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Technology Development in Bioethanol Production in Indonesia
Wahono Sumaryono
Deputy Chairman of BPPT for Agroindustry dan Biotechnology
The Asian Science and Technology SeminarJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-BPPT
Jakarta, March, 8-9, 2007
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Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006
Promoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, sPromoting utilization of renewable source of energy: biofuels, solar energy, olar energy, wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc.wind energy, ocean wave and current energy, geothermal etc.Energy efficiency and conservation.Energy efficiency and conservation.Optimalization on energy productionOptimalization on energy productionReduction of subsidy on fuel priceReduction of subsidy on fuel priceReduction of energy elasticity.Reduction of energy elasticity.
1.1. Energy Elasticity from 1.84 (2006) to < 1 by 2025Energy Elasticity from 1.84 (2006) to < 1 by 20252.2. Optimized primary Energy Mix by 2025, consisting of:Optimized primary Energy Mix by 2025, consisting of:
– Petroleum < 20%– Natural gas > 30%– Coal > 33%–– BiofuelsBiofuels > 5%– Other new & renewable energy > 5% (biomass, hydro, solar, wind, nuclear)– Liquified Coal > 2%
objectives
Domestic Energy Supply SecurityDomestic Energy Supply Security
goals
National Energy PolicyNational Energy Policy
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PROJECTED BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (Mio KLPROJECTED BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION (Mio KL))
BIOETHANOL
20062006 1,1,191920072007 1,1,202020082008 1,1,222220092009 1,1,232320102010 1,1,2424
BIODIESELBIODIESEL BIOBIO--OILOIL
2006 1,712007 1,752008 1,782009 1,822010 1,85
20062006 0,370,3720072007 2,432,4320082008 4,714,7120092009 4,774,7720102010 4,824,82
Source Source : Dep: Deptt. . of Energy & Mineral Resourcesof Energy & Mineral Resources, 2006, 2006
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THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL IN INDONESIA2000 - 2006
YearYear Productions of Productions of ethanol ethanol (KL(KL))
Increase Increase (%)(%)
20002000200120012002200220032003200420042005200520062006
110 000110 000125 000125 000125 000125 000130 519130 519132 000132 000175 175 000000176.000176.000
--13.6413.64
004.424.421.541.54
32.5832.580.550.55
THE EXISTING CONDITION
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Estimated Potential Landfor Sugarcane Outside Jawa
(In addition of existing plantation)
Area (Ha)No. Location
Bruto Netto1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
10.11.12.
South SumatraNorth SumatraMiddle KalimantanEast KalimantanSouth SulawesiNorth SulawesiMiddle SulawesiSouth-east SulawesiMalukuWest NusatenggaraEast NusatenggaraIrian Jaya
55 00018 450
200 84765 00036 000
219 37590 300
104 300441 50051 90032 500
750 000
33 00015 45436 017 39 000 13 00095 70054 20064 000
253 20036 50021 000
500 000Total 2 065 172 710 829
Note : Existing Sugarcane Plantation : 391.000 Ha ~2,3 Mio Tons Sugar
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Estimated Potential Land for Cassava PlantationEstimated Potential Land for Cassava Plantation(in addition of existing plantation)
NO. PROVINCE AREA (Ha)PROJECTED
PRODUCTION (Tons/year)
Potential Bioethanol Production (KL/year)
11 North SumateraNorth Sumatera 23.00023.000 575.000575.000 88.40088.400
22 South SumateraSouth Sumatera 37.00037.000 925.000925.000 142.300142.300
33 West SumateraWest Sumatera 19.50019.500 487.000487.000 75.00075.000
44 LampungLampung 47.00047.000 1.175.0001.175.000 180.700180.700
55 Central JavaCentral Java 29.00029.000 750.000750.000 115.000115.000
66 West JavaWest Java 42.00042.000 1.050.0001.050.000 161.500161.500
77 East JavaEast Java 33.00033.000 825.000825.000 126.900126.900
88 YogyakartaYogyakarta 9.5009.500 237.000237.000 34.50034.500
99 East Nusa TenggaraEast Nusa Tenggara 25.00025.000 625.000625.000 96.00096.000
1010 South SulawesiSouth Sulawesi 38.00038.000 950.000950.000 146.100146.100
1111 North SulawesiNorth Sulawesi 33.00033.000 630.000630.000 126.900126.900
1212 East KalimantanEast Kalimantan 18.00018.000 396.000396.000 60.90060.900
TotalTotal 336.000336.000 8.400.0008.400.000 1.292.3081.292.308
Note : Existing plantation of cassava : 811.422 Ha ~ 13,28 Mio tons cassava
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No Type of Raw Material
Harvesting (Months)
Productivity (Tons/Ha)
Freq of Harvesting Per
Annual1 Cassava 10 25 1x
2x
3x
2x
6 Sugarcane 10 80 1x
2 Corn 3,5-4 8
3 Sorghum 3,5-4 4,5
4 Sweet potatoes 4 20
5 Sago 96 30
Average Productivity
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NO RAW MATERIAL WEIGHT (Kg) BIOETHANOL (L)
1 Sugarcane 15 1
2 Molasse 4 1
3 Cassava 6,5 1
4 Corn 2,5 1
5 Sorghum 2,8 1
6 Sweet potatoes 8 1
7 Sago 12 1
Raw Material Balance in Bioethanol Production
Source : Research Center for Starch Development, BPPT, Lampung
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Biofuels Implementation programBiofuels Implementation program
Target of Target of Biofuels ProgramBiofuels Program
20072007--20252025
State Own Agricultural Co.(Palm Oil, Sugarcane,
Jatropha, Cassava)
Energy Selfsufficiency Village“Government Driven”
Intended Investors:Specific Biofuels Zone, Big Plantation Palm Oil,
Sugarcane, Cassava, Jatropha PertaminaPertamina
Transportation
PLNPLNNat.Electrical Company
Self consumption
industry
Household
ExportExport
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FLOW PROCESS IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTIONSugar STARCH LIGNOCELLULOSIC
LIQUIFACTION OF COOKING PRETREATMENT
SUCCHARIFICATION (HYDROLYSIS)
SACCHARIFICATION (HYDROLYSIS)
FERMENTATION 7 PURIFICATION BIOETHANOL
STILLAGE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
BIOGAS COMBUSTION
ENZYME STEAM
MICROBE’S CELL
FLOW DIAGRAM BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION USING DIFFERENT RAW MATERIAL
STEAMENZYME
ACID
ENZYMEACIDENZYME
FERTILIZER
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EQUIPMENT IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
UNIT DISTILASI
DEHYDRATIONUNIT
FERMENTATION
MASHINGUNIT
CASSAVA
DISTILLATIONUNIT
HYDROLISISUNIT
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Raw MaterialTreatment
HydrolysisProcess
FermentationProcess
DistillationProcess
Slurry of
Cassava (Glucose)
Cassava
Bioethanol
10 %Bioethanol
95-96 %Dehydration
Process FGE
(99,5%)
Material Balance in Production of 8 KL FGE
50 tons cassava(14 tons starch) 14 tons sugar
8 KL FGE
Amylase Enzyme :7 kg alpha-amylase28 kg glucoamylase
Temp 90 C
Volume 90 KL
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SEED IMPROVEMENT1. Selective breeding, occulation (Cassava)2. Radiation, selective breeding (Sorghum)3. Selective breeding, biotech approach (Sugarcane)
CassavaBalitkabi
(Res. Center for Peanuts-Cassava &
Related Species-Dept of Agriculture)
SugarcaneP3GI
(Res. Center for Sugarcane)
Sweet-stem Sorghum1. BATAN (Radiation)2. Res. Center for
Cereals (Maros, South Sulawesi
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CULTIVATION IMPROVEMENTCassava Sugarcane Sweet-stem Sorghum
• Average Nat. Prod. 16 -18 tons/ha
• Res. Center for Starch Dev. ~25 tons/Ha
Balanced fertilizer(in org + org)
Current : 28,5 tons/haTarget : 35-40 tons/Ha
• Average Nat. Prod. 79 -80 tons/ha
• (State owned Co. & and private companies in Java, Lampung)
Current : 90 tons/haTarget : 120 tons/Ha
• Demplot : 14 cultivars
Target : 8 tons/Ha
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Pre Treatment Optimization(Hydrolysis process)
Existing :Raw material• Sugarcane• Starch groups
Acid (hydrolysis)Enzymatic(saccharification)
Projected :Liqnocellulosic mat.(woody biomass)• Mechano-chemical
Treatment• Hydrothermal treatment• Separation• Enzymatic (saccharification)
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glucose
Xylose
Fermentation
Ethanol
Lignine+
Waste
Production of BioethanolUsing Liqnocellulosic Material
Problem : • Chemical bounding between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignineis very difficult to be hydrolized using enzymatic approach (expensive).
WoodyBiomass
• The microbes (yeast) is able to ferment glucose (C6) to be ethanol, but not able to convert xylose (C5) and others C5 sugars as hydolizedproduct of fibers exploring others microbes.
Size reduction
Acid Hydrolysis
T : 200 C,H2SO4 3%10-15 min.
Glucose(yeast)
Xylose(new microbe)
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DRY LEAVES
BAGASSE
MOLASSESJUICE
ETHANOLETHANOL FROM FROM THE WHOLE THE WHOLE PLANT OF SUGARCANEPLANT OF SUGARCANE
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Biomass Source (2005)Biomass Source (2005)
Palm Oil Mills :Palm Oil Mills :Fruits shell ~ 5.06 Mio Tones (~ 4220kcal/kg Fruits shell ~ 5.06 Mio Tones (~ 4220kcal/kg dry weight)dry weight)Empty Fruits Bunch ~ 16.06 Mio Tones (~ Empty Fruits Bunch ~ 16.06 Mio Tones (~ 3700 kcal/kg dry weight)3700 kcal/kg dry weight)
Rice Mills : Rice Mills : Rice Husk ~ 13.5 Mio TonesRice Husk ~ 13.5 Mio TonesSugar Mills : Bagasse ~ 36.7 Mio TonesSugar Mills : Bagasse ~ 36.7 Mio TonesWoodWood--based Industriesbased IndustriesOther Agricultural residuesOther Agricultural residues
> 50 Mio Tones
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Fermentation ProcessFermentation ProcessStrain Improvement
Current capacity of utilized strain : resistent up to 11 - 12% ethanol
Target : ~ resistent up to 14% ethanol
• Gradual adaption
• Genetic engineering
2020
DISTILLATION OPTIMIZATION
2 Steps distillationExisting :
Projected :
Ethanol 40% 95-96%
MembraneFiltration
Ethanol 40%
ColumnDistillation
95 – 96%
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DEHYDRATION METHOD FOR BIOETHANOL(Leading to FGE 99,5 %)
-- AzeotropicAzeotropic DistillationDistillation :: operational cost is high, need operational cost is high, need solventsolvent
-- MolecularMolecular SievingSieving :: operational cost is low, no need operational cost is low, no need solventsolvent
-- MembraneMembrane Filtration Filtration :: operational cost is low, applied in operational cost is low, applied in pilot scale (to be developed into pilot scale (to be developed into commercial scale)commercial scale)
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ParametersParameters GasoholGasohol EE--1010 GasoholGasohol EE--2020 PremiumPremium PertamaxPertamax
Power (kW)Power (kW) 41,2341,23 42,5242,52 30,9730,97 40,0940,09
Force (N)Force (N) 1856,11856,1 1913,31913,3 1393,81393,8 18041804
Fuel Consumption Fuel Consumption (L/jam)(L/jam)
30,3930,39 31,2431,24 31,0331,03 27,3827,38
Octane numberOctane number 9191 9494 8787 9494
Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT
PROFILE OF ENGINE PERFORMANCEUSING DIFFERENT FUEL
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2.002.002.042.041.281.28NoxNox (g/km(g/km
0.400.400.330.330.380.38THC THC (g/km(g/km))
5.775.773.103.105.005.00CO CO (g/km(g/km))
PertamaxPertamaxGasohol EGasohol E--1010PremiumPremiumParameterParameter
PROFILE OF EMISSION TEST USING DIFFERENT FUEL
Premium : Pertamina’s gasolineGasohol E-10 : Premium 90% FGE 10%Pertamax : Premium + additive
Tested by Lab. for Thermodynamics & Motor Propulsion, BPPT
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