techniques multicultural counseling

7/27/2019 Techniques Multicultural Counseling

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The basic techniques

in multiculturalcounseling are

interview andassessment.


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PSYCHOANALYTIC

THERAPY The techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are aimed

at increasing awareness, fostering insights intoclients behaviour, and understanding the meaningsof symptoms.

There are 6 basic techniques;1. maintaining the analytic framework

2. free association

3. interpretation

4. dream analysis5. analysis of resistance

6. analysis of transference


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1. Maintaining the analytic framework

It refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic

factors, such as the analysts relative anonymity, the

regularity and consistency of meetings, and starting

and ending the sessions on time.

The psychoanalytic process stresses maintaining a

particular framework aimed at accomplishing the goals

of this type of therapy.


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2. Free association

Important to maintain analytic framework.

Clients are encouraged to say whatever comes tomind, regardless how painful, silly, trivial, illogical, orirrelevant it may be.

One of the basic tools used to open the doors tounconscious whishes, fantasies, conflicts, andmotivations Recollection of past experiences.

Therapists task listen to surface and hiddenmeaning of clients story identify the repressedmaterial that is locked in the unconscious interpretthe materials and guides the client toward increase

insight.


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3. Interpretation

Consists of the analysts pointing out, explaining, and teachingthe client the meanings of behaviour that is manifested in indreams, free association, resistances, and the therapeuticrelationship itself.

function to enable the ego to assimilate new material and tospeed up the process of uncovering further unconscious

material.

Under contemporary definitions, interpretation includesidentifying, clarifying, and translating the clients material.

General rules the analyst should interpret material that theclient has not yet understand but is capable of tolerating andincorporating, interpretation should always start from the surfaceand go only as deep as the client is able to go, it is best to pointout a resistance of defense before interpreting the emotion orconflict that lies beneath it.


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4. Dream analysis

Important procedure for uncovering unconscious material and giving theclient insight into some areas of unresolved problems.

During sleep, defenses are lowered and repressed feelings surface.

Freuddreams as the royal road to unconscious, for in them onesunconscious whishes, needs, and fears are expressed.

Dream 2 levels of content: latent content and manifest content.

Latent Content: hidden, symbolic, unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.

Manifest Content: the dream that appears to the dreamer (painful, threatening, theunconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are

transformed into more acceptable manifest content)

The process that the latent content of a dream is transformed into theless threatening manifest content is called dream work.


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5. Analysis of resistance

Refers to any idea, attitude, feeling, or action (consciousor unconscious) that fosters the status quo and gets in

the way of change.

Resistance is anything that works against the progressof therapy and prevents the client from producing

previously unconscious materials.

The clients reluctant to bring to the surface of awareness

unconscious material that has been repressed.


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6. Analysis of transference

Provide clients with the opportunity to

reexperience a variety of feelings that would

otherwise be inaccessible.

Allows clients to achieve here-and-now insight into

the influence of the past on their present

functioning.

Enables clients to work through old conflicts that

are keeping them retarding the emotional growth.


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ADLERIAN THERAPY

There are 6 techniques:

1. Attending and listening with empathy

2. Following the subjective experience of the client

3. Identifying and clarifying goals

4. suggesting initial hunches about purpose in client symptoms

5. actions

6. interactions


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1. Attending and listening with empathy

Attending is paying attention to and being present to someone. This

involves both body language and a mental tuning in to the client.

Active Listening is listening to the client's verbal messages, watching the

client's nonverbal messages, actively determining the client's feelings,

behaviors and experiences and listening to the person as fully as possibleby trying to "put it all together.

Empathy is reflecting the core message of what you heard. Usually this

involves naming the feelings and the relevant experience or behaviors the

counselor needs to put himself/herself in the clients position to understandthem better.


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2. Following the subjective experiences of the client

Put focus on the client, not the problem.

Adlerians pay more attention to clients past

experiences.

Interpret the clients early memories, seeking to

understand the whole person.

Client will exploreprivate logic the concepts

about self, others, and life that constitute the

philosophy on which individuals lifestyle is based.


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3. Identifying and clarifying goals

The counselor listens to clients life story listens for clues to the

purposive aspects of the clients coping and approaches to life.

Counselor will disclose and interpret clients story in order to create

awareness of his/hers direction in life, the goals and purposes, and

current behaviour.

4. Suggesting initial hunches about purpose in client symptoms Once materials are gathered, the counselor summaries and suggest

initial hunches from the dataincludes summary of the clients

subjective experience and life story, family constellation and

developmental data, early recollection, personal strengths or assets,

interfering ideas, and coping coping strategies.

The summaries and hunches are presented to the client and

discussed in the session the client and the counselor together

refining specific points.


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5.Actions

Putting insights into practice.

The counselor help the client to discover new and more

functional alternatives.

Clients are both encouraged and challenged to develop

courage to take risks and make changes in life.

In this techniques, encouragementplays vital role.


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6. Interactions

Interaction between the counselor and the client is

important.

The counselor will ask questions in order to gainmore understanding of the client.

The client will tell story of his/her life to the

counselor.


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PERSON-CENTERED

THERAPY There are 5 techniques used in this therapy:

1. Listening

2. Accepting

3. Respecting

4. Understanding

5. Responding


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1. Emphatic Listening

The counselor invites the client to describe his/her reasons

for coming to talk.

Allow the client time to respond this behaviour is described

as attending or active listening.

Helps create true intimacy between the counselor and the

client trust, comfortable with each other.

It tells the client that you are interested in him/her, want tolisten to him/her, and will try to understand both the spoken

and the unspoken message in the communication.


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2. Accepting

The counselor accepts the client for who he/she is

unconditionally unconditional positive regard.

The counselor is being professional, not prejudice

towards the client.

3. Respecting

The counselor respect the clients view of his/her life

Help the client towards a greater degree ofindependence and integration of the individual with

respect towards his/her multicultural background

(gender, religion, beliefs, life values, thought, etc.)


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4. Understanding

The counselor understand the clients feelings sensitively and

accurately.

Emphatic understanding help the counselor sense clients feeling

as if they were his/her own without becoming lost in those

feelings.

Emphatic understanding helps the counselor to reflect the clients

experiences.

5. Responding

The counselor responds to the clients story.

Also responds to seek clarification about the clients feelings and

thoughts.

Respond by giving advices or suggestions that can help for the

clients personal growth.


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GESTALT THERAPY


1. Internal dialogue

2. making the rounds

3. reversal

4. rehearsal

5. exaggeration

6. staying with the feeling

7. approach to dream work


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1. Internal dialogue

The empty chair technique using 2 chairs, the client

sits in one chair and become fully top dog and shift tothe other chair and become fully underdog.

Top dog righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy, and manipulative.

Underdog play the role of victim; defensive, apologetic, helpless, weak, and

powerless.

The client role playing the technique by himself/herself.

It will help the client to get in touch and experience the

conflict more fully the conflict can be solved by heclients acceptance and integration of both sides.


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2. Making the round

Involves asking a person in a group to go up to others in the group

and either speak to or do something with each person.

Purpose to confront, to risk, to disclose the self, to experiment

with new behaviour, to grow and change.

To know each member in the group, in a way will gain trust and

self-confidence among themselves.

3. Reversal

The client takes the plunge into the very thing that is fraught with

anxiety and make contact with those parts of themselves that havebeen submerged and denied.

This technique helps the client to accept certain personal

attributes that they have tried to deny.


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4. Rehearsal

The clients rehearse the new behaviour with the counseling.

Helps the client to become aware of the expectations of others, ofthe degree to which they want to be approved, accepted, and liked.

5. Exaggeration

The client is asked to exaggerate his/her movements or gestures, to

makes the inner meaning clear.

E.g.: if a client reports that his/her legs are shaking, the counselor

may ask the client to stand up and exaggerate the shaking and then

put words to the shaking limbs.


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6. Staying with the feeling

At the moments when the client feel an unpleasant mood

or feeling, the counseling may urge the client to stay with

the feeling.

The counselor will encourage the client to go deeper into

the feeling or behaviour he/she wishes to avoid.

Facing, confronting, and experiencing feelings not only

takes courage but also show willingness to endure the

pain necessary for unblocking and making way for new

levels of growth.


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7. Approach to dream work

Gestalt approach does not intend to interpret and analyze

dreams. Instead, the intent is to bring dreams back to life and

relive them as though they are happening now.

The dream is acted out, the dreamer becomes a part of

his/her dream.

The client will make list of all details of the dream and inventdialogue.

Purpose to create awareness towards the clients own

feeling.


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BEHAVIOUR THERAPY


1. Positive reinforcement

2. Negative reinforcement

3. Extinction

4. Punishment

5. Systematic desensitization


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1. Positive reinforcement

Involves the addition off something of value to the individual as a

consequence of a certain behaviour.

2. Negative reinforcement

The client is motivated to exhibit a desired behaviour to avoid the

unpleasant condition.

3. Extinction

Refers to withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced

response.

E.g.; a child who display temper tantrums is often reinforced by theattention parents give to such behaviour. Therefore, in order to

eliminate the behaviour (temper tantrums), parents need to stop

from giving attention to the behaviour.


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4. Punishment

Aversive control in which consequences of a certain

behaviour result in a decrease of that behaviour.

Goal to decrease target behaviour (negative behaviour).

5. Systematic desensitization

The client will imagine successively more anxiety arousingsituations at the same time that they engage in a behaviour

that competes with anxiety.

Gradually, the client will become less sensitive to the

anxiety-arousing situation.


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RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIORAL

THERAPY (REBT)

REBT practitioners used variety of techniques from

many different therapy. Some of them are:

1. Cognitive methods2. Emotive Techniques

3. Behavioral techniques

REBT generally starts with clients disturbed feelingsand intensely explores these feelings in connection with

thoughts and behaviours.


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EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES

a. rational-emotive imagery

b. role-playing

c. shame-attacking exercises

d. use of force and vigor

COGNITIVE METHODS

a. Disputing irrational beliefs

b. doing cognitive homework

c. changing ones language

d. using humor

BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES

a. operant conditioning

b. self-management principlesc. systematic desensitization

d. relaxation techniques

e. modeling


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REALITY THERAPY

There are 4 strategies - the WDEP System;

1. Wants and needs

2. Direction and doing

3. self-Evaluation4. Planning

Basic goal of RT to help clients learn better ways

of fulfilling all their needs, including power,achievement, freedom, independence, fun, etc.


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1. Wants and needs (exploring wants, needs, and

perceptions)

Therapists ask What do you want?

Clients are encouraged to recognize, define, and

refine how they wish to meet their needs.

2. Direction and doing RT stresses current behaviour and is concerned

with past events only if it influence how clients are

behaviouring now.

Here RT focuses on gaining awareness of andchanging current total behaviour.

Therapists ask What do you see for yourself now

and in the future?, What are you doing now?,

What did you do last week?, etc.


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3. Evaluation

Is what you are doing helping or hurting you?, Is

what you are doing against the law?, etc.

Therapists asks the clients in order for them toevaluate the quality of each component of their

behaviour.

4. Planning and action

Once the clients determine what they want to change,

they are ready to formulate an action plan.

The plans give the client a starting point, and can be

modified from time to time.

In this phase, the counselor continually urges the

client to be willing to accept the consequences for

his/her own choices and actions.


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FEMINIST THERAPY There are 10 techniques in FT:

1. Empowerment2. Self-disclosure

3. Gender-role analysis

4. Gender-role intervention

5. Power analysis and power intervention

6. Bibliotherapy

7. Assertiveness training

8. Reframing and relabeling

9. Group work

10. Social action

Goal to create a society where sexism and other forms of

discrimination and oppression are no longer a reality (Worell &

Remer, 2003)


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References

http://fellowshipofthedream.org/empathy.pdf

www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectur

es/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppt

Theory and Practice of Psychotherapy

Gerald Corey
http://fellowshipofthedream.org/empathy.pdfhttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://www.coping.org/write/C6436counselther/lectures/C6436-5th-Humanistic.ppthttp://fellowshipofthedream.org/empathy.pdf


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