technologies - github pages...in april 2017 docker open sourced linuxkit a way of building minimal...
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![Page 1: Technologies - GitHub Pages...In April 2017 Docker open sourced LinuxKit a way of building minimal Linux distributions for hosting containers. LinuxKit is also a specialized Container](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022071210/602213934a61943665711ebb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Technologies3juillet2017,RMLLSt-Etienne,MichaelBright
@mjbright
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AgendaWhatareUnikernels?
Whattheyarenot.
WhyUnikernels?
Advantages/CharacteristicsApplicationdomains
Implementations&Tools
Demos
Usage:Baremetalanyone?
Where’sitallheading?
@mjbright
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What'sitallabout?
@mjbright
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WhatareUnikernels?
“Unikernelsarespecialized,single-address-spacemachineimagesconstructedbyusinglibraryoperatingsystems”
“WhatareUnikernels”,unikernel.org
@mjbright
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WhatareUnikernels?
“Unikernelsarespecialized,single-address-spacemachineimagesconstructedbyusinglibraryoperatingsystems”
“WhatareUnikernels”,unikernel.org
“VMsaren'theavy,OSesare"
AlfredBratterud,#includeOS
@mjbright
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WhatareUnikernels?-Theyare"LibraryOS"Specializedapplicationsbuiltwithonlythe"OS"componentstheyneed.
AUnikernelisanimageabletorun
directlyasaVM
(onbaremetal?)
"OS"componentssuchasNetworkstack,File-system,Devicedrivers
areoptional
typically,thereisnofilesystem.
Soconfigurationisstoredintheunikernelapplicationbinary@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...GeneralPurposeOSkernelswithunneededfeaturese.g.floppydrivers,designedtorunanysoftwareonanyhardwarearehuge-linesofcode
Unikernelsarenot"top-down"minifiedversionsofGeneralPurposeOSes...@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...minifiedOS
ContainerhostsMinimalLinuxdistributionshavebeencreatedwithsimilargoalstoUnikernels,aimedtobeminimalhostOSforcontainerengines,e.g.
CoreOSLinuxProjectAtomicRancherOS
Theyaimtobe
SecureLessfeatures/linesofcode:reducedattacksurfaceAtomicupdatesofsystem(notquiteimmutable)
Fasttoboot:SmallbinarysizeSpecializedtoruncontainers
ButthesearestillreducedversionsofgeneralpurposeOSesandsohavemanyunnecessaryfeatures.
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...minifiedOS
InApril2017DockeropensourcedLinuxKitawayofbuildingminimalLinuxdistributionsforhostingcontainers.
@mjbright 5
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...minifiedOS
InApril2017DockeropensourcedLinuxKitawayofbuildingminimalLinuxdistributionsforhostingcontainers.
LinuxKitisalsoaspecializedContainerHostwith
declarativespecificationofthesystemcomponentstoincludeservicesandapplicationsencapsulatedincontainersMirageSDK...looksinteresting...
@mjbright 5
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...minifiedOS
InApril2017DockeropensourcedLinuxKitawayofbuildingminimalLinuxdistributionsforhostingcontainers.
LinuxKitisalsoaspecializedContainerHostwith
declarativespecificationofthesystemcomponentstoincludeservicesandapplicationsencapsulatedincontainersMirageSDK...looksinteresting...
LinuxKitisstillbasedonaGeneralPurposeLinuxKernelbutallowsformuchcustomizationofthebasesystem.
It'sjustonestepclosertoUnikernels...
@mjbright 5
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...minifiedOS
InApril2017DockeropensourcedLinuxKitawayofbuildingminimalLinuxdistributionsforhostingcontainers.
LinuxKitisalsoaspecializedContainerHostwith
declarativespecificationofthesystemcomponentstoincludeservicesandapplicationsencapsulatedincontainersMirageSDK...looksinteresting...
LinuxKitisstillbasedonaGeneralPurposeLinuxKernelbutallowsformuchcustomizationofthebasesystem.
It'sjustonestepclosertoUnikernels...
...whoknowswhatDockerwilldonext??...
@mjbright 5
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...summaryTheyarenotminifiedgeneralpurposeOS
Notµ-kernelsNotminifiedLinuxkernelsorContainerOS
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...summaryTheyarenotminifiedgeneralpurposeOS
Notµ-kernelsNotminifiedLinuxkernelsorContainerOS
Theyarenotreal-timeOses
Buttheyareveryfast
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...summaryTheyarenotminifiedgeneralpurposeOS
Notµ-kernelsNotminifiedLinuxkernelsorContainerOS
Theyarenotreal-timeOses
Buttheyareveryfast
Theyarenot
Multi-kernels(thoughHermitCoreis!)Multi-process(thoughGrapheneis!)
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...summaryTheyarenotminifiedgeneralpurposeOS
Notµ-kernelsNotminifiedLinuxkernelsorContainerOS
Theyarenotreal-timeOses
Buttheyareveryfast
Theyarenot
Multi-kernels(thoughHermitCoreis!)Multi-process(thoughGrapheneis!)
Theyarenotallthesame,butworkonsimilarprinciples...
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Whattheyarenot...summaryTheyarenotminifiedgeneralpurposeOS
Notµ-kernelsNotminifiedLinuxkernelsorContainerOS
Theyarenotreal-timeOses
Buttheyareveryfast
Theyarenot
Multi-kernels(thoughHermitCoreis!)Multi-process(thoughGrapheneis!)
Theyarenotallthesame,butworkonsimilarprinciples...
Buildingaspecializedapplicationwithonlythe"OS"componentsneeded==>a"bottom-up"approach
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Are...Verysmallcomparedtoanapplication+OS
usefewresourcesimmutable,suitableformicro-servicesNolegacydriversNounneededshell-didImentionthis?
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Are...Verysmallcomparedtoanapplication+OS
usefewresourcesimmutable,suitableformicro-servicesNolegacydriversNounneededshell-didImentionthis?
Havenoseparatekernelspace
Noneedtocopybetweenkernelanduserspace
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Are...Verysmallcomparedtoanapplication+OS
usefewresourcesimmutable,suitableformicro-servicesNolegacydriversNounneededshell-didImentionthis?
Havenoseparatekernelspace
Noneedtocopybetweenkernelanduserspace
Moresecure
smallattacksurfaceIfcompromised,theattackercan’tdomuch-noshell,users,processes...
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Are...Verysmallcomparedtoanapplication+OS
usefewresourcesimmutable,suitableformicro-servicesNolegacydriversNounneededshell-didImentionthis?
Havenoseparatekernelspace
Noneedtocopybetweenkernelanduserspace
Moresecure
smallattacksurfaceIfcompromised,theattackercan’tdomuch-noshell,users,processes...
Fasttoboot
Possibilityofondemandservices
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Are...Verysmallcomparedtoanapplication+OS
usefewresourcesimmutable,suitableformicro-servicesNolegacydriversNounneededshell-didImentionthis?
Havenoseparatekernelspace
Noneedtocopybetweenkernelanduserspace
Moresecure
smallattacksurfaceIfcompromised,theattackercan’tdomuch-noshell,users,processes...
Fasttoboot
Possibilityofondemandservices
Moredifficulttodevelop
libraries,languages,debugginglimitations@mjbright
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Unikernels:ApplicationDomains
CloudComputingandNFVFasttoboot:OndemandservicesSecureimmutableimages
@mjbright
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Unikernels:ApplicationDomains
CloudComputingandNFVFasttoboot:OndemandservicesSecureimmutableimages
IoT/EmbeddedSmallimagesforOTAupdatesSecureimmutableimages
@mjbright
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Unikernels:ApplicationDomains
CloudComputingandNFVFasttoboot:OndemandservicesSecureimmutableimages
IoT/EmbeddedSmallimagesforOTAupdatesSecureimmutableimages
HPCSecureinthecloudVeryefficient(nocontextswitches,just1process)
@mjbright
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Unikernelimplementations
@mjbright
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UnikernelImplementations:2families
Clean-Slate Legacy
-Aminimalistapproach -POSIXcompatibility-Re-implementallOSfunctions -Re-useexistinglibraries-Typicallyusestypesafelanguage -Possiblebinarycompatibility-Verysmallcodesize,resources -Smalltolargecodesize/resources-Hardertodevelopapps -Easiertodevelopapps
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UnikernelImplementations:2families
Clean-Slate Legacy
-Aminimalistapproach -POSIXcompatibility-Re-implementallOSfunctions -Re-useexistinglibraries-Typicallyusestypesafelanguage -Possiblebinarycompatibility-Verysmallcodesize,resources -Smalltolargecodesize/resources-Hardertodevelopapps -Easiertodevelopapps
Thismeansthatclean-slateUnikernelstendtobeimplementedsolelyinonehigh-levellanguage(andpossiblyderivedlanguages)
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UnikernelImplementations:2families
Clean-Slate Legacy
-Aminimalistapproach -POSIXcompatibility-Re-implementallOSfunctions -Re-useexistinglibraries-Typicallyusestypesafelanguage -Possiblebinarycompatibility-Verysmallcodesize,resources -Smalltolargecodesize/resources-Hardertodevelopapps -Easiertodevelopapps
Thismeansthatclean-slateUnikernelstendtobeimplementedsolelyinonehigh-levellanguage(andpossiblyderivedlanguages)
WecanseethatLegacyUnikernelstradeoffsomeprinciplesforeaseofuse...
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UnikernelImplementations:
Clean-Slate Legacy
MirageOS(Ocaml) OSvHalVM(Haskell) Rumprun(+LKL)LING(Erlang) Runtime.jsIncludeOS(C/C++) HermitCore
GrapheneClickOSVorteilCliveMagniosUltiboDrawbridge...others?...
There'ssomecollaborationgoingonacrossprojectsespeciallytousesomecommonunderlyinglayerssuchasMinio,Solo5/ukvm.@mjbright 10
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mirage.io
CleanSlate
OpenSource
Backing(Docker/Xen)
OCaml-Based
MirageOS"LibraryOS"componentsandappsarewritteninOcaml,atype-safefunctional(&OO)languagewithextensivelibraries.
ThemiragetoolisusedtobuildUnikernelsforvariousbackends:
XenHypervisor(PV)Unix(LinuxorOS/Xbinaries)MirageOS3(/Solo5)supportskvm(/ukvm)andxhyve
Buildingapplicationsforunixorxen
mirageconfigure-t[unix|xen|ukvm]makedependmake./mir-console
Usecases:BNCPinata ,E///ResearchNFV,PayGarden
UnikernelImplementations:MirageOS-Xenproject
@mjbright
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halvm.org
CleanSlate
OpenSource
Backing(Galois)
AportofGHC(theGlasgowHaskellCompiler)torunasaUnikernel
RunsonXen
ConsideringporttoSolo5forHalVMv3.
[2012]HalVMisa"niftyplatform"for
developingsimplecloudservicescreatingcritical,isolatedservices
AimedathighlysecurenetworkappliancessuchasCyberChaff
UnikernelImplementations:HalVM
@mjbright
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includeos.org
CleanSlate
OpenSource
Backing(IncludeOS)
C/C++FAQ
WritteninC++.
CreateUnikernelfromanapplicationbyincluding#include<os>
Runsonhypervisors(KVM,VMWare)maybebaremetal...
Single-threaded,single-process,single-memoryspace
DelegatestoroutemessagesbetweenTCP/IPstackcomponents.
NoblockingPOSIXcallsimplementedyet,onlyasynci/o.
Recentdevelopments:
WorkingwithMender(mender.io)forOTAupdates64-bitARM?Solo5(ukvm)
UnikernelImplementations:IncludeOS
@mjbright
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osv.io
Legacy
OpenSource
Backing(Cloudius)
WritteninC++butwith"POSIX"compatibility
includesthreads,tcp/ip,ZFSfilesystemsupportforotherlanguagesandmemory-managedplatforms(JVM,Go,Lua)usedinMikelangeloEUProject(OpenStack+Unikernels)
RunsonKVM,Xen,VBox,VMWare
TheOSvManifesto
RunexistingLinuxapps,runthemfasterBoottime~ExectimeLeveragememory-managedplatformsStayopen
Singleprocess,addressspace
TCP/IPstackcomponents(C++classes)communicatevianetchannels
PossibilityforMMUtohandlegarbagecollection
UnikernelImplementations:OSv
@mjbright
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rumpkernel.org
Legacy
OpenSource
Backing(NetBSD)
ArefactoringoftheNetBSDkernelallowingtoselectOSmodulesasneeded.
UnikernelbaseinC/C++,supportsmanylanguages
C/C++,Lua,PHP,Python,Ruby,Node.js,Erlang,Go
Workflowis
cross-compileagainstNetBSDlibc(modified)bakeinthehypervisorchoice(notKVM...)launchVM
Baremetal"Hypercall"implementation.
Manyavailablepackages:apache2,nginx,haproxy,redis,mysql,sqlite,leveldb,tor,mpg123
NOTE:LKL(LinuxKernelLibraries)anexperimentalLinuxversionsince2015
UnikernelImplementations:Rumprun
@mjbright 15
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runtimejs.org
Legacy
OpenSource
Implementationofv8JavascriptengineasaUnikernel
SupportsNode.jsonKVMHypervisor
OngoingdiscussionsaboutsupportingWebAssembly..
UnikernelImplementations:Runtime.js
@mjbright
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hermitcore.org
Legacy
OpenSource
ExperimentalunikernelfromUniversityofAachen,initialperformanceresultsarepromising.
SupportsSMPinmulti-kernelmode.
Modes:
"classicalunikernel"-runsonaVMmultikernelonVM:proxy"Linux"kernelononecore,separateapplicationsonothercoresmultikernelonBM:proxy"Linux"kernelononecore,separateapplicationsonothercores
UsesIntelOpenMPruntime.
Languages:
C++,Fortran,Go(allviagcc)
UnikernelImplementations:HermitCore
@mjbright
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UnikernelToolsOpenSourcetoolshelptoadvancethevariousprojects.
Unik:UnikernelCompilerCloudFoundryproject(Dell-EMC)compilesseveralUnikernelTechnologies
Supports:RumpRun,OSv,IncludeOS,MirageOS
'VboxUnikInstanceListener'VMhandlesrequestsfromthe'unik'cli.
Solo5/ukvmAcommonUnikernel(Solo5)baseand(ukvm)libraryhypervisordevelopedbyIBM.
IntegratedintoMirageOSv3toextendtoKVMsupport.Otherprojects(HalVM,IncludeOS)arealsoconsideringthisapproach.OngoingporttoARM64.
DeferpanicWebandclitoolallowtotestdeployUnikernels
@mjbright 20
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DemoMirageOS
compilationforunixcompilation/runforSolo5/ukvm
Runtime.js
Deferpanic.net
@mjbright 30
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What'scoming?DockerboughtUnikernelSystems(mainMirageOSdevelopers)inJan2016
UnikerneltechnologyusedinDockerforMac,DockerforWindows
MirageOSv3releasedinMarch2017
improvesMirageOSimplementation(lesscode,morefunc)NewSolo5backend:kvmviaSolo5/ukvm
Unikernelsarebecomingeasiertouse
Adoptionofexistingbackends:Minios/Xen,Solo5/ukvmLinuxKit/MirageSDKsynergieswithMirageOS?DockerfacilitatesBuildShipandRunforUnikerneltechnologiesUnikprojectfacilitatesuseofdifferentUnikerneltechnologiesCloudFoundryandKuberneteslooktodeployUnikernelsSolo.io"Squash"projectproducingdebuggerforµ-servicesandUnikernels
ManyUnikernelprojectsareadvancingquickly...andspecializeddeploymenttrialsongoing
@mjbright
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Unikernels:Usage?Baremetal?Specificapplications(networkappliances-Hybridsolutions)
Well-suitedforveryspecificapplicationssuchastargetnetworkingcomponents
-DNS,DHCP,NAT,Firewall,TLS,Chaff
Canbeusedasstandaloneappliancesorassecurenetworkfront-end.
ButwhataboutBaremetal?
SomeUnikernelstargetbaremetal,butnotappropriateforallusecases
requiresmaintainingh/wspecificdevicedriversmaynotsupportmorethan1core!
Youwon’twanttodedicateyourlatestProliantservertooneUnikernel(fleaonanelephant’sback),butrathertoaHypervisorrunningUnikernels
MaybeappropriateforthesmallestIoTdevices(webcam,sensor)@mjbright
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Unikernels:Conclusions...Averyactiveresearcharea
manyactiveprojects,severalwithcommercialbackersmostlyOpenSourcehealthycollaboration-commontoolingpossible
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Unikernels:Conclusions...Averyactiveresearcharea
manyactiveprojects,severalwithcommercialbackersmostlyOpenSourcehealthycollaboration-commontoolingpossible
Someprojectsadopta"Clean-Slate"approachbuildingupcapabilities.
imposeaparticularlanguagesmallest,mostsecureUnikernelspotentiallyhardertodevelop
OtherprojectstradeoffsomeoftheUnikerneladvantagesfor"easeofuse".
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Unikernels:Conclusions...Averyactiveresearcharea
manyactiveprojects,severalwithcommercialbackersmostlyOpenSourcehealthycollaboration-commontoolingpossible
Someprojectsadopta"Clean-Slate"approachbuildingupcapabilities.
imposeaparticularlanguagesmallest,mostsecureUnikernelspotentiallyhardertodevelop
OtherprojectstradeoffsomeoftheUnikerneladvantagesfor"easeofuse".
Wewillstarttohearofdeploymentsforspecificusecases
Unlikelytobecomeamainstreamapproach
competitionfromVMs,containers,serverlessunlesssomeonesurprisesus...
@mjbright 35
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Q&A
@mjbright
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Resources
@mjbright
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Resources-GeneralURL
.Unikernel.org siteWikipedia Wiki
.Scoop.It UnikernelsPlaylist YouTubeUnikernels
@mjbright
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Resources-UnikernelImplementationsTechnology Backers URL
.MirageOS Xen mirage.ioHalVM Galois galois.com/project/halvmLING erlangonxen.org.
IncludeOS IncludeOS includeos.orgRumprun NetBSD rumpkernel.org
OSv Cloudius osv.ioHermitCore Univ.Aachen hermitcore.org
.Unik CloudFoundry github.com/cf-unik/unikSolo5 IBM github.com/Solo5/solo5Ukvm IBM github.com/Solo5/solo5/tree/master/ukvm
@mjbright
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Resources-UnikernelImplementations(2)Technology Backers URL
.Ultibo(Raspi)Clive(Go)MagniosClickOS NEC
.Drawbridge Microsoft project/drawbridge
.DeferPanic DeferPanic deferpanic.net
@mjbright