technology a 1st

Assignment 01

Site evaluation, Site Investigation Techniques and the influence of various

forms of substructure, superstructure and the methods use to develop a

Industrial Estate.

To : - Mr.Gamini Rajakaruna

Department : - H.N.D.QS

Name : - YasuruRanganathThannapitiya

Submission Date :- 02/11/2010

Register No : - QS/N/03/10

Technology A An Individual Assignment 01

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deep gratitude to MR. Gamini Rajakaruna my lecturer, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this assignment. I would also like to thank Mr.Chamikara, for his advice and assistance in keeping my progress on schedule. My grateful thanks are also extended to Ms.Jayasundare for her help in doing the data analysis.

Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their support an encouragement throughout my study.

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Executive summary

Construction industry is very complex industry in the world. Because of if man who construct any particular project without the correct methods, that construction will be harmful to the other people who live or work in there. Contractor id the construct any project. So contractor has to check some points before he begins of the project. Those are site surveying, site investigation and etc. if contractor not consider those things, he has to face many problems during the construction going on. At that time he may has to sustain money loss and time. But if he had checked above things before the construction begin, contractor can achieve all the problems. Because he can identify what are the problems before the project begin.

Also this report describes the substructures that we can use for in construction projects. Shallow foundation and deep foundation (pile foundation) are those substructures. Then strip, pad and raft foundation are the major three type of shallow foundation and end bearing, friction and settlement reducing piles are the other three main types of the deep foundation.

Then there have some internal finishes and components in the building. Also there describe the some several building services such as electrical, water, telecommunication and etc. services that we can applied to the various building.

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Content

1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 01

2.0 Site surveying techniques…………………………………………………… 022.0.1 Triangulation or trilateration………………………………………….. 022.0.2 Leveling…………………………………………………………………… 022.0.3 Traverse…………………………………………………………………... 03

2.1 site investigation techniques to collect information for prepare the site investigation report………………………………………………………………… 04

2.1.1 Desk study…………………………………………………………….. 04

2.1.2 Site walkover investigation…………………………………………. 05

2.2 The methods of obtain soil samples from the site and identifying the different types of soils……………………………………………………………... 06

2.2.1 Cable Percussive Borehole……………………………………………….. 06

2.2.2Trial pitting……………………………………………………………... 07

2.2.2.1 Shallow Trial Pitting……………………………………………… 08

2.2.2.2 Deep Trial Pitting………………………………………………….. 08

2.2.3 Window Sampling………………………………………………………… 08

2.2.4 Hand Auger or Rotary Auger…………………………………………… 09

2.2.5 Different types of soils………………………………………………. 10

2.2.5.1 Sandy soil……………………………………………………. 10

2.2.5.2 Bedrock………………………………………………………. 11

2.2.5.3 Clay soil………………………………………………………. 11

2.2.5.4 Gravel soil……………………………………………………. 11

2.2.5.5 Peat soil………………………………………………………. 11

2.2.5.6 Cohesive soil………………………………………………… 12

2.2.5.7 Silt soil………………………………………………………… 12

2.2.5.8 Chalky soil……………………………………………………. 12

2.2.5.9 Granular soil………………………………………………….. 12

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2.3 effect of the different type of the soils for the substructure with the water, chemicals and contaminated soil……………………. 13

2.3.1 Effect of the sand soil……………………………………….. 132.3.2 Effect of the gravel soil……………………………………… 132.3.3 Effect of the Cohesive soil…………………………………. 132.3.4 Effect of the bedrock………………………………………… 142.3.5 Effect of the granular soil…………………………………… 142.3.6 Effect of the chalky soil……………………………………… 142.3.7 Effect of the Water………………………………………………... 142.3.8 Effect of the Chemical………………………………………………. 162.3.9 Effect of the Contaminated Soils…………………………………... 16

2.4 Various types of substructures and earth work supports……….. 18

2.4.1 Shallow foundation……………………………………………. 192.4.1.1 Strip foundation……………………………………. 192.4.1.2 Pad foundation……………………………………... 192.4.1.3 Raft foundation………………………………………….. 20

2.4.2 Pile foundation (Deep foundation) …………………………. 20

2.4.2.1 End bearing piles…………………………………... 202.4.2.2 Friction piles………………………………………… 212.4.2.3 Settlement reducing piles……………………………… 21

2.4.3 Earth work supports…………………………………………….. 212.4.3.1 Hydraulic Shoring……………………………………... 212.4.3.2 Pneumatic Shoring……………………………………. 222.4.3.3 Slide Rail System……………………………………….22

2.4.4 Suitable substructure for this particular project……………………22

2.5 various form of construction for the domestic buildings………….. 23

2.6 different forms of construction for the structure of industrial and commercial buildings……………………………………………………. 26

2.7 internal finishes and component……………………………………….. 28

2.8 Several simple building services……………………………………….. 31

3.0 conclusions…………………………………………………………………..33

4.0 References……………………………………………………………………34

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1.0 Introduction

Construction site investigation and planning is very important part of any Construction project. Pre planning, designing or laying out a project it is important for the plan designer to get the knowledge about the project site and closet areas. To achieve this objective it is necessary to collect information about the proposed project site. This information can then be used by the plan designer to make informative decisions in regard to project planning, design and layout. In addition, it allows the plan designer to develop a set of construction plans that will allow for development of the project in efficient, cost effective and environmentally sensitive manner.Construction site investigation and planning normally involves three steps. Those are site investigation and data collection. Second step is analyzing that collection data. Third and final step is starting the adoption this information into a preliminary concept and design.

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2.0 Site surveying techniques

According to this site, there have some shady trees and some slopes areas and one building. But there have no any clear details. So we have to survey all this things by using suitable survey techniques. There have some main technique we can discuss such as triangulation leveling, traverse and etc.

2.0.1 Triangulation or trilaterationTriangulation is a method of surveying that measures angles in a triangle formed by three control points of the survey. Using trigonometry and the measured length of one side, the other distances are calculated in the triangle. The shape of the triangles is important because there is a lot of uncertainty in a long slender triangle, but with base angles of about 45 degrees is ideal. Triangulation is the most common use for measurements and is more efficient, since we can do outside measuring reducing errors. In triangulation system have some methods such as the chain of triangles, quadrilaterals, central point system. A single chain of triangles is a fast system to cover a narrow strip of land. A string of quadrilaterals is more accurate than the controls by various combinations of angles and sides as the survey progresses. The central point arrangement is using for the larger area.

Trilateration is a method using an electronic measuring device for directly measuring distance the lengths of the sides of the triangles of which the angles can be computed. It is a very useful method for rough terrain where positions can be carried forward accurately and is seen as an alternative method for triangulation.

2.0.2 LevelingLeveling is the step of determining differences in elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a dipstick. For leveling method are some selected level such as plump, transit and the theodolite instruments. Leveling has two methods such as direct and indirect leveling. The operation of determining the differences elevation is called as direct leveling. Indirect method can be used differently in elevation. The other important thing is the reference point. Its mean bench mark because reference point is the starting point of the surveying site is useful when we are doing the leveling process because when taking the measures we have to note down the height of the instrument. So when taking this measurement, reference pole is important to us.

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2.0.3 TraverseThe simple definition of the traverse is a series of lines. There are two methods that we can identify crossing as open and close traverse route. In open traverse from a known point, but do not know where it will stop. Mean endpoint is unknown. Closely tour starting point and end point both start with the same point.

These are the kinds of techniques that can be used for surveying. According to the scenario you can use the displacement method and the method of leveling. Because this site is including with older building but the customer needs to convert it for the canteen. So we use the displacement method for that. Another thing is that this area of land slope is observed. Therefore we can use the leveling equipment to survey.

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2.1 Site investigation techniques to collect information for prepare the site investigation report

Site investigation is one of the most important thing before begin the any construction project. Before we start the construction, we must have a land for it. Then we have to check is it suitable for our particular project. That is the reason of do site investigation before the construction begin. Site investigation system is describes the process of carrying out investigation on land to determine whether there is pollution present and to collect sufficient, suitable data for the purpose of risk assessment. The investigation is usually carried out in several stages. These stages range from a desk study.

The objective of this brief guide is to inform promoters of civil engineering and building projects of the importance of enough site investigation for the successful completion of their project. It indicates what is a site investigation is likely to comprise, the important role of the promoter and the risk to the project of undertaking an inappropriate or not enough site investigation. The design of the structure which is economical and safe to construct, is durable and has low maintenance costs, depends upon an enough understanding of the nature of the ground. An enough and properly structured site investigation is therefore an essential part of any civil engineering or building project. The approach for a particular site investigation, its extent and the techniques used will all depend upon the site-specific circumstances and the experiences and judgment of those involved. There is no single way to carry out an investigation, and invariably different advisors will adopt different reached for any particular project.

There are typically two phase to a full site investigation, those are desk study and site walkover investigation. These phases are detailed below. Soil investigation also part of the site investigation. But we describe about it in the next chapter in this report.

2.1.1 Desk studyAccording to the desk study investigation system, we can check out what are the things under this site going on. It means, water pipes, electricity and etc. can be going through this site. So we cannot see those things. Then we use this desk study system to find out that. In this case, we can go to the survey department and get the plans of the particular site. Therefore we can get all the information that we could not see under our site. Because survey department have full detailed maps all the country.

Desk study will highlight any hidden factors which could increase the costs of any proposed future development on a site. Desk study includes the review of information already available about a site, such as historical maps which can be used to highlight any prospective issues stemming from a sites previous use. Desk Study should always be carried out at the start or the early stages of a sites appraisal to provide a basis for the future site investigation.

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Desk Study is considered one of the key elements of a site investigation due to the background information that can be gained from its undertaking. The desk study examines past history of a site alongside ground condition reports, groundwater testing and ecological conditions whilst also allowing for the early identification and subsequent management of any high risk findings.

Desk Study assessments evaluate an entire site to identify any future considerations or potential hazards which may require attention or corrective action. The Desk Study also provides a basis for the planning and execution of future stages of the site investigation, this preliminary assessment also avoid unnecessary intrusive works being carried out.

Also desk study to collect relevant information from a variety of sources relating to the geological and hydrological setting of the particular Site. It means the nature of the ground site and local ground and surface water. However, it also assists in identifying any health and safety requirements for on-site activities.

2.1.2 Site walkover investigationThis is also very important investigation about our site. After the desk study, then we do normally a site walkover. It means, we go to our particular site and check out the characteristic of our site. Because there may be have trees, buildings and etc. also we cannot find those things from the photo. Even those things are not included in that above survey maps. So we have to go to the site.

Site walkover investigation will give to us the present conditions and details about our particular site. Such as evidence of potential pollution and site environmental things and may include a photographic record.

The result of the desk study is usually an understand report that contains a summary of the site’s settings and history including an imagination site model. That describes the potentially significant pollutant linkages at the site and the uncertainties and assumptions made.

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2.2 The methods of obtain soil samples from the site and identifying the different types of soils

This section also related with the above site investigation chapter. It means this also part of that. In this planet have many and various different soil types whole the world. Sandy soil, silt soil, clay soil, loamy soil, peaty soil and chalky soil are the some major soils in the earth. Those soils distribute many areas from many forms. So, checking soils particular site also very important thing. Because all the safety and things depend on the soil. If the site’s soil is not good enough to construct the buildings we cannot construct. If we not care about the soil and make the project that building and things may be hazard. So that hazard will effect to the man who work or live in side that. Therefore soil investigation is very important.

There have many ways to check the soil investigation. Mainly there have four techniques for that. Trial pitting, window sampling and dynamic probe testing, cable percussive boreholes and hand auger or rotary auger. Those techniques are useful for various situations. So we can identify the situation and hen can use suitable technique for that.

2.2.1 Cable Percussive Borehole

Cable percussive borehole the most appropriate drilling technique to suit the geological conditions and objectives of particular projects. The equipment is simple and relatively easy to maintain and is suitable for drilling in all types of soils and weak rocks. In the hands of a competent and experienced driller the equipment provides a rapid and cost-effective method of investigation to depths of up to 50 m. The cable percussive consists of, a collapsible “A” frame, with a pulley at its top then a diesel engine connected via a hand-operated friction clutch. After winch drum which provides pulling power to the rig rope and can be held still with a friction brake which is foot-operated.

Figure 01. Cable Percussive Borehole Figure 02. Cable Percussive Borehole Resource- http://www.prioritygeotechnical.ie/geotechnical_images/cable_percussion_i2.gif

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Also some factors can be carried out with cable percussion drilling. Boreholes up to 50m depth, installation of monitoring wells up to 150mm diameter, in-situ testing, disturbed and undisturbed and bulk and water samples can be taken, access to restricted areas by using a cut down drilling rig and finally drilling diameter of 150mm, 200mm or 250mm. Cable percussive only use one engine is employed, and no water or mud is needed, yet it will perform all the tasks required to drill, place casing and develop the well.

Resource- http://www.prioritygeotechnical.ie/geotechnical_images/cable_percussion_i2.gif

2.2.2 Trial pittingTrial pitting can be divided into two categories. Shallow trial pitting and deep trial pitting are those two ways. Also it carried out by a variety of methods from hand dug pits to machine excavated trenches. Trial pits provide the best method of obtaining very detailed information on strength, stratification, pre-existing shear surfaces, and discontinuities in soil. Trial pitting is generally carried out to a maximum depth of 4.5m with standard excavation plant and, depending on soil conditions, is generally suitable for most low rise developments.Trial pits may be excavated by either hand digging or machine excavation. In general, machine excavation is used for shallow pits, whereas hand excavation is used for deep pits which must be supported. In the limited space of a trial pit, which is often 1.5m x 3m in plan area at ground level, it is usually impossible to place supports as machine excavation proceeds. Shallow trial pits provide a cheap method of examining near-surface, but the cost increases dramatically with depth, because of the need to support.

Resource from- http://www.geoeng.co.uk/Libraries/Website_Images/Corner_Trial_Pit.sflb.ashx

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Figure 04. Trial pittingFigure 05. Trial pitting

Figure 03. Cable Percussive Borehole


2.2.2.1 Shallow Trial Pitting

Shallow trial pitting is usually dug by hand using a pick and shovel, and commonly extends to a depth of about 3m. It is essential that the pit sides are guarded against sudden collapse in order to protect personnel working in the pit. For this purpose, timber shoring is usually provided when excavation is deeper than 1.2m. The spacing of the shoring should be sufficiently wide to allow inspection of the pit sides. Shallow trial pits may also be dug by machine that is excavator is the most commonly used.

Material that has been excavated from the pits should be stockpiled in such a manner that is does not fall back in to the pits or cause instability of the pit excavation. Wooden hoardings anchored by steel bars driven into the ground are often used on steep slopes to retain spoil from falling back into the pit. The spoil should be placed and covered so as not be washed downhill during rainstorms or allowed to enter surface drainage systems.

2.2.2.2 Deep Trial Pitting

Deep trial pitting is normally constructed by hand excavation using various methods for supporting the sides. Temporary or permanent liners are necessary for the protection of personnel working in these excavations, but it also necessary to consider the need to expose the ground for inspection and logging. The work must do such in judgment and experience often required to establish suitable procedures for such excavations.

Working in deep shafts will be dangerous unless the appropriate safety precautions are strictly followed. Attention should be given to the possible occurrence of injurious or combustible gases or of oxygen deficiencies. Correct methods of inspections should be followed and appropriate precautions should be taken.

2.3.3 Window Sampling

Window sampling is a site investigation tool that utilizes portable equipment to drill small diameter boreholes in order to take soil samples and install monitoring wells.Window sampling is carried out by hand held airtight samplers. The equipment is suitable for shallow soils investigations and represents a rapid and cost effective drilling method that can be used for geotechnical and environmental sampling.

Window sampling can generally be extended to depths of up to 6m although it is possible to continue the borehole. The sampler consists of a specially constructed and strengthened metal sample tube, with side windows, of diameters ranging from80mm to 40mm.The sample tubes come in lengths of 1.00m and 2.00m and are driven into the ground by petrol or electrical hammer.

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The use of electrical equipment means that sampling can be carried out safely inside buildings and the equipment can be operated in headroom of as little as 2.2 m. The equipment is self-contained, requires a small working area and causes minimal disturbance to surfacing.

Resoursefrom-http://www.geositesurveys.co.uk/images/hand%20held%20sampling%20jacking%20out.%202008.jpgBy using this method a continuous sample of soil can be obtained for inspection and small disturbed samples can be recovered for subsequent laboratory testing. The continuous core means that the method is particularly suited to assessing the depth of desiccation in clay soils, particularly in association with pocket penetrometer testing.

2.2.4 Hand Auger or Rotary Auger

Hand auger equipment is suitable for soil research based on the scenario. Almost any type of soil sets its own demands where it concerns the model of the auger to be applied. With hand auger equipment a depth of 8-10 meter can realistically be achieved. The maximum boring depth strongly depends on various factors such as depth of the groundwater, the soil profile and the characteristics of the material the auger has to pass throughThe hand auger consists of extendable steel rods, rotated by a handle. A number of different steel augers can be attached at the bottom end of the drill rods. A hand auger comprises of a “T-Bar” handle on a length of 1, 2 or 3m extendable steel rods with an auger head attached to the bottom.The auger head is driven into the ground as the handle is turned in a clockwise rotation. Soil is forced into and retained in the head to be brought to the surface and identified and described. The auger is then carefully placed back in the hole commonly known as a borehole and the process is repeated until the desired depth is reached. Once the desired depth has been reached on the borehole then it is backfilled and the surface is reinstated to match the existing as closely as possible. Than a display of cross sectional profile of the borehole, including foundation details can be taken.

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Figure 06. Window sampling Figure 07. Window sampling


After this soil investigation, we check what are the different soils and characteristics of those soils. According to that soil investigation report, we decide what the suitable foundations for factory, warehouse, office building and residential units. Because of some soil types not suitable for the every building types. So now we discuss what the different soil types are.

Figure 08. Hand Auger Figure 09. Hand Auger

Resource from- http://i.ebayimg.com/t/LOT-of-14-Antique-AUGER-HAND-DRILL-BITS-many-sizes-/00/s/MTIwMFgxNjAw/$(KGrHqR,!hgFCGfc!8k4BQhurMbwlg~~60_57.JPG

2.2.5 Different types of soilsLast time, we discussed the some methods of soil investigation. It was help to us to know before we started digging around in our site and select the suitable technique for use. Now we are going to look at different soil types and how to determine the kind of soil that will be host to our plants. There are some different soils types in earth usually work with. All soils are combination of just three types of weathered rock particles that make up the soil: sand, silt, and clay. How these three particles are combined defines your soil’s type. How it feels to the touch, how it holds water, and how it is managed among other things. Now we discuss what the different soil types are.

2.2.5.1 Sandy soil

To check if soil is sandy, moisten a small sample of soil and try to make a ball using your palms. If the soil is sandy, then no dirt balls will form and the soil will crumble and fall through the fingers. Sandy soil has the largest particles among the different soil types. It is dry and gritty to the touch, and because the particles have huge spaces between them, it cannot hold on to water. Therefore Water drains rapidly. But it retains a certain amount of moisture. This soil type has the biggest particles and the bigger size of the particles in a soil the better is aeration and drainage of the soil. Sandy soil is formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks such as limestone, granite and quartz. It warms very fast in the spring season.

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2.2.5.2 Bedrock

The solid rock below the overburden soil, decomposed rock fragments or other loose superficial deposits. Bedrock exposed at the surface is known as rock outcrop.

2.2.5.3 Clay soil

To identify if the soil is clay soil, take a soil sample and damp it with water. Feel it between your palms. Clay soil has the smallest particles among the three so it has good water storage qualities. But it smooth when dry. Due to the tiny size of its particles and its tendency to settle together. Little air passes through its spaces. Because it is also slower to drain. Clay soil is cold and in the spring it takes time to warm since the water within also has to warm up. The downside is that clay soil could be very heavy to work with when it gets dry. Especially during the summer months, it could turn hard and compact, making it difficult to turn.

Clay soil is formed after years of rock disintegration and weathering. It is also formed as sedimentary deposits after the rock is weathered and transported.

2.2.5.4 Gravel soil

Gravelly soil contains a high proportion of small stones. Technically, a small stone is called gravel if it is greater than 2mm in diameter. It is a grain of sand if it is less. These gravels can be light soils, composed mainly of sand, or can contain much clay. So they are strongly influenced by Other components. However, in localized areas the presence of gravel can modify the effect of the sand or clay piece

When sand is a major part of gravelly soil, it will have the characteristics of a sandy soil. The good news is that it will not get muddy in winter, and will warm up quickly in spring. Sandy soils without gravel can hold much water, as long as the sand is fine, but where coarse gravel particles dominate, water holding is reduced. On the other hand, fine sands tend to settle under heavy rain or watering, leading to a capped, smooth, surface which reduces drainage. Gravel digging with a fork is easier than using a spade.

2.2.5.5 Peat soil

Peaty soil is dark brown or black in color, soft, easily compressed due to its high water content, and rich in organic matter. Peat soil started with the rapid melting of glaciers. This rapid melt drowned plants quickly and died in the process. Their decay was so slow underwater that it led to the accumulation of organic area in a concentrated spot. It is generally found in marshy areas

Although peat soil tends to be heavily saturated with water, once drained, it turns into a good growing medium. In the summer though, peat could be very dry and become a fire hazard. Peat contains acidic water. When wet peat soil is rolled, you will not form a ball. It is spongy to the touch and when squeezed, water could be forced out.

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2.2.5.6 Cohesive soil

It likes a silt soil. Cohesive soil means clay (fine grained soil), or soil with a high clay content. Cohesive soil does not fall apart, can be excavated with vertical side slopes and is plastic when moist. Cohesive soil is hard to break up when dry, and exhibits significant Cohesion when submerged. Cohesive soils include clayey silt, sandy clay, silty clay, clay and organic clay.

2.2.5.7 Silt soil

To check if the soil you have is silty, take a small amount of moist soil and rub it between your fingers. If the soil is silty soil, it will feel slick and stick to your fingers. These soils are made up of fine particles that can be easily compacted by treading and use of garden machinery. However, they contain more nutrients than sandy soils and hold more water, so tend to be quite fertile.It can occur in nature as soil or as suspended sediment in water column of a water body on the surface of the earth. It is composed of minerals like quartz and fine organic particles. It is granular like sandy soil. In case silty soil is dry it has a smoother texture and looks like dark sand. This type of soil can hold more moisture and at times becomes compact. It offers better drainage and is much easier to work with when it has moisture.

2.2.5.8 Chalky soil

Sometimes called basic soils, they are always very alkaline. Chalk is a solid, soft rock which breaks down easily. It is very free draining, and chalky soils hold little water and dry out easily. Chalky soils are fertile.

2.2.5.9 Granular soil

Granular soil is described as the type of soils where cohesion between particles of the soil is absent or minimal. Working and compacting on granular soils such as sand and gravels is a really hard job to perform. Due to their mixer, water can enter or leave the voids with relative ease. If voids in the sand are completely filled with water or are completely dry there are no forces holding the sand particles.

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2.3 effect of the different type of the soils for the substructure with the water, chemicals and contaminated soil

Whether building a new construction structure, check the soil before begins the project. The soil, our structure is built upon is its first foundation, and some soil types are more suits to expansion or shifting than others. If the ground not suitable for our building, so that building may not be safe. So it can cause our structure to shift, creating cracks in the walls and foundation problems.

Careful consideration of the soil types specific to our building site will help to ensure the stability of our foundation and integrity of our house for years to come. Unstable soil will need to be confirmed, most likely through mechanical compaction, and at a potentially high price. Obtain geo-technical surveys first and major, to determine whether our chosen site is practical or cost prohibitive. Now we discuss about the effect of the soils for substructure.

2.3.1 Effect of the sand soil

Sandy soil has a gritty texture because it is formed from small particles of weathered rock. It is a good soil for building structures because it allows water to drain away from a building site but will not shift or move. Sand may be compacted to add additional stability to the soil. Because sand particles have irregular shapes, the fragments will catch against one another and lock into place, providing additional stability. Builders will often add sand to the soil of a foundation and compact it in order to create a more stable soil for building on.

2.3.2 Effect of the gravel soil

Although gravel soils can only bear up to about 5,000 lbs. of pressure, according to the Concrete Network, gravel soils, which typically feature a mixture of earth and bits of rocks or larger pieces, are often a solid, soil type for building. Unlike pure rock soils that may shift as the rock breaks,, gravel soils are created from a mixture of soil and rock that has already broken down. Gravel soils tend to stay in place and react well under pressure. They also are typically well drained.

2.3.3 Effect of the Cohesive soil

Comprised of silt and clay, this soil type, without proper assessment and alteration may prove a real problem as a foundation due to its tendency to shrink and swell. Careful drainage methods must be considered, because clay's dense, tightly bound nature is impenetrable by water when compacted. In some cases, clay or silt would need to be removed before building. In others, soil correction and subsoil analysis may ensure structural completeness. Consider associated costs involved with cohesive soil foundations before proceeding.

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2.3.4 Effect of the bedrock

Bedrock, or a solid underlying layer of rock beneath shallow topsoil, is an ideal foundation for homes. Because it is impermeable to water runoff and will not change shape and size in the presence of water. Bedrock does not slide, shift or move. Homes constructed over strong bedrock do not have cracks in them from settling the way that homes built over expansive clays may.

2.3.5 Effect of the granular soil

Including soils with high sand and or gravel content, granular soils are generally suitable for building substructures, considering that they are still penetrable by water on compaction. The application of a containment wall may be necessary to prevent shifting. Particle size is important in the consideration of granular soils. So in this case we have to get advice from our geological survey experts before begin the construction foundation works.

2.3.6 Effect of the chalky soil

Chalky soil is ideal for building because the soil will not retain moisture and will not swell

and shrink seasonally due to the effect of water. Because, Chalky soil is a type of clay soil that is formed from extremely fine particles of alkaline rocks such as limestone, Unlike most clay.

The purpose of a substructure is to transfer the load of a structure to the ground without causing the ground to respond with uneven and excessive movement. Most buildings are supported on one of four types of foundations. Examples are pads, strips, rafts and piles. These may be modified and combined to form a suitable foundation or substructure for the ground conditions that exist.

2.3.7 Effect of the Water

Water can move horizontally and vertically through the soils under your foundation in a similar manner. As clayey soils draw water to themselves, they too grow in volume causing our foundation move. Drying outside your foundation reverses the process. Shrinking and swelling soil motions can lead to damaging to foundation. The same changes in soil moisture are less damaging to your structure than stop the distribution changes.

Observing soil moisture changes around foundation is possible. Moisture can move from outside to under foundation through a property of soils known as suction. Soil suction is similar to placing just a corner of a dry, compressed sponge in contact with a puddle of water. In a short time, the sponge has drawn water throughout itself and grown in volume. While a water source is present, the sponge will continue to absorb water until it is filled with water. If the water source is finish, then water already in the sponge will distribute itself equally, but the sponge will not reach saturation.

There have some effect of the water to the construction. Those are Water logging, the excavation becoming weak, Collapse of edge excavation, Temporary support will collapse,

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subsidence to the nearest building. Also there have some effect to the substructure. Soil shrinkage, concrete cracks and deteriorates and consolidation.Soil shrinkage causes major problems in construction of substructure where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface causes the creation of holes. If the roof of these voids becomes too weak, it can collapse and the overlying rock and earth will fall into the space, causing subsidence at the surface. This type of subsidence can result in hole sink which can be many hundreds of meters deep.

Concrete cracks and deteriorates also happen because of effect of the water. In the coastal flats and many desert areas, the ground water table is very near to the surface and salts may exist either in solution in the groundwater, or in the form of salt crusts on the surface. The salts which consist mainly of sulphates, chlorides or carbonates of calcium, magnesium and sodium, attack the concrete externally both below and up to a meter aboveground level. The calcium aluminum hydrate in hardened concrete reacts with sulphate salts to produce calcium sulpho-aluminate crystals within the framework of the hydrated paste.

Figure 10. Foundation cracksResource - http://www.rapidfoundationrepair.com/images/Cracking.jpg

Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume. Consolidation is any process which involves decrease in water content of a satisfied soil without replacement of water by air. In general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume.When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil

Figure 11. Building settlement cause by ground water movements

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Resource- Soil Types for Building | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7446436_soil-types-building.html#ixzz2AeqUIZie2.3.8 Effect of the Chemical

Chemicals substances are often defined as any materials with definite materials composition in most introducing general chemistry textbooks. It also can we defined as the soil may contain phosphorus waste & radioactive substances. It will spontaneously fire when exposed to atmosphere. Toxic waste is hard to remove because costly. All the materials above are not really dangerous to human but may be affecting to plants & building materials. Ground waters have a concentration of sulphate that is aggressive to concrete. Thesulphate comes from soluble sulphate minerals in the ground, and for this reason the sulphateminerals in the ground, and for this reason the sulphate content of both soil and water should be measured.

Figure 12- Corrosion of the piles because of chemical

Resource- http://www.cmcrl.gatech.edu/research/piling_moser_fig1.gif

Alkali-silica reaction can cause serious expansion and cracking in concrete, resulting in major structural problems and sometimes necessitating demolition. Alkali-silica reaction is the most common form of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete. The other, much less common, formic alkali-carbonate reactions, alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction are therefore both subsets of alkali-aggregate reaction. Alkali-silica reaction is caused by a reaction between the hydroxyl ions in the alkaline cement holes solution in the concrete and reactive forms of silicon the aggregate examples chart, quartzite, opal, and strained quartz crystals

2.3.9 Effect of the Contaminated Soils

March harmful waste decrease to harmless substances that eventually enter the atmosphere as a gas or the hydrosphere as a solute in ground water. Safe waste disposal ensure that dangerous products cannot travel far from their store until they have corrupted to a safe conditions. To predict the rate of migration of waste products that have been buried in the ground, it is necessary to study the geology of each disposal site or contaminated sites.

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http://www.ehow.com/list_7446436_soil-types-building.html#ixzz2AeqUIZie




Special attention must be directed to the movements of ground water. Some contaminated soil or waste contains materials that do not degrade and do not decompose. The disposal of these wastes on the land may be achieved by burying them beyond reach of the agents of weathering and erosion. Underground disposal sites are thus an attractive location for these materials.

Building sites that may contain contaminants can be identified from planning records or local knowledge of previous uses. Sites that are likely to contain contaminants include Asbestos works, Chemical or gas works, Coal carbonization plants and ancillary byproducts, Industries making or using wood preservatives, Landfill sites, Waste disposals sites, Metal works, Munitions factories, Nuclear installations, Oil stores, Paper printing works, Railway land, Scrap yards, Sewage works.

Figure 13. Contaminated SoilResource- http://www.oiltankservice.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/soilMedium Web view .jpg

Figure 14. Contaminated soil is being excavated in the background

Resource-http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/spills/incidents/upderail/updrailphotos/ DSC01350. JPG

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2.4 Various types of substructures and earth work supports

Now in construction industry have many substructure types. These various are suit for the various kind of building projects. It means, there have low rise building, mid rise building and high rise building. Therefore we can choose the most suitable and economical substructure for our construction project. According to our particular project have factory, warehouse, an office building and some residential units. Also earth work support is also very important thing. There also have various methods. Now we discuss about those substructures and then we can decide what the most suitable substructure for our project is.

Now the construction world managing the weight of these vertically constructed works of architecture is one of their major technical concerns. The construction of a steel or concrete building's substructure enables them to handle their considerable weight. "Substructure" refers strictly to the foundation and will not address the rest of the skeleton that undergirds the building. The foundation is the part of the structure that contacts the earth. It must be capable of holding the structure, and prevent excessive settlement. Foundations today are generally made of concrete or cement masonry units or cement blocks. Almost all foundations are reinforced with steel bar. Chart below showed types of substructure and foundations.

Figure 15. Types of foundations

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substructure

shallow foundation

strip foundation

pad foundation

raft foundation

deep foundation

end bearing piles

friction piles

settlement reducing piles


2.4.1 Shallow foundation

Shallow Foundations When the depth of foundation is less than or equal to the width and not exceeding 3m of foundation. Then it is termed as shallow foundation. It is also known as open foundation. A shallow foundation is placed immediately below the lowest part of the superstructure. A footing is a foundation unit constructed in brick work, stone masonry or concrete below the base of the wall or column for the purpose of distributing the structural load over wide area. There are three major shallow foundations. Those are strip foundation, pad foundation and raft foundation.

2.4.1.1 Strip foundation

Strip foundations consist of a continuous strip, usually of steel reinforced concrete, formed centrally under load bearing walls. This continuous strip serves as a level base on which the wall is built and is of such a width as is necessary to spread the load on the foundations to an area of subsoil capable of supporting the load without undue compaction. The bearing capacity of the soil should be greater than the loads imposed by the buildings foundation. In practice the concrete strip will generally be wider than the thickness of the wall for the convenience of covering the whole width of the trench and to provide a wide enough level base for bricklaying below ground. A continuous strip foundation of concrete is the most economic form of foundation for small buildings on compact soils. The width of a concrete strip foundation depends on the bearing capacity of the subsoil and the load on the foundations, the greater the bearing capacity of the subsoil, the less the width of the foundation Types of strip foundation Stepping Strip Foundation, Wide Strip Foundation, Narrow Strip Foundation and Deep Strip Foundation.

2.4.1.2 Pad foundation

Pad foundations are used to support individual or multiple columns, distribution the load to the ground. The shape in plan will be dictated by the arrangement of the columns and the load to be transferred into the soil. The size of the pad foundation will be in the plans for the project. The formwork will be built in the same way as slab formwork.

Pad foundations may also be below ground level. In this case the earth will act as the formwork. In simple cases the pad may be constructed from mass concrete. In general, some reinforcement will be required in both directions. The minimum thickness of the foundation should not be than150mm.These foundations are normally used for structures which are framed with steel or concrete columns.

The thickness of the slab must be sufficient to ensure distribution of the total load. The top of the pad may be sloping. This is an economic solution, although there may be construction problems involved with casting the slope. Also, the spacing of the piers or columns is determined by the most economical construction. Pad foundation to heavily loaded structural steel columns are sometimes provided with a steel grillage The advantage of this system of foundation is that pockets of tipped stone or brick and concrete rubble that would obstruct bored piling may be removed as the pits are excavated and that the nature of the subsoil may be examined as the pits are dug to select a level of sound subsoil. This advantage may well be justification for this labor intensive and costly form of construction.

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2.4.1.3 Raft foundation

A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of a building. Raft foundations may be used for buildings on compressible ground such as very soft clay, liquid deposits and compressible fill material where strip, pad or pile foundations would not provide a stable foundation without excessive excavation. The use of spread footings would cover more than one and half of the area and it may prove more economical to use raft foundation the reinforced concrete raft is designed to transmit the load of the building and distribute the load over the whole area under the raft, reducing the load per unit area placed on the ground. The raft tends to link over the changeable deposits and eliminates the differential settlement. A raft foundation is also needed to reduce settlement on highly compressible soils, by making the weight of the structure and raft approximately equal to the weight of the soil excavated. Raft foundation consists of thick reinforced concrete slab covering the entire area of the bottom of the building or structure like a floor. The slab is reinforced with bars running at right angles to each other both near the bottom and top face of the slab. Sometimes, it is necessary to carry the excessive column load by an arrangement of inverted main beams and secondary beams with the raft slab.

2.4.2 Pile foundation (Deep foundation)

The pile foundations are provided in expansive soils such as black cotton soil, filled up ground and soils having poor bearing capacity. Under reamed pile are bored cast in-situ concrete piles of shallow depth having bulb shaped enlargement near the base. In this type of foundation, the structure is anchored to the ground at depth, where ground movement due to change in moisture content is negligible. The piles are connected by a rigid capping beam, suitably reinforced, over which the wall is constructed.

Also, those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths exceeding 3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

2.4.2.1 End bearing piles

If a bedrock or rocklike material is present at a site within a reasonable depth, piles can be extended to the rock surface. In this case, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile depends entirely on the underlying material thus the piles are called end bearing piles. In most of these cases the necessary length of the pile can be fairly well established.

Instead of bedrock, if a fairly compact and hard stratum of soil is encountered at a reasonable depth, piles can be extended a few meters into the hard stratum.

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2.4.2.2 Friction piles

Pure friction piles tend to be quite long, since the load carrying. Capacity is a function of the shaft area in contact with the soil. In cohesion less soils, such as sands of medium to low density, friction piles are often used to increase the density and thus the shear strength.

When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at a reasonable depth at a site, end bearing piles become very long and uneconomical. For this type of subsoil condition, piles ate driven through the softer material to specified depth.

2.4.2.3 Settlement reducing piles

The main objective of adding piles to a raft is sometimes for settlement control. In design, the number of piles for reduce settlements under work load to a tolerable limit is usually small. This often results in a high stress in piles that may impede the application of this foundation due to the limits on raft stress or pile stress in practice. An alternative is to install a cushion between piles and raft. The performance of disconnected settlement reducing piles is studied. Based on some simplifications, a mechanical model of pile through the cushion and a calculation method of pile soil interaction are respectively formulated. In consideration of stress deformation coordination of pile-soil-cushion, a calculation method of pile soil stress ratio is presented. Optimization design of disconnected settlement reducing piles can be performed with this method.

2.4.3 Earth work supports

Holes and trenches need to be dug in the ground for foundations and drains. There are natural forces in the earth which try to close these gaps in the ground so that excavations and earthworks are dangerous areas for site operatives unless they are supported correctly. There are various systems for supporting earthworks and most of them use timber planks or sheeting to resist the forces of the earth. In the case of a trench, most the forces exerted by one side of the trench is balanced again the forces exerted by the other side. There have many earth work supports. Now we discuss several types of them. Because every earth work supports are not much useful.

The choice of system for supporting excavations depends upon the type of soil which is being excavated. Compact soils, such as clay, can be retained by open timbering where there are spaces between the shoring. Dry mobile soils, such as sand, need to be retained with the use of continuous sheeting made of timber or steel.

2.4.3.1 Hydraulic Shoring

Hydraulic shoring uses an aluminum hydraulic pressure system to keep trench walls supported. The worker fits the trench with vertical posts or horizontal rails, known as "Wales," in places where the trench walls need support; he then uses an aluminum hydraulic cylinder or cross brace to put pressure on the supports to hold them in place. These vertical and horizontal supports can be made from aluminum or timber. A worker can fit the system directly against a trench wall if the soil is stable. For trenches dug in less stable soil, the worker can place steel panels or plywood sheeting behind the supports.

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2.4.3.2 Pneumatic Shoring

Pneumatic shoring is a similar system to hydraulic shoring. Instead of using cylinders under hydraulic pressure, the air pressure in the pneumatic cylinders holds up the supports on the trench walls. A disadvantage to pneumatic shoring is that the system needs to have an air compressor on site for the cylinders to work.

2.4.3.3 Slide Rail System

The slide rail system is a preformed support system made up of vertical rails and steel panels. The trench is partially dug and an excavator pushes the rails and sheets into the ground. Then the process is repeated every few feet until the trench is complete. Steel spreaders lock into place in the rails across the width of the trench until the trench is finished. Then the spreaders are removed, leaving an open space. Slide rail systems can protect a trench of up to 40 feet in depth from collapse.

2.4.4 Suitable substructure for this particular project

Cost and the safety are the two major factors in construction industry. So we have care about those factors seriously. Therefore we have to select the very suitable and effective substructure for our particular project. So that substructure will depend on the soil type and types of buildings (low rise, mid rise and high rise) in our site.

Our site has sandy soil. Also this particular project has factory, warehouse, an office building and some residential units. So all these buildings are not very huge or many story buildings. Those are only low rise, mid rise buildings and high rise buildings. It means, the factory will be two story building and it may get some huge area. So it is amid rise building. Then warehouse will be low rise building and it may distribute in huge area than the factory area. The office building can be mid rise or high rise building. But in this case, let us assume that office building is mid rise building. Finally those residential buildings also may be mid rise building criteria.

According to this information the shallow foundation is the suitable and effective and economical substructure type for our project. It means we can put our foundation 3m down from the site strata. In shallow foundation have three types of foundation methods. So we can use raft foundation for the office building and residential units. Also other foundation can use for warehouse and factory.

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2.5 various forms of construction for the domestic buildings

Domestic buildings may be one or two story building. People use these buildings for living purposes. So owner can build this building according to their likes and dislikes. So there have many various construction methods for built those domestic buildings.

We laying the foundation and then begin the construct domestic building. So then we have to select suitable and economical foundation to our building. So that foundation will be depend with the nature of the soil, how many stories are there and etc. we have already discussed about the foundation types in above chapter. So according to that information we can select shallow foundation type for domestic building. After laying the foundation we have to construct the superstructure of the building.

Let us think, we built one story building. So there is no much load. Therefore we can make the superstructure by using brick or block work. So we no need to put the columns for this building. We can put the columns. But it is an unnecessary cost for the owner. In this case, external walls will be the load bearing walls (external walls) of the building. Other walls will be the non load bearing walls (internal walls). There have three types of brick work. Those are English bond, Flemish bond and stretcher bond. So we can use English bond or Flemish bond for the load bearing walls. And stretcher bond can use for the non load bearing walls. After built the walls, and then we have to make the roof. Roof also we can make with steel or sheet.

Figure 16. English bond figure 17. Flemish bond

Resource- resource-

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http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/image-files/english-bond.png

http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/image-files/flemish-bond.png


Figure 18. stretcher bond

Resource- http://i931.photobucket.com/albums/ad157/oasthousearchive/stretcher.jpg

Precast structures is also very the famous structure form in construction industry. This is a very simple way for made domestic buildings. In this case, all the things made by the concrete. There have some particular companies for made this pre cast concrete structures. There have columns, beams, slabs and etc. so only we have to do, bring these precast structures and fix proper way. But in Sir Lanka not use these structures widely.

Figure 19. precast houses

Resource- http://www.concretethinker.com/Content/ImageLib/disaster6.jpg

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We can use steel structure also for build the domestic buildings. It is a quite fast and easy construction form in present industry. In that case, all the structure will be the steel. There have steel columns and beams. So have just fixed them together. Then we can get the domestic building easily. But normally we not use the steel structure to build the domestic buildings.

Figure 20. steel houses

Resource- http://suzidarbyshire.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/ss.jpg

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2.6 different forms of construction for the structure of industrial and commercial buildings

We can use Steel structures for the industrial buildings and commercial buildings. This is the common way in present for build any construction with in low time. But the cost may be high than the other structures. In this case, there have a various shapes that made by steel. Columns, beams, roof trusses and etc. all these things with the steel. There have some companies and they produce these steel structures. This steel structure system very suitable for the industrial buildings.

There have “H” shaped cross sections. We use this “H” sections for the columns of the building. We can dig the hole and put the concrete and after that concrete dry, we fix this “H” section on that concrete with using the bolts. As like that we can put all he columns in our proposed site.

Figure 21. H cross section

Resource- http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vpWEkVUesWY/TuRS1bKkD7I/AAAAAAAAARQ/mN7gCBC4TMA/s1600/h-beam.png

Then we have to connect the beams. In that case, there have “I” shaped cross sections. We can fix that “I” shaped cross sections to the “H” shaped cross sections by using the “L” shaped sections. There have some jointing methods for this. So we can use bolted system or welded system or we can use these both two systems. If we build commercial building it may be with few stories. So can set these things continuously and finally we can set the steel roof trusses above the building.

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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vpWEkVUesWY/TuRS1bKkD7I/AAAAAAAAARQ/mN7gCBC4TMA/s1600/h-beam.png

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vpWEkVUesWY/TuRS1bKkD7I/AAAAAAAAARQ/mN7gCBC4TMA/s1600/h-beam.png


Figure 23. L section

Figure 22. I cross section

Resource- http://www.sunsteel.us.com/images /i-beam.jpg

Figure 24. steel commercial buildings figure 25. Steel industrial building

Resourse-

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Resource -://2.imimg.com/data2/LV/YR/MY-3527047/iron-steel-angles-250x250.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Inland_Steel_Building_2007_05_21.jpg

Resource- http://buildmetal.com/commercial-steel-buildings/commercial-steel-building-photos/fullsize/steel_building_18_fs.jpg

http://www.sunsteel.us.com/images%20/i-beam.jpg


2.7 internal finishes and component

Now days we give the more attention to internal finishes also. So huge cost we have to spend for that. Internal finishes also change basically with the technology. There have many internal finishes. Wall finishes, floor finishes, ceiling finishes and etc. these are some of that. These all the components changing time to time. It means when we consider about the wall finishes, now there have many types of ways to do that than the past time. So now let us discuss about that finishes.

Wall finishing is essential part of any kind of building. There have many stages to do this wall finishes. Plastering and painting are the main stages of this. We use the wall as a cover for the building inside and separate the living areas. That is the main purpose of the wall. There have two types of walls. External and internal walls those two types of walls. So external wall show the beauty of the building to outside and internal wall show that beauty to inside (man who living or working inside).

According to our industrial estate project, we have domestic, industrial and commercial buildings. So these all the types of building we must have to cover. Therefore we use the wall. Then we have to consider about the beauty. Then we do plastering. There have many methods to plastering. We can use cladding for the industrial building as a wall. Then we can use bricks or cement block etc. for the commercial, industrial and domestic buildings as a wall. After the covering there have not good look. Then we do plastering. If we use cladding and things, we will not plastering that. If we use brick or things, we can plaster. When we do internal plastering, we can use sand and lime mortar. It is economical plastering for only the internal. After plastering then we can do painting. This work is bringing the beauty of the building. In present, people really careful about that. They spend more money for that.

Figure 26. wall finishing

Resource-

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http://img.ehowcdn.com/article- new/ehow/images/a07/im/79/make-faux-wall-finishes-800x800.jpg

Resource-http://www.alumet.co.uk/images/ cladding_brass. jpg

figure 27. Cladding for commercial building


Floor finishing also important for any kind of building. There have two stages of the floor. Sub floor and floor covering. This sub floor is under the floor covering and it bears the some loads of the building. Also that sub floor we cannot seen.

But we can see floor covering. Therefore we have to consider about this floor covering. There also have many different floor finishing systems. Cement rendering floor, tile, terrazzo, wooden and etc. therefore we can select the suitable floor finishing system according to nature of our building.

Normally we can use cement rendering floor for the industrial and domestic building and tile or terrazzo and etc floor finishes for the commercial and domestic building. We can get the cement render floor with some colors by mixing the coloring pigments to the cement. Like as red and black.

Figure 28. wood floor finishing figure 29. Glass tile

Resource- resource-

Ceiling finishes also bring the some different beauty for the buildings. If it is a domestic building it may be one story building. So we have to make a roof. After made a roof, people who inside the house, they could see all the rafters and roof sheets and things. So it is not good and beautiful things to seen. That is why people like to make ceiling. There have many types of beautiful ceilings. Also we can apply ceiling to the commercial and industrial building also. if we use ceiling for commercial and domestic building, we can cover all the service pipes, electrical wires and things from that ceiling. Normally we use more beautiful ceilings for commercial and domestic buildings. So that was a big cost. But we not use much costly ceilings for the industrial buildings.

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http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a08/a5/6a/ oil-floor-finish-vs-polyurethane-800x800.jpg

http://www.visualsupercomputing.com/wp-content/gallery/tiles-glass-mosaic-tiles/glass-mosaic-tiles-5.jpg





Figure 30. ceiling making figure 31. Ceiling

Resource -

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http://www.theceilingmaster.com/images/mark-paddle.jpg

http://www.theceilingmaster.com/images/mark-paddle.jpg


2.8 Several simple building services

In construction industry, there have many different types of services. Water, electricity, telecommunication, air condition and etc. those are several building services that we have. These some building services are change with the technology. So those services are change with one country to other country. Because every country has not same technology level.

When we talk about technology, it is affect to the development of the world construction industry directly. So the building services and the development of the construction industry technology move with together. Now let us discuss about some necessary building services that we can use for our particular industrial estate.

Electricity is a one of the major building service. Also it needs to every people to do their day today work. If we have not electricity, we cannot do our works in proper way. Specially in construction industry also. Now let us think, some building construction is over. Then we have to apply the electricity for that building. Because without the electricity, cannot use that building to do our purpose things. Then we have to apply escalators, lights, security, cleaning machines and etc. services for our building. So we need the electricity for activation those sections.

In our site have a factory. Factory means that some of productions produce inside that particular building. Therefore, there have many various machines. So all the machines activate by the electricity. Also there have warehouse. This also same to the factory process. Then there have office building and residential building. In this case, there may be having escalators and things. So all these things working by the electricity. This electricity pass through the building from inside the plastic pipes so electricity is simple and major building service for that we can apply to this industrial estate.

Water supply service also essential service for any kind of building. We built this all the building for the human. So human cannot live without the water. We can divide this water service system into two types. Those are, hot water and cold water supply system. So the normally in warehouse and factory we use only the cold water supply system. But in office building and residential buildings we can apply these two types of water supply system. Water supply system is not easy thing to do. Because water is a liquid. So it tries to flow even small place. So water can be leak easily. If water leaks from some building, that building has poor water supply service. So water supply service is very important service that we have to apply to our industrial estate.

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Air condition service also now major factor in the building services. It shows the comfortable of the building. Air condition system has several types. Those are central plant system, room air condition unit and fan coil system. We have to select the suitable system according to our building type.

We can apply central air condition system for the factory and office building in our industrial estate. Because central plant system suitable for the wide areas. Then room air conditional units can apply to the residential buildings. Because different people likes to different temperatures. Therefore they can adjust the temperature by using room air condition units.

Water Drainage service also

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3.0 conclusions

Soil classification is important not only for scientist research in soil sciences themes for many other natural, social, economic, cultural and technical sciences. The main contribution of soil classification is to allow for the defining of clusters of different soil characteristics, relevant in space and time to specify research needs in the respective field’s science. The access of non soil scientists to soil classification is very limited because there is not enough information available in written form to understand soil classification, which must be urgently improved. A user friendly key to soil classification must develop as soon as possible.

Water, chemical sand also contaminated soils can give effect to human and also to construction. It also will affect the substructures of building if we cannot control it. So, after completing my case study assignment, my conclusion is that site and soil investigation is an important method that need to be carried out before the foundation are been selected. If using wrong foundation in wrong soil stability will make the building structure unsafe. In the other hand, during the construction stage, I can now know the basic of built the foundation and it how does it work.

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4.0 References

1) The constructor 2012, “Types of shallow foundations”, viewed on 28th October 2012 http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/

2) ICM 2003, “survey systems”, viewed on 28th October 2012 http://www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm

3) Nemko, published on: 2011, ‘in situ testing’, date of view : 10th of October 2012, http://www.nemko.com/services/product-safety-testing/situ-testing

4) Raj trading company, published on:2011, ‘TMT bars’ date of view: 22nd of October 2012

http://rajtrading.blogspot.com/

5) Sovonex Technology 2012, “Drilling Rig Substructure”, viewed on 30th October 2012

http://www.sovonex.com/drilling-rig-substructure.php

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http://www.sovonex.com/drilling-rig-substructure.php

http://rajtrading.blogspot.com/

http://www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm

http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-shallow-foundations/5308/