technical update: tb/hiv co-infection and community engagement · tb is the main killer of hiv...
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Technical update: TB/HIV co-infection and Community Engagement
Alberto Matteelli
THC Unit, Global TB Programme
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR TB CONTROL:
THE CORE COMPONENTS
DIVONNE, FRANCE, 17 – 26 FEBRUARY 2014
Photo: Riccardo Venturi
TB/HIV co-infection
TB cases and deaths, 1990–2012 absolute numbers
1.5
0
1.0
0.5
1990 2000 2010 2000 1990 2010
HIV-negative
HIV-positive
All cases
HIV-positive cases
Peak >9 in early 2000s
Total mortality peaked early
2000s at >1.8 million
Incident cases 8.6 million in 2012 Deaths 1.3 million in 2012
10
7.5
5.0
2.5
0
Mil
lio
ns
1.1
Define whether TB/HIV is a priority in your country
• Overlapping of the two epidemics
• HIV prevalence among TB patients
• (TB incidence or prevalence among PLHIV)
• Number of TB/HIV co-infected patients (the burden)
Estimated HIV prevalence in new TB cases - 2012
TB incidence rates in HIV-infected
populations in Africa
(cf 10% lifetime risk for HIV-)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14U
gan
da
Rw
an
da
Rw
an
da
Rw
an
da
DR
Co
ng
o
Rw
an
da
Ken
ya
Ken
ya
Zam
bia
S A
fric
a
S A
fric
a
S A
fric
a
Co
te d
'Ivo
ire
Inc
ide
nc
e T
B (
%/y
r)
source: Holmes et al CID 2003
Treatment outcomes for HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB patients, 2011.
WHO Global report 2013
TB is the main killer of HIV infected persons according to autopsy studies
Cox JA, AIDS Rev. 2010; 12: 183-94
Estimated number
of cases
Estimated number of
deaths
HIV-associated TB
1.1 million (13%) (range: 1.0–1.2 million)
320,000 (range: 400,000–460,000)
0–24
25–49
50–99
100–299
300 and higher
No estimate available
Global Burden of TB/HIV - 2012
• Do you know the numbers for your country ?
• If these are estimates, can you measure how many
TB/HIV missing cases you have ?
TB Global report 2013
What interventions, and how to measure the process ?
Clear, solid, evidence-based based policy guidance
An M&E guide under revision in
2014
Collaborative TB/HIV activities - 2012
Priority 1: TB entry side
Priority 2: any entry side
WHO recommendation
• Start ART in all HIV infected individuals with active tuberculosis irrespective of CD4 cell count
(strong recommendation – Low quality of evidence)
TB/HIV guidelines 2012 and
ART consolidated guidelines 2013
Ensure ART treatment during TB treatment
Ref: Global TB Control Report 2013
ART coverage among TB patients
Inequity of ART provision to TB patients
Priority 2: any entry side
TB/HIV guidelines 2012 and
ART consolidated guidelines 2013
Ensure TIMELY ART treatment
WHO recommendation
• Anti-TB treatment should be initiated first, followed by ART as soon as possible within the first 8 weeks of treatment.
• Those TB/HIV patients with profound immunosuppression (e.g. CD4 counts <50 cells cells/mm3) should receive ART immediately within the first 2 weeks of initiating TB treatment.
Priority 3: HIV entry side
IPT
Preventive therapy scale-up: happening but only in a few countries
Nu
mb
er s
tart
ed o
n I
PT
(th
ou
san
ds)
71% of the global total in 2012 in South Africa
Estimated # TB cases prevented by IPT in Botswana
• Assume that efficacy of IPT in TB prevention is 43% (74% if TST positive)*
• Botswana TB cases per year = 7,000 (2012)
• Proportion of these in PLHIV= 63%, so 4,410 HIV-TB cases per year
• # cases prevented in HIV+ each year if all PLHIV received IPT = 43% x 4,410= 1,896
Give correct value to IPT
• HIV services in driving seat with support from TB services
• Target new and old PLHIV who have no TB and did not receive IPT before
• Rule out active TB and rule in IPT by clinical algorithm
• Evaluate if TST feasible or killing agent
• Make it clear that:
Risk of developing drug resistant minimal
Duration of protection optimized by extending duration of treatment where needed
ART does not practically decrease the benefit of IPT
In high H-resistant countries IPT benefit reduced but still significant
Scaling-up IPT
Priority 4: HIV entry side
Diagnose TB early in PLHIV
The cascade of care
With signs/symptoms Initial test Other diagnostic tests Clinical decision
Treat for TB
if positive
Treat for TB
if suggestive
% with presumptive TB % being tested % started on treatment
Monitoring the cascade…….
Xpert MTB/RIF as the initial diagnostic test
ICF
Prevent TB among PLHIV: the 5 Is
Increased ART coverage
Infection control
Integrated TB/HIV services
IPT
Integrated TB/HIV services
• Plan for appropriate development to ensure patient centered care
• Describe your model of care
Kenya: one stop service for TB and HIV
Integrated TB and HIV services at same place and time
14
79
88 91 93
100
17
37 34
48
64
74
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percentage of TB patients tested Percentage of HIV positive TB patients on ART
One stop
Results: One stop service model in Rwanda
Decentralisation of services and task shifting to nurses
Percent shows out of all identified HIV positive TB patients nationally
TB nurse
Provides HIV testing
Draws blood for CD4
Provides ART and CPT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
ART for TB patients CPT for TB patients
Community Engagement
& National Strategic Plans
Why adopt ENGAGE-TB?
• to strengthen and expand community-based TB activities and more effectively utilize the activities of community-based NGO in TB screening, referrals and care
• to increase the number of NGOs engaging in community-based TB by proactive outreach to existing org’s which are currently unengaged in TB, especially those already working in the areas of HIV, MNCH, and PHC and encouraging them to integrate TB into their work.
How does ENGAGE-TB help achieve NSP objectives?
ENGAGE-TB:
• Assists early detection
• Assists treatment support
• Helps prevent TB transmission
• Addresses the social determinants
ENGAGE-TB activities in the NSP
1) conduct a situation analysis in each district to map the potential new organizations that could be engaged in community-based TB activities;
2) support models of integration with HIV, MNCH and PHC to enable subsequent replication and scale-up;
3) develop guidelines and tools as needed to assist NGOs newly engaging in community-based TB activities – WHO ENGAGE-TB implementation manual will guide you on how new organizations can integrate community-based TB activities into their work and collaborate better with national TB programme;
4) provide training to organizations newly engaging in community-based TB activities as may be needed;
ENGAGE-TB activities in the NSP (2)
5) help identify range of TB tasks for each organization to undertake, based on their interests and capacities and NTP needs;
6) ensure regular meetings at every level with these organizations to improve coordination and respond to emerging concerns;
7) explicitly include support to community and NGO engagement in job description and annual performance measurement system of at least one TB official at district and provincial level;
8) provide a small budget at district and provincial levels for quarterly meetings between TB officials and NGOs and systematically follow-up on agreed actions;
ENGAGE-TB activities in the NSP (3)
9) ensure routine recording and reporting of data:
• contribution of community referrals to TB notifications;
• treatment success of patients with community DOT/support
10) assist newly engaged NGOs as well as those as of yet unengaged but working on issues related to TB to form an NGO Coordinating Body for TV at each level (national, province and district) to share information and best practices and to support each other with technical assistance as needed.
11) advocate for increased resources for community-based TB activities at each level and increased representation at the Global Fund’s CCM to influence resources allocation.
Resources
• ENGAGE-TB operational guidance: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2012/engage_tb_policy/en/index.html
• ENGAGE-TB implementation manual: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/96900/1/9789241506540_eng.pdf
• Ask for more information or technical assistance: [email protected]