technology and environmental responsibility for the 21st century

8/14/2019 Technology and Environmental Responsibility for the 21st Century

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Technology andTechnology andEnvironmental ResponsibilityEnvironmental Responsibility

for the 21st Centuryfor the 21st CenturyEnvironmental Regulations

and

Refrigerant Technology: Applied forOptimized, Environmentally Responsible

Solutions

Jeff Moe


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..

.

ALL POTENTIAL IMPACTS

REMAIN POORLY QUANTIFIED

Potential Impacts ofPotential Impacts of

Climate ChangeClimate Change

s Agricultural ProductivityAgricultural Productivity

s Forest ResourcesForest Resources

s Increased Wet-Area FloodingIncreased Wet-Area Floodings Increased Dry-Area DroughtsIncreased Dry-Area Droughts

s Water ResourcesWater Resources

s

Unmanaged EcosystemsUnmanaged Ecosystems


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Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

Sets Greenhouse GasSets Greenhouse Gas

Emissions LimitsEmissions Limits

Signed December 1997Signed December 1997

Agreement reached by 181 CountriesAgreement reached by 181 Countries

Ratified February 2005Ratified February 2005


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Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

Greenhouse Gas CoverageGreenhouse Gas Coverage

s Six (6) GasesSix (6) Gases Carbon Dioxide -- COCarbon Dioxide -- CO22

Methane -- CHMethane -- CH44

Nitrous Oxide -- NNitrous Oxide -- N22OO

Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCsHydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs

Perfluorocarbons -- PFCsPerfluorocarbons -- PFCs

Sulfur hexafluoride -- SFSulfur hexafluoride -- SF66

s Base PeriodBase Period

1990 for CO1990 for CO22 , CH, CH44 , and N, and N22OO

1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF66


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Kyoto Protocol --Kyoto Protocol --

Developed CountriesDeveloped Countries

s Targets & Timetables Targets & Timetables

34 Countries34 Countries

Differentiated TargetsDifferentiated Targets

5.2 Percent Avg. reduction (versus5.2 Percent Avg. reduction (versus

1990)1990)

6 Greenhouse gases6 Greenhouse gases Commitment period 2008 - 2012Commitment period 2008 - 2012


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EUROPEAN UNIONEUROPEAN UNION

DRAFT HFC REGULATIONDRAFT HFC REGULATIONs CONTAINMENT OF HFCsCONTAINMENT OF HFCs

PREVENT AND MINIMIZE LEAKAGEPREVENT AND MINIMIZE LEAKAGE

MANDATORY INSPECTIONSMANDATORY INSPECTIONS

LEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEMSLEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE OF RECORDSMAINTENANCE OF RECORDS

s RECOVERY OF HFCsRECOVERY OF HFCs

s TRAINING AND CERTIFICATIONTRAINING AND CERTIFICATION

s AUTOMOBILE HFC-134a BANAUTOMOBILE HFC-134a BAN No new vehicles with HFCs - GWP greater than 150 inNo new vehicles with HFCs - GWP greater than 150 in

20122012

Prohibit sale of vehicles with HFCs greater than 150Prohibit sale of vehicles with HFCs greater than 150

in 2018in 2018


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Because ozone, ODSs, HFC and some othersubstitutes are greenhouse gases contributing to the

radiative balance of the Earths atmosphere, climate

change is influenced by the reduction and phase out of

ODSs. Ozone depletion, in turn, depends on climate

change through changes in atmospheric composition and

meteorology. As a consequence of the complex

interrelationship between ozone depletion and climate

change, there is a clear need for scientists to continue

development of atmospheric models ...

Its Not Just About GlobalIts Not Just About Global

WarmingWarming

An international panel of highly respectedscientists, government officials and senior staff

from the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) say that global warming and

ozone depletion are important.

Source: Science Symposium in Prague

Chaired by Mario Molina (Nov 2004)

Climate change andother

environmental issuesare related


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Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

Developed CountriesDeveloped Countries(Vienna Adjustment - 1992)(Vienna Adjustment - 1992)

CFCsCFCs

19961996 0%0%

HCFCsHCFCs

19961996 Cap at 2.8% (3.1) of 1989Cap at 2.8% (3.1) of 1989

Consumption of CFCs andConsumption of CFCs and

HCFCsHCFCs

20042004 65% of Cap65% of Cap

20102010 35% of Cap35% of Cap

20152015 10% of Cap10% of Cap

20202020 0.5 % of Cap0.5 % of Cap

20302030 0 %0 % 2020 - 2030 Ca of 0.5% limited to use for service of AC and2020 - 2030 Ca of 0.5% limited to use for service of AC and


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Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries(Vienna Adjustment)(Vienna Adjustment)

CFCsCFCs

20102010 0 %0 %

HCFCsHCFCs

20162016 Freeze at 2015Freeze at 2015levellevel

20402040 0 %0 %


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EPA Accelerated Phase-outEPA Accelerated Phase-out

RuleRule

CFCsCFCs

19961996 All CFCsAll CFCs 0 % (Production)0 % (Production)

HCFCsHCFCs

19961996 Cap at 2.8% (3.1%) of 1989Cap at 2.8% (3.1%) of 1989Consumption of CFCs plus HCFCsConsumption of CFCs plus HCFCs

20032003 HCFC-141bHCFC-141b 0 % (Production)0 % (Production)

20102010 HCFC-142bHCFC-142b (No New Product Use)(No New Product Use)

HCFC-22HCFC-22 (No New Product Use)(No New Product Use)

20202020 HCFC-22HCFC-22 0 % (Production)0 % (Production)HCFC-142bHCFC-142b 0 % (Production)0 % (Production)



20302030 All HCFCsAll HCFCs 0 % (Production)0 % (Production)


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Last, lets look at US &Last, lets look at US &Canada efficiency regulations:Canada efficiency regulations:

- Scope- Scope- Timing- Timing


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US & Canada EfficiencyUS & Canada Efficiency

Environment: 2006-2010Environment: 2006-2010

2006s NAECA standardsmake 13SEERindustryminimum

s

30 percentincrease fromtoday

2010Consensus ProductEfficiencies -regulated increasegoes into effect

Complicated regulatory environment for

customers and HVAC industry alike

Most Significant Efficiency Change in

History of the HVAC Industry


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US & Canada EfficiencyUS & Canada Efficiency

Environment: 2006-2010Environment: 2006-2010

2006s NAECA standardsmake 13SEERindustryminimum

s

30 percentincrease fromtoday

2010s Consensus

ProductEfficiencies -regulated increasegoes into effect

Complicated regulatory environment for

customers and HVAC industry alike

Combination of all three make for the

largest transition ever in HVAC Industry

2010s US Clean Air Act

phases out R-22use in newequipment


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Direct and IndirectDirect and Indirect

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Direct emissions + Indirect emissions = TotalDirect emissions + Indirect emissions = Total

emissionsemissions

Energy efficiency is the most important factor to evaluate

Up to 95 percent of a typical chillers global warming

potential is the CO2, created by energy consumption


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Chiller Efficiency ProgressChiller Efficiency Progress

Efficiency - kW/tonEfficiency - kW/tonYearYear AverageAverage GoodGood19791979 .80.80 .72.72

19801980 .72.72 .68.6819901990 .65.65 .62.62

19931993 .63.63 .55.55

19951995 .61.61 .52.52

19971997 .60.60 .49.49

19991999 .59.59 .48.48

20032003 .56 .45.56 .45

** 1979 - 2003 . . . Over 35%1979 - 2003 . . . Over 35%im rovement.im rovement.


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Refrigerant HCFC-123 has a favourable overall impact on the environment that isattributable to five factors:

(1) a low ODP

(2) a very low GWP

(3) a very short atmospheric lifetime

(4) the extremely low emissions of current designs for HCFC-123 chillers

(5) the highest efficiency of all current optionsBased on integrated assessments, considering the tradeoffs between negligible impacts

on stratospheric ozone and important benefits in addressing global warming, these

studies recommend consideration of a phase out exemption for HCFC-123.

U.N. Environment ProgrammeU.N. Environment Programme

Review: March 2003Review: March 2003Assessment Report from Refrigeration, A/C and

Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee8.4.2.7 Environmental Evaluation for Retention of HCFC-123 as a

Refrigerant for Centrifugal Chillers

R-123 has favourable overall impact on environment

S i S i


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Science Symposium:Science Symposium:

November 2004November 2004

We can further protect the ozone layer byWe can further protect the ozone layer byaccelerating the pace of phase outs. However, theaccelerating the pace of phase outs. However, the

acceleration can consider the impact of greenhouseacceleration can consider the impact of greenhouse

gas accumulation.gas accumulation.

For example, R-123 could be allowed in specific airFor example, R-123 could be allowed in specific airconditionin a lications where its use romotesconditionin a lications where its use romotes

SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

OZONE LAYER PROTECTION

19 NOVEMBER 2004

PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC

Chaired by Professor Mario Molina


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The report shows HCFC-123 to have the lowest total global warming impact of all of

the CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, and PFCs due to five factors:

(1) The lowest direct GWP 49 to 103, compared to 1300 for HFC-134a

(2) The lowest GWP for indirect radiative forcing not more than 55

(3) The shortest lifetime 1.3 years, compared to 14 years for HFC-134a

(4) The highest full and part load efficiency of all current options

(5) The lowest leak amount charge quantity .23kg/kw vs. .36 for HFC-134a

Considering the tradeoffs between negligible impacts on stratospheric ozone andimportant benefits in addressing global warming, this report shows that HCFC-123

has a favorable overall impact on the environment.

U.N. IPCC/TEAP Special ReportU.N. IPCC/TEAP Special Report

Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global

Climate system: Issues related toHydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons


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Emissions

Energy

EfficiencyFocusing on Emissions and EfficiencyFocusing on Emissions and Efficiency

is fundamental to doing whats right.is fundamental to doing whats right.

The Future


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Future Means BeingFuture Means Being

EnvironmentallyEnvironmentallyResponsibleResponsible

s

Designing best value versusDesigning best value versuslowest cost buildinglowest cost building

s The green of energy efficiencyThe green of energy efficiency

s

The green of resourceThe green of resourcesustainabilitysustainability


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Environmentally ResponsibleEnvironmentally Responsible

Opportunities are Tremendous For:Opportunities are Tremendous For:

s ManufacturersManufacturers

s Consulting EngineersConsulting Engineers

s ContractorsContractors

s OwnersOwners


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Summary andSummary and

ExpectationsExpectations

s Energy Efficiency will be StronglyEnergy Efficiency will be Strongly

EncouragedEncouraged

Replacement of Inefficient Equipment,Replacement of Inefficient Equipment,HVAC, Lighting, and other appliancesHVAC, Lighting, and other appliances

Proper service of existing equipmentProper service of existing equipment

Life Cycle Cost purchasing will be theLife Cycle Cost purchasing will be thepreferable process for obtainingpreferable process for obtaining

energy efficient systems, appliances,energy efficient systems, appliances,

buildings, and automobilesbuildings, and automobiles


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Refrigerant Technology: Applied forRefrigerant Technology: Applied for

Optimized, Environmentally ResponsibleOptimized, Environmentally Responsible

SolutionsSolutions

s Balanced approach, refrigerantsBalanced approach, refrigerants

comparisoncomparison

s Tranes refrigerant choice criteria andTranes refrigerant choice criteria anddirectiondirection

s SummarySummary


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ODP, GWP, EnergyODP, GWP, Energy

EfficiencyEfficiency

s Rational Planning & Solutions DeliveryRational Planning & Solutions Delivery

NeededNeeded

Montreal Protocol gave time for proper solutionsMontreal Protocol gave time for proper solutions

s Two Areas For Choice:Two Areas For Choice:

R22 LifetimeR22 Lifetime

HFC LifetimeHFC Lifetime


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Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

CFC-11 CFC-12 HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-134a HFC-

410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-245fa

ODP(R

-11=1.0)


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Global Warming Potential (GWP)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000


410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-245fa

GWP

(CO2=1.0)


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ODP versus GWPODP versus GWPCFC-11

12113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142bHFC-32

125134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa

ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)

0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, Refrigerant Data Summary, Engineered Systems,

18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) JMC 2001


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Efficiency for Chillers (COP)

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8


410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-245fa

COP


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-200

20

406080

100120140

160180200220

HCFC-123 HFC-134a HCFC-22

Oper

atingPressu

re(psi)

Evaporator (38F)

Off Line (72 F)

Condenser (100 F)

Operating PressureOperating Pressure


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Safety of RefrigerantsSafety of Refrigerants

s FlammabilityFlammability

s ToxicityToxicity

s Likelihood of ExposureLikelihood of Exposure

s

ASHRAE Std 15ASHRAE Std 15 Not a regulation in Brazil, but soundNot a regulation in Brazil, but soundguidelinesguidelines


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Toxicity of RefrigerantsToxicity of Refrigerants

s Chronic ToxicityChronic Toxicity Long term exposure Lifetime effectsLong term exposure Lifetime effects

Near zero risk all CFCs, HCFCs & HFCsNear zero risk all CFCs, HCFCs & HFCss Acute ToxicityAcute Toxicity Single, short-term exposure immediateSingle, short-term exposure immediate

effects risk of asphyxiationeffects risk of asphyxiation

Low risk medium and high pressureLow risk medium and high pressurerefrigerantsrefrigerants

Near zero risk low pressure refrigerantsNear zero risk low pressure refrigerants


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Likehood of Exposure to RiskLikehood of Exposure to Risk

s Pressure of RefrigerantPressure of Refrigerant

s Air DisplacementAir Displacement

s Time of ExposureTime of Exposure

s

Design Equipment room toDesign Equipment room toASHRAE Standard - 15ASHRAE Standard - 15 Not regulated in BrazilNot regulated in Brazil


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R-22 Lifetime:R-22 Lifetime:


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R-22 Lifetime:R-22 Lifetime:Developing Global Alternatives for AllDeveloping Global Alternatives for All

RequirementsRequirements

s Many choices available, including R22Many choices available, including R22

solutionssolutions All allowable refrigerants can be environmentally-responsibleAll allowable refrigerants can be environmentally-responsible

Industry continues transition through 2009 (NAR) and beyondIndustry continues transition through 2009 (NAR) and beyond

(Developing countries)(Developing countries)s No single replacement for R22No single replacement for R22

Different needs for different equipment types:Different needs for different equipment types:

s System balance pointsSystem balance points

s Non-refrigerant needs (size, weight, cost, etc.)Non-refrigerant needs (size, weight, cost, etc.)

s Need to look at system, not component,Need to look at system, not component,

optimizationoptimization

Balance is a top priority we will deliver the right

refrigerant in the right product at the right time

HCFC d HFCHCFC d HFC


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HCFCs and HFCs:HCFCs and HFCs:

Critical through Phase-OutCritical through Phase-Out

TimingTimingsR-22 is a responsible choiceR-22 is a responsible choice

through phase out datesthrough phase out dates

sHCFC phase out dates were set toHCFC phase out dates were set togive industry time for rationalgive industry time for rationaltransitiontransition Develop the right systems for both theDevelop the right systems for both the

environment and customersenvironment and customerssBalance is important to customersBalance is important to customers

Need to meet regulatory requirements whileNeed to meet regulatory requirements whilebringing significant non-refrigerant benefits tobringing significant non-refrigerant benefits to

customerscustomers


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Environmental BalanceEnvironmental Balance

SummarySummary

s R-22 and HFC Alternatives are allR-22 and HFC Alternatives are all

balanced environmental solutionsbalanced environmental solutions

sThere are no perfect refrigerantsThere are no perfect refrigerants All have positives and negative attributesAll have positives and negative attributes

sThe scientific community has givenThe scientific community has given

us clear guidelines to considerus clear guidelines to considerwhen looking at multiple solutionswhen looking at multiple solutions

which are environmentallywhich are environmentally

responsible from a balancedresponsible from a balanced


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Now, What Is TranesNow, What Is TranesDirection On FutureDirection On Future

Refrigerant Technology?Refrigerant Technology?

b i f i


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Substitute RefrigerantsSubstitute RefrigerantsThe potential refrigerants for global heating andThe potential refrigerants for global heating and

air conditioning equipment are:air conditioning equipment are:

HCFC-22HCFC-22 High PressureHigh Pressure

HFC-134AHFC-134A Medium PressureMedium PressureReplacement for CFC-12 & HCFC-22Replacement for CFC-12 & HCFC-22

HCFC-123HCFC-123 Low PressureLow PressureReplacement for CFC-11Replacement for CFC-11

HFC-407cHFC-407c High PressureHigh PressureReplacement for HCFC-22Replacement for HCFC-22

HFC-410aHFC-410a High PressureHigh PressureReplacement for HCFC-22 EquipmentReplacement for HCFC-22 Equipment

Water-LiBr AbsorptionWater-LiBr Absorption

Natural RefrigerantNatura Re r gerant


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Natural RefrigerantNatura Re r gerantConsiderationsConsiderations

CO2CO2 Low Temp/Refrigeration/AutomotiveLow Temp/Refrigeration/AutomotiveVery low efficiency at typical HVAC applicationsVery low efficiency at typical HVAC applications

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons Stationary Air ConditioningStationary Air ConditioningNot sure how to safely apply!Not sure how to safely apply!

AmmoniaAmmonia Low Temp/Process Chiller ApplicationsLow Temp/Process Chiller Applications

Limited opportunities for safe applicationsLimited opportunities for safe applications

Good for ozone depletion and direct global warming

but need to consider energy efficiency and safety issues


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Trane Global Refrigerant CriteriaDelivering optimal, balanced solutions to customers

s Regulatory Compliances Environmentally Friendly:

Focused on a balanced solution

s Readily available through equipment life

s Customer Friendly, considering all criteria:s Energy usage

s Cost

s Size

s System, Not Component, Optimizations Prepare For Continued Efficiency Improvement

Trane will deliver the right refrigerant,

in the right product, at the right time


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Will There Be Enough R22 Volume

in the Future Under These Caps?

2010-2020 - Diversity and complexity associated with estimation process

Assumptions: No consensus update on projections

Logic: Production may be tight, but will continue

Re-use & reclamation makes up difference

Enormous feedstock potential for re-use & reclamation

CFC-11 Example: Readily available with no price escalation

Why will R22 production continue through 2029?

va a y: - ro uc onva a y: - ro uc on


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va a y: ro uc onva a y: ro uc onContinueContinue

Fluoropolymers

R-22

v Significant amount of worlds R-22 production isused as a chemical intermediate (feedstock) to

produce fluoropolymers (e.g. DuPont Teflon)

v Fluoropolymer production will continue

v Feedstock use of R-22 is specifically excluded

from control under the Montreal Protocol.

Reason: R-22 isnt released into atmosphere when

used as a feedstock

HCFC Consumption Caps

This shows reduction of total HCFC consumption based upon the Kg/ODP cap and


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Will There Be Enough R123 Volume

in the Future Under These Caps?

2020-2030- 0.5% of 1989 level of equivalent R-11

Assumptions: All chillers in US are R-123 (80,000 chillers)

Average chiller size: 500 tonsRefrigerant charge: 2 lbs/ton

Average charge/chiller: 1000 lbs

0.5% leakage rate/yr

(80,000 chillers) x (1000 lbs/chiller) x (0.5% leakage rate/year) = 400,000 lbs/yr

0.5% cap from 1989 levels equates to 12,100,000 lbs/year of R-123

More than 30 times the needed volume can be produced!

*0.5 percentof C AP from 2020 - 2030 only forservice of e xisting refrigeration and air conditioningequipment

should not be interpreted to represent 100 percent reduction of R-123 Kg/ODP nor of

all HCFCs

Eliminated R-141b on 1/1/2003

Eliminate R-22, new equipment on 1/1/201

Eliminate R-22 forservice; R-123 in newequipment o n 1/1/2020

No addition HCFC elimination 1/1

100 percent HCFC

reduction on 1/1/2030CAP =1989 CFC consumption x 2.8% plus 100% of 1989 HCFCconsumption (ODP weighted basis)

6


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Will Refrigerant Manufacturers

Continue To Make R123 Up Until 2040?

Yes- and Even Beyond 2030

HCFCs used as a feedstock chemical to make other chemicals (like HFCs)are not subject to the Montreal Protocol phaseout

R-123 is used as a feedstock to produce R-125

R-125 is 50% of the blend that makes R-410A

R-125 is 25% of the blend that makes R-407C

R-125 capacity will expand drastically in the coming years

Most facilities that produce R-125, will have the ability to co-produce R-123

Availability: R-123 Production Will


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Refrigerant manufacturers will produce R-123 for other refrigerants

R-123 is a significant feedstock (ingredient) in other

refrigerants

Plus, R-125 capacity will expand drastically in the coming years Most facilities producing R-125 will be able to produce R-123

R-123

R-125

R-410A(50% R-125)

R-407C(25% R-125)

Availability: R 123 Production WillContinue

Refrigerant Manufacturers will Continue Production


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Refrigerant Manufacturers will Continue Production

Letter from Dupont says that R-123 will be produced

We expect that most of thesenew HFC-124 plants will have

the capability to

co-produce HCFC-123 (and

124) providing additional long-

term sources of HCFC-123.

The feedstock requirements for

HCFC-123 are far in excess of

refrigerant needs for chillers

and are not subject to the phase

out requirements of the

Montreal Protocol.

N th A i S tNorth America Supports


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R-11R-11

s Approximately 54,000 large chillers installed between 1970-Approximately 54,000 large chillers installed between 1970-

1990, about 60 percent with R-111990, about 60 percent with R-11

s Widely available despite common annual leak rates of 10-30Widely available despite common annual leak rates of 10-30

percentpercent

s Inventory of available recycled R-11 fed by installed baseInventory of available recycled R-11 fed by installed base

R-123R-123

s Approximately 58,000 large chillers installed between 1990-Approximately 58,000 large chillers installed between 1990-

today, up to 60 percent using R-123today, up to 60 percent using R-123

s Tranes R-123 chillers have much lower annual leak rates,Tranes R-123 chillers have much lower annual leak rates,

often as low as 0.5 percentoften as low as 0.5 percent

s About 36 million pounds of R-123 in service today; inventoryAbout 36 million pounds of R-123 in service today; inventory

in service continues to growin service continues to grow

s Large installed base will feed inventory of R-123 for futureLarge installed base will feed inventory of R-123 for future

recyclingrecycling

North America SupportsNorth America Supports

AvailabilityAvailability


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S l R l tS l R l t


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Several ReplacementSeveral Replacement

SolutionsSolutions

Theres more than one R-22Theres more than one R-22

replacementreplacements

R-410A in residential, light commercialin residential, light commercialand packaged terminal productsand packaged terminal products

s R-134a in larger unitary systems, andin larger unitary systems, and

screw and scroll compressor chillersscrew and scroll compressor chillers

s R-407C in Europe, Asia, and where theresin Europe, Asia, and where theresa drop-in requirement and little time fora drop-in requirement and little time for

equipment changesequipment changes

-h lT h l


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TechnologyTechnologys Refrigerant is only one of a number ofRefrigerant is only one of a number of

technologies supporting value delivery totechnologies supporting value delivery to

customerscustomers

s Other Technologies Include:Other Technologies Include:

CompressorsCompressors Integrated Comfort SystemsIntegrated Comfort Systems

Heat ExchangersHeat Exchangers

Adaptive Unit ControllersAdaptive Unit Controllers

Noise abatementNoise abatement

Refrigerant is an equipment enabler, not the end result.

Place primary focus on system benefits.


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SummarySummary

s Mandatory that we consider environmentally-Mandatory that we consider environmentally-

responsible choices from a balanced perspectiveresponsible choices from a balanced perspective

s Energy Efficiency will be Strongly EncouragedEnergy Efficiency will be Strongly Encouraged

Through Choice and/or RegulationsThrough Choice and/or Regulations Replacement of Inefficient Equipment, HVAC, Lighting, etc.Replacement of Inefficient Equipment, HVAC, Lighting, etc.

s First Cost Remains ImportantFirst Cost Remains Important Therefore, we need refrigerants which deliver highestTherefore, we need refrigerants which deliver highest

efficiencies at lowest cost.efficiencies at lowest cost.

s Refrigerant is enabling equipment technologynotRefrigerant is enabling equipment technologynot

the end resultthe end result


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In Closing...In Closing...

s Global Warming Concerns driveGlobal Warming Concerns driveefficiencyefficiency

s Environmental ResponsibilityEnvironmental Responsibility

requires a balanced viewpointrequires a balanced viewpoints Integrated solutions, delivered in aIntegrated solutions, delivered in a

rational manner, are criticalrational manner, are critical

s Refrigerant is only one considerationRefrigerant is only one considerationin equipment designin equipment design

Focus on full delivered value:

Environmental Responsibility, Efficiency, Cost,

Reliability, Serviceand more


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Thank You For YourThank You For Your

Time!Time!

technology and environmental responsibility for the 21st century

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