TEACHING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS

PRESENTED

BY SHALANI

DUTT

BrainstormingProblem Solving MethodComputer assisted learning(CAI)Programmed learning

BRAINSTORMING: Brainstorming is a group creativity

technique that was designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem.

It is particularly helpful when you need to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things.

This can be when you need to develop new opportunities, where you want to improve the service that you offer, or when existing approaches just aren't giving you the results you want.

Used with your team, it helps you bring the experience of all team members into play during problem solving

There are four basic rules in brainstorming. These are intended to reduce the social inhibitions that occur in groups and therefore stimulate the generation of new ideas.

The expected result is a dynamic synergy that will dramatically increase the creativity of the group.

ProblemSolving Method:

OBJECTIVESThis method helps students to

gain the ability of scientific problem solving and using it in the every area of life.

Whit this method,teachers aim is to raise a youth which can solve problems in scientific way not just creating problems.

WHAT IS PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD?Problem solving is a process to choose

and use the effective and benefical tool and behaviours among the different potentialities to reach the target.

It contains scientific method,critical thinking,taking decision,examining and reflective thinking.

This method is used in the process of solving a problem to generalize or to make synthesis.

STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

1-Choosing the topic and emergence of problem.

2-Delimitation of the problem.3-Planning the application.4-Preparing the working guide.5-Providing the sources.6-Examining the problem.7-Getting a conclusion. 8-Disputating the topics,views and

findings.

ADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHODIt provides the active participation of the

students in teaching-learning activity.It habituates student to study regularly and

organized.It provides students o gain scientific view and

thinking.It makes students to be interested in learning.It helps to improve the sense of responsibility

of students.It provides students to face the problems

boldly and to deal with it in a scientific approach.

It helps students to adopt the view of benefit from others ideas and to help each other.

It predicates the learning to a more logical and doughty foundation.

It improves the ability of making proposes and putting forward the hypothesis.

It helps students to adopt the idea of not to be hurry to make a decision.

DISADVANTAGES OF PROBLEM SOLVING METHODIt takes too much time.It is not possible to apply this

method to all disciplines.It can load some worldly

burdensomes to students.It can be diffucult for students to

provide the materials and sources which is required for solving the problem.

Evaluating the learning can be difficult.

TECHNIQUES USED IN PROBLEM SOLVING METHODA) INDUCTION It is like teaching with

discovering method.Cases are observed carefully.The similarities and dissimilarities are found.Then you can reach the general rule or law with the techniques "generalization" or "making abstract" from the similarities.

B) DEDUCTION It is reverse of induction

technique.Some general laws and rules which are reached before are given to the students and want them to apply this method to different singular case.The convenience of it to the one of the case is controlled mentally.

Computer

Assisted Learnin

g

CAI

What is Computer Assisted Learning?

Computer-assisted learning (CAL) is an approach to teaching and learning in which computer technology is used as an aid to the presentation, reinforcement and assessment of material to be learned, usually including a substantial interactive element.

Traditional Teaching vs. CAL

The traditional teaching environment is a classroom: a single teacher giving lectures to a group of students who are expected to use their notes and textbook to prepare for periodic examinations and demonstrate their mastery of the subject.

The use of computers in education shifts the focus away from the teacher to the students themselves who learn through experimentation on the computer with the teacher acting only as a guide.

Difference between traditional classroom learning

and Computer Assisted Learning

Traditional Teaching vs. CAL

Differences between traditional classroom learning and Computer Assisted Learning

Advantages of CALIt involves any student actively in the

learning process. It allows the learner to proceed at his

own pace.Reinforcement of learning in such

situations is immediate and systematized.

The use of computers in this manner frees faculty members or training coordinators to devote more time to the personal, human considerations of their students.

CAL is very useful in the realm of remedial education.

Disadvantages of CALThe need for teachers and training

directors to move from accepted methods that work to a new and relatively untried method.

The diversity of computing hardware and CAL languages compete with little apparent coordination from professionals in the educational world.

The cost of hardware, CAL course materials (courseware), and individuals to help implement the process.

Programmed learningProgrammed learning,  educational technique

characterized by self-paced, self-administered instruction presented in logical sequence and with much repetition of concepts. Programmed learning received its major impetus from the work done in the mid-1950s by the American behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner and is based on the theory that learning in many areas is best accomplished by small, incremental steps with immediate reinforcement, or reward, for the learner. This technique can be applied through texts, so-called teaching machines, and computer-assisted-instruction. No matter what the medium, two basic types of programming are used: linear, or straight-line programming, and branching programming.

Linear programming immediately reinforces student responses that approach the learning goal.

Responses that do not lead toward the goal go unreinforced.

Each bit of learning is presented in a “frame,” and a student who has made a correct response proceeds to the next frame.

All students work through the same sequence, and a low rate of error is necessary to ensure continued positive reinforcement of correct responses.

Branching, or intrinsic, programming, was initially developed in conjunction with the use of an electronic training device for military personnel.

This technique provides the student a piece of information, presents a situation requiring a multiple choice or recognition response, and on the basis of that choice instructs the student to proceed to another frame, where he or she learns if the choice was correct, and if not, why not.

A student who responded incorrectly will either be returned to the original frame, or routed through a subprogram designed to remedy the deficiency indicated by the wrong choice.

A student who selects correctly advances to the next frame in the program. This process is repeated at each step throughout the program, and a student may be exposed to differing amounts of material depending upon errors made.

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