB), generating a flat architecture. There is no centralized intelligent controller, and the eNBs are normally inter-connected viathe X2-interface and towards the core network by the S1-interface.

The new access solution, LTE, is based on OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) and in combination with higher order modulation (up to 64QAM), large bandwidths (up to 20 MHz) and spatial multiplexing in the downlink (up to 4x4) high data rates can be achieved. The highest theoretical peak data rate on the transport channel is 75 Mbpsin the uplink, and in the downlink, using spatial multiplexing, the rate can be as high as 300 Mbps.

To achieve high radio spectral efficiency as well as enable efficient scheduling in both time and frequency domain, a multicarrier approach for multiple access was chosen by 3GPP. For the downlink, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) was selected and for the uplink SC-FDMA (Single Carrier -Frequency Division Multiple Access) also known as DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) spread OFDMA

WiMAX™ (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology is based upon the IEEE802.16 standard enabling the delivery of wireless broadband services, it´s a technology choicedelivering high-capacity and high-throughput data services. WiMAX products can accommodate fixedand mobile usage models across a range of applications. The IEEE 802.16 standard was developed todeliver non-line-of-sight (NLoS) connectivity between a subscriber station and base station.

IEEE, an association dedicated to advancing innovation and technological excellence for the benefit ofhumanity, is the world’s largest technical professional society. It is designed to serve professionalsinvolved in all aspects of the electrical, electronic, and computing fields and related areas of scienceand technology that underlie modern civilization.IEEE, pronounced "Eye-triple-E," stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Theassociation is chartered under this name and it is the full legal name.

IEEE 802The LAN/MAN Standards Committee Wired:– 802.3 (Ethernet) {10 Gbit/s approved in June 2002}– 802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring)Wireless:– 802.11: Wireless LAN• Local Area Networks– 802.15: Wireless PAN• Personal Area Networks {inc. Bluetooth}– 802.16: WirelessMANTM• Metropolitan Area Networks

What´s next? (Milestones)

In early 2012, ITU-R embarked on a programe to develop “IMT for 2020 and beyond”, setting thestage for “5G” research activities that are emerging around the world.**5G Public Private Partnership.

https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/imt-2000/technology.html

http://www.umts-forum.org/

http://www.cdg.org/

http://www.3gpp2.org/

http://www.etsi.org/

http://www.wwrf.ch/

http://www.gsma.com/aboutus/history

https://www.ietf.org/

http://www.arib.or.jp/

http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html

http://www.ansi.org/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CDMA2000_networks

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