TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No.

Training in Radiological Protection for Nuclear Programmes

l ^ J I N T E R N A T I O N A L A T O M I C ENERGY AGENCY, V I E N N A , 1 9 7 5

TRAINING IN RADIOLOGICAL P R O T E C T I O N

F O R N U C L E A R PROGRAMMES

T h e f o l l o w i n g States ate Members of t h e International A t o m i c Energy Agency:

AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PARAGUAY

ALBANIA HUNGARY PERU

ALGERIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA INDIA POLAND

AUSTRALIA INDONESIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA IRAN ROMANIA

BANGLADESH IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA

BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL

BOLIVIA ISRAEL SIERRA LEONE

BRAZIL ITALY SINGAPORE

BULGARIA IVORY COAST SOUTH AFRICA

BURMA JAMAICA SPAIN

BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SRI LANKA SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SUDAN

CANADA KENYA SWEDEN CHILE KHMER REPUBLIC SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA KUWAIT THAILAND CUBA LEBANON TUNISIA CYPRUS LIBERIA TURKEY CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC UGANDA

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S LIECHTENSTEIN UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST

REPUBLIC OF KOREA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC

DENMARK MADAGASCAR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MALAYSIA REPUBLICS

ECUADOR MALI UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT

EGYPT MAURITIUS BRITAIN AND NORTHERN

EL SALVADOR MEXICO IRELAND

ETHIOPIA MONACO UNITED REPUBLIC OF

FINLAND MONGOLIA CAMEROON

FRANCE MOROCCO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

GABON NETHERLANDS URUGUAY

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA

GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGER VIET-NAM

GHANA NIGERIA YUGOSLAVIA

GREECE NORWAY ZAIRE

GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ZAMBIA HAITI PANAMA

T h e A g e n c y ' s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the C o n f e r e n c e on t h e Statute of the IAEA h e l d at Uni ted Nat ions Headquarters, N e w York; it en tered into force on 2 9 July 1957 . T h e Headquarters o f the A g e n c y are s i tuated in Vienna . Its pr inc ipal o b j e c t i v e is "to a c c e l e r a t e and e n l a r g e the contr ibut ion of a t o m i c energy t o p e a c e , h e a l t h and prosperity throughout t h e world".

© I A E A , 1975

Permission t o reproduce or translate the in format ion c o n t a i n e d in this pub l i ca t ion m a y b e obta ined by writ ing t o the Internat ional A t o m i c Energy Agency , Kärntner Ring 11, P.O. Box 590 , A - 1 0 1 1 Vienna, Austria.

Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 1975

T E C H N I C A L R E P O R T S SERIES No. 166

TRAINING IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

FOR NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 197 5

TRAINING IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION FOR NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES

IAEA, VIENNA, 1975 STI/DOC/IO/ 166

ISBN 9 2 - 0 - 1 2 5 0 7 5 - 4

FOREWORD Ail important activity of the International Atomic Energy Agency is the promotion of

training in radiological protection for nuclear programmes. Through its organized training courses, its fellowship training under the Technical Assistance programme and its field experts, the Agency has assisted many Member States to train groups of specialists in radiological protection. Many Member States are developing their own national training programmes in radiological protection, and this report has been prepared to provide the guidance that may be required in this development.

In the report the various types of training that are encountered in a radiological protection programme are fully discussed, curricula are suggested and examples of established training courses are annexed. In this connection it should be noted that the Agency has extensive plans to provide major training programmes and courses for nuclear power plant staff and other personnel, as the nuclear power programmes develop.

The original report on this subject, published as Technical Reports Series No.31 under the title 'Training in Radiological Protection: Curricula and Programming', was written by M. Suzuki (Japan) in 1964 while a staff member of the Agency, with the help of three consultants, namely, W.D. Claus (USA), W.D. Whitehouse (UK) and L.M. Van Putten (Netherlands), and included contributions from G. Bresson (France) and K. Tsukamoti (Japan).

In 1973, new and additional information was received from a number of Member States. The report in its present form reflects the information received and was rewritten-by B.C. Bernardo of the Agency's Division of Nuclear Safety and Environmental Protection with the help and advice of two consultants, D. Ross of the United States Atomic Energy Commission and J.H. Mellink of the Academical Hospital, Netherlands. The Agency is grateful for the assistance by these consultants and appreciates the collaboration of E.J. Bennellick of the National Radiological Protection Board, UK, in the final review of the document. Thanks are also due to the World Health Organization for its review of the draft revision and to the International Labour Organisation for its collaboration in updating the report.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

1. THE NEED FOR TRAINING 2

2. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES 4

2.1. Category of training 4 2.1.1. Specialists • 4

2.1.1.1. Health physicist 2.1.1.2. Medical doctor for occupational health 2.1.1.3. Technological staff 2.1.1.4. Technical supervisor for radiological protection

2.1.2. Persons whose work is closely related to radiological protection 5 2.1.2.1. Administrators 2.1.2.2. Public health officers and industrial health personnel 2.1.2.3. Safety inspectors and safety engineers in nuclear installations 2.1.2.4. Public service personnel

2.1.3. Persons working with radiation 6 2.1.4. The general public 6

2.2. Forms of training 6 2.2.1. Training on the job 6 2.2.2. Training forming part of a course on a wider subject 7 2.2.3. General or systematic training 7

2.3. Scope of training 7 2.3.1. Introductory training 7 2.3.2. Supplementary training 7 2.3.3. Comprehensive or advanced training 8

2.4. Duration of training 8 2.4.1. Long-term training 8 2.4.2. Medium-term training 8 2.4.3. Short-term training 8

3. TYPES OF TRAINING PROGRAMME CURRENTLY REQUIRED 8

3.1. Complete, systematic training of health physicists 8 3.2. Training of medical doctors who are non-users of ionizing radiation 9

3.2.1. Training of medical doctors who provide medical surveillance for radiation workers 10

3.2.2. Training of medical doctors who deal with the public health aspects of radiation hazards 10

3.3. Concentrated training for technical supervisors 10 3.4. Training of radiologists and qualified workers in nuclear medicine 11 3.5. Training of technological staff 12 3.6. Training of administrators 12 3.7. Training of persons working with radiation 13 3.8. Training of public service personnel 15

4. CURRICULA OF TRAINING COURSES 15

4.1. General considerations 15 4.2. Standard curricula 17

4.2.1. Suggested standard curriculum for a training course for technical supervisors (junior health physicists) 17

4.3. Experiments and exercises for a course in radiological protection 20 4.3.1. Suggested experiments and exercises 20

4.4. Description of curriculum 27

5. ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING 28

5.1. Introduction 28 5.2. Planning of training programmes 28 5.3. Preparation of curricula and preparatory arrangements 29 5.4. Facilities and equipment 30

5.4.1. Lecture room 30 5.4.2. Study room for trainees with some library functions 30 5.4.3. Room for practical exercises 31 5.4.4. Minimum necessary equipment 31

5.4.4.1. Radiation instruments 5.4.4.2. Radiochemical equipment 5.4.4.3. Other necessary equipment 5.4.4.4. Desirable additional equipment 5.4.4.5. Critical assembly or research reactor

5.5. Teaching staff 33 5.6. Follow-up of training 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

ANNEX 1 — Examples of training curricula used in various countries 37 ANNEX 2 - Training courses available in various countries 47 ANNEX 3 - Suggested syllabus for a training course for technical supervisors (junior

health physicists) 95 ANNEX 4 - General bibliography 109

I N T R O D U C T I O N

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h a t i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n i n l a r g e d o s e s c a n b r i n g a b o u t s e v e r e d a m a g e to l i v ing t h i n g s , bu t i t i s no t known f o r c e r t a i n w h e t h e r v e r y s m a l l d o s e s a r e d a m a g i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y if t h e s e s m a l l d o s e s a r e s p r e a d ou t o v e r long p e r i o d s of t i m e . B e c a u s e of t h i s u n c e r t a i n t y s p e c i a l i s t s in t h e f i e l d of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n h a v e a d v o c a t e d a s a g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e k e e p i n g e x p o s u r e s to r a d i a t i o n no t only wi th in the r e c o m m e n d e d l i m i t s but a s low a s r e a s o n a b l y a c h i e v a b l e . T h e good s a f e t y r e c o r d of t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y so f a r , a s c o m p a r e d to s a f e t y i n m o s t o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , cou ld p r o b a b l y b e a t t r i b u t e d , to s o m e e x t e n t , t o t h e v i g i l a n c e t h a t t h e s e s p e c i a l i s t s h a v e a p p l i e d .

I t i s a l s o r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a b s o l u t e s a f e t y i s no t to b e d e m a n d e d a t a l l c o s t . T h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n would do w e l l to b e a r in m i n d t h a t p r o p e r p r o t e c t i o n d e p e n d s upon a ' r i s k v e r s u s b e n e f i t p h i l o s o p h y 1 , t h a t r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s and t h e p o p u l a t i o n in g e n e r a l m u s t a s s u m e o r a c c e p t s o m e p r e s u m a b l y s m a l l a m o u n t of r i s k i n r e t u r n f o r t h e r e c o g n i z a b l y l a r g e r b e n e f i t s t h a t c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y .

The f o r e g o i n g i s no t i n t e n d e d to c o n d o n e c a r e l e s s n e s s o r e v e n r e l a x a t i o n i n t h e u s e of r a d i a t i o n . On t h e c o n t r a r y , i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y r e c o m m e n d e d p e r m i s s i b l e l i m i t s of r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e shou ld b e a d o p t e d , and i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t an a d e q u a t e c o m p r e h e n s i o n of t h e p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y b e a t t a i n e d . R u l e s a r e g e n e r a l g u i d e l i n e s bu t s o m e m i n o r d e v i a t i o n o c c a s i o n a l l y m a y b e a l l o w e d . I t i s w e l l f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s p e c i a l i s t s to r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e i r t a s k i s to e n s u r e h e a l t h and s a f e t y and no t on ly to e n f o r c e c o m -p l i a n c e w i t h a r b i t r a r y r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s .

E d u c a t i o n a n d / o r t r a i n i n g i s of p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e in t h i s c o n n e c t i o n . N e i t h e r e q u i p m e n t n o r m o n e y o r r u l e s a l o n e c a n p r o d u c e t h e d e s i r e d e f f e c t . I t i s m a n h i m s e l f who , p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d and e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e k n o w l e d g e and e x p e r i e n c e , c a n e s t a b l i s h t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e r a d i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y c o n d i t i o n s .

I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s m a n u a l w i l l b e of a s s i s t a n c e to p e r s o n s who a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o r g a n i z i n g p r o g r a m m e s of t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . T h e m a n u a l w i l l a l s o b e h e l p f u l to o r g a n i z a t i o n s e v a l u a t i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s i n t h i s f i e l d . A s t he m a n u a l d e a l s w i t h a w i d e s c o p e of c o n d i t i o n s and d i s c i p l i n e s , i t c a n on ly p r e s e n t s o m e e x a m p l e s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s and p r i n c i p l e s . T h e s e a r e on ly m e a n t a s a g u i d a n c e w h i l e t h e p r i n c i p l e of f i t t i n g t he r e q u i r e d t r a i n i n g to t he s i t u a t i o n shou ld b e m a i n t a i n e d . I t i s a l s o e x p e c t e d t h a t , a s t h e n u c l e a r p o w e r p r o g r a m m e s d e v e l o p , t h e r e w i l l a r i s e t he n e e d f o r o r g a n i z i n g t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s i n n u c l e a r p o w e r p r o j e c t e n g i n e e r i n g . N e c e s s a r i l y s u c h t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s wi l l i n c l u d e a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , and the c o n t e n t s of t h i s r e p o r t s h o u l d b e u s e f u l i n t h i s r e s p e c t .

I n f o r m a t i o n i s g i v e n on the m a i n t y p e s of t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s f o r s p e c i a l i s t s , f o r p e r s o n n e l who r e q u i r e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n in t h e i r w o r k , f o r o t h e r u s e r s of r a d i a t i o n and f o r t h e s t a f f of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s . T h e e i g h t b a s i c t y p e s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d i m p o r t a n t a r e d i s c u s s e d . In r e g a r d to c u r r i c u l a , s u g g e s t i o n s a r e m a d e c o n c e r n i n g t o p i c s t o b e c o v e r e d and t h e p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s and e x p e r i m e n t s to b e c o n d u c t e d . S e c t i o n 5, w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t he o r g a n i z a t i o n of t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s , i s of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to o r g a n i z e r s and o f f i c i a l s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s .

A n n e x 1 g i v e s s o m e e x a m p l e s and d e t a i l s of t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a u s e d i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s . A n n e x 2 l i s t s t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e

1

in v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s . A n n e x 3 i s a n e x a m p l e of a s y l l a b u s f o r a t r a i n i n g c o u r s e f o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s . A b i b l i o g r a p h y , a l t h o u g h not a n e x h a u s t i v e one , i s p r o v i d e d f o r f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e in A n n e x 4 .

I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s m a n u a l w i l l e n c o u r a g e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i n a l l c o u n t r i e s w h e r e a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o g r a m m e s h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d .

1. T H E N E E D F O R TRAINING

T h e n e e d f o r t he t r a i n i n g of s p e c i a l i s t s of v a r i o u s d i s c i p l i n e s i n t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n had b e e n e a r l i e r r e c o g n i z e d by the U n i t e d N a t i o n s E d u c a t i o n a l , S c i e n t i f i c and C u l t u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n (UNESCO), t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c E n e r g y A g e n c y (IAEA) and t h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i -z a t i o n (WHO).

In t h e l a s t two d e c a d e s , a n u m b e r of t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e . I t would a p p e a r , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e r e i s s t i l l a g r o w i n g d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s in t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , and m o r e o r g a n i z e d c o u r s e s a t a l l l e v e l s a r e now be ing o f f e r e d .

E v e n i n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s t he n e e d f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s and n o n -p r o f e s s i o n a l s w i t h s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n h a s b e e n i n c r e a s i n g . I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t in t he U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a a b o u t 10 000 t e c h n i c i a n s of a l l c a t e g o r i e s ( each r e q u i r i n g s o m e d e g r e e of t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ) w i l l b e r e q u i r e d by the n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y by 1980. 1

P r o f e s s i o n a l s , l i k e p h y s i c i s t s , m e d i c a l d o c t o r s , e t c . , w i t h b a s i c k n o w l e d g e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , w i l l be n e e d e d , and the e s t i m a t e d f i g u r e f o r t h e y e a r 1980 i s 2500. 2

T r a i n i n g of t e c h n i c i a n s in t he f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n of a m o r e f o r m a l i z e d t y p e , a s in u n d e r g r a d u a t e c o u r s e s in u n i v e r s i t i e s and s c h o o l s , i s now a l s o a v a i l a b l e . M o r e and m o r e p e r s o n s s p e c i a l l y t r a i n e d i n r a d i o -l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n a r e g e n e r a l l y n e e d e d , and i t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h i s i s a l s o t r u e f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s .

T h e a d v a n t a g e s of t r a i n i n g a r e o b v i o u s , bu t i t s c o s t s c a n b e h igh and t h e a m o u n t of w o r k i nvo lved i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . T h e a c t u a l a i m s of t r a i n i n g and t h e k ind of t r a i n i n g m o s t u r g e n t l y n e e d e d shou ld t h e r e f o r e b e c a r e f u l l y i d e n t i f i e d .

A s t he d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g i s d i v e r s i f i e d , i t i s n a t u r a l and i n e v i t a b l e t h a t e m p h a s i s b e p l a c e d o n d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s . I t w i l l b e w o r t h w h i l e , h o w e v e r , to c o n s i d e r c e r t a i n m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s b e c a u s e t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i s so b r o a d and i s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h m a n y d i f f e r e n t b r a n c h e s of s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y . I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t no o n e p e r s o n co u l d g i v e a l l t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s o v e r s u c h a w i d e f i e l d of k n o w l e d g e and i t would t h e r e f o r e s e e m n e c e s s a r y to o r g a n i z e a g r o u p to c o v e r a l l t he t r a i n i n g i n t h e r e l e v a n t s u b j e c t s .

1 Proceedings of the Western Conference on Nuclear Technician Training, 13 and 14 May 1971, Joint Centre for Graduate Study, Richland, Wash.

2 MOELLER, D . , "Meeting radiological health manpower needs", presented at Annual Meeting of APHA, Texas, 26 Oct. 1970.

2

P a s t e x p e r i e n c e i n c o u n t r i e s t h a t a r e a d v a n c e d in t h e f i e l d of a t o m i c e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n c a n g i v e s o m e i n d i c a t i o n of t he w a y t h a t t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s a r e l i k e l y to d e v e l o p in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . A n i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d c a n b e f o r e -s e e n f o r t r a i n i n g of p e r s o n n e l i n t h e fo l l owing c a t e g o r i e s :

(a) S p e c i a l i s t s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; (b) P e r s o n n e l w o r k i n g i n r e l a t e d f i e l d s of h e a l t h and s a f e t y , s u c h a s

p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l , i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n i s t s , h e a l t h and s a f e t y a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , e t c . ;

(c) M a n a g e r s of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , l a b o u r u n i o n o f f i c i a l s , p o l i c e m e n , f i r e m e n , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w o r k e r s , e t c . ;

(d) P e r s o n s w o r k i n g w i t h r a d i o i s o t o p e s and o t h e r r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s ; (e) P e r s o n n e l w o r k i n g i n r e a c t o r s and a s s o c i a t e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e s .

A l t h o u g h t h e d e g r e e and n a t u r e of t he d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y v a r y a c c o r d i n g to the s t a g e of d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o j e c t s in d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s , t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l s h o r t a g e of w e l l -t r a i n e d s p e c i a l i s t s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n and a l a c k of t r a i n i n g e x p e r i -e n c e and f a c i l i t i e s . T h e s t a t i s t i c s f o r A g e n c y f e l l o w s h i p s g r a n t e d by the end of 1972 g i v e t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s :

„ . N u m b e r of f e l l o w s h i p s 3 a w a r d e d : 1 9 5 8 - 1972

1. G e n e r a l a t o m i c e n e r g y d e v e l o p m e n t 56 2 . N u c l e a r p h y s i c s 899 3 . N u c l e a r c h e m i s t r y 445 4 . G e o l o g y of n u c l e a r r a w m a t e r i a l s 193 5. R e a c t o r e n g i n e e r i n g and t e c h n o l o g y 949 6. A p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s in a g r i c u l t u r e 557 7. A p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s in m e d i c i n e 486 8. A p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s i n b io logy 259 9. M i s c e l l a n e o u s 189 10. H e a l t h p h y s i c s and s a f e t y 310

4343

I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t r a i n i n g in the f i e ld of h e a l t h p h y s i c s and s a f e t y a c c o u n t e d f o r a b o u t 7% of t he f e l l o w s h i p s g r a n t e d .

A n u m b e r of e x p e r t s s e n t by t h e A g e n c y to r e n d e r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e to d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s r e p o r t t h a t t h e r e i s g r e a t and u r g e n t d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n in t h o s e c o u n t r i e s . A l m o s t a l l h e a l t h p h y s i c s e x p e r t s s e n t by t h e A g e n c y h a v e c o n d u c t e d s o m e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s on t h e s u b j e c t .

A t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e by s o m e M e m b e r S t a t e s to o r g a n i z e e f f e c t i v e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; s u c h t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s t h a t a r e a l r e a d y b e i n g o f f e r e d a r e g i v e n in A n n e x 2. I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o u r s e s o n r a d i o -l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d u n d e r t he s p o n s o r s h i p of t h e W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n (WHO), t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c E n e r g y A g e n c y , a n d to s o m e e x t e n t by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r O r g a n i s a t i o n . A l i s t of s u c h c o u r s e s i s g i v e n in T a b l e s A 2 - I I , A 2 - I I I and A 2 - I V of A n n e x 2.

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2. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F TRAINING P R O G R A M M E S

W i t h r e g a r d to t h e s c o p e and a i m s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s , f o u r m a i n a s p e c t s m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e s e a r e a s f o l l o w s :

(a) C a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g , i . e . p u r p o s e of t h e c o u r s e and t h e t y p e of p e r s o n n e l f o r w h i c h the p r o g r a m m e i s d e s i g n e d ;

(b) F o r m s of t r a i n i n g , i . e . p r o c e d u r e s a d o p t e d ; (c) Scope of t r a i n i n g , i . e . e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l to b e a c h i e v e d ; (d) D u r a t i o n of t r a i n i n g .

T h e s e p o i n t s a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y in o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h e f f e c t i v e and a p p r o p r i a t e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s .

2 . 1 . C a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g

T h e c a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g i s t h e m o s t b a s i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . T h e r e a r e f o u r m a i n c a t e g o r i e s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e , w h i c h a r e d e s i g n e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g g r o u p s of p e r s o n s :

(a) S p e c i a l i s t s o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y ;

(b) P e r s o n n e l w o r k i n g i n f i e l d s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; (c) P e r s o n s e n g a g e d in w o r k o n n u c l e a r e n e r g y p r o j e c t s a n d / o r i n d i r e c t

c o n t a c t w i t h r a d i a t i o n . (d) T h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c ( f o r p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n ) .

T h e s e c a t e g o r i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .

2 . 1 . 1 . S p e c i a l i s t s

I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d tha t , to m a i n t a i n h e a l t h and s a f e t y a g a i n s t a n y h a z a r d , a k ind of s u p e r v i s o r i s r e q u i r e d f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e h a r m f u l c o n d i t i o n s i n v o l v e d , d e v i s i n g m e t h o d s of c o n t r o l and a d v i s i n g w o r k e r s o n t h e i r h e a l t h and s a f e t y . T h i s p r i n c i p l e a l s o a p p l i e s to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . A w e l l -q u a l i f i e d s p e c i a l i s t of t h i s t ype i s u s u a l l y c a l l e d a ' h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t ' , ' r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y o f f i c e r 1 , ' r a d i a t i o n h y g i e n i s t ' o r s i m p l y ' t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ' . T h e s e r v i c e s of s u c h a s p e c i a l i s t a r e d e s i r a b l e f o r any a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o j e c t , bu t i t i s s o m e t i m e s n e c e s s a r y to r e l y o n a l e s s s p e c i a l i z e d s u p e r v i s o r w h o s e m a i n duty m a y l i e i n a d i f f e r e n t f i e l d bu t who i s , to a c e r t a i n e x t e n t , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

To avo id c o n f u s i o n , t h e t e r m ' s p e c i a l i s t f o r r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n ' i s d e f i n e d h e r e a s a p e r s o n w h o s e m a i n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s i n t h e f i e l d of r a d i -a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n . H e m a y b e of a n y p r o f e s s i o n a l l e v e l o r e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k -g r o u n d . I t i s no t t h e i n t e n t i o n of t h i s m a n u a l to g i v e g e n e r a l d e f i n i t i o n s of t h e f u n c t i o n s of q u a l i f i e d e x p e r t s a n d r e l a t e d p e r s o n n e l bu t s i m p l y to c l a r i f y t h e t e r m s f o r e a s e of d i s c u s s i o n . T h e m a i n t y p e s of s p e c i a l i s t s a r e g i v e n b e l o w .

2 . 1 . 1 . 1 . H e a l t h p h y s i c i s t . T h e h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s f o r m t h e c o r e of t h e s t a f f of t h e r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e . T h e y a r e p e r s o n s of good e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d in t h e p h y s i c a l a n d / o r b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e s . T h e h i g h e s t - r a n k i n g

4

s p e c i a l i s t s u p e r v i s e s a l l a c t i v i t i e s in r a d i a t i o n h e a l t h and s a f e t y w h i l e o t h e r s m a y be s p e c i a l i z e d in o n e o r m o r e b r a n c h e s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n s u c h a s d o s i m e t r y , r a d i o c h e m i c a l a s s a y o r w a s t e d i s p o s a l .

2 . 1 . 1 . 2 . M e d i c a l d o c t o r f o r o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h . B e s i d e s t he a b o v e - d e f i n e d s p e c i a l i s t , i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r l a r g e a t o m i c e n e r g y i n s t a l l a t i o n s to e m p l o y a m e d i c a l d o c t o r h a v i n g s u f f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e m e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s . T h e p e r s o n c o n c e r n e d s h o u l d a l s o b e a b l e to p r o v i d e t h e n o r m a l o c c u p a t i o n a l m e d i c a l s e r v i c e f o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n . Such a s p e c i a l i s t m a y b e c a l l e d a ' m e d i c a l d o c t o r f o r o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h ' .

2 . 1 . 1 . 3 . T e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f . M o s t of t he r o u t i n e w o r k a n d d a y - t o - d a y c o n t r o l of t h e r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e i s c a r r i e d ou t by s t a f f m e m b e r s w h o s e e d u c a t i o n a l a n d s c i e n t i f i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a r e l o w e r t h a n t h o s e of t he h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t . T h i s s t a f f m a y i n c l u d e h igh ly s p e c i a l i z e d , t e c h n i c a l l y t r a i n e d p e r s o n s who c o n d u c t t he p e r s o n n e l d o s i m e t r y , r a d i a t i o n s u r v e y , r a d i o -c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s , and i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s , a s w e l l a s t e c h n i c i a n s w i t h l i t t l e o r no s c i e n t i f i c b a c k g r o u n d who d e a l w i th t he r o u t i n e p a r t s of a l l p h a s e s of t h e s e r v i c e ' s w o r k . T h i s g r o u p a l s o i n c l u d e s t he r e a c t o r o p e r a t i o n s t a f f .

2 . 1 . 1 . 4 . T e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a p a r t - t i m e r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y s p e c i a l i s t ) . In s m a l l i n s t a l l a t i o n s , s u c h a s r a d i o i s o t o p e l a b o r a t o r i e s and h o s p i t a l s u s i n g r a d i a t i o n , o n e o r two s t a f f m e m b e r s a r e o f t e n a s s i g n e d to s u p e r v i s e t h e c o n t r o l of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s in t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n . T h e i r m a i n job m a y no t b e r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n bu t t h e y a r e t e c h n i c a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h a t a s p e c t of t h e i n s t i t u t e ' s a c t i v i t i e s and m a y d i r e c t s e v e r a l t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f m e m b e r s . T h e s e p e r s o n s c a r r y ou t on a p a r t - t i m e b a s i s t h e d u t i e s n o r m a l l y a s s i g n e d to t h e s o - c a l l e d ' r a d i o -l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y s p e c i a l i s t ' and r e p o r t d i r e c t l y to the d i r e c t o r of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o n m a t t e r s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . T h e y a r e r e f e r r e d to h e r e a s t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . It i s s t i p u l a t e d i n t h e l a w of s o m e c o u n t r i e s t h a t e v e r y i n s t i t u t e u s i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s s h a l l h a v e s u c h p e r s o n n e l in t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n . T h e t r a i n i n g of t h e s e s u p e r v i s o r s i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e r of s m a l l i n s t i t u t e s and h o s p i t a l s u s i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s and r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s i s v e r y l a r g e .

2 . 1 . 2 . P e r s o n s w h o s e w o r k i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

2 . 1 . 2 . 1 . A d m i n i s t r a t o r s . G o v e r n m e n t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t he l i c e n s i n g of r a d i a t i o n i n s t a l l a t i o n s and t h e i r i n s p e c t i o n and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p e r v i s i o n of a t o m i c i n d u s t r i e s , n u c l e a r p o w e r s t a t i o n s , n u c l e a r f u e l p l a n t s , n u c l e a r s h i p s , e t c . , n e e d s o m e k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

2 . 1 . 2 . 2 . P u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c e r s and i n d u s t r i a l h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l . T h e q u e s t i o n of t r a i n i n g p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l i n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y h a s b e e n w e l l c o n s i d e r e d and s u m m a r i z e d in t h e r e p o r t of an e x p e r t c o m m i t t e e of W H O 3 . P u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c e r s , i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n i s t s and o t h e r p u b l i c h e a l t h

3 Post-Graduate Training in the Public Health Aspects of Nuclear Energy, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 154, WHO, Geneva (1958).

5

w o r k e r s n e e d v a r i o u s d e g r e e s of t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y a s t h e i r w o r k c o n c e r n s t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e p e a c e f u l a p p l i c a t i o n of a t o m i c e n e r g y .

2 . 1 . 2 . 3 . S a f e t y i n s p e c t o r s a n d s a f e t y e n g i n e e r s i n n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s . A s s a f e t y i s o n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s i n t h e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n and i n s p e c t i o n of a n y n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e d e s i g n e r s , c o n s t r u c t i o n e n g i n e e r s and s a f e t y i n s p e c t o r s of n u c l e a r r e a c t o r s , n u c l e a r f u e l i n d u s t r i e s , a c c e l e r a t o r s , e t c . , r e q u i r e a k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y .

2 . 1 . 2 . 4 . P u b l i c s e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l . F i r e f i g h t e r s l i k e l y to b e c a l l e d to a t o m i c i n s t a l l a t i o n s m u s t h a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n o r e l s e t h e y r i s k e x p o s u r e to r a d i a t i o n t h a t cou ld p r o v e s e r i o u s . F o r s i m i l a r r e a s o n s , p o l i c e o f f i c e r s and t r a n s p o r t p e r s o n n e l n e e d s o m e t r a i n i n g i n t h e s u b j e c t .

2 . 1 . 3 . P e r s o n s w o r k i n g wi th r a d i a t i o n

T h e t h i r d c a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g i s f o r p e r s o n s w h o s e w o r k b r i n g s t h e m in d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h r a d i a t i o n . W h i l e i t i s s o m e t i m e s d i f f i c u l t to j u d g e how m u c h t r a i n i n g shou ld b e g i v e n , i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t any t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e f o r p e r s o n n e l u s i n g r a d i a t i o n o r r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e s t h e a p p l i c a b l e c o n c e p t s of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s and r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . Of c o u r s e , s u c h t r a i n i n g s h o u l d b e s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e d to t he t r a i n e e ' s j o b a n d t h e t y p e s of h a z a r d h e m a y e n c o u n t e r .

T h e n e e d f o r t h i s t r a i n i n g i s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v i d e n t f o r t h e v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r of w o r k e r s who w i l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of p o w e r r e a c t o r s and a s s o c i a t e d f a c i l i t i e s .

2 . 1 . 4 . T h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c

T h e f o u r t h c a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g i s d e s i g n e d f o r t h e e d u c a t i o n of t he g e n e r a l p u b l i c ( a l t hough in s o m e c a s e s p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l m a y a l s o be u s e f u l in a n a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o j e c t ) . H o w e v e r , t h i s c a t e g o r y of t r a i n i n g i s no t d i s c u s s e d in t h i s m a n u a l .

2 . 2 . F o r m s of t r a i n i n g

T h e f o r m s of t r a i n i n g c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r t h e fo l l owing t h r e e h e a d i n g s :

(a) T r a i n i n g on t h e job; (b) T r a i n i n g f o r m i n g p a r t of a c o u r s e on a w i d e r s u b j e c t ; (c) G e n e r a l o r s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g .

2 . 2 . 1 . T r a i n i n g on t h e job

T r a i n i n g o n t h e job i s w i d e l y p r a c t i s e d and i s o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l and e c o n o m i c a l m e t h o d . H o w e v e r , t h i s f o r m of t r a i n i n g i s o f t e n i n s u f f i c i e n t l y s y s t e m a t i c in i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t s . In a d d i t i o n , t h e s u c c e s s of t h i s f o r m of t r a i n i n g i s g r e a t l y d e p e n d e n t upon t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e t r a i n e e s a s w e l l a s t h e i n s t r u c t o r s .

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2 . 2 . 2 . T r a i n i n g f o r m i n g p a r t of a c o u r s e on a w i d e r s u b j e c t

R a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n t r a i n i n g a s p a r t of a m o r e g e n e r a l c o u r s e c a n b e e f f e c t i v e l y a p p l i e d f o r p e r s o n s s tudy ing t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n o r n u c l e a r e n e r g y . In f a c t , i t i s s t r o n g l y r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h o s e l e a r n i n g t h e u s e of r a d i a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o b e i n s t r u c t e d i n r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n in t h e s a m e c o u r s e . T h i s i s u s u a l l y m o r e e c o n o m i c a l t h a n c o n d u c t i n g a s e p a r a t e c o u r s e .

2 . 2 . 3 . G e n e r a l o r s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g

T h i s m o s t e f f e c t i v e f o r m of t r a i n i n g i s c o n d u c t e d p r i n c i p a l l y a t u n i v e r s i t i e s and l a r g e n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s b e c a u s e on ly t h e r e c a n t h e w i d e r a n g e of i n f o r m a t i o n b e c o v e r e d t h a t i s s o e s s e n t i a l f o r t r a i n i n g s p e c i a l i s t s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . The m a n y b r a n c h e s of s c i e n c e i nvo lved i n c l u d e p h y s i c s , c h e m i s t r y , e n g i n e e r i n g , b i o l o g y , m e d i c i n e and e c o l o g y .

T h e a d o p t i o n of any o n e of t he t h r e e f o r m s of t r a i n i n g m e n t i o n e d i s g e n e r a l l y d e p e n d e n t on t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t i m e , m o n e y , f a c i l i t i e s and t e a c h i n g s t a f f and o n t h e e x p e r i e n c e of t h e t r a i n e e . T r a i n i n g c o u r s e s f o r t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d c a t e g o r i e s of t r a i n e e s ( s e c t i o n s 2 . 1 . 1 and 2 .1 .2 ) u s u a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e t h e t h i r d f o r m of t r a i n i n g w h i l e t h o s e f o r t h e t h i r d c a t e g o r y ( s e c t i o n 2 .1 .3 ) n o r m a l l y a d o p t t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d f o r m s . A c o m b i n a t i o n of two f o r m s , o n e c o m p l e m e n t i n g the o t h e r , i s o f t e n d e s i r a b l e .

2 . 3 . Scope of t r a i n i n g

T r a i n i n g c o u r s e s c a n b e d i v i d e d in to t h r e e g r o u p s a c c o r d i n g to s c o p e , a s f o l l o w s :

(a) I n t r o d u c t o r y t r a i n i n g ; (b) S u p p l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g ; (c) C o m p r e h e n s i v e o r a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g .

2 . 3 . 1 . I n t r o d u c t o r y t r a i n i n g

I n t r o d u c t o r y t r a i n i n g p r o v i d e s a b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h o s e who h a v e v e r y l i t t l e o r no k n o w l e d g e of i t . T h e c o n t e n t s m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e v e r y g e n e r a l and w e l l s u m m a r i z e d , and the t e c h n i c a l t e r m s u s e d shou ld b e c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d and e x p l a i n e d to avo id m i s u n d e r -s t a n d i n g . T h e a i m i s to g i v e on ly a g e n e r a l i d e a of t he w h o l e p r o b l e m of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n o r of s o m e p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d of i t .

2 . 3 . 2 . S u p p l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g

T h i s t r a i n i n g i s t a i l o r e d to t he s p e c i f i c n e e d s of t h e t r a i n e e s and f r e q u e n t l y t a k e s t he f o r m of ' r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e s ' i n w h i c h u p - t o - d a t e i n f o r -m a t i o n s u p p l e m e n t a l to t h e t r a i n e e s ' p r i m a r y t a s k s i s i m p a r t e d . T h i s t y p e of t r a i n i n g i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l f o r t h e t r a i n i n g of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l , s a f e t y e n g i n e e r s and o t h e r p e r s o n s w h o s e w o r k i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

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2 . 3 . 3 . C o m p r e h e n s i v e o r a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g

T h e a i m of t h i s t y p e of t r a i n i n g i s to g i v e c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n s t r u c t i o n o n a d v a n c e d s u b j e c t s and t e c h n i q u e s . S o m e t i m e s t h e s u b j e c t s m a y b e a l i t t l e s p e c i a l i z e d bu t g e n e r a l l y t h e t r a i n i n g i s a r r a n g e d so a s to c o v e r a s b r o a d a r a n g e of s u b j e c t s a s p o s s i b l e . S y s t e m a t i c and w e l l - o r g a n i z e d c u r r i c u l a a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . T h i s i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t y p e of t r a i n i n g f o r w e l l - q u a l i f i e d s u p e r v i s o r s of r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y .

2 . 4 . D u r a t i o n of t r a i n i n g

W i t h r e g a r d to d u r a t i o n , t r a i n i n g i s a r b i t r a r i l y c l a s s i f i e d into t he fo l l owing t h r e e g r o u p s :

(a) L o n g - t e r m t r a i n i n g ; (b) M e d i u m - t e r m t r a i n i n g ; (c) S h o r t - t e r m t r a i n i n g .

2 . 4 . 1 . L o n g - t e r m t r a i n i n g

L o n g - t e r m t r a i n i n g i s g e n e r a l l y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e t r a i n i n g of w e l l -q u a l i f i e d s p e c i a l i s t s . F o r e x a m p l e , f o r t r a i n i n g a h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t , o n e o r two a c a d e m i c y e a r s m a y b e r e q u i r e d . ' L o n g - t e r m ' m a y t h e r e f o r e be d e f i n e d a s ' m o r e t h a n f o u r to s i x m o n t h s ' , a l t h o u g h in s o m e c a s e s t h e t r a i n i n g m a y l a s t f o r a f ew y e a r s .

2 . 4 . 2 . M e d i u m - t e r m t r a i n i n g

M e d i u m - t e r m t r a i n i n g e x t e n d s o v e r p e r i o d s of a b o u t t h r e e w e e k s to f o u r m o n t h s . R e c e n t t r e n d s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a g r e a t d e m a n d f o r l e s s e l a b o r a t e t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r e x p e r t s o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r -v i s o r s i n s m a l l e r n u c l e a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , r a d i o i s o t o p e l a b o r a t o r i e s , h o s p i t a l s and i n d u s t r i e s u s i n g r a d i a t i o n and r a d i o i s o t o p e s . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , m e d i u m - t e r m t r a i n i n g i s m o s t s u i t a b l e .

2 . 4 . 3 . S h o r t - t e r m t r a i n i n g

S h o r t - t e r m t r a i n i n g c o v e r s p e r i o d s of a f ew h o u r s to t h r e e w e e k s . I t i s u s e f u l f o r m a n y p u r p o s e s and i s f r e q u e n t l y a p p l i e d a s t r a i n i n g on the j o b .

3 . T Y P E S O F TRAINING P R O G R A M M E C U R R E N T L Y R E Q U I R E D

At t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e of d e v e l o p m e n t of t he p e a c e f u l u s e s of a t o m i c e n e r g y , t h e f o l l o w i n g e i g h t k i n d s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e o n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y a r e t h o s e f o r w h i c h t h e n e e d i s g r e a t e s t .

3 . 1 . C o m p l e t e , s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g of h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s

M a n y c o u n t r i e s w h i c h a r e i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of a p p l y i n g a t o m i c e n e r g y h a v e a s h o r t a g e of w e l l - t r a i n e d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f and s u p e r v i s o r s of r a d i a t i o n

8

h e a l t h and s a f e t y . To r e m e d y t h i s , c o m p l e t e and s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n s who a r e w o r k i n g o r w i l l w o r k in t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of s u c h b r o a d t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s r e q u i r e s w e l l -e q u i p p e d f a c i l i t i e s and e x p e r i e n c e d s t a f f . I t i s n e c e s s a r y , f o r e x a m p l e , to h a v e a v a i l a b l e o n e o r m o r e t e c h n i c a l e d u c a t i o n i n s t i t u t e s w i t h l a b o r a t o r i e s e q u i p p e d f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of s c i e n c e , s u c h a s n u c l e a r p h y s i c s , i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y , r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y , r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s , m e d i c a l and r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h and n u c l e a r t e c h n o l o g y . A l s o , s i n c e r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n c o v e r s a v e r y b r o a d r a n g e of s c i e n c e s , a n u m b e r of t e a c h i n g s t a f f s p e c i a l i z e d in d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s i s r e q u i r e d to c o n d u c t t h e t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s . A s t h e s u b j e c t i s r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g a n d b r o a d e n i n g , i t i s n e c e s s a r y to k e e p o n r e c r u i t i n g a n d / o r c h a n g i n g s t a f f f r o m t i m e to t i m e .

T h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e u s u a l l y l a s t s f o r a t l e a s t one a c a d e m i c y e a r and i n c l u d e s not on ly l e c t u r e s bu t a l s o m a n y p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s . I t i s t h e r e f o r e a n e x p e n s i v e and l a b o r i o u s u n d e r t a k i n g , and t r a i n i n g on t h i s l e v e l i s a v a i l a b l e i n on ly a f e w c o u n t r i e s . T h e c o u n t r y m o s t e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h i s a s p e c t i s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a , w h e r e a b o u t 25 u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e a t p r e s e n t o f f e r i n g t h i s t y p e of c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m m e . S o m e o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g B r a z i l , t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c of G e r m a n y , I n d i a and t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m , h a v e a l s o i n t r o d u c e d c o m p l e t e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s . I n m o s t c a s e s t h e y a r e o r g a n i z e d a s p o s t - g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s a t l e a d i n g u n i v e r s i t i e s ; a n u m b e r of b a c c a l a u r e a t e p r o g r a m m e s in r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n a r e a l s o b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d . (Some of t h e s e p r o g r a m m e s a r e g i v e n in A n n e x 2) .

A s t h e r e i s a c o n t i n u i n g n e e d f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r a i n i n g , i n l i n e w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of n u c l e a r e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t he w o r l d , m a n y d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s s e n d t h e i r p e r s o n n e l a b r o a d f o r t r a i n i n g , e i t h e r a t t h e i r o w n e x p e n s e o r u s i n g f e l l o w s h i p s p r o v i d e d by v a r i o u s s o u r c e s . T h e I A E A , f o r e x a m p l e , a w a r d s f e l l o w s h i p s f o r t he s t u d y of h e a l t h p h y s i c s a s p a r t of i t s t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e . O t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l and n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s a l s o p r o v i d e f e l l o w s h i p a w a r d s . T h e e f f o r t s to o r g a n i z e s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n shou ld b e e n c o u r a g e d , and c l o s e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n w i l l b e n e e d e d i n t he f u t u r e to p r o m o t e t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e s A 2 - I I , A 2 - I I I and A 2 - I V of A n n e x 2 .

3 . 2 . T r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s who a r e n o n - u s e r s of i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n

T h e r o l e of t h e m e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d on m a n y o c c a s i o n s and i n m a n y p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e r e i s g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t a m e m b e r of t h e m e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n c a n f u l f i l v a r i o u s t a s k s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . T h e s e c a n be a s s e s s e d a s f o l l o w s :

(a) P r o v i d i n g m e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e to r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s ; (b) D e a l i n g w i t h t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s ; (c) U s i n g r a d i a t i o n f o r m e d i c a l p u r p o s e s , w h i c h i n v o l v e s t he d a n g e r

of e x p o s u r e to r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s . ( T r a i n i n g of t h i s c a t e g o r y of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s i s d i s c u s s e d in s e c t i o n s 3.4 and 3 . 7 . )

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T h e p u r p o s e and s c o p e of t r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . T h e two fo l l owing s e c t i o n s r e f e r to t h e t r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s who a r e no t u s i n g r a d i a t i o n t h e m s e l v e s .

3 . 2 . 1 . T r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s who p r o v i d e m e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e f o r r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s

T h e d o c t o r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t he m e d i c a l s u p e r v i s i o n of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s s h o u l d b e g i v e n i n s t r u c t i o n on the n a t u r e of r a d i a t i o n and a t o m i c e n e r g y , r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s , a s p e c t s of t h e p r e v e n t i o n of r a d i a t i o n a c c i d e n t s , e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y on h u m a n s , and a l l p o s s i b l e p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t h a z a r d s . H e m u s t l e a r n how to c o - o p e r a t e w i t h h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s and o t h e r s p e c i a l i s t s on h e a l t h and s a f e t y p r o g r a m m e s , and he m u s t p e r f o r m s u c h d u t i e s a s t h e m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n of w o r k e r s , t h e s e l e c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s f o r job p l a c e m e n t , c o n t i n u i n g e v a l u a t i o n of w o r k a s s i g n m e n t s , and d i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t of r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y .

S i n c e t he m e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s i s u s u a l l y a p a r t of t h e w h o l e o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h p r o g r a m m e of an i n s t a l l a t i o n i t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e m e d i c a l d o c t o r to be t r a i n e d i n t h e e s s e n t i a l a s p e c t s of o c c u p a t i o n a l m e d i c i n e a s w e l l a s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . A t p r e s e n t , p o s t - g r a d u a t e e d u c a t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h i n c l u d e s a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . In s m a l l n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , t he m e d i c a l d o c t o r o f t e n w o r k s on a p a r t -t i m e b a s i s o r a s a c o n s u l t a n t . T r a i n i n g i s p a r t i c u l a r l y n e e d e d f o r t h i s g r o u p of d o c t o r s .

S o m e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s u c h a s WHO and t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r O r g a n i s a t i o n (ILO) (with t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n of t h e IAEA) , h a v e b e e n a c t i v e i n t r a i n i n g m e m b e r s of t h e m e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n in t h e m e d i c a l s u r -v e i l l a n c e of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s . S e v e r a l d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s h a v e a l s o i n i t i a t e d s u c h t r a i n i n g , i n v i e w of t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s . In g e n e r a l , h o w e v e r , t r a i n i n g of m e m b e r s of t h e m e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n i n t he a b o v e a s p e c t s i s m a k i n g l e s s p r o g r e s s t h a n t h e t r a i n i n g of h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s and t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

3 . 2 . 2 . T r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s who d e a l w i t h t he p u b l i c h e a l t h a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s

T h i s t o p i c i s f u l l y d i s c u s s e d i n a WHO p u b l i c a t i o n w h i c h e m p h a s i z e s t h e n e c e s s i t y of t r a i n i n g a l l p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i r p r o p o s e d d u t i e s and p r e l i m i n a r y e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d . 4 I t s t a t e s t h a t i n s t r u c t i o n i n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h shou ld b e i n c l u d e d in t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g of a l l h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n s . T h e p u b l i c a t i o n a l s o p r o v i d e s u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n o n a l l k i n d s of c o u r s e s n e e d e d and t h e s u b j e c t s w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o v e r e d .

3 .3 . C o n c e n t r a t e d t r a i n i n g f o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s

A s s h o w n in A n n e x 2, a n u m b e r of c o u n t r i e s h a v e s e t up d e f i n i t e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s to c o v e r t h e f u l l r a n g e of s u b j e c t s , bu t t h e s e a r e l e s s e l a b o r a t e

4 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, "Education and training in health and medica l uses of atomic energy", 1st Int. Conf. Peaceful Uses At. Energy (Proc. Conf. Geneva, 1955) 1, UN, New York (1956) 471.

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t h a n the t y p e of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 1 . T h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t r a i n i n g i s t h e r e f o r e m u c h s h o r t e r , i n m a n y c a s e s f r o m o n e to t h r e e m o n t h s .

T h e m a i n r e a s o n s why t h i s k ind of c o n c e n t r a t e d t r a i n i n g i s p r e f e r r e d to t he c o m p l e t e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 3 .1 a r e a s f o l l o w s :

(a) T e c h n i c a l l y , o r g a n i z a t i o n i s m u c h e a s i e r ; (b) I t i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t to t r a i n p e r s o n s f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e m o n t h s

w i t h o u t s o m e f e l l o w s h i p s y s t e m to p r o v i d e f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e ; (c) T h e c o s t s a r e m u c h l o w e r ; (d) F o r p e r s o n s who h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n e n g a g e d o r t r a i n e d i n s u b j e c t s

r e l a t e d t o r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , s u c h a s r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y , a n a l y t i c a l r a d i o c h e m i s t r y o r m e d i c a l p h y s i c s , i t i s o f t e n f e l t t h a t a l o n g - t e r m , c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e i s no t n e c e s s a r y ;

(e) S m a l l e r n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s and u s e r s of r a d i a t i o n i n i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e and m e d i c i n e do not r e q u i r e e l a b o r a t e l y t r a i n e d s p e c i a l i s t s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

T h e r e i s a l i m i t to t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e c o n t e n t s of t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n c a n b e c o n c e n t r a t e d . T h e o r g a n i z e r s of t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s shou ld t h e r e f o r e c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r w h a t to i n c l u d e and w h a t to d i s p e n s e w i t h i n t h e i r c o u r s e s . (The q u e s t i o n of c u r r i c u l a i s d e a l t w i t h a t s o m e l e n g t h i n s e c t i o n 4 of t h i s m a n u a l . )

G e n e r a l l y , i t m a y be s a i d t h a t f o r a r e a l l y s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g c o u r s e of t h i s t y p e , o n e m o n t h i s s c a r c e l y s u f f i c i e n t ; two o r p r e f e r a b l y t h r e e m o n t h s shou ld b e a l l o w e d if t h e t r a i n i n g i n c l u d e s a n u m b e r of p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s . A m i n i m u m of 300 h o u r s i s a r e a s o n a b l e d u r a t i o n , i . e . 120 h o u r s f o r l e c t u r e s and 180 h o u r s f o r p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s ( a l t hough s o m e m i g h t p r e f e r m o r e t i m e f o r e x e r c i s e s ) .

One of t h e a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s t y p e of c o n c e n t r a t e d , s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g i s t h a t i t c a n p r o v i d e a s u i t a b l e s u b s t i t u t e f o r s u p p l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s f o r p e r s o n n e l no t s p e c i a l i z e d in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . I t c a n t h u s s e r v e two t y p e s of t r a i n e e s a t one t i m e . If c a n d i d a t e s who do no t i n t e n d to b e c o m e s p e c i a l i s t s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n a r e a c c e p t e d f o r a c o n c e n -t r a t e d p r o g r a m m e , s o m e u n n e c e s s a r y d e t a i l s of t h e c u r r i c u l u m m a y b e d e l e t e d and the o m i t t e d i n s t r u c t i o n c a n b e g i v e n to t h e s p e c i a l i s t s l a t e r by a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g .

A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t of t h i s t ype of t r a i n i n g i s t h a t i t c a n e a s i l y b e o r g a n i z e d i n a n i n s t i t u t e w h i c h d o e s no t h a v e a c a d e m i c e d u c a t i o n a s i t s m a i n f u n c t i o n . I t c a n b e o r g a n i z e d i n any n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n hav ing a p p r o p r i a t e f a c i l i t i e s and s t a f f .

3 . 4 . T r a i n i n g of r a d i o l o g i s t s and q u a l i f i e d w o r k e r s in n u c l e a r m e d i c i n e

R a d i o l o g i s t s and m e d i c a l d o c t o r s who a r e q u a l i f y i n g t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e f i e l d of n u c l e a r m e d i c i n e shou ld b e g i v e n i n s t r u c t i o n on the n a t u r e of i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , d o s i m e t r y , t h e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on l i v ing o r g a n i s m s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y on h u m a n s ) , r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s , and a l l p o s s i b l e p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t t h e s e h a z a r d s .

T h e t r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s who a r e n o n - r a d i o l o g i s t s o r a r e no t q u a l i f i e d t h e m s e l v e s in t h e f i e l d of n u c l e a r m e d i c i n e i s d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n 3 . 6 .

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3 . 5 . T r a i n i n g of t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f

T h e r e i s a g r o w i n g a w a r e n e s s of t h e s h o r t a g e of w e l l - t r a i n e d t e c h n o -l o g i c a l s t a f f i n r a d i a t i o n h e a l t h and s a f e t y . T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t r a i n i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f a r e n u m e r o u s . A m o n g o t h e r s , t h e r e i s a l a c k of i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g s u c h s t a f f . T h e t y p e of t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e d d e p e n d s upon n a t i o n a l and l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m and l e v e l , t h e v o c a t i o n a l t r a d i t i o n , and t h e p o l i t i c a l and e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n a l l a f f e c t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e .

A t p r e s e n t , t h e t r a i n i n g of t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f i s p r i n c i p a l l y on a n o n -t h e - j o b b a s i s . O n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g m a y b e e f f e c t i v e in l a r g e n u c l e a r i n s t a l -l a t i o n s w h e r e c o m p e t e n t and q u a l i f i e d t e c h n i c a l s t a f f i s i n s t r u c t i n g and s u p e r -v i s i n g t h e d a y - t o - d a y w o r k ; a l s o , o c c a s i o n a l l y s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g m a y b e o r g a n i z e d i n s u c h i n s t a l l a t i o n s . H o w e v e r , t he m a j o r i t y of t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f w o r k i n g in s m a l l e r i n s t a l l a t i o n s r a r e l y h a s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to o b t a i n s u c h t r a i n i n g . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h e r e i s u s u a l l y a s h o r t a g e of t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s and of t h e n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t . A l s o , t h e s e p e r s o n s h a v e to c a r r y ou t m a n y r o u t i n e t a s k s and a r e o f t e n no t a w a r e of t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e i r w o r k . T h i s c a u s e s a l o s s of i n c e n t i v e a m o n g t h e s t a f f and a f r e q u e n t t u r n o v e r of p e r s o n n e l , w h i c h h a s a n a d v e r s e e f f e c t o n t h e c o n d u c t of w o r k .

To r e m e d y t h i s s i t u a t i o n , s o m e s y s t e m a t i c a n d / o r s p e c i a l i z e d t r a i n i n g i s n e c e s s a r y . In d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s , t h e t r a i n i n g m i g h t t a k e t he f o r m of a s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e o r g a n i z e d by the a t o m i c e n e r g y a u t h o r i t y , o r v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n g i v e n b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e t r a i n e e s t a r t s w o r k i n g . E m p h a s i s shou ld b e p u t on p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n and t e c h n i q u e s to b e u s e d , i n c l u d i n g p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s and d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a s w e l l a s t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n shou ld b e p a i d to e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s in w h i c h t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f m i g h t h a v e to p e r f o r m a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e , g iv ing i n s t r u c t i o n s to t he p u b l i c o r to o t h e r p e r s o n n e l i n t h e c a s e of a b s e n c e of s e n i o r t e c h n i c a l s t a f f . A t r a i n i n g c o u r s e f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f i n F r a n c e i s d e s c r i b e d i n A n n e x 1.

I n l e s s d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s , t h e t r a i n i n g of t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f w i l l be m u c h m o r e d i f f i c u l t s i n c e t h e b a c k g r o u n d and e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l of t h e a v a i l -a b l e t r a i n e e s w i l l v a r y g r e a t l y . S p e c i a l i z e d t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s c o n d u c t e d by t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y a u t h o r i t y would be m o r e f e a s i b l e and e f f e c t i v e i n t h e s e c a s e s and the t r a i n e e s cou ld b e t r a i n e d b e f o r e s t a r t i n g w o r k o r i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s . T h e c o u r s e shou ld l a s t f o r a t l e a s t two m o n t h s and shou ld i n c l u d e m a n y p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s .

A r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a h a s b e e n the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s e v e r a l f o r m a l p r o g r a m m e s in r a d i a t i o n m o n i t o r i n g a n d / o r r a d i a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a t a j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l , m a n y l e a d i n g to a n a s s o c i a t e d e g r e e a t t h e end of t he s e c o n d y e a r . T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s e p r o g r a m m e s i s to t r a i n t e c h n i c i a n s to p e r f o r m m y r i a d t a s k s in s u p p o r t of t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t .

3 . 6 . T r a i n i n g of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

A d m i n i s t r a t o r s in a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o j e c t s s h o u l d h a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of r a d i a t i o n h e a l t h and s a f e t y . T h e e x t e n t of t h e k n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e d v a r i e s g r e a t l y , h o w e v e r , a c c o r d i n g to t he d u t i e s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t he p e r s o n

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c o n c e r n e d . F l e x i b i l i t y m u s t be m a i n t a i n e d in s e l e c t i n g s u b j e c t s f o r i n s t r u c t i o n , and , in g e n e r a l , r e v i e w s wi th a b r o a d s c o p e a r e s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s t y p e of t r a i n i n g .

3 . 7 . T r a i n i n g of p e r s o n s w o r k i n g w i t h r a d i a t i o n ( r e a c t o r o p e r a t o r s , r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s , m e d i c a l d o c t o r s )

A l l p e r s o n s w h o a r e o c c u p a t i o n a l l y e x p o s e d to r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s n e e d a n a d e q u a t e l e v e l of t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . E x p e r i e n c e h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of h e a l t h and s a f e t y m e a s u r e s d e p e n d s to a l a r g e d e g r e e on p r o m p t and s e n s i b l e a c t i o n by r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s . M a n y a c c i d e n t s , s e r i o u s and m i n o r , c a n b e p r e v e n t e d if t he w o r k e r s h a v e s u f -f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e of t he r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r w o r k and c a n t a k e a p p r o p r i a t e p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s . To p r o v i d e a t l e a s t t he m i n i m u m a m o u n t of k n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e d , t r a i n i n g i s n e c e s s a r y . T h i s m a y t a k e s e v e r a l f o r m s , a s f o l l o w s :

(a) O r a l o r w r i t t e n i n s t r u c t i o n s ; (b) O n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g by f o r e m e n o r by t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s ; (c) A s h o r t t r a i n i n g c o u r s e , s p e c i a l l y a r r a n g e d ; (d) P a r t of a b r o a d t r a i n i n g c o u r s e ; (e) V o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g .

If t h e r e i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of w o r k e r s and if t he l e v e l of t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d v a r i e s , i t m a y be d i f f i c u l t to o r g a n i z e a t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . In s u c h c a s e s , o r a l a n d / o r w r i t t e n i n s t r u c t i o n m a y b e g i v e n to t h e w o r k e r by f o r e m e n o r s u p e r v i s o r s b e f o r e he i s e n g a g e d on t h e h a z a r d o u s j o b . B r i e f o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g o n t h e s a f e h a n d l i n g of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l and p r o p e r p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s i s o f t e n g i v e n by t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s . T h i s c a n a l s o be a r r a n g e d a s a s h o r t p r e -p l a c e m e n t t r a i n i n g by t h e m a n a g e m e n t .

The ad h o c , c a s e - b y - c a s e t r a i n i n g f o r s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s i s m o s t e c o n o m i c a l and q u i t e e f f e c t i v e . If t h e w o r k i s s i m p l e and of a r o u t i n e n a t u r e , o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t w h e n c o m b i n e d w i t h c a r e f u l s u p e r v i s i o n by a r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s p e c i a l i s t .

I f , h o w e v e r , t h e w o r k i s m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d o r i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m o r e h a z a r d o u s c o n d i t i o n s , m o r e e l a b o r a t e t r a i n i n g i s d e s i r a b l e . In m a n y c a s e s , t h e u s e r s of r a d i a t i o n o r r a d i o i s o t o p e s a r e w e l l e d u c a t e d s p e c i a l i s t s i n v a r i o u s s c i e n t i f i c f i e l d s . T h e r e f o r e , such t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o -t e c t i o n i s p r o f i t a b l e a s w e l l a s d e s i r a b l e b e c a u s e t h e y s h o u l d t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e h a z a r d s and p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r w o r k , so a s to be a b l e to i n s t r u c t t h e i r a s s i s t a n t s and j u n i o r s t a f f .

T h i s m o r e e l a b o r a t e t r a i n i n g u s u a l l y t a k e s o n e of two f o r m s . I t c a n b e e i t h e r a s u p p l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g c o u r s e i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s p e c i a l l y o r g a n i z e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o r p a r t of a b r o a d e r c o u r s e o n s u b j e c t s r e l a t e d to t he u t i l i z a t i o n of n u c l e a r e n e r g y , such a s b a s i c r a d i o i s o t o p e t e c h n i q u e s , m e d i c a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of r a d i a t i o n and r a d i o i s o t o p e s , u t i l i -z a t i o n of r e s e a r c h r e a c t o r s o r p r o s p e c t i n g and p r o d u c t i o n of n u c l e a r m a t e r i a l s . T h e a c t u a l c o n t e n t of t h e t r a i n i n g w i l l , of c o u r s e , v a r y a c c o r d i n g to w h e t h e r t h e p e r s o n be ing t r a i n e d i s a r e s e a r c h w o r k e r , r e a c t o r p l a n t o p e r a t o r o r l a b o r a t o r y a s s i s t a n t , e t c . H o w e v e r , e m p h a s i s shou ld be pu t in a l l c a s e s o n p r a c t i c a l p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s , and t h e c o u r s e s h o u l d a l s o i n c l u d e s o m e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l

13

T A B L E I . I M P O R T A N T T Y P E S O F TRAINING PROGRAMME ON R A D I O L O G I C A L H E A L T H AND S A F E T Y

Kind of trainee Expected professional

leve l of trainee Form and scope

of training Duration of

training

(a) Health physicist

(b) Medical doctor who provides medica l surveillance for radiation workers

(c) Technical supervisor for radiation protection

(d) Radiologists, qualified workers in nuclear medic ine

(e) Technological staff or personnel working in radiation; reactor operators and reactor maintenance personnel

( f ) Administrators of atomic energy projects; public health personnel

(g) Users of radiation, such as research workers, laboratory assistants

(h) Public service personnel including pol icemen, f iremen, e t c .

P h . D . , M. S c . , or equivalent

M . D . with qualified experience

M. S c . , B. S c . , or equivalent

M . D .

Vocational training, at least high-school graduate

University graduate with sc ience background or M. D.

B. S c . , M . D . , or equivalent

Depending on country

Comprehensive systematic training and on-the- job training

Comprehensive training in industrial medic ine

Concentrated systematic training and practical training

Concentrated systematic and practical training

Training in vocational school or special ized training

Supplementary, general training and practical exercises

Introductory short training or training on wider subjects

Informational training and demonstrations on site

i - 1 year and

1 - 1 year

1 year occupational medic ine including radiation protection Total 2 - 6 months

Total

2 - 5 months

Total 2 - 3 months

Total 2 - 3 months

1 - 2 weeks or as a total equivalent to 1 - 2 weeks

A few days to 1 week

p r o t e c t i o n and a t l e a s t s o m e a s p e c t s of e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s . T h e s h o r t s u p p l e m e n t a r y c o u r s e i s n o r m a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r p e r s o n s w i t h s o m e e x p e r i e n c e in r a d i a t i o n w o r k and i s t h e r e f o r e m o r e r e l e v a n t to d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . I t s hou ld l a s t f o r o n e to two w e e k s . R e f r e s h e r c o u r s e s f o r r a d i a t i o n u s e r s cou ld a l s o t a k e t h i s f o r m . T h e t i m e a l l o t t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n w i t h i n a b r o a d t r a i n i n g c o u r s e w i l l v a r y , bu t t h e e q u i v a l e n t of one to two w e e k s i n a t w o - m o n t h c o u r s e wou ld b e r e a s o n a b l e .

A s p e c i a l c a s e i s t he m e d i c a l d o c t o r who p r o v i d e s r a d i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y s u r v e i l l a n c e o v e r r a d i a t i o n w o r k t h a t he h i m s e l f i s c o n d u c t i n g . T h i s i s on ly p e r m i s s i b l e i n s m a l l i n s t i t u t i o n s w h e r e t he a v a i l a b l e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f i s s m a l l and w h e r e l i t t l e h a z a r d o u s w o r k i s c o n d u c t e d . W h e n m e d i c a l d o c t o r s a r e

14

t r a i n e d a s u s e r s of r a d i a t i o n , t h e t y p e of t r a i n i n g i s , in p r i n c i p l e , t h e s a m e a s t h a t f o r o t h e r u s e r s of n u c l e a r e n e r g y and r a d i a t i o n . I t c a n e i t h e r be c a r r i e d ou t a s p a r t of t he t r a i n i n g i n m e d i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n o r a r r a n g e d s e p a r a t e l y a s a s h o r t s u p p l e m e n t a r y t r a i n i n g c o u r s e on r a d i o -l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . In any c a s e , e m p h a s i s shou l d b e p u t o n t h e s a f e h a n d l i n g of r a d i o i s o t o p e s and r a d i a t i o n - p r o d u c i n g e q u i p m e n t and on t h e p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s u s e d a g a i n s t r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s i n o c c u p a t i o n a l m e d i c i n e .

One i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t of t he u s e of r a d i a t i o n i n m e d i c i n e i s t h a t h u m a n s u b j e c t s a r e i n v o l v e d . I t i s e s s e n t i a l , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t he m e d i c a l d o c t o r s h o u l d b e t r a i n e d not on ly to u s e r a d i a t i o n m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y bu t a l s o to p r o t e c t h i s p a t i e n t s , n u r s i n g and o t h e r s t a f f , v i s i t o r s and m e m b e r s of t h e p u b l i c . To t h i s end , h e shou ld b e p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l i n f o r m e d of the e f f e c t s of r a d i -a t i o n on l i v ing m a t t e r and m e t h o d s of b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n .

I t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t e v e r y r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r o r u s e r of r a d i a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n s o m e t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n r e l a t e d to h i s w o r k , e i t h e r b e f o r e h e t a k e s up h i s p o s t o r d u r i n g t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of h i s e m p l o y m e n t .

3 ;8. T r a i n i n g of p u b l i c s e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l

T h e i n c r e a s e i n t he n u m b e r of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s and f i r m s u s i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s b r i n g s w i t h i t a n e e d f o r t he t r a i n i n g of p u b l i c s e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l , p a r t i c u l a r l y f i r e m e n , p o l i c e m e n and o t h e r p e r s o n s w h o s e s e r v i c e s a r e r e q u i r e d in e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s . M u c h a t t e n t i o n i s be ing d e v o t e d to t h i s m a t t e r i n d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s . In m a n y c a s e s , l a b o u r un ion o f f i c i a l s , l e g a l e x e c u t i v e s and i n s u r a n c e p e r s o n n e l c o n c e r n e d w i t h a t o m i c e n e r g y p r o j e c t s cou ld a l s o b e n e f i t f r o m i n s t r u c t i o n in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . T h i s t ype of t r a i n i n g cou ld be o r g a n i z e d i n t h e f o r m of a s h o r t s e m i n a r and i s a g a i n of m o r e i m m e d i a t e i n t e r e s t in d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s .

T a b l e I s u m m a r i z e s t he v a r i o u s k i n d s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e d i s c u s s e d in t h i s s e c t i o n .

4 . C U R R I C U L A O F TRAINING C O U R S E S

4 . 1 . G e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

A n e x a m i n a t i o n of m a n y e x i s t i n g c u r r i c u l a of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t the s u b j e c t s a r e p r i n c i p a l l y c l a s s i f i e d in to t h r e e g r o u p s :

(a) B a s i c s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e ; (b) P r i n c i p l e s and t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; (c) G e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n on a s s o c i a t e d s u b j e c t s .

T h e f i r s t g r o u p c o v e r s b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b j e c t s :

R a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n c e p t of r a d i a t i o n d o s e ; P r o d u c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n and p r i n c i p l e s of c h a i n r e a c t i o n s and n u c l e a r r e a c t o r s ; R a d i o c h e m i s t r y ;

1 5

R a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y , i n c l u d i n g p r i n c i p l e s of h u m a n p h y s i o l o g y and g e n e t i c s a n d e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on l i v ing m a t t e r ; M a t h e m a t i c s , s t a t i s t i c s and e l e m e n t a r y c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s .

T h i s g r o u p m a y a l s o c o v e r s o m e b a s i c t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

T h e s e c o n d g r o u p c o v e r s t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b j e c t s :

R a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y and d e t e c t i o n ; P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s c o n t r o l , i n c l u d i n g the c o n c e p t of p e r m i s s i b l e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s ; P r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e and t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s c o n t r o l , i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n t r o l of o c c u p a t i o n a l , c r i t i c a l i t y and e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a z a r d s ; P a t h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s and b i o p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r m a m m a l s ; T o x i c o l o g i c a l and m e t a b o l i c p r o b l e m s of r a d i o i s o t o p e s ; P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e d i s p o s a l ; S a f e t y d e s i g n of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s and p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s .

T h e t h i r d g r o u p c o v e r s s u b j e c t s s u c h a s :

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; L e g a l a s p e c t s ; M e d i c a l a s p e c t s ; E m e r g e n c y p l a n s and p r o c e d u r e s ; N a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n c l u d i n g c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n s and f a l l - o u t p r o b l e m s .

I n a d d i t i o n , a b r i e f i n d i c a t i o n of o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c s u b j e c t s w h i c h w i l l g i v e a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n p r o b l e m s i s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s g r o u p , f o r e x a m p l e :

M e t e o r o l o g y , o c e a n o g r a p h y , h y d r o l o g y , g e o l o g y , b io logy , g e n e t i c s , e c o l o g y , c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g , m e c h a n i c a l and c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g , e l e c t r o n i c s , m e t a l l u r g y , a n a l y t i c a l c h e m i s t r y , e t c . ; P r i n c i p l e s of r e a c t o r t e c h n o l o g y and e n g i n e e r i n g ; P r o c e s s c h e m i s t r y f o r a t o m i c e n e r g y and n u c l e a r f u e l i n d u s t r i e s ; A p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n and r a d i o i s o t o p e s i n f i e l d s s u c h a s i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , m e d i c i n e , h y d r o l o g y , e t c . ; N u c l e a r p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n and p r o p u l s i o n ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t s of a t o m i c e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n .

In p r a c t i c e , the ' se t h r e e g r o u p s of s u b j e c t s a r e c o m b i n e d o r f u s e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r and t h e w e i g h t p l a c e d o n e a c h s u b j e c t d e p e n d s on the p u r p o s e and c a t e g o r y of t h e s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e .

T h e m e t h o d of i n s t r u c t i o n i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t he t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m . A l though l e c t u r e s u s u a l l y f o r m t h e m a i n p a r t of t h e c o u r s e , m o s t c u r r i c u l a i n c l u d e s o m e p r a c t i c a l o r l a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s i n o r d e r to f a m i l i a r i z e t h e t r a i n e e s wi th t h e p r a c t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s of p r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e s . T h e s e e x e r c i s e s g i v e a m u c h c l e a r e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t he s u b j e c t and s h o u l d a l w a y s b e a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t of any i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m .

1 6

If t h e a m o u n t of t i m e o r f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i s l i m i t e d , d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a r e o f t e n u s e d a s s u p p l e m e n t a r y p r a c t i c e . D e m o n s t r a t i o n of v e r y e l a b o r a t e and r a r e l y a v a i l a b l e e q u i p m e n t c a n a l s o be of v a l u e f o r t r a i n e e s who would o t h e r w i s e h a v e l i t t l e c h a n c e to s e e s u c h a p p a r a t u s .

A n o t h e r m e t h o d of t e a c h i n g o f t e n used i n t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a i s t he ho ld ing of s e m i n a r s o r g r o u p d i s c u s s i o n s . T h i s m e t h o d g i v e s t he t r a i n e e a n o p p o r -t u n i t y to p a r t i c i p a t e in t he s t u d y p r o g r a m m e . H i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g i s t h u s m a d e m o r e e x a c t and e x t e n s i v e , p r o v i d e d t h a t the i n s t r u c t o r s and d i s c u s s i o n l e a d e r s a r e w e l l q u a l i f i e d .

V i s u a l e d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h f i l m s , s l i d e s and v i s i t s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t f o r t r a i n e e s w h o u s u a l l y w o r k i n a r e s t r i c t e d f i e l d .

I n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s o f t e n i n c l u d e a p e r i o d of p r a c t i c a l o n -t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g a f t e r t h e r e g u l a r t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m h a s b e e n f i n i s h e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e i s u s e f u l to show how the t h e o r y and t e c h n i q u e s d e s c r i b e d in t h e r e g u l a r c o u r s e c a n be a p p l i e d , e s p e c i a l l y if t h e t r a i n e e h a s had l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e .

T h e p r o p o r t i o n of t he v a r i o u s t r a i n i n g m e t h o d s u s e d i n a g i v e n c o u r s e d e p e n d s on t h e n a t u r e and a i m s of t he c o u r s e , bu t s o m e l e c t u r e s a r e e s s e n t i a l in any c u r r i c u l u m . C o m p l e t e s y l l a b u s e s o r t e x t b o o k s a r e o f t e n p r o v i d e d to t h e t r a i n e e s b e f o r e h a n d so t h a t t h e y c a n p r e p a r e t h e m s e l v e s and m a k e t h e i r s t u d y e a s i e r . P a r t i c u l a r l y f o r l a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s , s u c h g u i d a n c e i s v a l u a b l e and m a y b e e s s e n t i a l f o r t he s u c c e s s of t h e p r o g r a m m e .

4 . 2 . S t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l a

T h e r a n g e of s u b j e c t s to be c o v e r e d in t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s v a r i e s w i d e l y a c c o r d i n g to t h e t ype of p a r t i c i p a n t , l e v e l of i n s t r u c t i o n , d u r a t i o n , e t c . A n a t t e m p t h a s b e e n m a d e , h o w e v e r , to p r o p o s e s o m e s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l a f o r t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t y p e s of t r a i n i n g c o u r s e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

F o r t h e b a s i c s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l u m , a t r a i n i n g c o u r s e f o r j u n i o r h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n h a s b e e n c h o s e n . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h i s t y p e of c o u r s e i s s u p p o s e d to b e t h e m o s t t y p i c a l s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e in m a n y c o u n t r i e s of t he w o r l d a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e of d e v e l o p m e n t of a t o m i c e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n . T h e c u r r i c u -l u m s h o w n be low cou ld b e o f f e r e d in t h e f o r m of a m e d i u m - t e r m , s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g c o u r s e . D e t a i l s of t he s u b j e c t s c o v e r e d u n d e r e a c h i t e m a r e g i v e n in A n n e x 3 .

4 . 2 . 1 . S u g g e s t e d s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l u m f o r a t r a i n i n g c o u r s e f o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s ( j u n i o r h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s )

A . M a t h e m a t i c s (a) I n t r o d u c t o r y c a l c u l u s (if n e c e s s a r y ) ; (b) S t a t i s t i c s ; (c) E l e m e n t a r y c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s (op t i ona l ) .

B . R a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s (a) A t o m i c and n u c l e a r p h y s i c s and r a d i o a c t i v i t y ( n a t u r a l and i nduced ) ; (b) P r o p e r t i e s of r a d i a t i o n ; (c) I n t e r a c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n w i t h m a t t e r ; (d) H i g h - e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n s and s o u r c e s ; (e) N u c l e a r r e a c t i o n s and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n to r e a c t o r s .

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C . R a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n (a) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n ; (b) O u t l i n e of e l e c t r o n i c s f o r r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n ; (c) M a i n r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s :

1. I o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s 2 . P r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r s 3. G e i g e r - M ü l l e r c o u n t e r s 4 . S c i n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r s 5. P h o t o g r a p h i c f i l m s ;

(d) O t h e r k i n d s of r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s : 1. T h e r m o l u m i n e s c e n t d o s i m e t e r s (TLD) 2. R a d i o p h o t o l u m i n e s c e n t d o s i m e t e r s ( R P L D ) ; ,

(e) O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s .

D . R a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y (a) R a d i a t i o n q u a n t i t i e s and u n i t s , and t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s ; (b) C a l i b r a t i o n of d e t e c t o r s ; (c) D o s e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h v a r i o u s s o u r c e s and c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

E . R a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y and i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y (a) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y ; (b) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y , i nc lud ing c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t r y ; (c) O t h e r i m p o r t a n t c h e m i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; (d) O u t l i n e s of p r o c e s s c h e m i s t r y i n t he a t o m i c f u e l i n d u s t r y ; (e) O u t l i n e s of r a d i o i s o t o p e p r o d u c t i o n .

F . R a d i a t i o n b io logy (a) P r i n c i p l e s of m a m m a l i a n a n a t o m y and p h y s i o l o g y

(not f o r m e d i c a l d o c t o r s o r b i o l o g i s t s ) ; (b) C e l l u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g y ; (c) M a m m a l i a n r a d i o b i o l o g y ; (d) G e n e t i c e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n ; (e) M e t a b o l i s m and t o x i c o l o g y of i n t e r n a l e m i t t e r s ; (f ) P a t h o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s in h u m a n b e i n g s e x p o s e d to r a d i a t i o n ; (g) C i r c u l a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s t h r o u g h food c h a i n s i n t h e b i o s p h e r e ; (h) E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n - i n d u c e d d i s e a s e s .

G . F u n d a m e n t a l s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a) B a s i c s t a n d a r d s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n — I C R P and I A E A

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ; (b) C o n c e p t of m a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e d o s e ( o c c u p a t i o n a l and n o n -

o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p o s u r e ) ; (c) C o n c e p t of m a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a i r , w a t e r

and food; (d) M a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e a n n u a l i n t a k e . (e) R a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e s .

H . P r a c t i c a l r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a) C o n t r o l of o c c u p a t i o n a l h a z a r d s :

1. R u l e s of good p r a c t i c e , i n c l u d i n g r e c o r d - k e e p i n g , e t c . ; 2 . P e r s o n n e l m o n i t o r i n g and b i o a s s a y ( inc lud ing w h o l e - b o d y

m o n i t o r i n g ) ; 3 . P l a n t and l a b o r a t o r y m o n i t o r i n g ( inc lud ing i n t r o d u c t i o n to

a e r o s o l s and f i l t e r s ) ;

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4 . P r a c t i c a l s h i e l d i n g ; 5. C o n t a i n m e n t of r a d i o a c t i v e s o u r c e s ( inc lud ing g l o v e box); 6. P r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s , c l o t h i n g f o r w o r k e r s ; 7. R e m o t e h a n d l i n g d e v i c e s , ho t c e l l s , e t c . ; 8. Safe h a n d l i n g of r a d i o a c t i v e u n s e a l e d s o u r c e s and w a s t e s i n s i d e

t h e p l a n t o r l a b o r a t o r y ; 9 . S u r f a c e f i n i s h e s , s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n and d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n ;

10. F a c i l i t i e s and s a f e t y d e s i g n of l a b o r a t o r i e s ( i nc lud ing v e n t i l a t i o n and d r a i n a g e s y s t e m ) .

(b) C o n t r o l of c r i t i c a l i t y : 1. T h e o r y and p r i n c i p l e s of c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l ; 2 . P r a c t i c a l e x a m p l e s , s u c h a s c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l f o r c r i t i c a l

a s s e m b l i e s , in n u c l e a r f u e l p r o d u c t i o n and in s t o r a g e and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of f i s s i l e m a t e r i a l s .

(c) E v a l u a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a z a r d s : 1. H a z a r d e v a l u a t i o n of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , and s i t i n g p r o b l e m s ; 2. A t m o s p h e r i c d i s p e r s i o n and d e p o s i t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s

(and a s s o c i a t e d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s ) ; 3 . D i s p e r s i o n of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s i n to i n l and and s e a - w a t e r s

and to o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e s ; 4 . A r e a s u r v e y s and s a m p l e a n a l y s i s ; 5 . C o n t r o l of a t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s ; 6. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and s t o r a g e of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s .

(d) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e t r e a t m e n t and s t o r a g e : 1. O r i g i n and n a t u r e of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s ; 2 . P h i l o s o p h y of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t ; 3. M e t h o d s of t r e a t i n g r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s ; 4 . M e t h o d s of t e m p o r a r y s t o r a g e of w a s t e s ; 5. R e l e a s e of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s t o t he e n v i r o n m e n t ; 6. F u t u r e t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s .

I . G e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s (a) A d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p of p r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e s :

1. O r g a n i z a t i o n of h e a l t h p h y s i c s a c t i v i t i e s ; 2 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s to top m a n a g e m e n t ; 3 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s to m e d i c a l , s a f e t y and f i r e s e r v i c e s ; 4 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s to g o v e r n m e n t a l r e g u l a t o r y b o d i e s .

(b) R e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h w o r k e r s and the p u b l i c ; (c) E m e r g e n c y p l a n s and p r o c e d u r e s ; (d) L e g a l and r e g u l a t o r y a s p e c t s ; (e) S u b j e c t s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t ; (f ) T r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e o n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

J . M e d i c a l a s p e c t s (a) M e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e and o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h s u p e r v i s i o n ; (b) G e n e r a l c l i n i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y :

1. D i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t of a c u t e e x p o s u r e ; 2. E f f e c t of c h r o n i c e x p o s u r e and s p e c i f i c t r e a t m e n t ; 3 . P s y c h o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e ;

(c) D i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t of i n t e r n a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g h a z a r d e v a l u a t i o n on b o d y b u r d e n ;

(d) S p e c i a l c h e m i c a l t o x i c i t y h a z a r d s i n t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y i n d u s t r y ; (e) P o s t - a c c i d e n t m a n a g e m e n t and f i r s t a i d .

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T h e i t e m s l i s t e d shou ld a t l e a s t b e t o u c h e d on in a c o m p l e t e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e of t h i s t y p e bu t they m a y b e m o d i f i e d and the o r d e r c h a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to t he p r e f e r e n c e of t h e i n s t r u c t o r . T h e m e t h o d of t e a c h i n g c a n a l s o b e s e l e c t e d a s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e s e i t e m s . O t h e r a r r a n g e m e n t s , s u c h a s v i s u a l e d u c a t i o n by f i l m s o r s l i d e s , v i s i t s to i m p o r t a n t n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , s e m i n a r s and g r o u p d i s c u s s i o n s on p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t s , c a n b e a d d e d to t h e s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l u m .

4 . 3 . E x p e r i m e n t s and e x e r c i s e s f o r a c o u r s e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

S t a n d a r d l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d e x e r c i s e s f o r m an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of t he c u r r i c u l u m . A l i s t of e x p e r i m e n t s and e x e r c i s e s i s g i v e n be low f r o m wh ich t h e m a i n e l e m e n t s of a n e x p e r i m e n t a l c o u r s e on r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n m i g h t b e c h o s e n . I n p r e p a r i n g the l i s t , t he f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d :

(a) V a l u e of e x p e r i m e n t s f o r i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c p r i n c i p l e s e n u n c i a t e d in t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p a r t of t h e c o u r s e and f o r p r o v i d i n g p r a c t i c e in a c t u a l t e c h n i q u e s ;

(b) A p p a r a t u s and f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h a r e l i k e l y to b e a v a i l a b l e .

I t i s no t l i k e l y t h a t t h e o r g a n i z e r s of a c o u r s e w i l l c o n s i d e r i t e i t h e r f e a s i b l e o r d e s i r a b l e t h a t a l l t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d in t h e p r o g r a m m e of a n y o n e c o u r s e , and t h e y m a y d e c i d e to i n t r o d u c e o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s i n a d d i t i o n to , o r i n p l a c e of , t h o s e s u g g e s t e d h e r e . T h e e x p e r i m e n t s w i l l b e c h o s e n a c c o r d i n g to t h e p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h t h e c o u r s e i s r u n and t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s . In p a r t i c u l a r , t he o r g a n i z e r s shou ld s t r i k e a b a l a n c e i n t he f i r s t p l a c e b e t w e e n e x p e r i m e n t s i l l u s t r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s and t h o s e p r o v i d i n g p r a c t i c e i n t e c h n i q u e s , and i n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e b e t w e e n t h e b i o l o g i c a l and t h e p h y s i c a l o r c h e m i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s .

T h e e m p h a s i s i s u s u a l l y p u t o n e x p e r i m e n t s of t h e c a t e g o r i e s A, B and E , bu t o n e e x e r c i s e e a c h f r o m t h e c a t e g o r i e s C and D wou ld b e v e r y h e l p f u l to b r o a d e n the p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e of t h e t r a i n e e s . L i m i t a t i o n s of s p a c e and e q u i p m e n t u s u a l l y m a k e i t n e c e s s a r y to d i v i d e t h e t r a i n e e s in to g r o u p s , w h i c h t h e n p e r f o r m the v a r i o u s e x e r c i s e s o n a r o t a t i o n b a s i s . A s t h e l a b o r a -t o r y e x e r c i s e s h e l p t h e t r a i n e e s to g a i n a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e t h e o -r e t i c a l p a r t of t h e c o u r s e , t h e t i m e s c h e d u l e of l e c t u r e s and e x e r c i s e s s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y a r r a n g e d .

4 . 3 . 1 . S u g g e s t e d e x p e r i m e n t s and e x e r c i s e s

A . T e c h n i q u e s f o r m e a s u r i n g and m o n i t o r i n g r a d i a t i o n (a) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a G M c o u n t e r s e t

1. S e t t i n g up of t he a p p a r a t u s ; 2. S t a t i s t i c s of c o u n t i n g ; 3 . S o u r c e p r e p a r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ; 5

4 . T h e d e a d - t i m e , e . g . d e m o n s t r a t i o n of t h e d e a d - t i m e of t h e c o u n t i n g t u b e on a n o s c i l l o s c o p e . M e a s u r e m e n t of t h e d e a d -t i m e by t h e t w o - s o u r c e m e t h o d , o r w i t h a p u l s e g e n e r a t o r , o r by f o l l o w i n g t h e d e c a y of a r a d i o n u c l i d e w i t h known h a l f - l i f e ;

5 In combination with the radiochemical experiments of category C.

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5. A b s o r p t i o n of b e t a and g a m m a r a y s ; 6. A p p r o x i m a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e e n e r g y of b e t a and g a m m a

r a y s by a b s o r p t i o n ; 7. B a c k s c a t t e r i n g of b e t a r a y s . (The d e p e n d e n c e on t h e a t o m i c

n u m b e r of t h e s c a t t e r i n g m a t e r i a l m a y b e i n v e s t i g a t e d ) ; 8. S e l f - a b s o r p t i o n of b e t a r a y s in s o u r c e s of d i f f e r e n t t h i c k n e s s e s ; 6

9. H a l f - l i f e m e a s u r e m e n t s ; 10. A p p r o x i m a t e a b s o l u t e m e a s u r e m e n t of b e t a a c t i v i t y by d e f i n e d

s o l i d a n g l e . 6

(b) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h g a s f l ow c o u n t e r s 1. Se t t i ng up of t h e c o u n t e r . O s c i l l o s c o p e o b s e r v a t i o n s of p u l s e

p r o f i l e s and t h e e f f e c t of a m p l i f i e r t i m e c o n s t a n t s upon t h e m ; 2. P l a t e a u . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o u n t e r g a s e s ; 3. M e a s u r e m e n t of a l p h a and b e t a e m i t t e r s .

(c) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r s 1. Se t t i ng up of s o l i d N a l ( T l ) s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g s e t by p l o t t i n g

b i a s c u r v e s . 7 O b s e r v a t i o n of p u l s e s h a p e s w i t h o s c i l l o s c o p e ; 2. C o u n t i n g of g a m m a - r a y s o u r c e s . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of g a m m a - r a y

a t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . A p p r o x i m a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of g a m m a -r a y e n e r g y by a t t e n u a t i o n ;

3 . M e a s u r e m e n t of a l p h a - p a r t i c l e s o u r c e s by s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g . (d) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a g a m m a - r a y s p e c t r o m e t e r

1. Se t t i ng u p of t h e s p e c t r o m e t e r ; 2 . C a l i b r a t i o n of t h e i n s t r u m e n t w i t h g a m m a r a y s of known e n e r g i e s ; 3 . I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t he r e s p o n s e c u r v e of t h e i n s t r u m e n t f o r a s i n g l e

g a m m a - r a y l i n e , and e s t i m a t i o n of t h e e n e r g y r e s o l u t i o n ; 4 . M e a s u r e m e n t of t h e e n e r g y of a n unknown g a m m a r a y ; 5. E s t i m a t i o n of t h e s o u r c e a c t i v i t y b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h a known

s o u r c e ; 6. S e m i - q u a n t i t a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e n e r g y of s c a t t e r e d g a m m a

r a y s ; 7. S e m i - q u a n t i t a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of g a m m a - r a y a t t e n u a t i o n ,

i n c l u d i n g c h a n g e s i n t h e s p e c t r a l c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e b e a m . (e) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s

1. P r i n c i p l e s of c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r m e a s u r e m e n t of g a m m a r a y s . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r , e . g . s a t u r a t i o n c u r v e , e f f e c t of g u a r d r i n g .

2 . E f f e c t of t h i c k n e s s and c o m p o s i t i o n of w a l l s on d i f f e r e n t g a m m a -r a y e n e r g i e s ;

3 . I o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s ; 4 . P u l s e i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s . 8

4 More accurate absolute measurements of disintegration rates may be made if a coincidence counting set of a4ir-counter is avai lable . These experiments are suitable for h igh- leve l courses.

7 Demonstration of (or experiments with) liquid scintillators may be useful in some courses if the equipment is avai lable .

8 Not so important as the previous experiments, and dependent upon the equipment avai lable .

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(f ) E x e r c i s e s in m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s C a l i b r a t i o n , u s e , d e m o n s t r a t i o n of s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and b a s i c m a i n t e n a n c e of t he f o l l o w i n g k i n d s of m o n i t o r s : 1. I o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r t ype ; 2. G M t y p e f o r h i g h - and l o w - e n e r g y b e t a p a r t i c l e s and g a m m a

r a y s ; 3 . S c i n t i l l a t i o n t y p e m o n i t o r s f o r g a m m a r a y s ; 4 . S c i n t i l l a t i o n t ype m o n i t o r s f o r a l p h a r a y s ; 5. P o c k e t d o s i m e t e r s , p r e f e r a b l y b o t h c a p a c i t y i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s

and q u a r t z f i b r e e l e c t r o m e t e r s ; 6. F a s t a n d s low n e u t r o n m o n i t o r s ; 7. M o n i t o r s of a i r b o r n e r a d i o a c t i v i t y .

No te : A t e c h n i q u e f o r m e a s u r i n g low l e v e l s of b e t a and a l p h a a c t i v i t y , f o r u s e i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s m e a r t e s t s f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n o r t he a c t i v i t y found on t h e f i l t e r s of a i r m o n i t o r s shou ld b e a v a i l a b l e .

(g) F i l m m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s 1. C a l i b r a t i o n of f i l m m o n i t o r s a g a i n s t a s t a n d a r d s o u r c e ,

226T, 60,-, e . g . R a o r Co ;

2. D e v e l o p m e n t t e c h n i q u e s ; 3 . D e m o n s t r a t i o n o r e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n e x p o s u r e l e v e l s and f i l m d e n s i t y f o r X - r a y s , g a m m a r a y s and b e t a r a y s of v a r i o u s e n e r g i e s i n c l u d i n g e f f e c t of f i l t e r s ;

4 . D e m o n s t r a t i o n of s o m e -typical b a d g e h o l d e r s ; 5. D e m o n s t r a t i o n of n e u t r o n t r a c k f i l m s .

(h) D e m o n s t r a t i o n of d o s i m e t e r s 1. U s e of t h e r m o l u m i n e s c e n t d o s i m e t e r s ; 2. U s e of r a d i o p h o t o l u m i n e s c e n t d o s i m e t e r s .

(i) E f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on c h e m i c a l s y s t e m s i l l u s t r a t e d by c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t e r s 1. D e m o n s t r a t i o n of s u c h c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t e r s a s a r e a v a i l a b l e ; 2 . E x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r d o s i m e t e r , e . g . FeSC>4,

i n c l u d i n g c a l i b r a t i o n .

B . O t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s (a) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h X - r a y t u b e s

1. M e a s u r e m e n t of t h e t u b e ou tpu t ; 2. I n v e s t i g a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n q u a l i t y by m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e h a l f -

v a l u e t h i c k n e s s ; 3 . A t t e n u a t i o n of X - r a y s ; 4 . S c a t t e r i n g of X - r a y s ; 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n of d o s e in p h a n t o m ; 9

6. D e t e c t i o n of t u b e l e a k a g e ; 7. S u r v e y of a r e a and e v a l u a t i o n of s h i e l d i n g e f f i c i e n c y .

(b) Sh i e ld ing e x p e r i m e n t s 1. A t t e n u a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n by c o m m o n s h i e l d i n g m a t e r i a l s ; 2 . S c a t t e r i n g of r a d i a t i o n r o u n d o r o v e r s h i e l d i n g w a l l s ; 3 . Q u a l i t a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of e f f e c t of g a p s o r h o l e s in s h i e l d s .

(See a l s o A ( d ) 6 , 7 and E ( a ) l . )

9 If equipment is avai lable , this experiment is more suitable for medica l radiological protection courses.

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(c) E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h n e u t r o n s 1. A t t e n u a t i o n of n e u t r o n s by h y d r o g e n o u s m a t t e r ; 2. G e o m e t r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n of n e u t r o n m e a s u r e m e n t ; 3. S c a t t e r i n g of n e u t r o n s ; 4 . M e a s u r e m e n t of m i x e d r a d i a t i o n of n e u t r o n s and g a m m a r a y s .

C . E x p e r i m e n t s i l l u s t r a t i n g r a d i o c h e m i c a l t e c h n i q u e s

T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s i s t w o - f o l d : (1) to i l l u s t r a t e s o m e of t h e p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o c h e m i s t r y , e . g . s e p a r a t i o n by p r e c i p i t a t i o n , s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n and i o n e x c h a n g e ; t he r o l e of c a r r i e r s ; r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e p r o d u c t s and m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s ; t he S z i l a r d - C h a l m e r s r e a c t i o n ; a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s ; t h e i s o t o p e d i l u t i o n m e t h o d ; and (2) to f a m i l i a r i z e t h e s t u d e n t w i t h s a f e m e t h o d s of w o r k i n g .

S o m e e x a m p l e s a r e g i v e n , ou t of m a n y p o s s i b l e e x p e r i m e n t s , w h i c h wou ld s e r v e t h e s e p u r p o s e s .

(a) S e l f - a b s o r p t i o n of b e t a - r a y s o u r c e s 1. P r e p a r a t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t e s of v a r y i n g t h i c k n e s s e s c o n t a i n i n g

a n o n - e n e r g e t i c b e t a e m i t t e r , e . g . 3 5 S o r 4 5 C a ; 2. M e a s u r e m e n t of a p p a r e n t a c t i v i t y and e v a l u a t i o n of s e l f -

a b s o r p t i o n c o r r e c t i o n . (b) S e p a r a t i o n of m o t h e r and d a u g h t e r i s o t o p e s ,

e . g . 9 0 S r and 9 0 Y, 1 0 9 9 Mo and 9 9 m T c 1. S e p a r a t i o n of t he i s o t o p e s ; 2 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of p r o d u c t s by h a l f - l i f e and e n e r g y m e a s u r e m e n t s ,

m e a s u r e m e n t of a c t i v i t i e s ; 3 . E v a l u a t i o n of s e p a r a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ; 4 . O b s e r v a t i o n of g r o w t h of d a u g h t e r p r o d u c t .

(c) C o - p r e c i p i t a t i o n and t h e e f f e c t of c a r r i e r s , e . g . s e p a r a t i o n of 3 2 P and 3 5 S by c o - p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h F e ( O H ) 3 .

(d) So lven t e x t r a c t i o n , e . g . e x t r a c t i o n of f e r r i c i r o n a s c h l o r i d e in e t h e r o r s e p a r a t i o n of U X j f r o m u r a n y l n i t r a t e .

(e) A c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s 1. A c t i v a t i o n of s a m p l e s ( R a - B e o r P u - B e n e u t r o n s o u r c e s a r e

a d e q u a t e f o r m a n y e x p e r i m e n t s ) ; (A r e s e a r c h r e a c t o r c a n a l s o be u s e d a s a n e u t r o n s o u r c e . )

2. R a d i o c h e m i c a l s e p a r a t i o n of p r o d u c t s , if n e c e s s a r y ; 3 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of p r o d u c t s and m e a s u r e m e n t of a c t i v i t i e s ; 4 . E v a l u a t i o n of r e s u l t s .

(f ) I o n - e x c h a n g e s e p a r a t i o n and i s o t o p e d i l u t i o n a n a l y s i s 1. S e p a r a t i o n of i s o t o p e s by ion e x c h a n g e , e . g . F e and Z n in Al ; 2. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of i s o t o p e s by t h e i s o t o p e d i l u t i o n m e t h o d .

D . E x p e r i m e n t s in r a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y

T h e f o l l o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t s a r e on ly i n t e n d e d to d e m o n s t r a t e : (.1) t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n o n t h e l i v i n g body , and (2) t h e p r i n c i p a l m e t a b o l i c p r o c e s s e s u n d e r g o n e by r a d i o i s o t o p e s in v i v o . T h e y a r e no t i n t e n d e d to y i e l d e x a c t q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s u l t s .

10 If this pair of isotopes is chosen, the experiment wi l l serve as a useful exercise in handling a highly tox ic radioactive substance.

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I t i s n o t r e c ç m m e n d e d t h a t a l l t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d b e a t t e m p t e d ; h o w e v e r , a f e w d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h o s e s t u d e n t s wi th no p r e v i o u s b i o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g , wou ld be v e r y v a l u a b l e .

(a) A u t o r a d i o g r a p h y , u s e of t r a c e r i n p l a n t s 1. M a c r o - a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y of p l a n t l e a v e s i n c o r p o r a t i n g 3 2 P ; 2 . M i c r o - a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y of u r a n i u m o r e s .

(b) H a e m a t o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s in m a m m a l s due to t h e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n 1. B l o o d c e l l c o u n t i n g t e c h n i q u e s ; 2. O b s e r v a t i o n of c h a n g e s i n g r o s s and d i f f e r e n t i a l b lood c o u n t

a f t e r r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e . (c) A c u t e r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y

1. E f f e c t of LD 50 d o s e and o b s e r v a t i o n of g r o s s b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s ; 2. E x a m i n a t i o n of i n t e r n a l o r g a n s of i r r a d i a t e d a n i m a l s ; 3 . P a t h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s i n t i s s u e .

(d) M e t a b o l i c a s p e c t s of r a d i o i s o t o p e s s u c h a s 3 2 P o r 5 1 C r in d i f f e r i n g c h e m i c a l f o r m s and m o d e s of e n t r y . O b s e r v a t i o n of b o d i l y d i s t r i -b u t i o n and e x c r e t i o n , w i t h s o m e m a c r o - a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y of a n i m a l o r g a n s .

(e) E f f e c t of n e u t r o n s and g a m m a r a y s on s e e d s 1. O b s e r v a t i o n of e f f e c t of v a r i o u s d o s e s o n g e r m i n a t i o n and g r o w t h

of b e a n s ; 2 . O b s e r v a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s of n e u t r o n s and g a m m a r a y s

o n b e a n s . (f ) D e m o n s t r a t i o n of g e n e t i c e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n .

E . E x e r c i s e s in p r a c t i c a l r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a) U s e of p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s

1. P r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s wi th s h i e l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , e . g . c a l c u l a t i o n of s h i e l d f o r g i v e n s o u r c e , b u i l d i n g s h i e l d and e v a l u a t i o n of r e s u l t ;

2. D e m o n s t r a t i o n and u s e of g love box, i n c l u d i n g g l o v e c h a n g e s , p o s t i n g of e q u i p m e n t , e x e r c i s e s in hand l ing t e c h n i q u e s i n s i d e t h e b o x , r e p l a c e m e n t of f i l t e r s , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s ;

3 . D e m o n s t r a t i o n and u s e of c h e m i c a l hood ; 1 1

4 . E x e r c i s e s i n t he u s e of r e m o t e - c o n t r o l m a n i p u l a t o r s ; 5. D e m o n s t r a t i o n and u s e of ho t c e l l s , i r r a d i a t i o n r o o m s , e t c . ,

if a v a i l a b l e ; 6. D e m o n s t r a t i o n of and e x e r c i s e s w i t h v e n t i l a t i o n and d r a i n a g e

s y s t e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a b o v e e q u i p m e n t . 1 1

(b) U s e , m o n i t o r i n g and c a r e of p e r s o n n e l p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g , e t c . 1 1

1. U s e of p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g . A c c o r d i n g to t h e p u r p o s e of t h e c o u r s e , t h i s m a y r a n g e f r o m l a b o r a t o r y c o a t s , g l o v e s and o v e r s h o e s to o v e r a l l s , i m p e r v i o u s s u i t s , e t c . ;

2. U s e of p r o t e c t i v e r e s p i r a t o r s ( f i l t e r t ype ) and a i r s u i t s w i t h s e l f - c o n t a i n e d o r e x t e r n a l a i r s u p p l i e s .

3. S p e c i a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r t a k i n g off c o n t a m i n a t e d c l o t h i n g and s u b s e q u e n t t r e a t m e n t .

11 A clear distinction should be drawn between normal and emergency procedures and neither should be neglected.

2 4

(c) A e r o s o l m e a s u r i n g t e c h n i q u e s 1. D e m o n s t r a t i o n s and e x e r c i s e s w i t h d u s t c o u n t e r s , c a s c a d e

i m p a c t o r s , e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r e c i p i t a t o r s and f i l t e r t ype a e r o s o l c o u n t e r s ;

2. E x e r c i s e s in p a r t i c l e - s i z e a n a l y s i s ; 3 . E x e r c i s e s i n a i r f i l t r a t i o n w i t h a i r s a m p l e r s ; 4 . M e a s u r e m e n t s of n a t u r a l and a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n a i r .

(d) C o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l 1 1

1. L a y o u t of l a b o r a t o r y , p l a c i n g of b a r r i e r s , e t c . ; 2 . S u r v e y p r o c e d u r e s f o r s u r f a c e s in t he l a b o r a t o r y , a i r m o n i t o r i n g

( s e e a l s o A(f )); 3 . E v a l u a t i o n of c o n t a m i n a t i o n l e v e l s a g a i n s t t h e m a x i m u m

p e r m i s s i b l e l e v e l s ; 4 . D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n e x e r c i s e s f o r i n s t r u m e n t s , e t c . , and l a b o r a t o r y

f i x t u r e s , e t c . (e) W a s t e t r e a t m e n t

1. D e m o n s t r a t i o n and e x e r c i s e s in w a s t e h a n d l i n g and t e m p o r a r y s t o r a g e a r r a n g e m e n t s i n l a b o r a t o r i e s ;

2 . E x p e r i m e n t s i n t h e s e p a r a t i o n o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of r a d i o n u c l i d e s i n l i q u i d w a s t e s by ion e x c h a n g e , f l o c c u l a t i o n , e t c . ;

3 . E x e r c i s e s i n s o l i d w a s t e d i s p o s a l ; i n c i n e r a t i o n . (The d i s p o s a l of b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l , e s p e c i a l l y a n i m a l c a r c a s s e s , p r e s e n t s s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s . )

4 . V i s i t to w a s t e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t , if a v a i l a b l e . ( f ) E n v i r o n m e n t a l s u r v e y 1 1

1. D e m o n s t r a t i o n of a r e a (or d i s t r i c t ) s u r v e y a r r a n g e m e n t s , if a v a i l a b l e ;

2 . E x e r c i s e s in s e l e c t e d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s ; 3. D e m o n s t r a t i o n and u s e of m o b i l e m o n i t o r i n g e q u i p m e n t ( s e e

a l s o A(f )); 4 . E x e r c i s e s in e n v i r o n m e n t a l s u r v e y ; 5. E x e r c i s e s i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n and t r e a t m e n t of s a m p l e s ; 6. A n a l y s i s of c e r t a i n s a m p l e s .

F . S p e c i a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n s

V i s i t s to i n s t a l l a t i o n s and d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of e l a b o r a t e e q u i p m e n t r e l a t e d to t h e p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t s of t h e c o u r s e a r e v a l u a b l e and s h o u l d b e a r r a n g e d , if p o s s i b l e . T h e s e m a y i n c l u d e r e a c t o r s , n u c l e a r and r e a c t o r p h y s i c s e q u i p m e n t , c h e m i c a l s e p a r a t i o n p l a n t s , p l a n t s o r l a b o r a t o r i e s i n w h i c h c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l i s e x e r c i s e d , i s o t o p e and i r r a d i a t i o n l a b o r a t o r i e s , e t c .

D e m o n s t r a t i o n s of c e r t a i n s c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h a r e too e l a b o r a t e to b e u s e d in t h e c o u r s e a r e a l s o u s e f u l . E x a m p l e s a r e :

M u l t i - c h a n n e l p u l s e - h e i g h t a n a l y s e r s ; L o w - b a c k g r o u n d c o u n t e r s ; W h o l e - b o d y c o u n t e r s ; P r o f i l e body s c a n n e r s ; A e r o s o l r a d i o a c t i v i t y a n a l y s e r s ; B i o a s s a y e q u i p m e n t , i n c l u d i n g d e v i c e s f o r m e a s u r i n g r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n

t h e b r e a t h ; L a r g e c a l i b r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s ;

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T A B L E II. D E G R E E O F E M P H A S I S TO B E P L A C E D ON D I F F E R E N T S U B J E C T S O F T H E MAIN T Y P E O F TRAINING COURSE

Subject Health

physicists

(a)

Medical doctors (supervisors)

(b)

Technical supervisors

(c)

Radiologists, other medica l

doctors (d)

Technological staff, reactor staff

(e)

Administrators, public health

personnel ( f )

Users of radiation

(g)

Public service

personnel (h)

A. Mathematics 5 1 3 1 2 0 X 0

B. Radiological physics 5 3 5 3 3 1 X 1

C. Radiation detection 5 3 5 3 3 2 2 2

D. Radiation dosimetry 5 4 5 3 3 2 2 1

E. Radiation chemistry 4 2 5 2 3 1 X 0

F. Radiation biology 4 5 4 5 3 1 1 or 3* 1 Epidemiology 3 5 2 5 0 3 0 or 2 * 0

G. Principles of health physics 5 5 5 3 3 3 2 0

H. Practical health physics 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 2

I. General (a , b) 5 5 5 2 3 5 1 3 General (c) 5 5 5 2 5 5 3 4 General (d - f ) 5 5 5 2 3 5 1 3

J. Medical aspects 3 5 2 1 1 3 0 or 3* 0

Note: The subjects are classified as in the standard curriculum given in section Figures with asterisks refer to courses with a medica l bias.

Key: 5 — Very important; to be taught thoroughly and complete ly . 4 — Important, to be taught in considerable detail . 3 — Rather important; to be taught in general. 2 — To be taught in principle.

4 . 2 . 1 . The types of training course are classified in accordance with Table I.

1 — To be taught briefly, if possible. 0 — Not necessary. x — Not appl icable . Trainees already have such knowledge

or the subjects have to be covered elsewhere in the course.

L i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ; P a r t i c l e a n a l y s e r s ; M a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r s .

T o o b t a i n p r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n p r o b l e m s , v i s i t s to n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s h a v i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e u s e f u l and s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s c h e d u l e of p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s , if p o s s i b l e :

R e a c t o r ( r e s e a r c h r e a c t o r o r o t h e r t y p e of r e a c t o r ) ; C r i t i c a l a s s e m b l y ; A c c e l e r a t o r (any type) ; L a r g e i r r a d i a t i o n f a c i l i t y ; L a r g e hot l a b o r a t o r y ; N u c l e a r f u e l p r o c e s s i n g f a c i l i t y ; N u c l e a r f u e l f a b r i c a t i o n p l a n t ; L a r g e r e s e a r c h i n s t a l l a t i o n u s i n g m a n y r a d i o a c t i v e s o u r c e s ; L a r g e m e d i c a l h o s p i t a l u s i n g m a n y r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s o r r a d i o i s o t o p e s ; S p e c i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l n u c l e a r f a c i l i t y , s u c h a s g a m m a f i e l d , r a d i o i s o t o p e

f i e l d - e x p e r i m e n t a l f a c i l i t y , ho t g r e e n h o u s e ; S p e c i a l r a d i o c h e m i c a l o r m e t a l l u r g i c a l l a b o r a t o r y , s u c h a s p l u t o n i u m

l a b o r a t o r y ; R a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t ; L a r g e r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e c e n t r e .

4 . 4 . D e s c r i p t i o n of c u r r i c u l u m

A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n of t he c u r r i c u l u m f o r e a c h t ype of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e m e n t i o n e d in T a b l e I c a n n o t be g i v e n h e r e , bu t an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e d e g r e e of e m p h a s i s w h i c h shou ld b e p l a c e d on t h e v a r i o u s s u b j e c t s in e a c h c o u r s e i s g i v e n in T a b l e I I . T h e d e g r e e of e m p h a s i s i s g r a d e d f r o m a m a x i m u m of f i v e to a m i n i m u m of 0, t h e l a t t e r s i g n i f y i n g t h a t i t i s no t n e c e s s a r y to i n c l u d e t h a t s u b j e c t i n t he c o u r s e .

F o r t he t r a i n i n g of m e d i c a l d o c t o r s ( c o l u m n b), p h y s i c s , m a t h e m a t i c s , c h e m i s t r y and d o s i m e t r y a r e no t so i m p o r t a n t . G e n e r a l i n s t r u c t i o n w i t h a l i t t l e e m p h a s i s on r a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n to r a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y , e p i d e m i o l o g y and t h e m e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . H e a l t h p h y s i c s p r i n c i p l e s and p r a c t i c e s and g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d b e t a u g h t a s i n t h e s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l u m .

F o r r a d i o l o g i s t s ( c o l u m n d), t r a i n i n g i s u s u a l l y s u p p l e m e n t a r y . , G e n e r a l i n s t r u c t i o n on the p r i n c i p l e s and p r a c t i c e s of h e a l t h p h y s i c s w i t h e m p h a s i s on m o n i t o r i n g m a k e s up t h e m a i n p a r t of t h e c u r r i c u l u m .

T e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f ( c o l u m n e) n e e d s a g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e of t h e o r e t i c a l and b a s i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , p a r t l y b e c a u s e of t h e n a t u r e of t h e i r d a i l y j o b s and p a r t l y b e c a u s e t h e y m a y not h a v e s u f f i c i e n t b a c k g r o u n d k n o w l e d g e to b e a b l e to b e n e f i t f r o m m o r e a d v a n c e d i n s t r u c t i o n . H o w e v e r , m o r e e m p h a s i s shou ld be p u t o n t h e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s of h e a l t h p h y s i c s and p a r t i c u l a r l y e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s i n w h i c h t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a f f m a y h a v e a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e to p l a y .

F o r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l ( c o l u m n f ) , t h e b a s i c s u b j e c t n e e d on ly b e d e a l t w i t h in p r i n c i p l e , and e m p h a s i s shou ld b e p u t on t h e i t e m s l i s t e d in s e c t i o n 4 . 2 . 1 . - I . E p i d e m i o l o g y i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t , e s p e c i a l l y f o r p u b l i c h e a l t h o f f i c e r s . H e a l t h p h y s i c s and m e d i c a l a s p e c t s s h o u l d b e c o v e r e d i n g e n e r a l and s o m e p r a c t i c a l w o r k s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d . T h e n a t u r e of t he t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e d by p u b l i c h e a l t h p e r s o n n e l d e p e n d s on t h e t y p e of w o r k b e i n g done , w h i c h m a y b e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r t e c h n i c a l .

2 7

F o r r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s ( c o l u m n g), a n i n t r o d u c t i o n in to r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n and r a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s m a y be n e c e s s a r y . S o m e g e n e r a l i n s t r u c t i o n on p r a c t i c a l h e a l t h p h y s i c s m u s t b e g i v e n , w i th s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n b e i n g p a i d to t h e c o n t r o l of o c c u p a t i o n a l h a z a r d s . E m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s m u s t b e d e a l t w i t h i n a g e n e r a l w a y . W h e n r a d i a t i o n i s u s e d i n m e d i c i n e , t he u s e r s s h o u l d r e c e i v e i n s t r u c t i o n on g e n e r a l r a d i a t i o n b io logy , e p i d e m i o l o g y of r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y and t h e m e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n w i t h e m p h a s i s on t h e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on h u m a n b e i n g s .

5. O R G A N I Z A T I O N O F TRAINING

5 .1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s e c t i o n i s to e x p l a i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n to p e r s o n s h a v i n g l i t t l e o r no e x p e r i e n c e of t h e m a t t e r . I t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y d i r e c t e d to s u c h p e r s o n s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e i t i s u s u a l l y d i f f i c u l t to o b t a i n g u i d a n c e l o c a l l y . T h e c o m m e n t s and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e not e x c l u s i v e , and the f i n a l f o r m of any c o u r s e w i l l b e e n t i r e l y d e p e n d e n t upon l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s and t h e i d e a s of t h e o r g a n i z e r s t h e m s e l v e s .

A n a t t e m p t i s m a d e to i n d i c a t e t h e m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s of f a c i l i t i e s , e q u i p m e n t and t e a c h i n g s t a f f , bu t i t s hou ld b e p o i n t e d ou t t h a t t h e s e a r e no t n e c e s s a r i l y s u f f i c i e n t to o b t a i n t h e s a m e l e v e l of i n s t r u c t i o n a s i n m a n y d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s .

O r g a n i z e r s shou ld a l w a y s b e e n c o u r a g e d to i n i t i a t e t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s e v e n w i t h l i m i t e d f a c i l i t i e s , if a r e a l d e m a n d e x i s t s .

5 .2 . P l a n n i n g of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s

In p l a n n i n g t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s on r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n t he fo l l owing p o i n t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y :

(a) T h e n e e d f o r t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n in t h e c o u n t r y o r i n t he p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t c o n c e r n e d ;

(b) T h e p u r p o s e of t h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e ; (c) T h e o p t i m u m s c o p e of t h e p r o g r a m m e ; (d) B a s i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s u c h a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

o r g a n i z a t i o n and f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .

In o r d e r to d r a w up a r e a l i s t i c and u s e f u l t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e , p a r t i c u l a r l y o n a n a t i o n - w i d e b a s i s , s o m e e s t i m a t e m u s t b e m a d e of t h e d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g i n d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s . T h e f o l l o w i n g i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s shou ld b e t a k e n in to a c c o u n t i n p r e p a r i n g e s t i m a t e s :

(i) T h e l e v e l of a d v a n c e m e n t of n u c l e a r e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n i n t he c o u n t r y ; (ii) T h e n u m b e r and k i n d s of p e r s o n n e l w o r k i n g in t he f i e l d of n u c l e a r

e n e r g y and r e q u i r i n g t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; (ii i) T h e d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g f o r o t h e r g r o u p s no t w o r k i n g d i r e c t l y in

t h e f i e l d of n u c l e a r e n e r g y , e . g . p u b l i c h e a l t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s , o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y o f f i c e r s , p u b l i c s e r v i c e s t a f f and t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c .

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F o r s u c c e s s f u l p l a n n i n g i t i s i m p o r t a n t to h a v e a c l e a r i d e a of t he p u r p o s e and s c o p e of t h e t r a i n i n g . T h i s c a n b e s t b e o b t a i n e d f r o m a s t u d y of t h e a c t u a l d e m a n d and p r a c t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r t r a i n i n g in t h e c o u n t r y o r of t h e p r o j e c t c o n c e r n e d , and c a n n o t be g e n e r a l i z e d .

I t i s s u g g e s t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , t h a t a ' p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e ' s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d . I t would c o n s i s t of t h e o r g a n i z e r s of t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s and of p e r s o n s d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r o b l e m , e . g . t h e d i r e c t o r of t h e c o u r s e s , s e n i o r t e a c h i n g s t a f f , t he h e a d s of e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e s , p r o f e s s o r s in r e l a t e d f i e l d s , s e n i o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s c o n c e r n e d , g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e r s , e t c . I t i s a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t r e p r e s e n t a -t i v e s of b r o a d e r f i e l d s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s , a s w e l l a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r f i n a n c i a l s p o n s o r s , s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d . F o r e x a m p l e , a d i r e c t o r of a n i m p o r t a n t h o s p i t a l o r of a n a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e c o n c e r n e d wi th a t o m i c e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n , s o m e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r o f e s s o r s f r o m e d u c a t i o n a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c o n c e r n e d w i t h n u c l e a r e n e r g y p r o j e c t s , a n o f f i c e r of t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y c o m m i s s i o n , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s c o n c e r n e d , and a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f r o m t h e f i n a n c i n g body cou ld b e i n v i t e d to b e c o m e m e m b e r s of t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e . T h e s i z e of t h e c o m m i t t e e and i t s f u n c t i o n w i l l , of c o u r s e , d e p e n d upon the g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s of t h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e and o t h e r t e c h n i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n d i t i o n s in t he c o u n t r y . T h e c o m m i t t e e shou ld no t c o n v e n e too o f t e n and sh o u l d on ly b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h i m p o r t a n t p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s . A s m a l l e r e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e m a y b e a p p o i n t e d f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t he t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e ; t h i s c o m m i t t e e would c o n s i s t m a i n l y of t h e o r g a n i z e r s of t h e c o u r s e s and o t h e r p e r s o n n e l d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s .

T h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e cou ld a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n in t h e c o u n t r y , e v a l u a t e t h e r e s u l t s and e f f e c t i v e -n e s s of t he t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e and g ive a d v i c e to t h e n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e d u c a t i o n i n r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y .

5 .3 . P r e p a r a t i o n of c u r r i c u l a and p r e p a r a t o r y a r r a n g e m e n t s

W h e n a g e n e r a l p l a n f o r t he t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e h a s b e e n d r a w n up, t h e n e x t s t e p i s to p r e p a r e t h e t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m . T h i s i s u s u a l l y d o n e by t h e r e s p o n s i b l e t e a c h i n g s t a f f , t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r p e r s o n n e l c l o s e l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s . I t m a y o f t e n be u s e f u l to o r g a n i z e a p r o g r a m m i n g c o m m i t t e e , w h i c h m a y b e t h e s a m e a s t h e e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

O n e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t w h i c h h a s to b e d e c i d e d i n d r a w i n g up t h e c u r r i -c u l u m i s t h e r a t i o of l e c t u r e s t o p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s . E x p e r t s in t h i s f i e l d s u g g e s t t h a t , i n p r i n c i p l e , t h e r a t i o shou ld b e a b o u t t h r e e to two in t h e s t a n d a r d c u r r i c u l u m , bu t t h i s d e p e n d s g r e a t l y upon the c h a r a c t e r , p u r p o s e and s c o p e of t h e t r a i n i n g , and o n m a n y o t h e r f a c t o r s . I t m a y be s a i d t h a t p r a c t i c a l c o u r s e s f o r t e c h n i c a l s t a f f shou ld h a v e a p r e d o m i n a n c e of p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s , w h e r e a s s h o r t , s u p p l e m e n t a r y o r i n t r o d u c t o r y c o u r s e s s h o u l d h a v e m o r e l e c t u r e s t h a n p r a c t i c a l w o r k .

A r r a n g e m e n t s t h e n h a v e t o b e m a d e f o r s e t t i n g up t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s , o r g a n i z i n g t e a c h i n g s t a f f , o b t a i n i n g t h e e q u i p m e n t n e e d e d f o r t e a c h i n g , p u b l i c i z i n g t h e c o u r s e s o f f e r e d , e t c . T h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e t r a i n e e s i s a n i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r and s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e a i m s and s c o p e of t h e t r a i n i n g , t h e r e l a t i v e n e e d s f o r t r a i n i n g i n t h e c o u n t r y , and

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t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and k i n d s of c a n d i d a t e s . A s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e m i g h t be s e t up e i t h e r a s a s u b - c o m m i t t e e of t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e o r a s a s e p a r a t e e n t i t y .

B e c a u s e t h e c u r r i c u l u m of t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i n c l u d e s so m a n y d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s of s c i e n c e and b e c a u s e t h e t r a i n e e s h a v e s u c h v a r i e d b a c k g r o u n d , s u p p l e m e n t a r y l e c t u r e s m a y s o m e t i m e s b e c o m e n e c e s -s a r y f o r s p e c i a l i s t s no t f a m i l i a r w i t h s o m e of t h e s u b j e c t s ( f o r e x a m p l e , m a t h e m a t i c s and p h y s i c s f o r m e d i c a l m e n , b a s i c b io logy and h u m a n p h y s i o -logy f o r p h y s i c i s t s , e t c . ). A d e c i s i o n o n w h e t h e r o r no t s u c h s u p p l e m e n t a r y i n s t r u c t i o n shou ld b e g i v e n r e s t s w i t h t h e p r o g r a m m i n g b o d y . C a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n shou ld b e g i v e n i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n to t h e b a s i c e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d of t h e t r a i n e e s and to t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e .

I t i s d e s i r a b l e to m a k e a v a i l a b l e e i t h e r a d e t a i l e d s y l l a b u s of t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e o r a l i s t of t h e s u b j e c t s to b e c o v e r e d . T h i s c a n be of g r e a t h e l p to t r a i n e e s no t f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e s c o p e of t he t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e . A n e x a m p l e of a s y l l a b u s f o r a s t a n d a r d t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i s g i v e n in A n n e x 1. T h e p r o v i s i o n of a d e t a i l e d s y l l a b u s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e c a s e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s w h e r e l a n g u a g e b a r r i e r s m a y e x i s t .

5 .4 . F a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t

T h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s v a r i e s g r e a t l y f r o m c o u n t r y to c o u n t r y . D e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y no t a d e q u a t e l y e q u i p p e d i n t h i s r e s p e c t a l t h o u g h i t i s o f t e n found t h a t a t l e a s t s o m e f a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t c a n b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e if t h e d e m a n d f o r t r a i n i n g i s s u f f i c i e n t l y k e e n . E v e n a f ew s u r v e y m o n i t o r s and a c o u n t e r / s c a l e r , f o r e x a m p l e , cou ld b e u s e f u l . C e r t a i n m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t b e f u l f i l l e d , h o w e v e r , if t r a i n i n g i s t o b e e f f e c t i v e .

I n s t i t u t e s not a d e q u a t e l y e q u i p p e d and h a v i n g s o m e d i f f i c u l t y i n p r o v i d i n g s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t f o r t r a i n i n g w i l l f ind a r e a s o n a b l e g u i d e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s w h i c h g i v e m i n i m u m q u a n t i t i e s of f a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d f o r a t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

5 . 4 . 1 . L e c t u r e r o o m

F a c i l i t y f o r a m a x i m u m of 30 t r a i n e e s . (A g r e a t e r n u m b e r of t r a i n e e s shou ld b e d i v i d e d in to two c l a s s e s . ) T h e b e s t n u m b e r would b e a b o u t 20 o r l e s s ; h o w e v e r , t h e s m a l l e r t he n u m b e r t he m o r e c o s t l y t h e t r a i n i n g p e r c a p i t a .

T h e r o o m shou ld b e e q u i p p e d a s any o r d i n a r y l e c t u r e r o o m f o r a s c i e n c e c l a s s . I t i s of a d v a n t a g e to h a v e e q u i p m e n t f o r v i s u a l e d u c a t i o n , s u c h a s a p r o j e c t o r f o r s l i d e s , a m o v i e p r o j e c t o r , m a p s , c h a r t s , e t c .

5 . 4 . 2 . Study r o o m f o r t r a i n e e s w i t h s o m e l i b r a r y f u n c t i o n s

T h i s i s on ly n e c e s s a r y f o r t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s of a d u r a t i o n of m o r e t h a n o n e m o n t h . I t c a n b e s m a l l e r t h a n t h e l e c t u r e r o o m bu t s h o u l d s e r v e a l s o a s a r e s t r o o m . S o m e c o m f o r t a b l e c h a i r s and s t u d y t a b l e s and b e n c h e s a r e a d v i s a b l e .

L i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s a book c a s e and c e r t a i n r e f e r e n c e b o o k s and m o n o g r a p h s o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o in t h e c o u r s e a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r e f f e c t i v e t r a i n i n g .

3 0

T h i s s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g l i b r a r y c o u l d b e c o m b i n e d w i t h a n o r d i n a r y l i b r a r y i n t h e t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t e . H o w e v e r , i t i s o f t e n found t h a t t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e o r d i n a r y l i b r a r y i s d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e t r a i n e e s f o r m a n y r e a s o n s , s u c h a s a v a i l a b l e t i m e , a v a i l a b l e b o o k s and r e f e r e n c e s , l i m i t s f o r l o a n i n g b o o k s , u s e of l i b r a r y s p a c e , e t c . I n s o m e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s t e c h n i c a l b o o k s f o r s u c h s p e c i a l i z e d f i e l d s a r e q u i t e e x p e n s i v e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e l i b r a r i e s do no t p r o v i d e m a n y c o p i e s and i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e t r a i n e e s to h a v e t h e m a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l . A l i s t of u s e f u l p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g l i b r a r y i s a t t a c h e d a s A n n e x 4 .

5 . 4 . 3 . R o o m f o r p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s

I t i s d i f f i c u l t to g i v e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n s on t h i s f a c i l i t y . U s u a l l y , t h i s cou ld b e a f a i r - s i z e d r o o m w i t h s o m e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s k s , d r a w e r s and s h e l v e s f o r k e e p i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t . An e l a b o r a t e f a c i l i t y i s no t a m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t . F o r c h e m i c a l e x e r c i s e s , c h e m i c a l l a b o r a t o r y d e s k s and a u x i l i a r y e q u i p m e n t a r e n e e d e d . F o r c a l i b r a t i o n of i n s t r u m e n t s a big s p a c e i s s o m e t i m e s r e q u i r e d ; a big w a r e h o u s e o r e v e n o u t d o o r s p a c e m a y a l s o s e r v e t h e p u r p o s e . If r a d i o i s o t o p e s a r e to be u s e d in t h e r o o m , c a r e shou ld b e t a k e n to p r e v e n t u n w a r r a n t e d e x p o s u r e and c o n t a m i n a t i o n . A c h e m i c a l hood would b e a m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t i n t h i s c a s e .

5 . 4 . 4 . M i n i m u m n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t

O r a l t e a c h i n g of t h e o r e t i c a l and t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s a l o n e d o e s no t c o n s t i t u t e u s e f u l t r a i n i n g . E x c e p t f o r v e r y s h o r t i n t r o d u c t o r y c o u r s e s , t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n n e e d a l o t of p r a c t i c a l and l a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s . D e t a i l e d g u i d a n c e f o r s u c h l a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n g i v e n in p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s . T h e s u g g e s t e d m i n i m u m e q u i p m e n t t o b e p r o v i d e d f o r t r a i n i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s l i s t e d b e l o w . M o s t of t h i s e q u i p m e n t would b e n o r m a l l y a v a i l a b l e in a n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n w h e r e r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s a r e h a n d l e d s o t h a t i t i s no t a l w a y s n e c e s s a r y to p r o c u r e i t s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e .

5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . R a d i a t i o n i n s t r u m e n t s . T h e f i r s t i t e m s of n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t a r e r a d i a t i o n s u r v e y m e t e r s and o t h e r r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s . T h e m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s r e c o m m e n d e d a r e :

(a) O n e i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r - t y p e s u r v e y m e t e r ; (b) O n e s c i n t i l l a t i o n - t y p e s u r v e y m e t e r ; (c) O n e p r o p o r t i o n a l - t y p e s u r v e y m e t e r ; (d) O n e c o u n t e r / s c a l e r w i t h G M - t y p e d e t e c t o r and s c i n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r ; (e) O n e p o r t a b l e n e u t r o n m o n i t o r 1 2 (if m e a s u r e m e n t of n e u t r o n s i s to

b e i n c l u d e d in t h e c u r r i c u l u m ) ; ( f ) O n e a i r s a m p l e r and m o n i t o r ; (g) S e v e r a l p o c k e t c h a m b e r s ( d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t r e a d i n g t y p e s , b o r o n -

c o a t e d t y p e , e t c . ); (h) S e c o n d a r y r o e n t g e n m e t e r .

12 Proportional probes could be used if a neutron monitor is not available.

3 1

5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . R a d i o c h e m i c a l e q u i p m e n t . If e x p e r i m e n t s i nvo lv ing the h a n d l i n g of r a d i o i s o t o p e s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e c u r r i c u l u m , t he fo l l owing i t e m s a r e m i n i m u m r e q u i r e m e n t s :

(a) O r d i n a r y c h e m i c a l l a b o r a t o r y e q u i p m e n t , g l a s s w a r e s , b u r n e r s , f u r n a c e s , i o n - e x c h a n g e c o l u m n s , h e a t e r s , s t a n d s , e t c . ;

(b) T o n g s , r e m o t e p i p e t t e s and o t h e r e q u i p m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r s a f e h a n d l i n g of r a d i o i s o t o p e s ;

(c) A f ew G M - t y p e m o n i t o r s ; (d) Sh i e ld ing b l o c k s o r l e a d s h e e t s and b r i c k s 1 3 ; (e) One g l o v e b o x 1 4 ; ( f ) F i l t e r p a p e r , a b s o r b e n t p a p e r , v i n y l s h e e t s , c e l l o p h a n e t a p e s ,

s i g n s f o r r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s , e t c .

5 . 4 . 4 . 3 . O t h e r n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t

(a) R a d i a t i o n s t a n d a r d s o u r c e s f o r c a l i b r a t i o n ; (b) F i l m b a d g e e x p e r i m e n t a l e q u i p m e n t 1 5 ; (c) E q u i p m e n t f o r T L D and R P L D ; (d) P r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g , s u c h a s r e s p i r a t o r s , r u b b e r g l o v e s , r u b b e r

s h o e s , l a b o r a t o r y c o a t s , e t c . ; (e) W a s t e d i s p o s a l e q u i p m e n t , s u c h a s w a s t e b u c k e t s , b o t t l e s ,

c o n t a i n e r s , e t c . ; ( f ) R e m o t e - c o n t r o l f a c i l i t i e s .

5 . 4 . 4 . 4 . D e s i r a b l e a d d i t i o n a l e q u i p m e n t . B e s i d e s t h e a b o v e e q u i p m e n t i t wou ld b e a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r t h e p u r p o s e of t h e e x e r c i s e s if t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u i p m e n t w e r e a v a i l a b l e o r cou ld b e d e m o n s t r a t e d :

(a) N e u t r o n s o u r c e s f o r n e u t r o n m e a s u r e m e n t o r a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s ; (b) S i n g l e - c h a n n e l (or m u l t i - c h a n n e l ) g a m m a s p e c t r o m e t e r ; (c) L i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r ; (d) C o i n c i d e n c e c o u n t e r ; (e) N e u t r o n m o n i t o r s ; (f ) R a d i o c h e m i c a l h o o d s ; (g) A s e t of i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s of d i f f e r e n t w a l l t h i c k n e s s ; (h) O t h e r r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s ( X - r a y e q u i p m e n t , r a d i o i s o t o p e s ) .

5 . 4 . 4 . 5 . C r i t i c a l a s s e m b l y o r r e s e a r c h r e a c t o r . I t wou ld b e v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r t r a i n i n g if l a r g e f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s a c r i t i c a l a s s e m b l y o r a s m a l l r e s e a r c h r e a c t o r , a l a r g e i r r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e , r a d i o c h e m i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s , a w a s t e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y , e t c . , cou ld b e v i s i t e d and d e m o n s t r a t e d . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t i s m a i n t a i n e d and t r e a t e d c a r e f u l l y . S o m e t i m e s i t i s

u These could also be used for experiments on radiation shielding effects . 14 Usually a radiochemical laboratory has a glove box. A simple one could also be constructed with

ordinary materials easily available everywhere. It is suggested to demonstrate such a s imple glove box constructed from local material and to use it for exercise. Many developing countries have skilled craftsmen who can make such equipment, if instructed properly.

15 It is suggested to have a simple set of f i lm badge experimental equipment, such as several f i lm badges, filter material , developing tanks, f i lm holders, s imple densitometers, etc . At least a demonstration of f i lm badge procedures is necessary for systematic training in radiological protection. With the above-described equipment and with X-ray machines or other available radiation sources it is not difficult to arrange some exercises for f i lm badge procedures. A darkroom wil l always be available in a scienti f ic institute.

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d a m a g e d by t h e t r a i n e e s , e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e y l a c k t h e n e c e s s a r y k n o w l e d g e o r a r e u n f a m i l i a r w i t h i t s o p e r a t i o n and u s e . I t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t a s t a f f m e m b e r b e m a d e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of s u c h e q u i p m e n t .

5 .5 . T e a c h i n g s t a f f

In d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , a p p r o p r i a t e t e a c h i n g s t a f f f o r t r a i n i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d . A s a l r e a d y e x p l a i n e d , r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i n v o l v e s v e r y b r o a d f i e l d s of d i f f e r e n t s p e c i a l i z a t i o n s of s c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s and i t i s o f t e n d i f f i c u l t f o r a f ew e x p e r t s t o c o v e r a l l n e c e s s a r y s u b j e c t s of t h e c u r r i c u l u m . S c i e n t i f i c s t a f f f r o m o t h e r f i e l d s i s n e e d e d . T h e m a i n t e a c h i n g s t a f f s h o u l d i n c l u d e s p e c i a l i s t s w h o a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h b a s i c r a d i a t i o n and a t o m i c p h y s i c s , r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y , t h e p r i n c i p l e s of i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y , of t h e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n o n l i v i n g m a t t e r and of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , a l l p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s of h e a l t h p h y s i c s , p u b l i c h e a l t h and m e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , e t c . T h i s r e q u i r e s g e n e r a l l y a p h y s i c i s t who i s f a m i l i a r w i t h a t o m i c p h y s i c s and r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y , a r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h s p e c i a l i s t f a m i l i a r w i th r a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y and h e a l t h and m e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , and a n e x p e r i e n c e d and t r a i n e d h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t f a m i l i a r w i t h a l l p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

T h e c o r e of t he t e a c h i n g s t a f f m a y h a v e to b e s u p p l e m e n t e d by o t h e r s , s u c h a s s p e c i a l i s t s i n r a d i o c h e m i s t r y , c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g , r e a c t o r t e c h n o l o g y , m a t h e m a t i c s , e l e c t r o n i c s , r a d i o b i o l o g y , r a d i o l o g y , o c c u p a t i o n a l h y g i e n e , p u b l i c h e a l t h , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and l e g a l m a t t e r s , m e t e o r o l o g y , e c o l o g y , e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , e t c . , d e p e n d i n g upon the t r a i n i n g c u r -r i c u l u m , t h e k n o w l e d g e and e x p e r i e n c e to b e c o v e r e d by e a c h s t a f f m e m b e r , and t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of s u c h s p e c i a l i s t s . I n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s w'puld r e q u i r e a g r e a t e r n u m b e r of s p e c i a l i s t s f o r t e a c h i n g and m o r e s p e c i a l i z e d e x p e r t s f r o m v a r i o u s f i e l d s , i n c l u d i n g t h e m o r e s p e c i a l i z e d f i e l d of h e a l t h p h y s i c s i t s e l f .

A s i t i s d i f f i c u l t i n m a n y d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s to ge t t h e s e r v i c e s of s p e c i a l i s t s f o r t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s , i t i s c o n s i d e r e d r e a s o n a b l e t h a t t h e c o r e of t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f c o n s i s t s of t h e fo l lowing m i n i m u m n u m b e r of p e r s o n s :

(a) F o r t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s of l e s s t h a n two m o n t h s , c o v e r i n g g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n :

(i) O n e p h y s i c i s t ( c o v e r i n g a t o m i c p h y s i c s and r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y ) ; (ii) O n e r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h s p e c i a l i s t ( c o v e r i n g e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n ,

m e d i c a l and h e a l t h a s p e c t s ) ; (i i i) One e x p e r i e n c e d and t r a i n e d h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t ; (iv) O n e a s s i s t a n t ( fo r p r e p a r a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e f o r t h e c o n d u c t of

p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s ) .

P r e f e r a b l y , t h e r e shou ld a l s o b e s p e c i a l i s t s f a m i l i a r w i t h r a d i o c h e m i s t r y a n d / o r r e a c t o r t e c h n o l o g y and s o m e l e c t u r e r s i n v i t e d f o r o t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d s u b j e c t s .

(b) F o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e o r c o n c e n t r a t e d s y s t e m a t i c t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s of two m o n t h s o r m o r e :

(i) O n e p h y s i c i s t ( p r e f e r a b l y c o v e r i n g a l s o s o m e m a t h e m a t i c a l a s p e c t s ) ; (ii) O n e r a d i o c h e m i s t ( c o v e r i n g r a d i o c h e m i s t r y and c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s ) ;

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(ii i) T w o e x p e r i e n c e d and w e l l - t r a i n e d h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s ( c o v e r i n g d i f f e r e n t s p e c i a l i z e d f i e l d s of h e a l t h p h y s i c s ) ;

(iv) O n e r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h s p e c i a l i s t ( c o v e r i n g b r o a d e r and m o r e s p e c i a l i z e d a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and m e d i c a l s u b j e c t s ) ;

(v) One a d m i n i s t r a t o r ( c o v e r i n g p r o b a b l y l e g a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s p e c t s ) ,

(vi) One t e c h n o l o g i s t ( fo r p r e p a r a t i o n and c o n d u c t of e x e r c i s e s and m a i n t e n a n c e of f a c i l i t i e s and e q u i p m e n t ) ;

(vii) T w o a s s i s t a n t s to t h e t e c h n o l o g i s t .

T h i s g r o u p shou ld be a s s i s t e d by e x p e r t s f a m i l i a r w i th c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g and r e a c t o r e n g i n e e r i n g , p r e f e r a b l y o n e e x p e r t f o r e l e c t r o n i c s and r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , o n e e x p e r t f o r b a s i c r a d i o b i o l o g y i n c l u d i n g r a d i a t i o n g e n e t i c s , and e x p e r t s f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l s c i e n c e s ( o c e a n o g r a p h y , m e t e o r o l o g y , g e o l o g y , h y d r o l o g y , e c o l o g y , food c h a i n p r o b l e m s , e t c . ). T h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f m a y a l s o h a v e t o b e s u p p l e m e n t e d and a s s i s t e d by s e v e r a l l e c t u r e r s on o t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d s u b j e c t s

(c) F o r m o r e e l a b o r a t e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s no g e n e r a l s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t e a c h i n g s t a f f c a n be m a d e , s i n c e s u c h t r a i n i n g i s v e r y m u c h d e p e n d e n t upon t h e i d e a s of t he t r a i n i n g d i r e c t o r o r p l a n n i n g body , t he p u r p o s e and c u r r i c u l u m of t he t r a i n i n g c o u r s e and the t r a d i t i o n of t h e e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e c o n d u c t i n g t h e t r a i n i n g .

F o r t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , g r o u p w o r k of p o s s i b l y a l a r g e n u m b e r of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of s p e c i a l i s t s i s r e q u i r e d . I t i s n e c e s s a r y to h a v e c l o s e c o - o r d i n a t i o n and c o - o p e r a t i o n a m o n g t h e s e s p e c i a l i s t s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g u n i f o r m s t a n d a r d s of i n s t r u c t i o n a v o i d i n g u n n e c e s s a r y o v e r -l a p p i n g of t o p i c s , p r e v e n t i n g u n b a l a n c e d l e v e l s and c o n t e n t s of i n s t r u c t i o n and g i v i n g c o n s o l i d a t e d v i e w s .

F o r t h i s p u r p o s e i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o a p p o i n t a d i r e c t o r of t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e a m o n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s e n i o r t e a c h i n g s t a f f and to o r g a n i z e an ad hoc o p e r a t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e f o r a s s i s t i n g t h e d i r e c t o r i n c o - o r d i n a t i n g and s u p e r -v i s i n g t h e w h o l e t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s . T h e d i r e c t o r s h o u l d b e a n i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r of t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e , and the ad hoc o p e r a t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e cou ld b e s e l e c t e d and n o m i n a t e d by t h e d i r e c t o r i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e . E a c h l e c t u r e r and i n s t r u c t o r s h o u l d b e a s k e d to c o n s u l t w i t h t h e d i r e c t o r o r t h e c o m m i t t e e and a g r e e t o s e t up t h e s y l l a b u s of l e c t u r e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c u r r i c u l u m e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e ad hoc p r o g r a m m i n g c o m m i t t e e . T h e c o n t e n t s and s e q u e n c e of t h e l e c t u r e s and p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s shou ld b e c o - o r d i n a t e d ( fo r e x a m p l e , e x e r c i s e s o n r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y shou ld no t b e m a d e b e f o r e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l e c t u r e s on t h i s t o p i c h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d ) .

I t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t to h a v e a w e l l - t r a i n e d t e c h n o l o g i s t f o r a s s i s t i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and c o n d u c t of p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s f o r t h e t r a i n e e s . T h i s i s o f t e n found d i f f i c u l t i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , a s t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f u s u a l l y l a c k s s u f f i c i e n t e x p e r i e n c e in p r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s and v e r y f ew w e l l - t r a i n e d t e c h n o l o g i s t s f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n p r a c t i c e s a r e a v a i l a b l e . M o r e v e r , t h e l a c k of e x p e r i e n c e d t e c h n o l o g i s t s m a y o f t e n s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e a c t u a l e x e r c i s e s and c o n s e q u e n t l y l o w e r t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e t r a i n i n g . E f f o r t s shou ld b e m a d e to o b t a i n m o r e q u a l i f i e d t e c h n o l o g i s t s .

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5.6.. F o l l o w - u p of t r a i n i n g

It i s of c o u r s e i m p o r t a n t to r e a l i z e t ha t t h e t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s of a t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e a r e only a p a r t of the i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s to be c o n s i d e r e d . F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c y f o r t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n c o n n e c t i o n wi th the who le p r o j e c t of n u c l e a r e n e r g y u t i l i za t ion , b a s i c e d u c a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and d e m a n d i n t h e c o u n t r y , i n t e r e s t of t he p e r s o n n e l c o n c e r n e d in t h e need f o r t r a i n i n g , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s on the f u t u r e s t a t u s and p o s i t i o n of t h e t r a i n e e s , e t c . , a r e a l l i m p o r t a n t and n e c e s s a r y a s p e c t s . T h e s e f a c t o r s depend v e r y m u c h upon t h e n a t i o n a l po l i cy and o v e r a l l d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p r o j e c t in e a c h c o u n t r y . I t i s t h e r e f o r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t to c o n s i d e r s u c h p r o b l e m s i n d e t a i l . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t in t h i s r e g a r d i s t h e e v a l u -a t i on of the t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s . T h e fo l lowing t h r e e p o i n t s should b e c o n s i d e r e d :

(a) E v a l u a t i o n of the t r a i n i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ; (b) F o l l o w - u p of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e t r a i n i n g ; (c) M a i n t e n a n c e of c o n t a c t wi th t h e t r a i n e e s f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t

of t he t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s .

A t r a i n i n g c o u r s e c a n b e e v a l u a t e d in s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t w a y s and f r o m v a r i o u s p o i n t s of v i e w . U s u a l l y the e f f e c t i v e n e s s and u s e f u l n e s s of the t r a i n i n g i s e v a l u a t e d f r o m two d i f f e r e n t a n g l e s , i . e . t h e t e a c h i n g s ta f f e x a m i n e s and q u e s t i o n s t h e t r a i n e e s , and the t r a i n e e s r e v i e w t h e t e a c h i n g p r o g r a m m e and c o m m e n t on t h e c u r r i c u l u m and e x p e r i e n c e ob ta ined in the c o u r s e . A l s o the s e l e c t i o n of p r o p e r c a n d i d a t e s a s r e g a r d s e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d and d e m a n d s of f u t u r e w o r k h a s to b e c o n s i d e r e d .

A r e v i e w of t h e c u r r i c u l u m by d i s c u s s i o n wi th t h e t r a i n e e s and by a n s w e r i n g q u e s t i o n n a i r e s i s v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r f u t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t of t he t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e . It i s e s s e n t i a l to r e v i e w the c u r r i c u l u m and i t s c o n t e n t s f r o m t i m e to t i m e in o r d e r to p l a n the c o u r s e on t h e b a s i s of r e a l d e m a n d and to m a k e the l e v e l of t r a i n i n g c o m m e n s u r a t e wi th t h e d e g r e e of d e v e l o p m e n t of n u c l e a r e n e r g y in t h e c o u n t r y .

T h e t r a i n e e s u s u a l l y r e q u i r e a t e r m i n a l c e r t i f i c a t e f r o m t h e i r c o u r s e . In t h i s c a s e i t i s i m p o r t a n t to hold an e x a m i n a t i o n to a s s u r e t h a t t he t r a i n e e h a s a t t a i n e d t h e e s s e n t i a l knowledge on r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

Fo l l owing up t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the t r a i n i n g i s no t an e a s y t a s k and could only b e done a p p r o p r i a t e l y by an e x p e r i e n c e d e d u c a t o r and a f t e r a long i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .

A s the f i e ld of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i s deve lop ing , i t i s i m p o r t a n t to m a i n t a i n c o n t a c t wi th t h e t r a i n e e s f o r s o m e t i m e a f t e r t h e c o u r s e i s f i n i s h e d . T h e t r a i n e e s wi l l be w o r k i n g i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s of r a d i o -l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n and t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e and r e v i e w of the t r a i n i n g would be v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of t he t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s . By m a i n t a i n i n g s u c h c o n t a c t s t h e l a t e s t i n f o r m a t i o n c a n be d i s s e m i n a t e d .

R a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n i s a newly e x p l o r e d f i e ld of s c i e n c e and t echno logy and it i s r e l a t e d to m a n y o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s r e s e a r c h , p r a c t i c a l w o r k , t e c h n i c a l c o n s u l t a t i o n s , s a f e g u a r d s , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e t c . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f o l l o w - u p and e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t r a i n i n g r e s u l t s m a y b e a v e r y d i f f i c u l t and p a i n s t a k i n g t a s k . H o w e v e r , w i thou t s u c h e v a l u a t i o n , t h e e f f o r t pu t in to t r a i n i n g w i l l b e p a r t i a l l y w a s t e d and t h e v a l u e of t r a i n i n g d e c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y .

3 5

B I B L I O G R A P H Y *

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Training in Radiological Protection: Curricula and Programming, Tech. Rep. Ser. N o . 3 1 , IAEA, Vienna (1964).

DE1GL, H . J . , A Study of Educational and Career Opportunities for Radiological Health Technicians, Cornell University, Ithaca, N . Y . (1968).

KATHREN, R.L. , WA1TE, D . L . , Training and Certification of Health Physics Technicians, Rep. BNWL-SA1993 (1969); Proc. Health Physics Society Midyear Symp. (1969).

USAEC, Utility Staffing for Nuclear Power, Report of a Utility Orientation Programme Task Force, WASH-1130 (1970).

VOIT, K . L . , Scientif ic and Technical Manpower Requirements of Selected Segments of the Atomic Energy Field, American Nuclear Society (Aug. 1970).

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Training of Nuclear Facility Personnel (Proc. Symp. Gatlinburg, T e n n . , 1971), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn. (1971).

Proc. Western Conf. Nuclear Technician Training, 1 3 - 1 4 May 1971, Joint Center for Graduate Studies, Richland, Wash.

MOE, H . J . , LASUK, S . R . , SCHUMACHER, M . C . , HUNT, H . M . , Radiation Safety Technician Training Course, Argonne National Laboratory Rep. ANL-7291, R e v . l (May 1972).

COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, Relevé des cours de radioprotection dans les six pays des communautés européennes, 464/DF1N, Luxemburg (1972).

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Regional Study Group Meeting on Radiological and Environmental Protection, Istanbul, Turkey, 2 0 - 2 4 Nov. 1972, IAEA unpublished document PL-522, IAEA, Vienna.

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Radiation Protection Procedures, Safety Series N o . 3 8 , IAEA, Vienna (1973).

U . S . DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, Radiological Health Training Resources, DHEWPubl. No. (FDA) 73-8034, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville. Md. (1973) .

USAEC, Radiation Protection Enrollment and Degree Survey: Fall 1972, USAEC Rep. WASH-1229(73), (May 1973).

HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY, Schools Offering Ful l - t ime Educational Programs in Radiation Protection (Health Physics or Radiological Health), Rep. Education and Training Committee , Health Physics Society, East Weymouth, Mass. (1 Sep. 1973).

v This short bibliography is included separately here because it contains the basic reference material used in writing the present book. The items are listed in date order and are not repeated in the General Bibliography (Annex 4).

3 6

ANNEX 1

E X A M P L E S O F TRAINING C U R R I C U L A USED IN VARIOUS C O U N T R I E S

In t h e f o l l o w i n g , e x a m p l e s of t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a in a n u m b e r of c o u n t r i e s a r e g iven . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t y p e s of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s a r e d e s c r i b e d in s e c t i o n 3 and l i s t e d in T a b l e I. It i s t o b e n o t e d t h a t t he f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s a r e on ly m e a n t to g ive s o m e g u i d a n c e on t h e s c o p e , t o p i c s a n d d u r a t i o n of t he t y p e s of t r a i n i n g d i s c u s s e d . F o r o t h e r t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s r e f e r to A n n e x 2.

1. L O N G - T E R M C O M P R E H E N S I V E A C A D E M I C TRAINING P R O G R A M M E

H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y , U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a

G r a d u a t e d e g r e e s : M a s t e r of S c i e n c e ( r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h ) D o c t o r of S c i e n c e ( r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h )

P a r t i c i p a n t s : S c i e n t i s t s , e n g i n e e r s , p h y s i c i a n s , and l i b e r a l a r t s g r a d u a t e s w i t h m a j o r s t u d i e s in p h y s i c s , c h e m i s t r y , m a t h e m a t i c s , b i o l o g y , o r p h a r m a c y .

D u r a t i o n : C o m p l e t i o n of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t he M a s t e r of S c i e n c e d e g r e e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e s 2 a c a d e m i c y e a r s of f u l l - t i m e s t u d y ; h o w e v e r , p e r s o n s h a v i n g h o n o u r g r a d e s and a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g in p h y s i c s , b i o l o g y , c h e m i s t r y and m a t h e m a t i c s , s u p p l e m e n t e d by r e l e v a n t p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e in r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h , c a n m e e t t he r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e M a s t e r ' s d e g r e e in 1 y e a r . C o m p l e t i o n of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D o c t o r d e g r e e n o r m a l l y r e q u i r e s an a d d i t i o n a l 2 - t o 3 - y e a r p e r i o d of s t u d y .

C u r r i c u l u m : B a s i c r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h c o u r s e s I n t r o d u c t i o n to r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n X - r a y p r o t e c t i o n R a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y P r o b l e m s in r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y R a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n e n g i n e e r i n g

A d d i t i o n a l b a s i c c o u r s e s B i o s t a t i s t i c s and e p i d e m i o l o g y H u m a n p h y s i o l o g y I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and m e a s u r e m e n t of a i r c o n t a m i n a n t s A e r o s o l t e c h n o l o g y * B a s i c p r o b l e m s in o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h and i n d u s t r i a l

e n v i r o n m e n t s E n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l

3 7

S u p p l e m e n t a r y c o u r s e s S t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s in r e s e a r c h O p e r a t i o n s r e s e a r c h in e n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a l t h e n g i n e e r i n g R a d i o c h e m i s t r y (MIT) P r i n c i p l e s of t o x i c o l o g y E n v i r o n m e n t a l p h y s i o l o g y M e t e o r o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of a i r p o l l u t i o n L e g a l p r o t e c t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y

O b j e c t i v e s : T h e p r o g r a m m e i s d e s i g n e d to m e e t t h e g r o w i n g n e e d f o r p e o p l e who c a n o f f e r l e a d e r s h i p in t he e v a l u a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s and in c o p i n g wi th t he m a n y h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d wi th a t o m i c a n d n u c l e a r o p e r a t i o n s . T h e c u r r i c u l u m i s s t r o n g l y r e s e a r c h o r i e n t e d . T h e e m p h a s i s i s on r e a c t o r and n u c l e a r f a c i l i t y s a f e t y , t r e a t m e n t and r e m o v a l of a i r b o r n e r a d i o a c t i v e c o n t a m i n a n t s , e v a l u a t i o n of the b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of i n t e r n a l e m i t t e r s , and s t u d i e s on t he m e c h a n i s m s of r a d i a t i o n d a m a g e . R e s e a r c h c a n b e p e r f o r m e d s o l e l y w i th in t he d e p a r t m e n t s of I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n e and P h y s i o l o g y , o r on a c o o p e r a t i v e b a s i s w i th s e v e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s of t he Schoo l of P u b l i c H e a l t h o r w i th t h e N o r t h e a s t e r n R a d i o l o g i c a l H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y of t h e B u r e a u of R a d i o l o g i c a l H e a l t h , U.S. D e p a r t -m e n t of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e . E x p e r i m e n t a l f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n c l u d e t h e C a m b r i d g e E l e c t r o n A c c e l e r a t o r , t he M I T R e s e a r c h R e a c t o r , t he H a r v a r d A i r C l e a n i n g L a b o r a t o r y , a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y H e a l t h S e r v i c e s E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h L a b o r a t o r y .

2. ' M E D I U M - T E R M C O N C E N T R A T E D S Y S T E M A T I C TRAINING P R O G R A M M E

U n i v e r s i t é de S h e r b r o o k e , C e n t r e H o s p i t a l i e r U n i v e r s i t a i r e , D e p a r t m e n t of N u c l e a r M e d i c i n e and R a d i o b i o l o g y , S h e r b r o o k e , Q u e b e c , C a n a d a .

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : R a d i o b i o l o g y a n d r a d i o p r o t e c t i o n

D u r a t i o n : 3 m o n t h s

C u r r i c u l u m : R a d i o b i o l o g i e e t r a d i o p r o t e c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n . P r o p r i é t é s de l a m a t i è r e . A b s o r p t i o n de l ' é n e r g i e d e s r a d i a t i o n s p a r l a m a t i è r e .

R a d i o c h i m i e E f f e t s d i r e c t s e t i n d i r e c t s . I m p l i c a t i o n s b i o l o g i q u e s .

R a d i o s e n s i b i l i t é R é p a r a t i o n d e s r a d i o l é s i o n s . I n f l u e n c e de l ' o x y g è n e , du t ype de r a d i a t i o n , du d é b i t de

d o s e .

3 8

L e s e f f e t s g é n é t i q u e s d e s r a d i a t i o n s . P o p u l a t i o n s c e l l u l a i r e s ; l e u r r a d i o s e n s i b i l i t é r e l a t i v e . R é p o n s e d e s t i s s u s , o r g a n e s , m a m m i f è r e s aux r a d i a t i o n s . E x a m e n s en r a d i o l o g i e ; e f f e t s r a d i o b i o l o g i q u e s . E x a m e n s en m é d e c i n e n u c l é a i r e ; e f f e t s r a d i o b i o l o g i q u e s . R a d i o t h é r a p i e d e s t u m e u r s ; i m p l i c a t i o n s r a d i o b i o l o g i q u e s . E f f e t s d e s r a d i a t i o n s s u r l e s g o n a d e s .

R a d i o n u c l i d e s n a t u r e l s e t a r t i f i c i e l s ; e f f e t s r a d i o l o g i q u e s . R a d i o c a n c e r o g e n è s e . N o t i o n s de r a d i o p r o t e c t i o n . R a d i o p r o t e c t i o n e t e x p o s i t i o n p r o f e s s i o n n e l l e aux r a d i a t i o n s .

Of p a r t i c u l a r u s e t o m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s and t e c h n i c i a n s , a s an i n t r o d u c t o r y o r o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g .

3. S P E C I A L I Z E D , A D V A N C E D , O N - T H E - J O B TRAINING

B h a b h a A t o m i c R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , H e a l t h P h y s i c s D i v i s i o n , B o m b a y , Ind ia

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : H e a l t h p h y s i c s t r a i n i n g c o u r s e

P a r t i c i p a n t s : D e g r e e h o l d e r s in s c i e n c e

D u r a t i o n : 6 m o n t h s

C u r r i c u l u m : S p e c i a l i z e d k n o w l e d g e of o p e r a t i o n a l h e a l t h p h y s i c s , wi th o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g a t r e a c t o r s and o t h e r n u c l e a r p l a n t s . No s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t o p i c s a v a i l a b l e .

S u i t a b l e f o r h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s who a r e a l r e a d y w o r k i n g in o t h e r c e n t r e s .

4. S Y S T E M A T I C TRAINING P R O G R A M M E IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N F O R T H E M E D I C A L P R O F E S S I O N AND M E D I C A L USERS O F RADIATION

U n i v e r s i t y of L e i d e n , J . A . C o h e n I n s t i t u t e f o r R a d i o p a t h o l o g y and R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n , L e i d e n , N e t h e r l a n d s

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : B a s i c r a d i a t i o n c o u r s e f o r r a d i o l o g i s t s

R e q u i r e m e n t s : T r a i n e e s s h o u l d b e m e d i c a l d o c t o r s and s h o u l d h a v e s u f f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e of X - r a y t u b e s and X - r a y g e n e r a t i o n

D u r a t i o n : 3^ w e e k s 4§ w e e k s , if p r e p a r a t o r y c o u r s e on m a t h e m a t i c s and on

e l e m e n t a r y a t o m i c p h y s i c s i s i n c l u d e d

3 9

C u r r i c u l u m : P r e p a r a t o r y c o u r s e (20 l e c t u r e s ) R a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s (30 l e c t u r e s ) R a d i o b i o l o g y (18 l e c t u r e s ) P r a c t i c a l h e a l t h p h y s i c s (14 l e c t u r e s ) P r a c t i c a l w o r k (about 6 h o u r s on r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y and

r a d i a t i o n s a f e t y )

5. S U P P L E M E N T A R Y , G E N E R A L TRAINING F O R P U B L I C H E A L T H P E R S O N N E L R E S P O N S I B L E F O R RADIATION S A F E T Y AND T H E L I C E N S I N G AND I N S P E C T I O N O F F A C I L I T I E S USING IONIZING RADIATION

U n i t e d S t a t e s A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n , S p e c i a l T r a i n i n g D i v i s i o n , O a k R i d g e A s s o c i a t e d U n i v e r s i t i e s

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : H e a l t h p h y s i c s and r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n

P a r t i c i p a n t s : E m p l o y e e s of s t a t e o r l o c a l a g e n c i e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r a d i a t i o n s a f e t y and the l i c e n s i n g and i n s p e c t i o n of f a c i l i t i e s u s i n g i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n . A p p l i c a n t s f r o m i n d u s t r y a r e a c c e p t e d a l s o on s p a c e a v a i l a b l e b a s i s .

D u r a t i o n : 10 w e e k s

C u r r i c u l u m : M o n i t o r i n g D o s i m e t r y I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n S h i e l d i n g W a s t e d i s p o s a l H i g h - v o l t a g e m a c h i n e s X - r a y f a c i l i t i e s N o n - i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s I n t e r a c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n wi th m a t t e r and l i v ing s y s t e m s P r i n c i p l e s of p e r m i s s i b l e e x p o s u r e P r e v e n t i o n of u n w a r r a n t e d e x p o s u r e L e g a l and p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n H a n d l i n g of r a d i a t i o n e m e r g e n c i e s

6. I N T E R M E D I A T E , I N T R O D U C T O R Y TRAINING C O U R S E IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N

I n s t i t u t o de P e s q u i s a s R a d i o a t i v a s / C B T , B e l o H o r i z o n t e , B r a z i l

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : T r a i n i n g c o u r s e on r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s ( in P o r t u g u e s e )

D u r a t i o n : 4 - 6 w e e k s (110 to 160 h o u r s )

P u r p o s e : To p r o v i d e t h e t r a i n e e s wi th t he p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n and b a s i c t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e e s s e n t i a l f o r r a d i o -l o g i c a l h e a l t h w o r k .

40

R e q u i r e m e n t s : D i p l o m a of a t e c h n i c a l c o l l e g e

C u r r i c u l u m : P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n I o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n and i n t e r a c t i o n wi th m a t t e r R a d i a t i o n u n i t s B i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s C a l c u l a t i o n of e x p o s u r e s M a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e d o s e s E x t e r n a l r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n I n t e r n a l r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n P r a c t i c a l r u l e s on r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n R a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s and h e a l t h p h y s i c s i n s t r u m e n t s

E x p e r i m e n t s on r a d i a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s GM d e t e c t o r s , p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r s , s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r s G a m m a s p e c t r o m e t r y H a l f - l i f e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s A b s o r p t i o n of b e t a r a d i a t i o n A t t e n u a t i o n of g a m m a r a d i a t i o n D e t e r m i n a t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v i t y in a i r and w a t e r S u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t

7. S H O R T , S Y S T E M A T I C , A D V A N C E D TRAINING IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N F O R E X P E R I E N C E D H E A L T H PHYSICISTS AND M E D I C A L O F F I C E R S

N a t i o n a l R a d i o l o g i c a l P r o t e c t i o n B o a r d , H a r w e l l , U n i t e d K i n g d o m

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : A d v a n c e d c o u r s e in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

D u r a t i o n : 4 w e e k s

P a r t i c i p a n t s : D e g r e e h o l d e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y e x p e r i e n c e d h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s , m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s

C u r r i c u l u m :

A d v a n c e d r a d i a t i o n p h y s i c s . C u r r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s in r a d i o l o g i c a l u n i t s , r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n and h e a l t h p h y s i c s i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s . M o r e d e t a i l e d r a d i o p a t h o l o g y , e p i d e m i o l o g y , e v a l u a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n r i s k s ; d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of I C R P m e t a b o l i c m o d e l s . D e v e l o p m e n t s in p h i l o s o p h y u n d e r l y i n g I C R P d o s e l i m i t s ; p r e s e n t t r e n d s and n e w c o n c e p t s ; c o s t b e n e f i t a n a l y s i s , t e c h n i c a l - m a n a g e r i a l p r o b l e m s .

M o r e a d v a n c e d t h e o r e t i c a l and a p p l i e d d o s i m e t r y , p a r t i c u l a r l y n e u t r o n d o s i m e t r y , n u c l e a r a c c i d e n t d o s i m e t r y , h i g h - e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y and b i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s of a b s o r b e d d o s e .

A d v a n c e d a s p e c t s of o c c u p a t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g c o m p a r i s o n of h e a l t h p h y s i c s p h i l o s o p h y and p r a c t i c e a t d i f f e r e n t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , p l a n n i n g and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of i n v e s t i g a t o r y s u r v e y s and m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m m e s , s a f e t y p o l i c y , s a f e t y a s s e s s m e n t of r e a c t o r s and r a d i o c h e m i c a l p l a n t s , s u r v e y of

4 1

s p e c i a l t o p i c s of o c c u p a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t i n c l u d i n g a e r o s o l p h y s i c s and c r i t i -c a l i t y a c c i d e n t s , h e a l t h p h y s i c s p r o b l e m s of t he n u c l e a r p o w e r i n d u s t r y and h i g h - e n e r g y a c c e l e r a t o r e n v i r o n m e n t s .

A d v a n c e d a s p e c t s of p o p u l a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n ; b a s e s f o r s a f e d i s c h a r g e of r a d i o a c t i v i t y to t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , food c h a i n s , c r i t i c a l n u c l i d e s and p a t h w a y s ; r e a c t o r s a f e t y and s i t i n g c r i t e r i a , m e t e o r o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s , r i s k e v a l u a t i o n f o r l a r g e - s c a l e a c c i d e n t s , p r e p l a n n i n g a s p e c t s and c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l m o d e l l i n g in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , c o n t r o l of p o p u l a t i o n d o s e s f r o m m e d i c a l and n o n - m e d i c a l i r r a d i a t i o n , a p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i a t i o n s t a n d a r d s to t he e n v i r o n m e n t of n u c l e a r p o w e r s t a t i o n s .

M e d i c a l - l e g a l - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s p e c t s . I m p l i c a t i o n of d o s e s a b o v e p e r m i s s i b l e l e v e l s , m a n a g e m e n t of o v e r - e x p o s u r e , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s f o r r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , o r g a n i z a t i o n and m a n a g e m e n t of h e a l t h p h y s i c s s e r v i c e s .

S y n d i c a t e e x e r c i s e s : o p e r a t i o n a l h a n d l i n g of a c r i t i c a l i t y a c c i d e n t and l a r g e -s c a l e a c c i d e n t a l and p l a n n e d r e l e a s e s of r a d i o a c t i v i t y .

V i s i t s : T h e s e i n c l u d e a n u c l e a r p o w e r s t a t i o n and a f u e l e l e m e n t p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t .

8. S H O R T C O U R S E F O R P U B L I C S E R V I C E P E R S O N N E L

Ö s t e r r e i c h i s c h e S t u d i e n g e s e l l s c h a f t f ü r A t o m e n e r g i e , V i e n n a , A u s t r i a

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : C o m p e t i t i o n in p r a c t i c a l h e a l t h p h y s i c s

D u r a t i o n : 5 d a y s . T h e c o m p e t i t i o n i t s e l f u s u a l l y t a k e s p l a c e in one day .

R e q u i r e m e n t s : N o s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s . S u i t a b l e f o r m e m b e r s of pub l i c h e a l t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s , f i r e b r i g a d e s , p o l i c e o f f i c e r s , a s i n t r o d u c t o r y o r o n - t h e - j o b t r a i n i n g .

C u r r i c u l u m : P r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s in the f i e l d , s u c h a s : T a k i n g of s m e a r - t e s t s U s e of m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n

9. TRAINING P R O G R A M M E S IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N F O R M I N G P A R T O F O T H E R T R A I N I N G

J a p a n R a d i o i s o t o p e Schoo l , J A E R I , T o k y o , J a p a n

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : B a s i c r a d i o i s o t o p e t e c h n i q u e s

D u r a t i o n : 1 m o n t h ( s e v e r a l t i m e s a y e a r )

P u r p o s e : To p r o v i d e t he t r a i n e e s wi th b a s i c knowledge and p r a c t i c e s of r a d i o i s o t o p e t e c h n i q u e s .

4 2

C u r r i c u l u m : L e c t u r e s in n u c l e a r p h y s i c s , r a d i o c h e m i s t r y , i n t e r a c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n wi th m a t t e r , r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y , m e a s u r e m e n t of r a d i o a c t i v i t y , p r o d u c t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s , s y n t h e s i s of l a b e l l e d c o m p o u n d s , r a d i a t i o n b io logy .

S a f e h a n d l i n g of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s , h e a l t h p h y s i c s , s h i e l d i n g , r a d i a t i o n b i o p h y s i c s , d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , w a s t e d i s p o s a l .

A u t o r a d i o g r a p h y , r a d i o i s o t o p e a p p l i c a t i o n in t e c h n o l o g y , m e d i c i n e , a g r i c u l t u r e , c h e m i s t r y .

N u c l e a r t e s t s , d e s i g n of r a d i o i s o t o p e l a b o r a t o r i e s , s o u r c e s of r a d i o a c t i v i t y , r a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y , n u c l e a r r e a c t o r e n g i n e e r i n g , r e g u l a t i o n s f o r p r e v e n t i o n of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s .

E x p e r i m e n t s and s e m i n a r s on t he a b o v e t o p i c s .

10. TRAINING P R O G R A M M E IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N F O R T E C H N O L O G I C A L S T A F F

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of N u c l e a r S c i e n c e s and T e c h n o l o g y , S a c l a y , F r a n c e

C o u r s e o f f e r e d : T e c h n i c i e n s s u p é r i e u r s de r a d i o p r o t e c t i o n

D u r a t i o n : 1 y e a r and 2 w e e k s

(i) P r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e (ii) P e r i o d f o r w o r k i n g on e x e r c i s e s ( p é r i o d e d ' e x e r c i s e f o n c t i o n n e l ) :

a b o u t 9-| m o n t h s ( i i i) F i n a l s t a g e of f u l l - t i m e i n s t r u c t i o n : m o n t h s (iv) P r a c t i c a l s t a g e : 1 m o n t h , wi th p r e s e n t a t i o n of a r e p o r t a t t he

f i n a l e x a m i n a t i o n .

P u r p o s e : T o e d u c a t e p e r s o n n e l in c h a r g e of r a d i a t i o n s u r v e y and r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e . A f t e r t he f i n a l e x a m i n a t i o n , an o f f i c i a l d i p l o m a of ' T e c h n i c i e n s u p é r i e u r b r e v e t de c o n t r ô l e d e s r a y o n n e m e n t s i o n i s a n t s e t a p p l i c a t i o n d e s t e c h n i q u e s de p r o t e c t i o n ' i s g iven to s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s .

C o n d i t i o n s f o r a d m i s s i o n ( f o r n a t i o n a l s t u d e n t s ) :

It i s n e c e s s a r y t o f u l f i l one of t he f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : (a) T o h a v e t h e ' B a c c a l a u r é a t c o m p l e t ' , f o l l o w e d by one o r two y e a r s

of p r e l i m i n a r y c o u r s e s of ' E n g i n e e r i n g S c h o o l s ' . (b) T o h a v e a b r e v e t of t e c h n i c i a n ( r a d i o t e c h n i c i a n , b i o l o g i s t , c h e m i s t )

o r a d i p l o m a of a h i g h e r - l e v e l t e c h n i c a l s c h o o l . (c) To h a v e w o r k e d a m i n i m u m of two y e a r s a s a r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

t e c h n i c i a n and to h a v e an i n s t r u c t i o n l e v e l e q u i v a l e n t to b a c c a l a u r e a t e of m a t h e m a t i c s ( l e v e l p r o v e d by a p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n ) .

F o r e i g n c a n d i d a t e s a r e a l l o w e d to fo l low the c o u r s e s wi thou t f u l f i l l i n g t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s bu t a f t e r b e i n g s u b m i t t e d t o a p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n .

4 3

C u r r i c u l u m :

(i) P r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e (30 l e c t u r e s ) : I n t r o d u c t i o n to g e n e r a l m a t h e m a t i c s , c l a s s i c a l p h y s i c s , e l e c t r o n i c s , n u c l e a r p h y s i c s , g e n e r a l c h e m i s t r y and b io logy .

(ii) P e r i o d f o r w o r k i n g on e x e r c i s e s ( i n s t r u c t i o n s g iven by c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ) : 24 s e r i e s of e x e r c i s e s , e . g . m a t h e m a t i c s and s t a t i s t i c s (5) , g e n e r a l p h y s i c s (4), n u c l e a r p h y s i c s (5), e l e c t r o n i c s (4), c h e m i s t r y (3), and b i o l o g y (3).16

( i i i) F i n a l s t a g e : (a) T h e o r e t i c a l i n s t r u c t i o n s (70 l e c t u r e s of h e a c h )

A p p l i e d s t a t i s t i c s (4 l e c t u r e s ) N u c l e a r p h y s i c s (5 l e c t u r e s ) A t o m i c h y g i e n e and r a d i o b i o l o g y (11 l e c t u r e s ) S o u r c e s of i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n (4 l e c t u r e s ) N u c l e a r c h e m i s t r y (3 l e c t u r e s ) E l e c t r o n i c s and d o s i m e t r y (18 l e c t u r e s ) R a d i o c h e m i c a l s a m p l i n g and a n a l y s i s (4 l e c t u r e s ) R a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s (12 l e c t u r e s ) I n s p e c t i o n and s u r v e y s (4 l e c t u r e s ) D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n and w a s t e t r e a t m e n t (5 l e c t u r e s )

(b) D i r e c t e d e x e r c i s e s (20 h) C a l c u l a t i o n of s t a n d a r d s f i g u r e s C a l c u l a t i o n of s h i e l d i n g M e a s u r e m e n t of r a d i a t i o n P r o b l e m s of s t a t i s t i c s

(c) P r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s (60 h) P h y s i c s E l e c t r o n i c s C h e m i s t r y D o s i m e t r y P r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s

11. TRAINING P R O G R A M M E F O R R A D I O L O G I C A L H E A L T H T E C H N I C I A N S L E A D I N G T O AN A S S O C I A T E D E G R E E

L o w e l l T e c h n o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , USA

U n d e r g r a d u a t e d e g r e e : A s s o c i a t e in s c i e n c e in r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h t e c h n o l o g y

R e q u i r e m e n t s : G r a d u a t i o n f r o m a r e c o g n i z e d h igh s c h o o l of e q u i v a l e n t s t u d y o r a c h i e v e m e n t , w i th a m i n i m u m of 2 y e a r s of m a t h e m a t i c s

16 The exercises are returned to the students with corrections and comments by the engineers nominated

in the respective nuclear centres.

44

C u r r i c u l u m : G e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s : G e n e r a l c h e m i s t r y E l e m e n t s of c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s M a t h e m a t i c s E n g l i s h P h y s i c s E l e c t r i c i t y and e l e c t r o n i c s B i o l o g y

C o r e s u b j e c t s : N u c l e a r and r a d i a t i o n p h y s i c s A p p l i e d r a d i a t i o n e l e c t r o n i c s R a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n R a d i o i s o t o p e t e c h n i q u e s R a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n s a f e t y a n d c o n t r o l F u n d a m e n t a l s of n o n - i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n

T h e A s s o c i a t e in S c i e n c e d e g r e e r e q u i r e s t he c o m p l e t i o n of 90 h of c o u r s e w o r k . Half of t h e c o u r s e w o r k i n v o l v e s p r e p a r a t o r y s t u d i e s in t h e s c i e n c e s , t h e o t h e r ha l f t h e c o r e c o u r s e s r e l a t i n g t o r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h . T h e p r o g r a m m e n o r m a l l y r e q u i r e s 5 y e a r s of e v e n i n g s c h o o l c l a s s e s a t t h e r a t e of 3 c l a s s e s p e r w e e k f o r c o m p l e t i o n . No f e l l o w s h i p o r s t i p e n d s u p p o r t i s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s p r o g r a m m e .

O b j e c t i v e s : T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e of t he p r o j e c t i s t o h e l p p r o v i d e m a n p o w e r n e e d e d f o r l o c a l , S t a t e and F e d e r a l r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h p r o t e c t i o n w o r k a s w e l l a s f o r s e r v i c e in i n d u s t r y , h o s p i t a l s and e d u c a t i o n a l and r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n s . The p r o g r a m m e i s d e s i g n e d to t r a i n h i g h - s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s f o r c a r e e r s in r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and to p r o v i d e r e - t r a i n i n g f o r p e r s o n s w o r k i n g in t h e f i e l d . S t u d e n t s w i s h i n g to e x t e n d t h e i r e d u c a t i o n b e y o n d t h e a s s o c i a t e d e g r e e l e v e l h a v e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e i n s t i t u t e a c h o i c e of b a c c a l a u r e a t e d e g r e e p r o g r a m m e s in e i t h e r r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h t e c h n o l o g y o r r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h p h y s i c s . T h e a i m of th,e u n d e r g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m m e i s t o p r o -v ide s u f f i c i e n t t r a i n i n g f o r t h e s t u d e n t s t o e n a b l e t h e m t o w o r k in d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m t e c h n i c i a n t h r o u g h s e n i o r t e c h n i c i a n to p r o f e s s i o n a l .

45

ANNEX 2

TRAINING COURSES A V A I L A B L E IN VARIOUS C O U N T R I E S

T a b l e A 2 - I s h o w s t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s o r g a n i z e d b y n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n w a s p a r t l y t a k e n o v e r f r o m A n n e x II of t h e IAEA T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t s S e r i e s No .31 and put up t o da t e , and p a r t l y t a k e n f r o m c a t a l o g u e s and i n f o r m a l n o t e s .

T r a i n i n g c o u r s e s r e l a t e d t o r a d i o l o g i c a l h e a l t h and s a f e t y a r e a l s o s p o n s o r e d by i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s u c h a s t h e IAEA, I L O and WHO, i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e h o s t c o u n t r i e s . Such c o u r s e s c o n d u c t e d i n t he p a s t a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e s A 2 - I I , A 2 - I I I and A 2 - I V .

In a d d i t i o n t o f o r m a l t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s , v i s i t i n g s e m i n a r s and s t u d y t o u r s h a v e b e e n o r g a n i z e d by t h e A g e n c y . V i s i t i n g s e m i n a r s i n v o l v e t h e v i s i t s of A g e n c y s t a f f m e m b e r s , t o g e t h e r wi th o u t s i d e e x p e r t s , of a n u m b e r of d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . L e c t u r e s on s p e c i a l t o p i c s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c -t i o n a r e g i v e n and d i s c u s s e d . T h e i m p a c t of t h e s e s e m i n a r s i s r e a d i l y f e l t s i n c e a d i r e c t c o n t a c t i s m a d e b y the v i s i t i n g e x p e r t s w i th t h e l o c a l s t a f f . S p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d , and o n - t h e - s p o t s o l u t i o n s a r e s u g g e s t e d .

S tudy t o u r s a r e o r g a n i z e d f o r r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n s p e c i a l i s t s f r o m d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . T h e y a r e g i v e n the o p p o r t u n i t y to v i s i t l a b o r a t o r i e s and n u c l e a r c e n t r e s in t h e m o r e a d v a n c e d c o u n t r i e s a n d to o b s e r v e t h e l a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s r e g a r d i n g d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

T h e f o l l o w i n g v i s i t i n g s e m i n a r s and s t u d y t o u r s w e r e o r g a n i z e d by t h e A g e n c y :

1. R e g i o n a l V i s i t i n g S e m i n a r on P e r s o n n e l , A r e a and E n v i r o n m e n t a l M o n i t o r i n g in R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a , 10 M a r c h t o 11 A p r i l 1968.

2. R e g i o n a l V i s i t i n g S e m i n a r on S a f e t y A s p e c t s of P o w e r R e a c t o r S i t ing , D e s i g n and O p e r a t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a , 1 t o 21 M a y 1968.

3. I n t e r r e g i o n a l Study T o u r t o USSR, P o l a n d and CSSR, 1 A p r i l t o 5 M a y 1968, p u b l i s h e d by t h e IAEA u n d e r t h e t i t l e R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n P r o g r a m m e s in t h e Sovie t Union , P o l a n d and C z e c h o -s l o v a k i a , Study T o u r R e p o r t s , S T R / 2 , IAEA, V i e n n a (1971) .

4. I n t e r r e g i o n a l S tudy T o u r t o CSSR, P o l a n d and USSR, 9 J u l y t o 20 A u g u s t 1969, p u b l i s h e d by t h e IAEA u n d e r t h e t i t l e W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t T e c h n i q u e s and P r o g r a m m e s i n C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , P o l a n d a n d t h e Sov ie t Union , Study T o u r R e p o r t s , S T R / 3 , IAEA, V i e n n a (1971) .

5. R e g i o n a l V i s i t i n g S e m i n a r on M o n i t o r i n g and o t h e r P r o b l e m s i n R a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a and t h e F a r E a s t , 3 - 2 9 J a n u a r y 1971.

6. I n t e r r e g i o n a l S tudy T o u r on R a d i o l o g i c a l P r o t e c t i o n t o CSSR, S w e d e n and USSR, 2 M a y t o 9 J u n e 1972.

4 7

T A B L E A 2 - I . TRAINING COURSES IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N O R G A N I Z E D BY N A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T I O N S

Countiy Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope , of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Argentina Certificado de aprobación del cuiso de protección radiológica

S weeks 1 year, optional

Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Buenos Aires

Introductory, on-the-job for health physicists

Basic concepts, radiation risk, radiation dosimetry, operational monitoring, radiological protection techniques, nuclear safety, radiation emergencies

Graduate level

Australia Radiological protection

3 weeks No definite frequency

Australian School of Nuclear Technology, Lucas Heights, Sutherland, N.S.W.

Comprehensive for health physicists and technicians

Mathematics, atomic and nuclear physics and radioactivity, properties of radiation and interaction with matter, sources of radiation, radio-logical physics and dosimetry, radia-tion detection and H. P. instruments, biology and radiobiology» radiation protection guidelines, practical radio-logical protection, legal and admini-strative aspects

Second-year university standard or equivalent technical qualification

Austria Basic training for medical officers

4 days

Österreichische Studien-geselUchaft fOr Atomenergie, Wien

Comprehensive for medical officers, medical super-visors

Physics of radiation, dosimetry, radio-biology, radiation hazards control, detectors, legal aspects, emergencies

M.D. students of medical radiology, health physicists. This training is required for the specialized couree

Medical use of unsealed radioactive sources for diagnosis and therapy

3 days

Österreichische Studien-gesellschaft für Atomenergie, Wien

Comprehensive, post-graduate and specialized for medical officers, medical administrative officers, medical supervisors

Personnel monitoring and bioassay; protective devices when working with unsealed sources; waste management; contamination and decontamination; first aid; radiation hazards

Basic training required

Medical use of X-rays for diagnosis

2 days

Österreichische Studlen-geselüchaft für Atomenergie, Wien

Comprehensive, post-graduate and specialized for medical officers, medical administrative officers

X-rays in diagnosis; radiation hazards for medical officers using X-rays and for patients; safe handling of X-ray -producing machines

Basic training required

Therapeutical use of Ionizing radiation (except use of usealed sources)

Österreichische Studien-gesellschaft fur Atomenergie, Wien

2 days

Competition in practical health physics

5 days

Fortsetzungskurt: Umgang mit umschl. Strahlen-quellen oder Strahlenein-richtungen (Specialized for non-medical use of ionizing radiation)

Österreichische Studien-gesellschaft für Atomenergie, Wien

Österreichische Studien-gesellschaft für Atomenergie, Wien

4 days

Fortsetzungskurs: Umgang mit offenen radio-aktiven Stoffen fiii nicht-medizinische Zwecke (Specialized for non-medical use of unsealed radioactive materials)

Österreichische Studien-gesellschaft für Atomenergie, Wien

4 days

Comprehensive, post-graduate and specialized for medical officers, medical administrative officers

On-the-job, introductory for members of public health organizations; fire brigade, police officers

Systematic, comprehensive, specialized for health physicists, technicians, administrative officers

Systematic, comprehensive, specialized for health physicists

Therapeutic use of X-rays and gamma radiation; sealed radioactive sources; calibration of radiation sources; radiation hazards

Practical exercises, including smear tests; use of monitoring devices; decontamination

Review principles of radiation; use of unsealed sources; toxicology; labora-tory standards; shielding performance; legal aspect; personal radiation dose; protective measures in work with unsealed sources; contamination and decontamination; fire-fighting measures in consideration of unsealed radioactive materials; collection and removal of radioactive wastes; radiation accidents; first aid; whole-body measurement

Review principles of radiation; fire-fighting measures involving radio-active materials; shielding per-formance; personnel radiation dose; chart of nuclides; measuring equipment for density, thickness and weight/unit area; level indicator; equipment for non-destructive testing; construction of sealed radiation sources; protective measures in use of sealed radiation sources, control and surveillance exercises, testing of capsules, periodic source test; electron beam evaporator -welding devices; mass spectrometer; electron microscope; legal regulations for use and transport of radiation sources; protective measures in use of radiation facilities; processing of radioactive wastes

Basic training required

The course is given for 5 days; the actual competition itself usually takes place in one day

Basic training required

m T A B L E A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Austria Techn. Strahlenschutz I, II

3 h/week

Rechenmethoden des StraMeiwchutzes I, II

1 h/week

Strahlenschutz Praktikum

4 h/week, winter and summer semester

This is part of university course

Institut der Osterreichischen Hochschulen, Wien

University students, comprehensive

Introduction to radiation protection; physical dimensions in radiation field; summary of radiation sources; interaction ofradiatlonwithmatter; dose and dose units; tolerance dose and maximum per-missible concentrations; shielding; meas-uring equipment for radiation protection, measuring equipment for activities in air and water; contamination monitors and whole-body counters; special problems; calculation methods and practical exercises in radiation protection

Belgium Geneesheer-hy giënist (Radioprotectie)

1 year

Radiation protection course

State University of Ghent (Faculty of Medicine)

Free University of Brussels (School of Public Health)

Comprehensive, academic post-graduate for doctors of medicine

Comprehensive, academic post-graduate for doctors of medicine

Nuclear physics, radiation dosimetry in nuclear medicine, radiobiology in radiation pathology, radiation protection, practical work Industrial welfare and legislation, elements of radiation, physical chemistry, applied mental health, radiation tech-nology, genetic and biochemical effects of radiation, effects of radiation on mammals andonman, radiation pathology, problems of environmental contamination, principles and methods of radiation pro-tection and dosimetry, safety standards and special legislation, practical work

Doctors of medicine con-cerned exclusively with radiation protection problems. In the field of public health and industrial welfare and medicine

Supplementary instruction in radiation protection

1 academic year

Free University of Brussels (School of Public Health)

Supplementary training, for doctors of medicine

Basic principles of atomic physics and chemistry, uses ofnuclearenergy, radio-biology and pathology of radiations, con -tamination and irradiation problems, radiation protection, radiation dosimetry, special legislation; practical work

Doctors of medicine whose main activity in industrial medicine involves problems of sur-veillance of workers exposed to ionizing radiation

Medical specialists in radiation protection (free courses)

1 year

University of Liège (Faculty of Medicine)

Supplementary, for doctors of medicine

Physical bases of medical radiology, in-cluding radiation dosimetry; radiobiology (histopathology, biochemistry); radiation protection problems (radiation hygiene, radiation protection techniques, radiation protection at reactors)

Belgium Nuclear sciences and radiation protection

1 academic year

Catholic University of Lou vain (Interfaculty Institute of Nuclear Science and Radiation Protection)

Comprehensive, post-graduate for holders of degree or diploma of doctor of medicine, pharmacists, 'licentiates' in sciences, civil engineers, agronomists, engineers specializing in chemistry and the agricultural industries

Experimental physics, mathematics, biology, principles of nuclear physics, general and special radiobiology, nuclear chemistry, methods of measur-ing radioisotopes, radiation protection (physical monitoring and medical surveillance), environmental protection and surveillance, practical work, seminan

Specialization, depending on division chosen

Basic training course in radiation protection

1 academic year

Catholic University of Louvain (Faculty of Medicine)

Comprehensive, academic, for holders of university degrees or of engineering or technological diplomas

Nuclear physics, methods of measuring radioisotopes, radiation protection (physical monitoring and medical surveillance), general and special dosimetry, general and special radio-biology, elements of radiochemistry and radiotoxicology, environmental protection and legislation, practical work

R a d i o p r o t e c t i o n and h y g i e n e Dosimetry

1 to 2 years

Free Unive r s i ty of Brussels (Faculty of Applied Sciences)

Comprehensive, post-graduate for civil engineers, officers (Royal Military School), doctors and 'licentiates' in sciences (physics, chemistry)

Economic And legal aspects of atomic energy; operation, control and safety

-of nuclear reactors; nuclear physics; mechanical and thermal engineering of nuclear reactors; nuclear chemistry and metallurgy; theory of nuclear reactors; complements of theory of nuclear reactors; dosimetry, radiation protection and dosimetry; options on basic principles of nuclear fission and plasma physics, nuclear elec-tronics and instrumentation, corrosion problems in nuclear industry, radio-isotope production and its application, metallurgy, problems in nuclear engineering, particle accelerator; specialization work

m T A B L E A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curruculum Remarks

Belgium Special licence in radiobiology

1 - 2 years

Free University of Brussels (Faculty of Science)

Comprehensive for diploma holden of 'licentiate' in sciences (chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, geology and minerology), civil engineers, pharma-cists, doctors of medicine

Basic: For 'licentiate' in physics and civil engineering: elements of general biology. For others: elements of nuclear physics* Training proper in radiobiology Includes: elements of radiochemistry and chemical effects of radiation, biochemical and genetic effects of radiation; effects of radiation on mammals and on man; special problems in radiobiology, problems of radioactive wastes, population dose; methods of protection against radiation*

Brazil Radiation protection and dosimetry

S semesters

3 sem esleís

Instituto de Energía Atómica, Sao Paulo

Post-graduate for B.Sc. and M. D.

On-the-job and supple-mentary for medical officers, health physicists

Ten disciplines related to radiation protection and dosimetry

Same as above

Training course on radiation measurement (in Portuguese)

4 - 6 weeks

Instituto de Pesquisas Radioativas, CBT, Belo Horizonte

Introductory for technicians in radiation protection

Principles in radiation protection; interaction with matter; radiation units, biological effects; maximum permissible doses; exposure calculation; external radiation protection; internal radiation protection; radiation detection and instrumentation; experiments on measurements

Diploma of technical college required for admission

Canada Radiobiology and radioprotection

3 months

University of Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universi-taire, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Quebec

Specialized, introductory, on-the-job for medical office is and technicians

Properties of matter, interaction with radiation; radiochemistry; biological effects; radiosensitivity; radiation damage; genetic effects; radiobiology; effects of radiation on gonads; natural and artificial radionuclides; radiation protection; exposures

Canada Radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine

1 school term

University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver

Comprehensive, for undergraduates and graduates in science, pharmacy or medical students

Fundamentals, radiation detection; production of radionuclides for nuclear medicine; preparation of radiopharma-ceuticals; quality control of prepara-tions; dynamic considerations; health protection

Part of a university course

In-vitro assay techniques in nuclear medicine

1 school term

University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver

Comprehensive, for undergraduates and graduates in science, pharmacy or medical students

Fundamentals; labelling and handling of ligands; neutron activation analysis and gamma-ray spectrometry; isotope dilution techniques; radioimmunoassay techniques; double labelling techniques

M.Sc. in medical physics

1 school year (minimum of 12 months)

University of Manitoba, Winnipeg

Comprehensive, for graduates in physics, mathe-matics and physics, engineering physics

Two or three graduate courses suitable in candidates' programme. Thesis required. Programme related to radiation physics as applied to radio-therapy, nuclear medicine or radiology

Requirements for admission: Honours in B.Sc. in physics, mathematics and physics or engineering physics

Radioprotection Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec

Comprehensive, post-graduate course for specialists in radiology

Radiation units, introduction to radiology, MPD, radioprotection principles and methods, shielding, instrumentation, inspections and standards

Radiology (part of university course)

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

Comprehensive, under-graduate, for medical students

Completion of 1st y eat of medicine required

Denmark WHO Inter-regional training course on radiation protec-tion, supervision and inspection

4 weeks every 2 years

State Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Copenhagen

Introductory for medical officers, sanitary engineers from public health authorities

Radiation protection, basic physics and biology

Academic degree required

Egypt Radiation protection engineering

2 weeks

Radiation Protection Department, Atomic Energy Establishment, Cairo

introductory for junior scientists (physicists)

Not available B.Sc. required

T A B L E A 2 - I . (cont . )

Country Title, duration and

frequency institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Egypt Radiation protection

1 academic year

Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo

Comprehensive, post-graduate

Not available B. Sc. required

France Course in radiation protection

3 weeks

National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN), Gif-sur-Yvette

Introductory for (a) Doctors of medicine, pharmacists, biologists employed by Ministry of Public Health; (b) Factory inspectors, safety engineers, consulting engineers employed by Ministry of Labour and Social Security; (c) Agronomists, veteri-narians, engineers employed by Ministry of Agriculture

Basic course includes: structure of matter; characteristics of radiation; fundamental laws of radioactive decay; nuclear reactions; interaction between radiation and matter; principles of radiation measurement; biological effects; radiobiological factors and units in radiation protection; hazards of radiation and toxicity of radio-isotopes; principles of protection against radiation and contamination; basic safety standards; other specialized topics to suit the requirements of the trainees; practical work

Diploma for senior radiation protection technician

19 months

National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN), Gif-sur-Yvette

Supplemental, advanced for personnel of CEA and other institutions. Systematic, comprehensive. One year of actual technical work in radiation protection.

Classical and modern mathematics; general physics; units: conversion systems; applied statistics; chemistry; electronics; nuclear physics; biology; dosimetry: measurement of radia-tions; radiation sources; standards and radiation hygiene; radiobiology; sample analysis; electronics associated with radiation protection; protection against irradiation; contamination

Level: Baccalaureate and 1 year preparation for higher technical colleges; Advanced technical diploma or three certifi-cates from National College of Higher Technology or diploma of radio technician, bio-logical analyst, chemist, physicist, electronic specialist or electro-technician

France Course for certificate of radiation protection technician

3 months

National Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INSTN), Gif-sur-Yvette

First degree, training or retraining for personnel of CEA and other institutions, radiation protection services

Applied mathematics; general physics; elementary electronics, applied chemistry, biology: nuclear physics; detection and measurement of radiation; standards: radiation hygiene; radiation sources; protection against external irradiation; protection against contamina-tion; monitoring; safety problems

Specialist diploma in industrial studies

Practical course in decontamination

8 weeks

National institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology and CEA Department of Health Protection, Fontenay-aux-Roses

Training and retraining for personnel of CEA and other institutions

Nuclear physics; radiation hazards; means of protection; detection and dosimetry; decontamination techniques; emergency action; practical work

Course for technicians using radioisotopes in hospitals

16 months

National Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology and CEA Department of Health Protection, Fontenay-aux-Roses

Basic, specialized for laboratory technicians, radiology assistants and nursing staff

Mathematics; statistics; general physics; units and conversion systems; biology; dosimetry; protection against radia-tion; protection against contamination; radiation hygiene; radiation protection; medical technology

8 months by correspondence for basic instruction

Advanced course for senior civil defence personnel

1 week

National Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology and CEA Department of Health Protection, Fontenay-aux-Roses

Advanced course for senior civil defence personnel

Purposes of radiation protection; bio-logical effects of radiation; safety standards; principles of radiation protec-tion; problems of radiological safety; precautions against contamination; presentation of equipment and plant; practical work

After-cou rses by Ministry of Interior (National School of Civil Defence)

Germany, Fed. Rep. Strahlenschutzkurs für Ärzte

3 weeks

Akademie fOr Arbeitsmedizin, Berlin

Comprehensive for doctors of medicine

Principles of radiation physics; general radiobiology and human genetics; special radlopathology including haematology, with consideration of methods in medical radiation protection; physical and chemical protection methods, physical radiation protection control; devices and construction in radiation protection; industrial hygiene; immediate medical action in case of accidents in radiation installations; laws and norms in the field of radia-tion protection with consideration of the recommendations oflCRP and Euratom basic norms; practical work

Also available: 1 week course for lung specialists; 1-week course for physicists; 1-week course for engineers and technicians

Ol m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Germany, Fed. Rep. Strahlenschutzlehrgang für den Umgang mit offenen radioaktiven Stoffen

2 weeks

Fachhochschule Aachen, Abtlg. Jülich, Kursstätte für Kerntechnik und Strahlenschutz, Jülich

Comprehensive; for participants proof of finishing training as technician

Principles of radioactivity; principles of nuclear radiation measurement techniques; radiation protection; biological radiation effects; handling of unsealed radioactive material; decontamination; isotope applications, general principles and examples of application in biology and medicine; special nuclear radiation measurement methods in biology and medicine; practical exercises

Also available: 1-week course for technicians and laboratory workers; 1-week course in sealed sources; 1-week course for engineers, chemists; 1-week course for engineers in sealed sources

Kurs über Strahlenschutz

2 weeks

Schule für Kerntechnik, Kernfoischungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe

Comprehensive for university students, graduates and engineers

Principles of nuclear physics; nuclide charts, isotope table; quantities: units of radiation protection measurement; electronics of measuring instruments; dosimetry; radiation protection regula-tions; transport of radioactive materials; security problems; shielding for radio-active materials; biological effects of ionizing radiations; incorporation measurements; decontamination of personnel and equipment; water, air and environmental control; air filters; identification of radionuclides; neutron measurement techniques; practical exercises

Also available: 2-week course, intro-ductory for technicians and engineers

2-week course, supple-mentary for those working in practical radiation protection

Ausbildung in Kerntechnik und zum Strahlenschutz-verantwortlichen

Staatliche Fachhochschule Kiel für Technik und Sozialwesen, Fachbereich

Technik, Kiel

Comprehensive for responsible radiation protection officers/engineers, or equivalent

Introduction to atomic and nuclear physics; stable and unstable nuclides; radioactivity interaction of ionizing radiation with matter; biological effects of ionizing radiation; principles of radiation measurement techniques; dosimetry; analyses of activity and con-centration; radiation protection calcula-tion, doses, shielding, e tc . ; general protection measures in work with radia-tion; norms of safety; legal problems

Also available: short course for various groups

Germany, Fed. Rep. Nukle armed i zlnit cher Strahlens chu tzkurs

1 week

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bei München

Comprehensive foi matrons, student nurses, radium nurses, medical technicians, assistants

Natural and artificial radiation sources; X-ray physics; technical: production of X-radiation; dosimetry of X-radiation; radiation protection in X-ray diagnosis; radiation biology; radiation damage; effects of absorption technique, filtering, screening on patient radia-tion load; working principles with radioactive substances; regulations and recommendations for radiation protec-tion; personnel dosimetry; practical exercises

Roentgenstrahlenschutzkuis

1 week

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bei München

Comprehensive for medical doctors, veterinarians and hospital physicists

X-ray physics; technical: production of X-radiation; radiation protection in the application of radioactive materials; radiation protection in X-ray diagnosis; biology principles in radia-tion protection; effects of absorption technique, filtering, screening on patient radiation load; radiation pro-tection in X-ray therapy; regulations and recommendations for radiation protec-tion in use of X-ray machines; genetic damage from X-radiation; practical exercises

Also available: 1-week course for matrons, student nurses. X-ray nurses, medical tech-nicians, assistants

Strahlenschutzkurs für Veterinäre

5 days

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bei München

Introductory for veterinarians Natural and artificial radiation sources; introductory atomic physics; radio-isotopes in industry, technique, agri-culture and biology; introduction to nuclear physics; radioisotopes in veterinary medicine; detection of nuclear radiation; calculation, graphical representation in evaluation of experi-ments; qualities of nuclear radiation; acute and chronic radiation syndrome; dosimetry and physical radiation protec-tion; radiation protection legislation; practical exercises

Also available: 5-day 1st advanced course

5-day 2nd advanced course

3-day supplementary course

T A B L E A 2 - I . (cont . )

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Germany« Fed. Rep. Strahlenschutz

1 week

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bei München

Introductory for medical doctors, pharmacists, biologists

Natural and artificial radiation sources; introduction to atomic and nuclear physics; radioisotopes in industry, technique, agriculture and biology; qualities of nuclear radiation, radioisotopes in medicine; detection of nuclear radiation; dosimetry and physical radiation protection; acute and chronic radiation damage; late radiation damage; hereditary damage caused by radiation; first-aid measures in radiation accidents with special consideration of radloactively con-taminated Injuries; radiation protection (rules); practical exercises

Also available: 1-week 1st advanced course

1-week 2nd advanced course

4-day supplementary course

Strahlenschutzkun

2 weeks

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bei München

Comprehensive for doctors in public health service

Function of public health service concerning protection of the popula-tion from hazards of ionizing radia-tions; natural and artificial radiation sources; introduction to atomic and nuclear physics; radioisotopes in industry, technique, agriculture and biology; qualities of nuclear radiation; radioisotopes in medicine; dosimetry and physical radiation protection; acute and chroiiic radiation damage; late radiation damage; hereditary damage caused by radiation; radiation protection (rules); radiation measuring equipment; incorporation measure-ments; decontamination; neutron dosi-metry; nuclear accidents and emergencies; practical exercises

Also available: 1-week advanced course

Germany, Fed. Rep, Strahlenschutz

2 weeks

Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg bel München

Introductory course for

firemen

Includes: Natural and artificial radia-tion; introduction to atomic and nuclear physics; radiation rules; radioisotopes in industry, agriculture, biology and medicine; acute chronic radiation damage; late radiation damage; dosi-metry; radiation measuring instruments; personnel dosimetry; function of f ire-men in radiation protection; demonstrations

Also available: 2-week 1st advanced course

2-week 2nd advanced course

Zusatzsemester Kerntechnik

und Stiahlenschutz

1 semester

Staatliche Ingenieurschule,

Saarbrücken

Additional training for engineers

Includes: Atomic physics; general physics; radiation measurement tech-niques; electronics; radiochemistry; radiation biology; dosimetry; radiation protection; atomic law; X-ray techniques; reactor physics; shielding; practical exercises include 8 days reactor practice

Strahlens chutzkuis

3 days

Staubforschungsinstitut des Haupt Verbandes der gewerblichen Beruftgenossenschañen e . V . , Bonn

Short introductory course for safety engineers, radia-tion protection com-missioners or other responsible persons

Fundamentals of nuclear physics, radiation protection from the legal view; fundamentals of radiation protection; radiation effects; practical exercises on testing and measurement; calculation exercises

StiahlenschutzkuB

2 weeks

Strahlenzentrum dei Justus-Liebig-Universität, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, Glessen

Comprehensive for medical doctors, scientists, engineers

Includes: Fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics; interaction of radia-tion with matter; radiation detection instruments; technical problems on radiation protection; identifying radio-nuclides; waste water control; dosimetry; measurement of personal dose; radia-tion protection control in working place*; decontamination; handling of radioactive wastes; rules and regula-tions; shielding; biological effects; dealing with thorium, radium and daughter products; liquid scintillation; exhaust air: environmental control; equipment and facilities for isotope laboratories; handling of tritium; radiatioa protection in diagnosis and therapy; incor-poration measurements; practical exercises

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Germany, Fed. Rep. Strahlenschutzkurs

3-4 months

Technische Universität Hannover, Arbeitsgruppe für bautechnischen Strahlen-schutz, Hannover

Introductory for users of isotopes and radioactive sources in research and industry

Elementary fundamentals of radiation physics; radiation detection; protective measures in the field of radiation; legal provision and obligations

Zusatzausbildung in Radiochemie und Isotopen-technik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Strahlenschutzes

Ohm-Polytechnikum, Nürnberg

Supplementary training in radiochemistry and isotope techniques

Nuclear physics; radiochemistry; isotope techniques; nuclear radiation measurements; reactor techniques; radiation protection and control techniques; practical exercises

1 semester

India Health physics

6 months

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Health Physics Division, Trombay, Bombay

Specialized, advanced, on-the-job and practical training for health physicists

Specialized knowledge of operational health physics, on-the-job training at reactors and other nuclear plants

Degree in science required

Safety aspects in the medical uses of radiation

4 weeks, twice a year

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Directorate of Radiation Protection, Trombay, Bombay

Systematic for medical doctors and medical physicists

Fundamentals of nuclear physics; interaction of radiation with matter; biological effects; instrumentation and scope of medical uses of radia-tion and attendant radiological health and safety problems; experiments

Degree in medicine, with 1 year experience in medical application

Safety aspects in the industrial application of radiation sources

4 weeks, twice a year

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Directorate of Radiation Protection, Trombay, Bombay

Systematic for B. Sc. with 1 year experience in industrial radiography or other industrial users

Fundamentals of nuclear physics, interaction of radiation with matter; biological effects; instrumentation and scope of industrial application of radiation sources along with radio-logical health and safety problems; experiments

India Post-graduate training course in hospital physics and radiological physics

1 year

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Directorate of Radiation Protection, Trombay, Bombay

Long-term, comprehensive for health and radiological physics

Radiological mathematics; elements of biology, anatomy, physiology; radiation physics, nuclear -and medical electronics instruments-, radiation dosimetry; radiobiology; medical and other applications of radia-tion sources; principles of radiological health and safety

9 months academic training, 3 months practical training

Isiael Use of radioisotopes in biological research

2 months

Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv

Introductory for life sciences students

Properties afid use of radioisotopes, isotope production, counting equipment, biological research, safety

For 3rd year university students

Italy Radiotoxicology

2¿ weeks

Comitato Nazionale per l'Energla Nucleate Casaccia, Rome

Basic training for graduates and non-graduates

Includes: Elements of radioactivity; radiation detection; biological effects; protection for internal contamination; contamination risks in industrial applications; internal dosimetry; evaluation of internal contamination; chemical methods and radiometry of radionuclides; control of radiotoxicity; management in case of accidental contamination; practical exercises

Health physics

6 weeks

Politécnico di Milano, Milan Introductory for health physicists

Includes: Nucleus, stable and unstable; types of radiation; fission; nuclear reactions; Interaction of radiation with matter; detection and instrumentation; monitoring; dosimetry; biological effects; genetic effects; ICRP recommendations; organization and responsibility of radiation protection; legal aspects; laboratory design; environmental control; practical exercises

Radioisotope technique

6 weeks

Politécnico di Milano, Milan Organized for graduates in chemistry, physics, medicine, natural sciences, biology, agriculture, veterinary medicine

Includes: properties of nuclei; radio-activity; attenuation of radiation in matter; production of isotopes; detec-tion of particles; application of radio-isotopes; dosimetry; security measures; design of laboratories; practical exercises

T A B L E A 2 - I . ( con t . )

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Italy Nuclear safety/radiation protection

6 weeks

University of Pisa, Pisa For graduates in nuclear engineering

Dosimetry; maximum permissible concentrations in air and water; transport of radioactive materials; legislation; shielding, gamma/neutron; practical exercises

Specialization in radioisotope technique/radiation protection

1 year

University of Bologna, Bologna

For graduates in medicine, surgery, veterinary medicine, mathematics, physics, industrial chemistry, pharmacy, engineering, agriculture

Includes: Dosimetry: dose measurement; elements of radioactivity and measure-ment; health physics and radioprotec-tion; elements of nuclear chemistry and radiation chemistry; mathematics; practical exercises

Japan a Radiation protection

8 weeks, twice a year

National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba

Systematic for college graduate level in science, medical doctors

Basic and practical knowledge of radiological protection for technical supervision and conduct of protective activities

Radiation protection officers

8 weeks

National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba

Systematic for administra-tive leaden

Emphasis in radiation protection, labour health, industrial hygiene and public health

For those who are already in responsible position

Luxembourg Elementary course in radiation protection

6-10 hours

Public Health Radiation Protection Service, Luxembourg

Introductory for industrial workers; technical persons in contact with radiation sources and equipment

Includes: Structure of matter; radiation and dose; measuring devices; biological effects; regulations; methods of pro-tection; radiation protection in industry; physical monitoring and medical surveillance

a Taken over from Annex II of IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 31 (1964) since no new information is available.

Netherlands Radiation protection J. A. Cohen Institute for Comprehensive, for university Radiation sources, atomic and nuclear Also open to medical Radiopathology and Radiation graduates in engineering. physics, interaction, radiation dosimetry. doctors; certificate given

(Courses are given 5 months, once a year Protection, University of physics, chemistry, etc. detection, internal radioactivity. to successful trainees in Dutch) Leiden, Leiden radiobiology, genetics, MPD, MPC,

shielding, legal aspects; practical exercises

Radiation protection for J. A. Cohen Institute for Comprehensive, for medical Sealed radiation sources, interaction Confined to sealed radiologists Radiopathology and Radiation doctors specializing in with matter, radiation dosimetry, dose sources and X-ray

Protection, University of radiology distribution, radiobiology, genetics. machines 3i weeks, once a year Leiden, Leiden MPD, quality factor, shielding, legal

aspects; practical exercises

Safe handling of unsealed J. A. Cohen Institute for Comprehensive, for Maximum permissible concentration, Course 2 above required; radioactive isotopes in Radiopathology and Radiation graduates in physics. doses caused by internal radioactivity. certificate given to medicine Protection, University of

Leiden, Leiden chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry and medicine

whole-body counting, safety and emergency measures, legal aspects

successful trainees

2 weeks, once a year working in nuclear medicine

X-ray protection J. A. Cohen Institute for Intensive for M.D, (non- Lectures on X-ray tubes, interaction Certificate given to Radiopathology and Radiation radiologists) using diagnostic of X-rays and electrons with matter, successful trainees after

1 week, every other year Protection, university of Leiden, Leiden

X-rays radiation dosimetry, dose distribu-tion, radiobiology, genetics, MPD, protection of patients and personnel in roentgen diagnosis

written examination

Radiation protection Interuniversity Reactor Comprehensive, for Interaction of radiation with matter. Certificate given to Institute, Delft physicists, chemists. detection, dosimetry, biological successful trainees.

12 days, over a 3-4 weeks' chemical engineers effects, MPD, MPC, shielding, safety Theoretical part in book: period, twice a year measures; practical exercises Weber and Rasmussen,

Strahlingsbescherming, Delftse Uitgevers Mij . , Delft (1972)

Radiation protection Institute for Application of intensive, introductory Interaction with matter, dosimetry. (Course C) Atomic Energy in

Agriculture, Wageningen for persons working in agricultural research

detection, biological effects, MPD, , internal contamination, shielding and

2 weeks, once a year other safety measures, waste disposal, legal aspects; practical exercises

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

Netherlands Ionizing radiation

4 days (10 evenings) 3 times a year

Stich ting Cursusson M aterí alen kennis, The Hague

Specialized, fyr technicians working with sealed sources

20 lecture hours on radiation protec-tion and half a day practical exercises

Certificate given to successful trainees

Safe handling and transporting of radioactive substances

1 day, 3 times a year

Reactor Centre Netherlands, The Hague

Specialized, for public service personnel, firemen, transport personnel

Some lectures and demonstrations; practical exercises

Course given at Reactor Centre, Petten

Philippines Radiological health and safety course

7-8 weeks, yearly

Nuclear Training Institute, Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, Quezon City

Radiological safety officers, medical officers, radiologists, nuclearnurses

Nuclear fundamentals. Interaction with matter, nuclear radiations, radiation physics, detection and instrumentation, dosimetry, maximum permissible exposures, monitoring, decontamination, waste management, shielding, transport, laboratory design, emergency, hazards evalua-tion; exercises

Associate course in radiologic art

3 years

Marian General Hospital, School of Medical X-ray Technology, Manila

Undergraduate studies In addition to basic requirements for first two years of college; lectures and exercises on radiation physics, radiobiology and radiation protection, general radiography

Leading to associate in arts degree

Switzerland Post-graduate course on application of radioisotopes

2 parts of 2 weeks each

Institut d'Electrochimle et Radiochimie, EPFL, Lausanne/ Zurich

Comprehensive for university graduates

Includes: Nuclear physics; ionizing radiation; statistics; metrology of radio-nuclides; detection, gas proportional counting; liquid scintillation counting; scanning; electronics; photographic and autoradiographic methods; radio-decay; conservation, purity control of radioactive materials; radioisotope applications; spectrometry; standardiza-tion of radionuclides; activation analysis; dosimetry; radiation protection

Switzerland Radiological protection course for doctors

3 weeks, once a year

Federal Public Hygiene Service, Bollwerk, Bern

For doctors with experience in handling radioisotopes and who wish to specialize in nuclear medicine

Knowledge of radiological protection necessary for the application of radio-active materials to man

Course in radiology and radiological protection for gynaecologists

Federal Public Hygiene Service, Bollwerk, Bern

Specialized course for gynaecologists

Knowledge of radiological protection necessary for the application of radio-active materials in gynaecology

1 week, once every 2-3 years

Radiological protection course for engineers

12 weeks, in summer

Federal Reactor Research Institute, Wiirenlingen

Designed for auxiliary personnel, technicians, laboratory workers, etc.

Essentially of practical nature, including fundamentals of nuclear physics, biological effects of radia-tion measuring techniques, radiological protection techniques

United Kingdom M,Sc. in medical physics

1 year

University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen

Comprehensive, academic, full-time for prospective hospital physicists

Physics and dosimetry of ionizing radiations and particles and their application in X-ray and radium therapy. X-ray diagnosis, and radio-biological research; radioisotope physics; ultrasonic techniques; image intensification and visualization techniques; data manipulation and computer in medicine; health physics (radiation protection); biomedical electronics and engineering (monitoring); non-ionizing radiation - applications and research; introductory to physiology, biochemistry, anatomy

Honours 1st degree in physics or engineering or equivalent required for admission

Introductory radiation protection

3 days, twice a year

University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen

Introductory for research students

Basic safety standards for research work with ionizing radiations; requirements of Code of Practice covered

For graduates who will go into research

T A B L E A 2 - I . ( con t . )

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United Kingdom Health physics and environmental physics

3 years

University of Salford, Salford, Lanes.

Comprehensive, academic, full-time for undergraduates

Physics and mathematics and other allied subjects for first two years. Medical physics, radiation protection, industrial safety, environmental pollution, acoustics, control of domestic and industrial environment, laboratory work, history of science

Leading to B. Sc. (honours) degree

M. Sc. in radiological health and safety

1 year

University of Salford, Salford, Lanes.

Comprehensive, academic, full-time for graduates in physics (hons, ), chemistry, biology or medicine or equivalent

Physics, basic biology, basic elec-tronics, detection and measurement of radiation, interactions of radia-tion with matter, shielding, X-rays, computers, reactors, accelerators, radiation chemistry and radiation damage, radiochemistry, dosimetry, health physics legislation, radio-biology, control of occupational radiation hazards and radioactivity, control of environmental radiation hazards and radioactivity, medical aspects, specific occupational protec-tion problems, laboratory work

Leading to M.Sc. degree

M. Sc. post-graduate diploma in radiation and environmental protection studies

M.Sc. 1 year Diploma 9 months

Physics Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey

Academic. This course aims to give a compre-hensive post-graduate training in the principles and practices of radiation protection and its relation-ship to the general field of environmental protection

The natural environment of man; environmental consequences of large-scale energy generation; dispersal of industrial contaminants through the biosphere; physics, chemistry and biology of radiation protection; environmental protection

Successful trainees will be suitable for employ-ment as health physicists or environmental protection officers

United Kingdom Radiation safety and health physics

1 school year

Radiation safety and health physics

2 weeks, once a year

Radiation safety practice. Stages I and II

Stage 1: 8 weeks Stage II: 8 weeks

(a) Industrial radiological protection 4 days

(b) Industrial radiological protection 2 days

(c) Industrial radiological protection 3 days

(d) Radiological protection for veterinary services 1 evening

(e) Transport of radioactive substances 1-day seminar

(f) Radiological protection 4 days

Liverpool Polytechnic, Liverpool

Liverpool Polytechnic, Liverpool

Ipswich Civic College, Suffolk

Comprehensive, academic, full-time course, for B. Sc., second- or first-class honours degree in chemistry or physics or biology

Introductory, and supple-mentary, for health physicists, medical officers, technicians, administrators, supervisors

Short courses, introductory and supplementary for (a) competent persons (b) sisters and nurses (e) transport workers (f) fire officers

Radiological protection: subject of research to be agreed between the supervisor and research student

Lectures, tutorials, practicals, visits. Sources of radiation, measurement of radiation, biological aspects, radio-logical protection (shielding). X-rays, transport and packaging, radioactive waste, monitoring, ventilation, air filtration, contamination, ICRP recommendations, glove boxes, hot cells, protective clothing

Comprehensive theoretical and practical course of 220 hours.

For (a) to (f): similar to that for corresponding courses provided by National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell (see below)

Leading to M.Phil, or Ph.D. (CNAA)by research in radiation chemistry or analytical radiochemistry, or nuclear chemistry, or radiation or radiobiology

œ oo

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United Kingdom Radioisotope techniques (part of graduate oourse)

University of Technology, Loughborough, Leics.

Comprehensive, for post-graduate students

Measurement and handling of radioisotope uses; radiological protection; design of laboratories

Degree or HNC required for admission

Radiation protection and uses of isotopes

1 week, 4 times a year

Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, Glasgow

Introductory for under-graduates, post-graduates, and academic staff

Atomic structure, interaction of radia-tion with matter, principles of radia-tion detection, external radiation hazards and control, internal radia-tion hazards, maximum permissible body burdens and concentrations, control of internal hazards and measurement techniques, codes of practice, waste disposal, biological effects of radiation; experimental work

Written examination at end of course; certificates given to successful candidates

Radiological safety (part of Anal year course for B. Sc. Hons, and HND Applied Physics)

1 or 2 weeks

Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth

Introductory, supplementary for medical officers, super-visors, industrial workers, teachers, technicians, medical technicians

Radiological protection

2 weeks

North Staffordshire Polytechnic, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs.

Introductory, comprehensive, for technicians, supervisors

Detection and measurement of radiation and levels of contamination

Degree required for

admission

Radiation protection

4 afternoons

Guy's Hospital Medical School, London

Introductory for research scientists, technicians

Biological effects of radiation, maximum permissible dose, code of practice, legislation, waste disposal, transport

Part of fellowship of Faculty of Radiologists

5 hours lectures and on-the-job training

Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London

Comprehensive on-the-job for medical officers

Biological effects of radiation, radia-tion hazards, staff monitoring, shielding, protection of patients, survey monitoring, maximum permissible doses

United Kingdom Part of diploma of Society of Radiographers

5 hours lectures and on-the-job training

The Schools of Radiography and Radiotherapy, London

Comprehensive, on-the-job, for radiographers

Biological effects of radiation, radia-tion hazards, staff monitoring, shielding, protection of patients, survey monitoring, maximum permissible doses

M.Sc. in radiation physics St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Medical College, London

Comprehensive, post-graduate

Physics of radiation protection, inter-actions and measurements; isotope techniques; radiobiology; radiation safety codes

B.Sc. in physics required for admission

Summer school in health physics

2 weeks

Imperial College, London Comprehensive, broad based; for graduates in science, engineering and medicine

Principles of physics, biology, radio-biology and genetics; hazards of ionizing radiation, external dose limits, permissible levels of internal contamination, legal aspects, disposal of radioactive wastes, transport of radioactive materials, monitoring, radiation hazards, radiological protec-tion, accidents and emergencies, environmental hazards

Not leading to a degree

Advanced course in radiological protection

4 weeks, annual

National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell

Comprehensive, post-graduate, for experienced health physicists, medical officers

Advanced radiation physics. Current developments in radiological units, radiation detection and health physics instrumentation. More detailed radio-pathology, epidemiology, evaluation of radiation risks; detailed analysis of ICRP metabolic models. Developments in philosophy underlying ICRP dose limits; present trends and new concepts; cost-benefit analysis, technical-managerial problems. More advanced theoretical and applied dosimetry, particularly neutron dosimetry, nuclear accident dosimetry; high-energy radiation dosimetry and biological indicators of absorbed dose. Advanced aspects of occupational pro-tection, including comparison of health physics philosophy and practice at different establishments, planning

m T A B L E A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United Kingdom Advanced course in radiological protection (cont, )

National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell

and interpretation of investigatory surveys and monitoring programmes, safely policy, safety assessment of reactors and radiochemical plant, survey of special topics of occupational interest including aerosol physics and criticality accidents, health physics problems of the nuclear power industry and high-energy accelerator environments.

Advanced aspects of population protec-tion; basis for safe discharge of radio-activity to the environment, food chains, critical nuclides and pathways; reactor safety and siting criteria, meteorological aspects, risk evaluation for large-scale accidents, pre-planning aspects and counter-measures, environmental modelling in radiological protection, control of population doses from medical and non-medical Irradiation, applica-tion of radiation standards to the environment around nuclear power stations.

Medical-legal-administratlve aspects. Implication of doses above permissible levels, management of overexposure, national and international bodies for radiological protection, organization and management of health physics services. Syndicate exercises; operational handling of a criticality accident and large-scale accidental and planned releases of radioactivity. Visits: these include a nuclear power station and fuel element processing plant.

United Kingdom Post-graduate course in radiological protection

4 weeks, annual

National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell

Comprehensive, post-graduate. The course is intended to meet the initial and early training requirements of full-time operational health physics staff of graduate level

Nuclear physics, radiation interactions, nuclear reactions. Sources and uses of radiation; natural and man-made radiation, nuclear reactors, fission products (production, yields, properties), the atomic energy industry. Radiation detection and measurement, statistics, health physics instruments. Human anatomy and physiology, radiobiology, evaluation of somatic and genetic risks, epidemiology. Maximum permissible levels; basis, derivation and application of ICRP limits, derived working limits. Radiological units, dosimetry of radia-tion beams, radioisotope dosimetry for external and internal sources. Occupational protection; external radiation control, shielding calcula-tions, monitoring, personnel dosimetry for external and internal sources. Occupational protection; external radia-tion control, shielding calculations, monitoring, personnel dosimetry; con-tamination control, monitoring of surfaces, air and fot body radioactivity, excretions monitoring; planning and design standards for work; application of radiological protection in research, industry, medicine; criticality control; accidents and emergency procedures. Population protection, waste disposal, transportation, reactor accidents. Legislation and codes of practice, organization of health physics services, medical supervision. Non-radiological hazards, toxicology, fire and explosion risks, industrial accidents, non-ionizing radiation. Practical work and visits.

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Countiy Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and

' type of trainee Curriculum Remarks

United Kingdom Radiological protection

1 week

AERE, Harwell Introductory, usually for graduates

Basic physics; biological effects; derived working limits; properties and detection of radiation; health physics instruments; internal and external radiation hazards and their control; industrial uses of radioisotopes and X-rays; laboratory design; decontamina-tion and waste disposal; organization of protection services; regulations and codes of practice; transport of radio-active materials; legal aspects

Various short courses presented at regular intervals: (a) Four-day course for

competent persons from factories

(b) Two-day and three-day course for users of unsealed radioactive substances

(c) One-day and two-day course for radiation workers

(d) Radiation protection in NDT (one-day seminar)

(e) Half-day and two-day course on transport of radioactive substances

(f) One-day and two-day course for sisters and nurses

(g) One-day course or evening seminar on radiation safety in dental practice

(h) Radiation safety in veterinary practice 2-hour seminar

National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell (At regional centres of the Board and also in co-operation with certain universities, polytechnics and colleges in England, Wales and Scotland)

Introductory, for various categories of trainees

(a) Radiation: Types, properties and applications; dose and contamination units; biological effects of radiation: maximum permissible doses; personal monitoring; dosage calculations; admini-strative requirements of regulations; instruments used in radiological protec-tion; shielding and design of facilities; source containers; factory forms; detailed requirements of regulations; common faults and accidents; emergency proce-dures; transport regulations; Alms, laboratory work, discussions, etc.

(b) Radiation: Types, properties and applications; dose and contamination units; biological effects of radiation; maximum permissible doses; maximum permissible levels of surface contamina-tion; personal monitoring; Instruments used in radiological protection; reducing the internal hazard; rules for the labora-tory; shielding and design of laboratories; regulations and codes of practice; emergency procedures; common faults and accidents; transport regulations; films, laboratory work, discussions, etc.

Course (e): Applicable for competent persons, transport managers, safety officers, radiological protection officers, police and fire officers

United Kingdom (i) Two-day course for persons working with gauges

( j) Seminar on emergency precautions and arrangements

(k) One-day and two-day course for industrial radiographers

(1) Two-day course for X-ray crystallographers

(c) Types of radiation and their proper-ties: dose units; biological effects; maxi-mum permissible doses; personal moni-toring; radiation monitors; factory regula tions; common faults; source containers; shielding; notes on transport regulations; emergency procedures; films, laboratory work, discussions, etc.

(d) Harmful effects of ionizing radia-tions and derivation of maximum per-missible doses; personal monitoring: methods and objectives; review of uses of ionizing radiations in NDT and require ments of regulations and research and teaching code of practice; transport regulations; common faults and accidents: lessons to be learnt; film, discussions, etc. (e) Hazards of radioactive materials, classification of isotopes (small sources exempt); packing, labelling, certificates (consignment, etc.); regulations and codes of practice; film (transport of radioactive materials); storage of radio-active materials in transit; radioactive substances (road transport workers); regulations; practical exercises. The half-day course is for persons whose work involves the actual carriage of radioactive materials. ( f ) Radiation: types, properties and appli-cations; dose and contamination units; personal monitoring; biological effects of radiation; maximum permissible doses; blood examination (interpretation of results); emergency procedures. I: Care of casualties, II: NAIR scheme. Diagnostic X-ray equipment: recom-mendations of code of practice; notes on requirements of factory regulations; personal monitoring and other forms (health register, dose records, transfer forms, etc. ); common faults and acci-dents; requirements of regulations after an accident has been reported; film, discussions, etc.

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United Kingdom Various short courses (cont.)

National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell

(g) Properties of X-rays; harmful effects of ioni2ing radiations; maximum per-missible doses; Recommendations of the code of practice for the protection of persons against ionizing radiations from medical and dental uses; film, discussions, etc. (h) Properties of X-rays; harmful effects of ionizing radiations; maximum per-missible doses; recommendations of the code of practice for the protection of persons exposed to ionizing radiations from veterinary uses; review of X-ray equipment and operational techniques (i) Similar to the course for radiation workers but designed specially for persons involved with thickness gauges, density/level gauges, etc. (j ) Establishments using X-rays or handling or storing radioactive materials may require advice or service following an emergency situation or overexposure. The Board is able to contract to pro-vide the necessary service. This colloquium is intended to enable the various aspects of emergency proce-dures to be discussed by the personnel having direct responsibility for them, (k) Persons working on site or in radio-graphy compounds or workshops will find these courses particularly useful. Similar to course for radiation workers but emphasis placed on principles and practices of protection from external radiation. For participants in the two-day course practical exercises

United Kingdom (1) Lecture topics include radiation units, biological effects, radiation monitors, design of equipment, require-ments of current legislation and codes of practice, discussion of accidents. Emphasis placed on design of warning systems, shutters and interlocks; practical examples

United States of America3 Health physics - biophysics Department of Physics, University Station, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Ala.

Comprehensive, undergraduate course leading to B.Sc. degree. Graduate course leading to M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree

B.Sc. programme includes broad training in physics, mathematics, chemistry and biology with specialized training in radiological physics. Graduate programme includes courses and research in radiological physics

Radiological health

2-year academic programme

Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. degree

Includes: public health administration; epidemiology; health physics; health physics laboratory; biométrie methods I, II; radiation chemistry; laboratory radiation urology; radioisotope tracers; laboratory research and thesis; or graduate-level science elective subjects and comprehensive oral examination

Research may be pursued at Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, N. Méx., or at Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Visits to ORNL and training laboratory of Oak Ridge associated universities

Medical physics Department of Radiological •Sciences, Center for Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. or Ph.D. in medical physics

Competence required in: Radioactivity -isotope methodology; clinical applica-tions of medical physics; radiation biology; radiation physics; dosimetry and health physics; biostatistics; public health administration; epidemiology; elementary quantum mechanics

Note: In the United Kingdom, in addition to the above, courses are provided at various other universities, polytechnics and colleges, part-time or full-time, of varying duration and scope to meet the radiological protection training needs of a wide range of users.

In general, the duration and frequency of the courses from the USA are not given. It is understood that the university courses are given annually. The duration is 4 years for an undergraduate course, 12 months for an M.Sc. or M.P.H. degree and approximately 3 years for a Ph.D. degree.

T A B L E A 2 - I . ( con t . )

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological science; radiation health

Radioisotope Laboratory, Cincinnati General Hospital, University of Cincinnati; Ohio

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M. Sc. in radiological science, nuclear engineering, sanitaty engineering and environmental health; also to Ph.D. in nuclear engineering and environ-mental health

Requirements include those of designated department (radiology, nuclear engineering, sanitary engineering or environmental health) for an advanced degree, and also the following: physiology; biochemistry; radiological science laboratory; health administra-tion; radiobiology; epidemiology; radiation health biostatistics

Radiation health Department of Radiology and Radiation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. and/or Ph.D.

For M. Sc. degree the following subjects are recommended plus elective subjects and reports: Nuclear radiation physics; radiochemistry; radiobiology; radiation and public health; radiation dosi-metry; radiological physics; special problems in radiation health; radio-ecology; radiation health practicum; statistical methods

Ph. D. includes courses listed for M.Sc. plus other requirements determined by students' graduate commital

Radiological science, nuclear science

Department of Radiological Science, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. , Sc .D, , Ph.D. or Doctor of public health

Work divided into three categories: ( 1) series of intensive courses at basic science level in radioecology, radiation physics and radiochemistry; (2) series of applied science courses in radiation protection and radiation control and public health; and (3) original research

United States of America Radiological science University of Florida, College of Engineering, Gainsville, Fla.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M. Sc. or Ph. D.

* For Master's degree with thesis, 45 credits (36 credits in course work and 9 credits in research). Basic courses aie: Interaction of radiation with matter; radiological physics; health physics; nuclear radiation detection and instru-mentation; instrumentation and dosi-metry in radiology; radioactive tracer instrumentation and methodology; radiation effects on humans; field problems in radiation control; electronic product radiation

The basic objective is to train professionally qualified persons specialized in radiation protection, medical radiation physics, nuclear medicine, or radiation biology

Radiation biophysics Department of Radiation Biophysics, Nuclear Reactor Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans,

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M. Sc. or Ph. D.

Required for M. Sc. : Radiation protec-tion; radiation instrumentation; radia-tion detection electronics; epidemiology of radiation; health physics laboratory; radiation biology; tracer techniques; seminar (public health administration); radiation dosimetry and shielding; atomic physics; nuclear physics; organic chemistry; physical chemistry; mammalian physiology; research and thesis

Radiation protection, health physics

Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. or Ph.D.

Radiation and radioactivity introduction to radiation chemistry and radiation biology; fundamentals of radiation instrumentation; radiation instrumenta-tion and dosimetry; principles of environmental science I and II. Practice courses in: Air sampling and analysis; special topics in radiological health and experimental problems in radiological health; seminar in radiation science

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Ti t le , duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of t ra inee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological heal th , radiological physics

Qualified students can complete the M. Sc. degree in 12 months

Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Miami , School of Medicine, Miami , Fla.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M. Sc. or Ph. D.

Includes lectures, laboratory exercises, demonstrations, seminars and field surveys. Courses include: Radiological physics, advanced radiological physics; radiation biophysics; radiological health and protection; nuclear radiation instrumentation I , II; nuclear and radiochemistry; radiological sciences laboratory; radiation biochemistry; radiation dosimetry; environmental radioactivity; special problems in radiology; radiological engineering; principles of public heal th engineering; biometry; computer programming; nuclear engineering; radioisotope techniques

Emphasis is placed upon preparing candidates for service in public heal th agencies, remedial facil i t ies and institutions

Radiological hygiene

Possible to complete the M. Sc. degree v i th in the 11-month academic year

Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to Master of public hea l th , M . S c . , Ph.D. or D . S c .

Health physics; radiobiology; reactor hazards evaluation; field problems and training: advanced topics of radiation health; epidemiology; rad ia -tion health seminar; biostatistics

Programme designed to educa te graduate students to function as government , industrial, or hospital operating personnel, research investigators and teachers in the recogni-tion, prevention and management of health problems associated with ionizing and non-ioiüzing radiations

Radiological health

12 months, with 2 semesters of classes and 2 summer months of field training

Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, University of Puerto Rico, Col lege Station, M ay ague z , Puerto Rico

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . degree

Basic courses: Radiation physics; radiation detection and dosimetry; radiation hazard analysis; industrial hygiene; X-ray protection; epidemiology; radiation chemistry; radiation biology; environmental health; radioact ive wastes and regulations; biostatistics; field training

Classes are conducted in English and Spanish; textbooks are in English

United S u t e s of America Bionucleonics Department of Bionucleonics, Purdue University, Lafayet te , Ind.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c , ; Master of Engineering; M. Sc. in civil engineering; M.Sc . in bionucleonics; Ph .D.

Basic core courses: Health physics; health physics laboratory; X-ray heal th physics; radiation biology; general bionucleonics; bionucleonics laboratory; advanced bionucleonics; environmental surveil lance: environmental sanitation; public health engineering; industrial waste t rea tment ; statist ical methods seminar

Programme designed to m e e t growing demand for radiation control person-nel , research invest iga-tors and teachers re: (1) Design and direct radiation protection pro-grammes; (2) Measure radiation in the environ-ment; (3) Conduct research on biological effects of radiation exposure. (4) Administer State and local radiation public heal th programmes

Radiological health

Completion of M. Sc. programme requires 12 months

School of Pharmacology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . or Ph.D.

Isotope methodology; heal th physics; bio ass ay; biostatistics; electronics; X-rays; radioecology; ecology and public heal th seminar; field exper ience

35 semester hours of graduate credit required for M. Sc. course designed specif ical ly for training of specialists in radiation protection and control programmes in public heal th departments

Physics Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn,

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . and Ph.D.

Basic physics course, language and preliminary examinat ions. In addition: General heal th physics; public heal th administration; epidemiology; v i t a l /med ica l statistics; special seminars in heal th physics; interact ion of radiation and electrons with matter ; radiation biology; radiation chemistry

Candidates spend their summer months at Oak Ridge Nat ional Laboratory working on various programmes in the Health Physics Division

m T A B L E A2- I . (cont.)

Country Ti t le , duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of t rainee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological science

Usually 2 years required

Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seat t le , Wash.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . degree

Radiochemistry; biological effects of ionizing radiat ion; radiation hazards analysis and control; radionuclides in the environment; radiation research seminar; public heal th administration; epidemiology; radiation dosimetry; radioact ive tracers. Plus e i ther : Physical science option - nuclear engineering, nuclear physics, nuclear Instruments, advanced study; or Biological science option - physical chemistry, introduction to nuclear physics, introduction to modern physics, advanced study

Curriculum includes seminars and visiting scientists act ive in radia-tion research. Thesis research may be carried out in various university laboratories, School of Medicine, College of Arts and Sciences; College of Engineering, or College of Fisheries

Nuclear engineering School of Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , Ga.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . in nuclear engineering, M . S c , , Master of applied nuclear sc ience , and Ph.D.

Reactor engineering, reactor operations, nuclear fuels engineering, energy systems engineering, computet applications, nuclear power m a n a g e -ment , radiation technology, environ-menta l engineering, applied heal th physics, radiological heal th physics, and heal th physics

Environmental health engineering

The Technologic Insti tute, Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . and Ph.D. degrees

Individual programme of study depending on student 's academic and professional background, ability and interest . Special izat ion includes: Air pollution and control; environ-menta l planning; Industrial hygiene; radiological health; sanitary engineer-ing; solid waste management ; water and waste t rea tment , environmental systems design

Programme a imed at : Physical measurement of radiation; re la t ion-ship between radiation exposure and biological damage; movement of radioactivity through environment; design of safe equipment , pro-cesses and environments

United States of America Nuclear engineering (specialization in radio-logical protection and nuclear safety)

Nuclear Engineering Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M. Sc. and/or Ph. D. degrees

Programme includes: Introduction to nuclear engineering; radiation protection; nuclear reactor safeguards; radiochemistry; nuclear concepts; radiation shielding; waste disposal; heal th physics seminar; radiobiology; radioisotopes and biological research; engineering applicat ion of meteorology; advanced statistics; public heal th engineering; air pollution

Admission requires undergraduate courses in each of: d i f ferent ia l equations; advanced calculus and a tomic physics

Radiological hea l th , medical radiation dosimetry

Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Medical Center , Lexington, Ky.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . degree

Courses chosen from: Epidemiology; biostatistics; radiation physics; isotope physics; instrumentation; radio-biology; radiation hazards and protec-tion; human physiology; computer methods; interact ion of radiation with mat ter ; biological effects of radiation; seminar in bioradiation science; advanced problems in radiological health

Medical radiological physics

M.Sc , programme requires 2 years

School of Public Heal th, Harvard University, Boston, Mass.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . and S c . D . degrees

Introduction to radiation protection; X-ray protection; radiation biology; problems in radiation dosimetry; measurement and application of radio-nuclides; biostatistics; heal th services administration; human physiology

Overal l planning and guidance provided by faculty members of the Medical School and the School of Public Health

Radiological health School of Public Heal th, Harvard University, Boston, Mass.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . degree

Includes: Human physiology, ep idemi -ology, biostatistics; introduction to radiation protection; radiation biology; radiation protection engineering; X-ray protection; aerosol technology; problems in radiation dosimetry

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Title, duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of trainee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological health

M.Sc. programme requires 5 terms

School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . , Master of public health, Doctor of public health, Ph.D.

M.Sc . programme includes: Environmental biology; radiation physics; radiological health seminar; environmental health; radiation biology; radiation dosimetry; bio-statistics; field experience (1 term); sources and control of radioactive waste; research in environmental health; epidemiology; community air pollution; applied radiation control; methods of industrial health; air pollution meteorology

-

Environmental health (specialization in radio-logical health)

Full year of study, including summer field training

School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . , M.P .H. and Ph.D. degrees

M. Sc. programme includes; Environmental health; biométrie methods in environmental health I , II; environmental health seminar; health physics seminar; radiological physics; epidemiology; environmental radio-activity; nuclear reactor design; radiation dosimetry; radiation biology; low-level radioactivity measurement; administration of environmental health programmes; field practice

Radiological health Institute of Environmental Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York, N.Y.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc. or Ph.D.

Includes: Environmental hygiene laboratory; environmental contamina-tion; environmental toxicology; analytical chemistry of environmental contaminants; radiological health; radiation hygiene measurement; radia-tion hygiene laboratory; radiochemical analysis; environmental radioactivity; radiobiology; radiological physics; biostatistics and epidemiology; pro-blems in environmental health; radiation dosimetry; dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere

United States of America Radiation biology Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, N . Y .

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . and Ph.D.

Required courses: Introduction to research; biochemistry; introduction to radiation biology and physics; advanced calculus; biochemistry laboratory; basic radiological physics; cel lular and molecular radiobiology; radiobiology laboratory; principles in physiology; statistics

Environmental engineering (radiological health option)

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Environmental Engineering Depar tment , Troy, N .Y.

Comprehensive under-graduate programmé leading to B.Sc. degree (after 1 year special izat ion) or M.Sc . degree (after 2 years special izat ion)

Courses taken during last 2 years (special izat ion) are: Unit operation in environmental engineering; atmospheric pollution; nuclear chemistry; mathemat ics e lec t ive; humani t ies e lec t ive; radiation biology; environmental engineering laboratory and design; public heal th I , II; b io-environmental engineering seminar; radiological engineering; environ-menta l radiation safety controls; radiochemistry

First 3 years of programme essentially same as in any other field of engineering

Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M . S c . or Ph .D. degree

M.Sc . degree course could include: Biophysics; a tomic and sol id-s ta te physics; principles of biophysics and radiobiology; radiation biophysics; exper imenta l nuclear physics; advanced biophysics

M . S c . degree requires 42 semester hours

Radiation protection engineering

Texas A & M University, College Station, Tex.

Comprehensive under-graduate programme leading to B. Sc. degree

Nuclear engineering; nuclear detect ion and isotope laboratory; radiation safety; radiochemistry; environmental nuclear engineering; nuclear eng i -neering experiments; air pollution meteorology; radiation protection engineering

T A B L E A 2 - I . ( con t . )

Country Ti t le , duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of t ra inee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological science

2-year period is recommended

Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N . C .

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . in public heal th

Principles of statist ical inferences; m o d e m physics; radiation ins t rumenta-tion; environmental biology; rad ia -tion hazards evaluat ion; radiation biophysics; b iological e f fec ts of rad ia -tion; radiological safety; heal th physics; epidemiology; mechanics of aerosols; ecology; radiation ecology; man and his environment; applied electron microscopy; nuclear and part icle physics

Radiological sciences (specialization in radiological heal th)

Department of Pharmaceut ical Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Comprehensive under-graduate programme leading to B.Sc. in radiological heal th

Programme provides broad background for graduates to f i l l posi-tions requiring solution of envi ronmenta l radiation problems

Radiological sciences and protection

Lowell Technological Insti tute, Radiological Science Department , Lowell, Mass.

Comprehensive under-graduate and graduate programme leading to B.Sc. and M . S c , degrees

Principles of radiation safety and control; envi ronmenta l radiat ion; nuclear site criteria; radiat ion physics; shielding design; radiation dosimetry; cr i t ical i ty; nuclear reactor safety; nuclear engineering; nuclear instru-mentat ion; nuclear reactor engineering; reactor physics; radiochemistry

Co-operat ive programmes with industries can be arranged

Radiological health

1 academic year , plus summer for M.Sc , course

Rutgers University, Department of Environmental Science, New Brunswick, N . J .

Comprehensive graduate programme leading to M.Sc . and/or Ph.D.

Radiation biology; radiation inter-actions; radiation and radioactivity; instrumentation; environmental sciences; radiation chemistry; radio-logical heal th; dosimetry; a i r sampling and analysis; radiation sc ience seminar

United States of America Radiological health technology

Requires 90 credit hours; normally takes 5 years of evening school classes at a rate of 3 classes per week

Applied science, medical radiological technology

Requires 6-term campus programme plus 15 months hospital externship

Radiation science

2-year, trimester evening, programme

Medical technology (nuclear)

4 years

Medical technology (nuclear)

2 years

Radiation technology

4-6 semesters

Lowell Technological Institute, LTI Nuclear Center, Lowell, Mass.

Oregon Technical Institute, Physics Department, Klamuth Falls, Oreg.

Manhattan College, Radiological Institute, Bronx, New York, N.Y.

University of Cincinnati, General Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio

University of Cincinnati, General Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio

Haskell Indian Junior College, Lawrence, Kans.

Comprehensive under-graduate leading to Associate of Science degree

Comprehensive under-graduate leading to Associate of Applied Science degree

Comprehensive cert i f ica-tion programme leading to Associate of Science

Comprehensive, under-graduate programme leading to B.Sc. in medical technology (nuclear)

Undergraduate programme leading to Associate of Science in medical radio-isotope technology

Undergraduate. Prepares students as industrial safety technicians and medical radiation technicians

Chemistiy; chemical analysis; mathe-matics; English; physics; electronics and biology; radiation physics; applied radiation electronics; instrumentation; radioisotope techniques; radiation biology; radiation safety and control; fundamentals of non-ionizing radiation

Human physiology and anatomy; basic electrical theory; radiography; physical science; algebra; radiographic chemistry and techniques; radiographic positioning; mathematics; radiographic physics; clinical practice; radiation biology; technical report; radiation therapy

Biochemical science 1, II; mathe-matics I, II, 111; radiation detection; radiation laboratory I, II; radiation control; radiation physics; electronics measurement laboratory; public health

First 3 years: College algebra and trigonometry; chemistry (organic and inorganic); analytical chemistry; biochemistry; biology; anatomy; physiology; physics plus required arts. Senior year: 12 months hospital internship (Cincinnati General Hospital)

First year: Algebra; trigonometry; chemistry; anatomy; physiology; English; psychology. 2nd year: 12 months hospital Internship (Cincinnati General Hospital)

Fundamentals of radiation; radiation protection and control; radiation measurement; practical field training; algebra, chemistry, physics, applied electronics

Primary objective is to provide manpower needed for local. State and federal radiological health protection programmes, in industry, hospitals, institutes

Programme designed to train people for reasonable sem i -professiona 1 positions

To train nuclear medical technologists as super-visors of nuclear medicine laboratories and of nuclear medicine technicians

To train medical radio-isotope technologists; studies involving use of radionuclides

Special emphasis placed on the applied and practical aspects of radiation protection

m T A B L E A2- I . (cont.)

Country Ti t le , duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of t ra inee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiation technology

2 years

Chabot Col lege, H ay ward, Cal i f .

Cert if icat ion programme, undergraduate

Introduction to nuclear energy; fundamentals of radioactivity; principles of a tomic reactors; measure-ment of radiation; biological effects; radiation hazards evaluat ion and control; radiation instrumentation

Special emphasis on radiation and radiation protection

Radiation technology

2 y e a n

Department of Physics and Nuclear Technology; Chattanooga State Technical Insti tute, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Undergraduate Prepares students for employment in the broad field of health physics, radiation biology, nuclear electronics, radio-chemistry, biophysics, nuclear engineering

Radiation protection technology

2 years

Department of Engineering and Nuclear Science, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho

*

Full academic credit Science, mathemat ics , engineer ing and related subjects; and one seminar of training and part ic ipat ion with radiation protection specialists at AEC National Reactor Testing Station

Radiological health technology

Central Florida Community Col lege, Oca la , Fla.

Cert i f icat ion programme leading to Associate of Science degree

Radiological technology; d igi ta l computer programmes I , H; T e d i n . mathemat ics I , II; engineering drawing; chemistry; mechanics; radiological instrumentation labora-tory; biology; basic e l ec t r i ca l phenomena; radiation physics; electronics for radiation detec t ion instruments; environmental radio-activity; e lec t romagnet ic radiation measurement techniques; biological effects of radiation; radiological health prac t ice

United States of America Radiation protection

8 weeks

Radiation monitoring systems for nuclear power plants

Nuclear decontaminat ion

Radiological heal th physics

4 weeks

Health physics and radiation protection

Douglas United Nuclear , Richland, Wash.

LFE Corporation Process Control Division, Waltham, Mass.

Nuclear Technology Corporation, Amston, Conn.

Lowell Technological Institute, Radiological Sciences Depar tment , Lowell, Mass.

Oak Ridge Associated Universities Special Training Division, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

00

Designed to assist those who will establish and administer health physics programmes at nuclear facili t ies

Each participant prepares a radiation protection programme for his own nuclear plant; assignment to plant radiation protection crews provides exper ience, personnel radiation monitoring, contaminat ion control act ivi t ies, patrol of radiation zones

Basic physics of radiation monitoring; detector theory and application; area monitoring; instrumentation sampling and shielding techniques/or liquid, gas, part iculate and iodine monitoring; typical monitoring applications in a nuclear power plant; calibration t e c h -niques for process monitors; 'hands-on* experience with radiation monitoring system

Programme intended to fill need for organized approach to safeguard and agency planning, decontaminat ion, waste handling processes and

Intensive summer course

Designed for employees of State or local agencies responsible for radiation safety and inspection of faci l i t ies using ionizing radiation

Metallurgy, chemistry, physics, heal th physics, radiological engineering and management

Demonstration and laboratory exercises characterist ic of applied radiation science and protection

Monitoring; dosimetry; instrumentation; shielding; waste disposal; h igh-vol tage machine; X-ray facil i t ies; non-ionizing radiation; interact ion of radiation with living systems; pe r -missible exposure; prevention of unwarranted exposure; legal and public relations aspects of radiation protection

Applicants from industry and other agencies accepted on space-avai lable basis

m TABLE A2- I . (cont.)

Country Ti t le , duration and

frequency Institution

Form and scope of training and type of t ra inee

Curriculum Remarks

United States of America Radiological health technician course

2 school years

Dobbins Area Technical School, Philadelphia, Pa.

Cer t i f ica te course Fundamentals of radiation physics; radiation heal th; biology; radiation measuring equipment; public heal th and epidemiology; mathemat ics ; physics; industrial chemistry and e l e c -tronics; training in radiation detec t ion and control

Radiation technicians ' course

2 years

Columbia Basin College, Pasco, Wash.

Cert i f icat ion as radiation technician

Industrial mathemat ics ; industrial chemistry; algebra; radiation pro tec-tion 1, 11, III; biology; physics; nuclear physics; radiochemistry; radiation e l e c -tronics; environmental philosophy; emergency control

Radiation and nuclear technicians

2 y e a n

Oklahoma State University, St i l lwater , Okla .

Comprehensive, leading to Associate degree

Algebra and trigonometry; fundamentals of radiation; electronics; modern physics; e lectr ic i ty; statistics; public health aspects of radiation; environ-menta l radiation; radiological heal th I , II; radiation measurements; r ad i a -tion biology; X-ray radiation; special problems

Physical science technology (radiation and nuclear major)

Los Angeles Valley Col lege, VanNuys , Cal i f .

Comprehensive, leading to Associate of Arts degree

Chemica l technology; electronics; general engineering; physics; tool and manufactur ing engineering

Radiation heal th technology

2 years

Nevada Southern University, Las Vegas, Nev.

Comprehensive, leading to Associate of Science degree

Radiation science; algebra and tr igono-metry; physics; radioisotope technology; chemica l principles; mater ia ls survey; emergency monitoring; radiation safety; radiation detec t ion electronics; biology; physiology; radiation heal th procedures: environmental radioactivity; radiation biology

Utilizes faci l i t ies of the Southwestern Radiation Health Laboratory

United States of America Health physics

1 - and 2-week courses

Department of Physics, University of Alabama, University Station, Birmingham, Ala .

Short course for laboratory technician and M. D.

Basic science of radioactivity and d e t e c -tors, regulations and procedures for handling radioact ive materials

USSR Aspects of radiation safety for main X-ray and radio-logical departments of hospitals of republics, territories and regions

1 month

Central Order of Lenin Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, Moscow

Post-graduate level for doctors specializing in the X-ray and radiological field. Comprehensive for administrat ive, X-ray and radiological staff

Aspects of dosimetry, radiobiology and radiation protection

Yugoslavia a Radiological health

1 month, once or twice a year

Institute of Occupat ional Medicine, Belgrade

Introductory for those who wish useful information on radiological protect ion

Includes: basic radiation physics; dosi-metry and instrumentation; X-ray machines , reactors; uranium mining, nuclear fuel; uses of radioisotopes; effects of radiation on matter ; radio-toxicology; principles of radiation protection; siting criteria; laboratory design; monitoring, radiation survey; contaminat ion control; hazards evaluat ion; occupat ional and public heal th aspects; medica l supervision; c ivi l protection; legislation; organiza-tion of radiation protection services; pract ica l exercises

3 Taken over from Annex II of IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 31 (1964) since no new information is avai lable .

T A B L E A 2 - I I . I A E A - S P O N S O R E D TRAINING C O U R S E S IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N

Title Location Date Participation

International Course in Radiation Health and Safety a

Chiba City, Japan 24. 10. - 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 1 Regional

International Training Course on Bioassay of Radionuclides

Seibersdorf, Austria 4. 11. - 2 , 1 2 . 1 9 6 3 International

Training Seminar on Radioactive Waste Management

Tokai Mura Research Establishment, Japan

4. - 1 5 . 1 0 . 1 9 6 5 Inter-regional

Advanced Training Course on Radioactive Waste Management

Oxford, UK 11. - 22. 9. 1967 Inter-regional

Training Course on Planning for the Handling of Radiation Accidents

Manila, Philippines 2. - 1 3 . 1 0 . 1 9 6 7 Regional

Training Course in Bio-ass ay methods IAEA/Seibersdorf, Austria 3 0 . 1 0 . - 17. 11 .1967 Regional

Training Course on Waste Management Brazil 14. - 2 5 . 1 0 . 1 9 6 8 Regional

Training Course on Planning for the Handling of Radiation Accidents

Iran 1. - 13. 9 . 1 9 6 9 In ter-regional

Advanced Training Course on Plans and Procedures for Radiation Emergencies

Argentina 9. - 2 0 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 0 Regional

Training Course on Radiological Health and Safety Measures

Manila, Philippines 1 5 . 1 1 . - 3 . 1 2 . 1 9 7 1 Regional

Training Course on Radioactive Waste Management

Tokyo, Japan 4. - 2 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 1 Regional

Advanced Training Course on Radiological Health and Safety Measures

Athens, Greece 4. - 22. 6 . 1973 Regional

Same as the 10th of WHO-sponsored courses. Co-sponsored by IAEA and WHO.

T A B L E A 2 - I I I . I L O - S P O N S O R E D TRAINING C O U R S E S IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N

Title Location Date Participation

European Course on Radiological Protection Saclay, France; 2. - 1 9 . 5 . 1 9 6 0 Regional for Labour Inspectors Geneva, Switzerland 2 0 . 5 . 1960 Regional

Course on Radiation Protection in Copenhagen, Denmark 2 5 . 7 . - 2 0 . 8 . 1 9 6 5 Regional Industry

to to T A B L E A 2 - I V . W H O - S P O N S O R E D TRAINING C O U R S E S IN R A D I O L O G I C A L P R O T E C T I O N

Title Location Date Participation

Course for Health Physicists Stockholm, Sweden 14. 11. - 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 9 5 5 Regional

Courses on Radiation Protection Saciay, France 19. 11. 3. 2.

- 1 5 . 1 2 . 1 9 5 6 - 28. 3 . 1 9 5 8 - 20. 3. 1959

lnter-regional

Course in Health Physics Mol, Belgium 30. 9. - 3 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 5 7 Inter-regional

Courses for Health Physicists Harwell, UK 6. 6.

- 17. 1 .1958 - 24. 7. 1959

Inter-regional

Course on Public Health Aspects of Radiation

San Juan, Puerto Rico 7. - 1 8 . 1 0 . 1 9 5 8 Regional

Course on Health Physics Bombay, India 17. 11. - 1 9 . 1 2 . 1 9 5 8 Regional

Advanced Course on Radiation Protection

Saciay, France 7. 3. - 15. 4 . 1 9 6 0 Regional

Course on Radiation Protection Bombay, India 7. - 28. 11. 1960 Regional

Training Course on Radiation Protection

Harwell, UK 10. - 28. 7 . 1 9 6 1 Regional

International Course in Radiation Health and Safety

Chiba City, Japan 24. 10. - 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 1 Regional

Training Course in Radiation Protection

Bombay, India 13. 11. - 2 . 1 2 . 1 9 6 1 Regional

International Training Course on Surveys for Radionuclides in Foods

Cincinnati, USA 17. 9. - 2 6 . 1 0 . 1962 Inter-regional

Training Course in Radiation Health Santiago, Chile 30. 3. - 17. 4 . 1 9 6 4 Regional

International Training Course on Surveys for Radionuclides in Foods

Cairo, Egypt 8. 11. - 1 7 . 1 2 . 1 9 6 5 Inter-regional

Title Location Date Participation

Training Course on Radiation Protection

of Radiographers

1965 Inter-regional

Training Course for Radiation Health

Inspectors

Rock v i l l e , USA 7. - 1 8 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 6 Regional

International Training Course in Radiobiology Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1966 Inter-regional

Course on Radiation Protection Colombo, Sri Lanka 14. 11. - 22. 12. 1966 Regional

International Training Course in Radiobiology

and Haematology

Haifa, Israel 1967 Inter-regional

Training Course for X-ray Technicians

Tuberculosis Control

Rangoon, Burma 6. 8. - 1. 9 .1967 Regional

WHO/DANIDA Training Course in Radiation

Protection, Supervision and Inspection

Holte, Denmark 4. - 30. 8 .1969 Inter-regional

Radiation Protection Course Colombo, Sri Lanka 9. 8. - 5. 9 . 1 9 6 9 Regional

Seminar on Radiation Protection Kuwait 28. 2. - 5. 3 .1970 Regional

Training Course in the Maintenance and

Repair of X-ray Equipment

Erlangen, Germany, Fed, Rep,

Del f t , Holland

London, UK

1 4 . 9 1 9 7 0 - 2 3 . 1 . 1971 Inter-regional

WHO/DANIDA Training Course in Radiation

Protection, Supervision and Inspection

Holte, Denmark 2. 8. - 28. 8 .1971 Inter-regional

Course on Radiation Protection Colombo, Sri Lanka 25. 10. - 1 5 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 1 Regional

Training Course for Medical X-ray Inspectors Nicosia, Cyprus 2. - 3 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 7 2 Regional

Training Course in Radiation Protection,

Supervision and Inspection

Le Vêsinet, France 9. - 2 0 . 1 0 . 1 9 7 2 Inter-regional

Training Course in the Maintenance and

Repair of X-ray Equipment

Erlangen, Germany, Fed. Rep. Del f t , Holland London, UK

2. - 3 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 7 2 Inter-regional

WHO/DANIDA Training Course in Radiation

Protection, Supervision and Inspection

Holte, Denmark 5. 8. - 1. 9 . 1973 Inter-regional

Course in Calibration Methods for Secondary

Standards in Radiation Dosimetry

Braunschweig, Germany, Fed. Rep. 1. - 2 6 . 1 0 . 1973 Inter-regional

ANNEX 3

S U G G E S T E D S Y L L A B U S F O R A TRAINING COURSE F O R T E C H N I C A L S U P E R V I S O R S

( JUNIOR H E A L T H PHYSICISTS)

T h e f o l l o w i n g s y l l a b u s i s d e s i g n e d a s a gu ide t o t he s u b j e c t s w h i c h s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n a c o u r s e f o r t e c h n i c a l s u p e r v i s o r s ( j u n i o r h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s ) . It i s not s u g g e s t e d t h a t e v e r y i t e m s h o u l d b e d e a l t w i th c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y n o r t h a t t he o r d e r g i v e n s h o u l d n e c e s s a r i l y be a d h e r e d to , bu t it i s f e l t t h a t a l l t h e s u b j e c t s m e n t i o n e d s h o u l d b e c o v e r e d i n t h e c o u r s e , a t l e a s t i n p r i n c i p l e .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

G e n e r a l p u r p o s e and s c o p e of c o u r s e .

A . M a t h e m a t i c s " (a) I n t r o d u c t o r y c a l c u l u s (if n e c e s s a r y )

P r o p e r t i e s of e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n s , l o g a r i t h m s , a p p l i c a t i o n of c a l c u l u s to r a d i a t i o n p h y s i c s and r a d i o a c t i v i t y s tudy , u s e of s l i d e r u l e , e t c .

(b) S t a t i s t i c s S a m p l e s and d i s t r i b u t i o n , n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e o r y of e r r o r , v a r i a n c e and m e a n s , a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e , r e g r e s s i o n and c o r r e l a t i o n , s q u a r e - t e s t and F - t e s t , o u t l i n e of e x p e r i m e n t a l t h e o r y , m i c r o s t a t i s t i c s .

(c) E l e m e n t a r y c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s ( o p t i o n a l ) .

B . R a d i o l o g i c a l p h y s i c s (a) A t o m i c and n u c l e a r p h y s i c s and r a d i o a c t i v i t y

P e r i o d i c t a b l e , s t r u c t u r e of t h e a t o m , e l e c t r o n s , n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e , m a s s and e n e r g y , i s o t o p e s , s t a b l e and u n s t a b l e n u c l e i , r a d i o -a c t i v i t y , m o d e s of r a d i o a c t i v e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , l aw of r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y , c o n c e p t of h a l f - l i f e and a v e r a g e l i f e , s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v e s e r i e s , s o l i d - s t a t e p h y s i c s ( p r i n c i p l e s ) .

(b) P r o p e r t i e s of r a d i a t i o n P r o p e r t i e s and p r o d u c t i o n of X - r a y s , X - r a y s p e c t r u m and the a t o m , e x c i t a t i o n and i o n i z a t i o n , e m i s s i o n and p r o p e r t i e s of g a m m a r a y s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c and c o r p u s c u l a r r a d i a t i o n , u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e , w a v e m e c h a n i c s and p r o b a b i l i t y c o n c e p t s , a l p h a p a r t i c l e s , b e t a p a r t i c l e s , n e u t r o n s , p o s i t r o n s .

17 The mathematics curriculum depends very much upon the educational background of the trainees, the ult imate purpose of the training course, the contents of curricula of other courses, etc . It is therefore very difficult to establish an appropriate curriculum for this i t em. However, for a long-term, systematic training course, it is considered that some lectures on the above topics would be useful, in order to draw the attention of trainees to the subject.

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(c) I n t e r a c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n wi th m a t t e r A l p h a p a r t i c l e s : s p e c i f i c i o n i z a t i o n , r a n g e , e n e r g y and s c a t t e r i n g of a l p h a p a r t i c l e s ; b e t a p a r t i c l e s : i n t e r a c t i o n , b r e m s s t r a h l u n g , C e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n , a b s o r p t i o n c u r v e s , p o s i t r o n and a n n i h i l a t i o n r a d i a t i o n , a b s o r p t i o n and s c a t t e r i n g ; p h o t o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t s , C o m p t o n s c a t t e r i n g , p a i r p r o d u c t i o n , a t t e n u a t i o n c u r v e s , h a l f -v a l u e t h i c k n e s s , n e u t r o n i n t e r a c t i o n , c a p t u r e p r o c e s s , c o l l i s i o n p r o c e s s ; p r o t o n i n t e r a c t i o n .

(d) H i g h - e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n s and s o u r c e s P a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a t o r s : X - r a y g e n e r a t o r s , e l e c t r o s t a t i c a c c e l e r a -t o r s , l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r s , c y c l o t r o n s , b e t a t r o n s , s y n c h r o t r o n s ; i n d u c e d n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n s , n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e , n u c l e a r c r o s s -s e c t i o n , c o s m i c r a y s , m e s o n s , n u c l é o n s and a n t i - n u c l é o n s .

(e) N u c l e a r r e a c t i o n s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o r e a c t o r s G e n e r a l n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n s and f o r m and p r o p e r t i e s of n u c l e a r e n e r g y , n u c l e a r f i s s i o n ( type and m e c h a n i s m ) , p r o m p t and d e l a y e d n e u t r o n s , c h a i n r e a c t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s of r a d i o i s o t o p e s , n u c l e a r f u s i o n , b a s i c c o n c e p t s of n u c l e a r r e a c t o r d e s i g n , i m p o r t a n t t y p e s of r e a c t o r s , u t i l i z a t i o n of r e a c t o r s , p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n by n u c l e a r e n e r g y .

R a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n (a) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n

I o n i z a t i o n in g a s e s , g a s a m p l i f i c a t i o n , a b s o l u t e m e a s u r e m e n t of i o n i z a t i o n , f r e e - a i r c h a m b e r , B r a g g - G r a y c a v i t y p r i n c i p l e , l u m i n e s c e n c e and p r o p e r t i e s of ch ief s c i n t i l l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s , c h e m i c a l e f f e c t s , p h o t o g r a p h i c e m u l s i o n s , s e m i c o n d u c t o r s .

(b) O u t l i n e of e l e c t r o n i c s and o t h e r a s s o c i a t e d e q u i p m e n t f o r d e t e c t o r s P r i n c i p l e s of e l e c t r o n i c s i n c l u d i n g d e s c r i p t i o n of m a i n c o m p o n e n t s , v o l t a g e s t a b i l i z e r s , q u e n c h i n g c i r c u i t s , p u l s e - c o u n t i n g c i r c u i t s , d i s c r i m i n a t o r s , a m p l i f i e r s , s c a l e r s , r a t e m e t e r s , p u l s e - h e i g h t a n a l y s e r s , c o i n c i d e n c e and a n t i - c o i n c i d e n c e c i r c u i t s , a m p l i f i c a -t i o n of d i r e c t c u r r e n t , q u a r t z f i b r e e l e c t r o m e t e r , v a l v e e l e c t r o -m e t e r , v i b r a t i n g r e e d e l e c t r o m e t e r , t r a n s i s t o r i z a t i o n .

(c) M a i n r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i n g i n s t r u m e n t s I I o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r s , p r o p o r t i o n a l c o u n t e r s , GM c o u n t e r s , s c i n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r s , s o l i d - s t a t e d e t e c t o r s , p h o t o g r a p h i c e m u l s i o n s , o t h e r d e t e c t o r s d e p e n d i n g on c h e m i c a l e f f e c t s , e . g . f e r r o u s s u l p h a t e d o s i m e t e r , a c t i v a t e d g l a s s .

(d) M a i n r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i n g i n s t r u m e n t s II N e u t r o n d e t e c t o r s d e p e n d i n g u p o n r e c o i l , n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n s w i t h 1 0 B , 6 L i , 3 H e f i s s i o n , t h r e s h o l d d e t e c t o r s , e x t r a p o l a t i o n c h a m b e r , l o w - b a c k g r o u n d coun t ing , s p e c t r o m e t r y of n e u t r o n s , a l p h a p a r t i c l e s and g a m m a r a y s , m e a s u r e m e n t s y s t e m s f o r r a d i o a c t i v e a e r o s o l s .

(e) O p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r s 1. C o u n t i n g t e c h n i q u e s , p r i n c i p l e s , g e o m e t r y and o t h e r f a c t o r s ,

b a c k g r o u n d coun t ing , s y s t e m a t i c and a c c i d e n t a l e r r o r s of c o u n t i n g , s t a t i s t i c s of coun t ing t e c h n i q u e s , p r e c i s i o n of

m e a s u r e m e n t , p r e - s e t t i m e and p r e - s e t count m e t h o d s , c o m b i n a t i o n of e r r o r s and e v a l u a t i o n of d a t a .

2 . M a i n t e n a n c e t e c h n i q u e s , c h a n g i n g of b a t t e r i e s and o t h e r a c c e s s o r i e s , s t o r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s , p r e v e n t i o n of c o n t a m i n a -t i o n and d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , t e s t i n g of t u b e s and p a r t s , s i m p l e t e c h n i q u e s f o r r e p a i r of i n s t r u m e n t s

D. R a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y (a) R a d i a t i o n q u a n t i t i e s and u n i t s , and t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s

A b s o r b e d d o s e , t h e r a d , a b s o r b e d d o s e r a t e , i n t e g r a l a b s o r b e d d o s e , f l u e n c e (of p a r t i c l e s ) , f l u e n c e r a t e , e n e r g y f l u e n c e , e n e r g y f l u e n c e r a t e , k e r m a , k e r m a r a t e , e x p o s u r e , r o e n t g e n (R) , e x p o s u r e r a t e ; d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a b s o r b e d d o s e ; a c t i v i t y , t h e c u r i e (Ci) , s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , e x p o s u r e r a t e c o n s t a n t , l i n e a r e n e r g y t r a n s f e r , R B E , q u a l i t y f a c t o r Q, d o s e e q u i v a l e n t , t h e r e m .

(b) C a l i b r a t i o n of d e t e c t o r s l 8

S t a n d a r d s o u r c e s , s t a n d a r d m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i a t i o n ( ion c h a m b e r m e t h o d s , c a l o r i m e t r i c m e t h o d ) , a b s o l u t e m e a s u r e -m e n t t e c h n i q u e s of r a d i o a c t i v i t y , m e t h o d s and f a c i l i t i e s f o r c a l i b r a t i o n of s o u r c e s and i n s t r u m e n t s , o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of c a l i b r a t i o n , f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g m e a s u r e m e n t and c o r r e c t i o n of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t , u s e f u l f o r m u l a f o r c a l i b r a t i o n .

(c) D o s e c a l c u l a t i o n wi th v a r i o u s s o u r c e s and c o n f i g u r a t i o n s C a l c u l a t i o n of d o s e d i s t r i b u t i o n a r o u n d s o u r c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n a i r , d o s e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t i m e , r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a c t i v i t y and d o s e d i s t r i b u t i o n , c a l c u l a t i o n of d o s e of b e t a e m i t t e r s and g a m m a e m i t t e r s , c a l c u l a t i o n of d o s e in m i x e d e m i t t e r s , e f f e c t of a b s o r p t i o n and s c a t t e r i n g i n m a t e r i a l and s h i e l d i n g , c a l c u l a t i o n of c o n c e n t r a t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v i t y in g i v e n s a m p l e s .

E„ R a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y a n d i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y 1 9

(a) P r i n c i p l e s of c h e m i s t r y of r a d i o i s o t o p e s F u n d a m e n t a l s of r a d i o c h e m i s t r y , r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y s c h e m e s and e q u i l i b r i u m , c h e m i c a l m e t h o d s of s e p a r a t i o n , r a d i o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t .

(b) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y , i n c l u d i n g c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t r y I n t e r a c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n wi th s i m p l e l i q u i d s y s t e m s , c h e m i c a l e f f e c t s p r o d u c e d by i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , o u t l i n e s of r a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y of p o l y m e r s a n d m o r e c o m p l e x s y s t e m s , c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t r y , p r i n c i p l e s and a p p l i c a t i o n s .

(c) O t h e r i m p o r t a n t c h e m i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n S y n t h e s i s of l a b e l l e d c o m p o u n d s , a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s , s o m e a s p e c t s of p h y s i c a l c h e m i s t r y , s u r f a c e c h e m i s t r y , p h o t o c h e m i s t r y , c h e m i c a l p r i n c i p l e s of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , b i o c h e m i s t r y and r a d i o -b i o c h e m i s t r y r e l a t e d t o r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n .

18 These lectures should usually be combined with relevant laboratory exercises and calculation exercises.

19 As this is to be a complete curriculum, i t is considered that a fundamental knowledge of isotope chemistry and radiation chemistry is as important and necessary as a knowledge of physics. Therefore, these topics should be included somewhere in the training programme.

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(d) O u t l i n e s of p r o c e s s c h e m i s t r y i n t h e a t o m i c f u e l i n d u s t r y C h e m i s t r y of n u c l e a r f u e l m a t e r i a l , o u t l i n e s of p r o c e s s i n g and p r o d u c t i o n of n u c l e a r f u e l m a t e r i a l s , o u t l i n e s of r e p r o c e s s i n g of s p e n t f u e l s .

(e) O u t l i n e s of r a d i o i s o t o p e p r o d u c t i o n I r r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s e s , c h e m i s t r y and p r o p e r t i e s of t a r g e t , c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s i n g of i r r a d i a t e d t a r g e t s , l i s t of u s e f u l r a d i o i s o t o p e s a v a i l a b l e .

F . R a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y (a) P r i n c i p l e s of m a m m a l i a n a n a t o m y and p h y s i o l o g y 2 0

G e n e r a l o u t l i n e of h u m a n a n a t o m y , b r i e f o u t l i n e s of g e n e r a l b i o l o g y and cy to logy , g e n e r a l o u t l i n e of h u m a n p h y s i o l o g y , s o m e s p e c i f i c t o p i c s of m a m m a l i a n p h y s i o l o g y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n , s u c h a s o u t l i n e s of h a e m a t o l o g y , t h y r o i d f u n c t i o n , bone p h y s i o l o g y , r e s p i r a t o r y s y s t e m , d i g e s t i v e s y s t e m , r e p r o d u c t i v e s y s t e m .

(b) C e l l u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g y Q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s of c e l l u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g y , c e l l d e a t h , m i t o t i c d y s f u n c t i o n , c h r o m o s o m e b r e a k s , o t h e r c e l l u l a r d i s o r d e r s , t a r g e t t h e o r y a n d r e l a t e d a s p e c t s , o t h e r b i o p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s s u c h a s c o n c e p t of l i n e a r e n e r g y t r a n s f e r ( L E T ) and r e l a t i v e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s ( R B E ) , c h e m i c a l e f f e c t s and r a d i o p r o t e c t i v e s u b s t a n c e s , m e t a b o l i c e n z y m a t i c a s p e c t s of c e l l u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g y i n c l u d i n g m e t a b o l i s m of m i n e r a l s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e c e l l .

(c) M a m m a l i a n r a d i o b i o l o g y R a d i o s e n s i t i v i t y and r e l a t e d t o p i c s , a c u t e r a d i a t i o n s y n d r o m e s , e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on v a r i o u s p h y s i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m s ( e x c l u d i n g l a t e e f f e c t s ) , l a t e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n on s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c s y s t e m s , g e n e r a l a s p e c t s of c a r c i n o g e n e s i s and r a d i a t i o n c a r c i n o g e n e s i s , r a d i o m i m e t i c s u b s t a n c e s , s o m a t i c e f f e c t of low d o s e s of r a d i a -t i on , l i f e s p a n s h o r t e n i n g , m o d i f i c a t i o n of i m m u n e s t a t u s by r a d i a t i o n .

(d) G e n e t i c e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n E l e m e n t a r y g e n e t i c s , c o n c e p t of g e n e , g e n e t i c m u t a t i o n ( p r i n c i p l e s and e x p l a n a t i o n s , g e n e r a l ) , q u a n t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n of i n d u c e d m u t a -t i o n w i t h r a d i a t i o n , a f f e c t i n g f a c t o r s i n r a d i a t i o n g e n e t i c s , p r i n -c i p l e s of h u m a n g e n e t i c s and r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s on h u m a n s .

(e) M e t a b o l i s m a n d t o x i c o l o g y of i n t e r n a l e m i t t e r s C o n c e p t of d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m in t he l i v i n g body , t h e s t a n d a r d h u m a n , g e n e r a l a s p e c t s of m e t a b o l i s m of v a r i o u s r a d i o i s o t o p e s i n t h e h u m a n body , m o d i f y i n g f a c t o r s of m e t a b o l i s m of r a d i o -i s o t o p e s , s o m e s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s of m e t a b o l i s m in h u m a n s s u c h a s t h y r o i d h o r m o n e , p r e g n a n c y and l a c t a t i o n , c a l c i u m m e t a b o l i s m , e t c . ; t o x i c o l o g y of i n t e r n a l e m i t t e r s ( p r i n c i p l e s and g e n e r a l a s p e c t s ) , t o x i c o l o g y of s o m e s p e c i f i c r a d i o i s o t o p e s ( s u c h a s r a d i u m , u r a n i u m , t h o r i u m , i o d i n e - 1 3 1 , s t r o n t i u m - 9 0 , p l u t o n i u m and r a r e - e a r t h e l e m e n t s ) , c h e l a t i n g a g e n t s .

a This would be necessary only for trainees having an insufficient educational background of biology and human physiology, and would be given as supplementary lectures.

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(f ) P a t h o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s i n h u m a n b e i n g s e x p o s e d to r a d i a t i o n ( in s o f a r a s not m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y ) G e n e r a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n p a t h o l o g y of h u m a n t i s s u e s and o r g a n s , h a e m a t o l o g i c a l and i m m u n o l o g i c a l p a t h o l o g y r e l a t e d t o r a d i a t i o n i n j u r i e s , e t c .

(g) C i r c u l a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s t h r o u g h food c h a i n s in t h e b i o s p h e r e G e n e r a l a s p e c t s of c i r c u l a t i o n of i m p o r t a n t m a t e r i a l s f o r l i v i n g m a t t e r i n t h e b i o s p h e r e ( s u c h a s O, N, C, Ca , P , w a t e r ) ; p o s s i b l e o r i g i n of l a r g e - s c a l e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s i n t h e b i o -s p h e r e ; g e n e r a l a s p e c t s of c i r c u l a t i o n of s o m e i m p o r t a n t r a d i o -i s o t o p e s i n t he b i o s p h e r e - p a r t i c u l a r l y a s r e l a t e d t o food c h a i n s ; e f f e c t s of c i r c u l a t i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s and a c c u m u l a t i o n and u l t i m a t e e f f e c t s of t h e i s o t o p e s on h u m a n h e a l t h ; p r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n e c o l o g y .

(h) E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n - i n d u c e d d i s e a s e s G e n e r a l a s p e c t s of e p i d e m i o l o g y of r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s , e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n u r a n i u m m i n e s , o t h e r e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of r a d i a t i o n -i n d u c e d d i s e a s e s s u c h a s l e u k a e m i a , c a n c e r , e t c .

G. F u n d a m e n t a l s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a) B a s i c s t a n d a r d s of r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n - I C R P and IAEA

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ; I C R P r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ; m o d e l c o d e of p r a c t i c e ; n a t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n s .

(b) C o n c e p t of m a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e d o s e ( M P D ) ; p h i l o s o p h y of r i s k , c o n s i d e r a t i o n of s o m a t i c and g e n e t i c e f f e c t s , c a t e g o r i e s of e x p o s u r e , c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t s . 1. O c c u p a t i o n a l e x p o s u r e , M P D , v a l u e s f o r whole body , g o n a d s ,

r e d b o n e - m a r r o w , sk in , b o n e s , e x t r e m i t i e s , t h y r o i d and o t h e r o r g a n s ; m e a n i n g of f o r m u l a D ( i n r e m ) = 5 ( N - 18); e m e r g e n c y e x p o s u r e s , a c c i d e n t a l e x p o s u r e s .

2. N o n - o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p o s u r e ; d o s e l i m i t s f o r m e m b e r s of t h e p u b l i c , p o p u l a t i o n e x p o s u r e , g e n e t i c d o s e a s s e s s m e n t and l i m i t s , s o m a t i c d o s e .

(c) C o n c e p t of m a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a i r ; w a t e r and food p r i n c i p l e s ; s t a n d a r d i n t a k e of a i r and w a t e r ; m e t a b o l i c t u r n o v e r .

(d) M a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b l e a n n u a l i n t a k e - s i g n i f i c a n c e , c o n c e n t r a -t i o n l e v e l s .

(e) R a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e s E x t e r n a l e x p o s u r e , i n t e r n a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n , d e r i v e d w o r k i n g

l i m i t s , p r i n c i p l e s of p r e v e n t i n g o r c o n t r o l l i n g e x p o s u r e of p e r s o n n e l t o r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s - r e m o v a l of h a z a r d , g u a r d of h a z a r d and w o r k e r s , r e l a t i o n s of t h e f a c t o r s t i m e , s h i e l d i n g and a m o u n t of a c t i v i t y ; r e c o r d - k e e p i n g , good h o u s e k e e p i n g .

H . P r a c t i c a l r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n (a) C o n t r o l of o c c u p a t i o n a l h a z a r d s

1. R u l e s of good p r a c t i c e , i n c l u d i n g r e c o r d - k e e p i n g (i) P r i n c i p l e s and good e x a m p l e s of s a f e t y m a n u a l s o r c o d e s

of p r a c t i c e i n r a d i a t i o n i n s t a l l a t i o n s - n e e d , p r i n c i p l e s , i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s of m o d e l of code of p r a c t i c e , e t c .

9 9

(ii) R e c o r d - k e e p i n g - n e c e s s i t y , k i n d s of r e c o r d s to b e k e p t , f o r m s of r e c o r d s i n c l u d i n g c a r d s y s t e m , r e c o r d - k e e p i n g p r o c e d u r e s , e t c .

( i i i ) A r e a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n — p r i n c i p l e s of a r e a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a i m and r e l a t i o n wi th h a z a r d s , c o n t r o l and m o n i t o r i n g , s o m e e x a m p l e s and e x p l a n a t i o n s of a r e a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , p r o b l e m s r e l a t e d t o t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

2. P e r s o n n e l m o n i t o r i n g and b i o a s s a y (i) P r i n c i p l e s , p u r p o s e s and o b j e c t i v e s , o r g a n i z a t i o n , e t c .

(ii) P e r s o n n e l m o n i t o r i n g f o r e x t e r n a l e x p o s u r e , m a i n m e t h o d s a n d t e c h n i q u e s , f i l m b a d g e s , p o c k e t d o s i m e t e r s , t h e r m o -l u m i n e s c e n c e d o s i m e t e r s , g l a s s d o s i m e t e r s , s p e c i a l m o n i t o r i n g , f i n g e r - r i n g d o s i m e t e r s , p e r s o n a l d o s e - r a t e m e t e r , p e r s o n a l n e u t r o n m o n i t o r s , t h r e s h o l d d e t e c t o r s , p e r s o n a l e m e r g e n c y m o n i t o r s , p e r s o n a l c h e m i c a l d o s i -m e t e r s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of m e t h o d s and i n s t r u m e n t s , r o u t i n e s e r v i c e p r o c e d u r e s , e v a l u a t i o n of e x p o s u r e , c a l i b r a t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e of i n s t r u m e n t s , e t c .

( i i i ) P e r s o n n e l m o n i t o r i n g f o r i n t e r n a l e x p o s u r e ; m o n i t o r i n g of p e r s o n n e l i n t a k e , m e t h o d s and i n s t r u m e n t s ; d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t of body b u r d e n by w h o l e - b o d y c o u n t e r s and b o d y s c a n n e r s ; m e t h o d s , i n s t r u m e n t s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , m e a s u r i n g p r o c e d u r e s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , e v a l u a -t i o n of r e s u l t s and l i m i t a t i o n s , e t c . ; i n d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t of body b u r d e n by b i o a s s a y ; p r i n c i p l e s , o b j e c t i v e s , m a i n t e c h n i q u e s ( u r i n a l y s i s , m e a s u r e m e n t of body f l u i d s , m e a s u r e m e n t of e x p i r e d a i r , e t c . ) ; . m e a n i n g and e v a l u a t i o n of r e s u l t s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of s a m p l i n g and a n a -l y t i c a l m e t h o d s .

3. P l a n t a n d l a b o r a t o r y m o n i t o r i n g (i) P r i n c i p l e s , p u r p o s e s and o b j e c t i v e s of m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s ,

t e c h n i c a l and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of r o u t i n e s e r v i c e s , f i x e d and m o v a b l e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s .

(ii) M o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s and e q u i p m e n t f o r r a d i a t i o n m o n i -t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s and r a d i a t i o n s u r v e y m e t e r s — k i n d s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w a y s of u s e , m a i n t e n a n c e and c a l i b r a t i o n , s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s ( e . g . f o r e m e r g e n c y ) ( m a i n r a d i a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s , r a d i a t i o n d o s e - r a t e m e t e r s and s u r v e y m e t e r s f o r s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n f o r l a b o r a t o r y m o n i t o r i n g s h o u l d b e a l l i n c l u d e d ) .

(i i i) A e r o s o l m o n i t o r i n g O u t l i n e of a e r o s o l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , m e t h o d s of a e r o s o l m e a s u r e m e n t , p a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y s i s ; a e r o s o l m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , m a i n i n s t r u m e n t s a n d t h e i r t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c -t e r i s t i c s , e v a l u a t i o n of m o n i t o r i n g r e s u l t s and t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r i t , p r i n c i p l e s a n d p r a c t i c e s of a e r o s o l f i l t e r i n g .

(iv) M o n i t o r i n g of r a d i o a c t i v e g a s e s a n d l i q u i d s R a d i o a c t i v e g a s m o n i t o r s - i o n i z a t i o n c h a m b e r t y p e , s c i n t i l l a t i o n t y p e , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r g a s m o n i -t o r i n g , m a i n t e n a n c e and c a l i b r a t i o n , s y s t e m and t e c h n i q u e s

of m o n i t o r i n g of l i q u i d e f f l u e n t s , f l o a t i n g m o n i t o r s , s a m p l i n g m e t h o d s . 2 1

4. P r a c t i c a l s h i e l d i n g and c a l c u l a t i o n e x e r c i s e s (i) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d i n g , a t t e n u a t i o n of a l p h a and

b e t a p a r t i c l e s , e x p o n e n t i a l a b s o r p t i o n t h e o r y , c r o s s -s e c t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of g a m m a and X - r a y s , b r o a d b e a m and b u i l d - u p f a c t o r s , f i n i t e m e d i a and b o u n d a r i e s , a t t e n u a t i o n of n e u t r o n b e a m , p r i n c i p l e s of n e u t r o n d i f f u s i o n and a b s o r p t i o n , s h i e l d i n g of m i x e d r a d i a t i o n s , o t h e r p r o b l e m s - a c t i v a t i o n , a b s o r p t i o n of f i s s i o n e n e r g y , s k y s h i n e , r e f l e c t i o n , c h a n n e l s and m a z e s , e t c .

(ii) P r a c t i c a l e x e r c i s e s f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of s h i e l d i n g t h i c k n e s s and e f f e c t s . ( T h e s e t o p i c s g r e a t l y d e p e n d u p o n p u r p o s e , k ind of t r a i n e e s and i n s t r u c t o r s of t h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e . T h e e x e r c i s e s s h o u l d a l s o be c o m b i n e d w i t h l a b o r a t o r y e x e r c i s e s a s s u g g e s t e d in s e c t i o n 4 .3 , E(a) 1.)

5. C o n t a i n m e n t of r a d i o a c t i v e s o u r c e s (i) C h e m i c a l hood

T y p e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c o n s t r u c t i v e d e s i g n and d e t a i l s , v e n t i l a t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , f i l t r a t i o n , e v a l u a t i o n of e f f e c t i v e -n e s s of hood, m a i n t e n a n c e , e t c .

(i i) G love b o x and o t h e r e n c l o s u r e s T y p e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , p u r p o s e of u s e , c o n s t r u c t i v e d e t a i l s , v e n t i l a t i n g and o t h e r t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , e x c h a n g e of g l o v e s , f i l t e r and o t h e r a c c e s s o r i e s , m a i n t e n a n c e and r e p a i r , e t c .

( i i i ) C o n t a i n e r s of r a d i o a c t i v e s o u r c e s C o n t a i n e r s f o r s e a l e d s o u r c e s — m e c h a n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , s h i e l d i n g , o t h e r t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , l e a k a g e , t e s t i n g m e t h o d s . C o n t a i n e r s f o r u n s e a l e d s o u r c e s — t y p e s f o r o r d i n a r y s o u r c e s , p o w d e r f o r m , so lu t i on f o r m , e t c . ; t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s s u c h a s m e c h a n i c a l s h i e l d i n g , a n t i - v i b r a t i o n , s h o c k - a b s o r p t i o n , e t c . ; s a f e t y and l e a k a g e t e s t i n g m e t h o d s and p r o c e d u r e s , s a f e h a n d l i n g of c o n t a i n e r s of l a r g e s o u r c e s , e t c . S p e c i a l c o n t a i n e r s — c o n t a i n e r s f o r s t r o n g n e u t r o n s o u r c e s , c o n t a i n e r s f o r f i s s i o n a b l e m a t e r i a l s , c o n t a i n e r s f o r s p e n t f u e l s , e t c .

6. P r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s , c l o t h i n g f o r w o r k e r s (i) P r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g

R o u t i n e p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h e s f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n - l a b o r a t o r y c o a t s , o v e r a l l s , a p r o n s , r u b b e r g l o v e s , f o o t w e a r , e t c . ; r o u t i n e p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h e s w i t h s h i e l d i n g e f f e c t — l e a d r u b b e r a p r o n s , l e a d r u b b e r g l o v e s , e y e o r f a c e p r o t e c t o r s , e t c . ; p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g f o r e m e r g e n c y p u r p o s e s o r s p e c i a l u s e s — f u l l y i m p e r v i o u s c lo th ing , p r e s s u r i z e d c lo th ing , e t c .

21 These techniques are usually included in environmental monitoring techniques and in area survey.

1 0 1

(ii) P r o t e c t i v e r e s p i r a t o r s and o t h e r d e v i c e s T y p e s of r e s p i r a t o r s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e -m e n t s , t e s t i n g of r e s p i r a t o r s , m a i n t e n a n c e , e t c . ; d u s t r e s p i r a t o r s , c h e m i c a l c a r t r i d g e r e s p i r a t o r s , a i r - s u p p l y r e s p i r a t o r s , s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g r e s p i r a t o r s ; s h i e l d i n g b r i c k s , p r o t e c t i v e s h i e l d s , p r o t e c t i v e g l a s s e s , e t c .

(i i i) D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g . 7 . R e m o t e h a n d l i n g d e v i c e s , ho t c e l l s , e t c .

(i) L a b o r a t o r y s a f e h a n d l i n g d e v i c e s T y p e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s a f e t y , m a i n t e n a n c e , e t c . - t o n g s , r e m o t e p i p e t t e s , s h i e l d e d f l a s k h o l d e r s , r e m o t e v a l v e o p e n e r s , b a l l m a n i p u l a t o r s , e t c .

(ii) R e m o t e m a n i p u l a t o r s ( m a g i c h a n d s ) T y p e s , o u t l i n e of m e c h a n i s m , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c u s e s , t e c h n i c a l s a f e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , m a i n t e n a n c e - m a n u a l and p o w e r m a n i p u l a t o r s .

( i i i ) R e m o t e o b s e r v a t i o n e q u i p m e n t R e m o t e o b s e r v a t i o n w i n d o w s — t y p e s , m a t e r i a l s , c h a r a c -t e r i s t i c s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s a f e t y , e t c . ; p e r i s c o p e , i n d u s t r i a l t e l e v i s i o n s e t s .

(iv) Hot c e l l a n d hot c a v e P u r p o s e s , t y p e s , c o n s t r u c t i o n d e t a i l s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s a f e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , s a f e o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s t o b e a t t a c h e d , m o n i t o r i n g and c h e c k of l e a k a g e of r a d i a t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e and s a f e t y s u p e r -v i s i o n , c a r e f o r a c c i d e n t and e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s , e t c .

8. H a n d l i n g of r a d i o a c t i v e u n s e a l e d s o u r c e s a n d w a s t e s i n s i d e t h e l a b o r a t o r y (i) P r i n c i p l e s of s a f e m a n i p u l a t i o n 2 2 of r a d i o i s o t o p e s

(ii) P r a c t i c a l r u l e s f o r s a f e m a n i p u l a t i o n of u n s e a l e d s o u r c e s , p r e - e x p e r i m e n t a l p l a n n i n g , o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s i n e x p e r i m e n t s o r p r a c t i c a l w o r k ; r u l e s f o r s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g ; r o u t i n e c h e c k of c o n t a m i n a t i o n ; a f t e r - e x p e r i m e n t a l c a u t i o n , e t c .

(i i i) H a n d l i n g of w a s t e s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y P r i n c i p l e s , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of w a s t e s , s t o r a g e of w a s t e s in t h e l a b o r a t o r y , e q u i p m e n t f o r w a s t e h a n d l i n g , m o n i t o r i n g a n d r o u t i n e d i s c h a r g e , c a u t i o n f o r r e l e a s e of l i q u i d w a s t e s , e t c .

9. S u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n and d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n ( e x c l u d i n g t h a t on t h e h u m a n body) , s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s (i) S u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n

T y p e s of s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n -t a m i n a t i o n , d e t e c t i o n of m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , s t a n d a r d s f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l , r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n t a m i n a n t s a n d c o n t a m i n a t e d m a t e r i a l s , t i m e f a c t o r and c h a n g e of c o n t a m i n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , e v a l u a t i o n of s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , p r a c t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s of c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l .

n 'Safe handling of radioisotopes' is used usually in a broad sense. Therefore, 'safe manipulation' as used here just means actual safe manners of handling of radioisotopes in the laboratory.

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(ii) S u r f a c e f i n i s h e s P r i n c i p l e s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and s e l e c t i o n of s u r f a c e f i n i s h m a t e r i a l s , c o n s t r u c t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s , m a i n t e n a n c e and r e p a i r ,

(i i i) D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n P r i n c i p l e s of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n f a c t o r s , o b j e c t i v e s of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , t e c h n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n m e t h o d s , s e l e c t i o n of t h e m e t h o d s by e v a l u a t i o n of c o n t a m i n a t i o n and c o n t a m i n a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s and p r o c e d u r e s of d e c o n t a m i n a -t i o n - d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of w o r k i n g a r e a , e q u i p m e n t , p r e c i o u s o r d e l i c a t e i n s t r u m e n t s , w a s h a b l e m a t e r i a l s ; e v a l u a t i o n of r e s u l t s of d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n .

10. F a c i l i t i e s and s a f e t y d e s i g n of l a b o r a t o r i e s (i) T y p e and p u r p o s e of f a c i l i t i e s , o u t l i n e s of i m p o r t a n t n u c l e a r

f a c i l i t i e s ; f a c i l i t i e s f o r i r r a d i a t i o n p u r p o s e s ( s e a l e d s o u r c e s ) , f a c i l i t i e s f o r u s i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s ( u n s e a l e d s o u r c e s ) , f a c i l i t i e s f o r bo th p u r p o s e s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r p r o c e s s i n g of n u c l e a r f u e l , f a c i l i t i e s f o r r e a c t o r s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r a c c e l e r a -t o r s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r c r i t i c a l a s s e m b l i e s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s ( s u c h a s w a s t e t r e a t m e n t , ho t g r e e n h o u s e , s p e c i a l m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t , a e r o s o l r e s e a r c h , e t c . ) .

(ii) P r i n c i p l e s of s a f e t y d e s i g n of l a b o r a t o r i e s i n t he f a c i l i t i e s ; d e g r e e and e v a l u a t i o n of h a z a r d s , p r i n c i p l e s of l a y o u t p l a n s , c o n s t r u c t i v e p r i n c i p l e s , e m e r g e n c y p l a n s .

( i i i) M a i n t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n ; s h i e l d i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o n t r o l ; r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t , f l o o r and s u r f a c e f i n i s h i n g ; r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n ; r e q u i r e -m e n t s f o r m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e , e t c .

(iv) V e n t i l a t i o n and d r a i n a g e s y s t e m P r i n c i p l e s f o r l a y o u t of v e n t i l a t i o n , o b j e c t i v e s and e x t e n t of v e n t i l a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of v a r i o u s v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s , t e c h n i c a l o u t l i n e of v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e -m e n t s of v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s for. n u c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s , p r e v e n t i o n of a i r p o l l u t i o n i n t h e v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m — hood, g l o v e box, f i l t e r , m o n i t o r i n g e q u i p m e n t , p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e r e g u l a t o r s , e t c . ; p r i n c i p l e s of d r a i n a g e s y s t e m , t e c h n i c a l o u t l i n e of d r a i n a g e s y s t e m ( w a t e r s u p p l y and s e w a g e s y s t e m ) , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of d r a i n a g e s y s t e m f o r n u c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s , c h e c k i n g ,of d r a i n a g e s y s t e m and e f f l u e n t .

C o n t r o l of c r i t i c a l i t y T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y i n d u s t r y , n u c l e a r f u e l p r o -d u c t i o n and p r o c e s s i n g , t r a n s p o r t of f i s s i o n a b l e m a t e r i a l s , e t c . n e c e s s i t a t e s a k n o w l e d g e of t h e t e c h n i q u e s of c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l in t h e f i e l d of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n . T h e s u b j e c t i s r e c o g n i z e d a s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e t r a i n i n g of h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e f o l l o w i n g o u t l i n e s h o u l d at l e a s t be i n c l u d e d i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c -t i o n t r a i n i n g f o r h e a l t h p h y s i c i s t s . 1. G e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s and t h e o r e t i c a l a s p e c t s of c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l ,

s a f e t y d e s i g n i n g f o r c r i t i c a l i t y ; 2. S a f e t y i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l ;

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3. C o n s t r u c t i v e and o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l , c o n t r o l a c t i o n s ;

4 . E v a l u a t i o n of d e s i g n and p r o g r a m m e , s u p e r v i s o r y s y s t e m ; 5. S o m e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s of c r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l

(i) C r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l i n r e s e a r c h d e v e l o p m e n t , s u c h a s c r i t i c a l a s s e m b l i e s and r e a c t o r e x p e r i m e n t s ;

(ii) C r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l i n n u c l e a r f u e l p r o d u c t i o n , f a b r i c a t i o n and p r o c e s s i n g ;

( i i i) C r i t i c a l i t y c o n t r o l in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and s t o r a g e of f i s s i o n a b l e m a t e r i a l s .

E v a l u a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a z a r d s 1. H a z a r d s e v a l u a t i o n of n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e r m a l

d i s c h a r g e s and s i t i n g p r o b l e m s ; 2 . A t m o s p h e r i c d i s p e r s i o n a n d d e p o s i t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v e s u b s t a n c e s ,

and a s s o c i a t e d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s ( ' f a l l - o u t p r o b l e m s ' m a y b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s u b j e c t ) ;

3. R e l e a s e of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s i n to i n l a n d and s e a - w a t e r s and to o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e s ( n a t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d r a d i a t i o n m a y b e i n c l u d e d ) .

4. A r e a s u r v e y and s a m p l e a n a l y s i s (i) P r i n c i p l e s and s y s t e m of a r e a s u r v e y

P u r p o s e , p r e - o p e r a t i o n a l s u r v e y , s p e c i a l s u r v e y , r o u t i n e a r e a s u r v e y , a r e a e x t e n t , f r e q u e n c y s y s t e m , etc..; o p e r a -t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , f a c i l i t i e s , e v a l u a t i o n of s u r v e y , r e c o r d k e e p i n g ,

(ii) O b j e c t i v e s of a r e a s u r v e y R a d i a t i o n d o s e r a t e i n t h e a i r , r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e a i r ( d u s t , g a s ) , r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n w a t e r o r h y d r a u l i c s y s t e m s , r a d i o -a c t i v i t y i n t h e s o i l , s a n d , m u d , e t c . , r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n b i o l o g i c m a t e r i a l s , r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n food , p l a n t and a n i m a l p r o d u c t s , r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n h u m a n m a t e r i a l s ,

(i i i) S a m p l i n g and a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s S a m p l i n g s y s t e m — m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n , m o b i l e s t a t i o n , e t c . ; s a m p l i n g p r o g r a m m e — l o c a t i o n , n u m b e r , f r e q u e n c y , o b j e c -t i v e s wi th r e g a r d t o p u r p o s e , d e m a n d , g e o g r a p h i c a l and m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , p o p u l a t i o n f a c t o r , e t c . ; s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e s — e q u i p m e n t , t e c h n i q u e s , o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e -m e n t s ; e v a l u a t i o n of s a m p l i n g m e t h o d s - s t a t i s t i c e r r o r , s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n , g e o g r a p h i c a l f a c t o r s , s o c i a l c o n s i d e r a -t i o n s , e t c . ; a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s — t y p e s , p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e -m e n t s , c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s , e q u i p m e n t , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of m e t h o d s , e v a l u a t i o n of a n a l y t i c a l d a t a .

5. C o n t r o l of a t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s (i) A t m o s p h e r i c p o l l u t a n t s , p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c h e m i c a l

f o r m s of p o l l u t a n t s , d u s t , f u m e , s m o k e , m i s t , g a s , e t c . (i i) P r i n c i p l e s of p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l , a l l o w a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,

p r i n c i p l e s of a i r c l e a n i n g t e c h n i q u e s ; e f f i c i e n c y w i t h r e g a r d t o p o l l u t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , e v a l u a t i o n , e t c .

( i i i ) O u t l i n e of c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g y - t y p e s , m e c h a n i s m s , e f f i c i e n c y , o t h e r t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a i r c l e a n i n g f a c i l i t i e s , s u c h a s g r a v i t a t i o n a l p r e c i p i t a t o r s , b u f f e r c h a m b e r , c y c l o n e -t y p e a i r c l e a n e r , a i r f i l t e r , we t f i l t e r , a b s o l u t e f i l t e r ,

e l e c t r o p r e c i p i t a t o r , e t c . ; v e n t i l a t i o n and o t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e f a c i l i t y , m a i n t e n a n c e and c o s t , e t c .

6. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and s t o r a g e of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s , (d) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t

1. O r i g i n a n d n a t u r e of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s (i) S o u r c e s and a m o u n t s of w a s t e s - f r o m r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y ,

h o s p i t a l s , r e a c t o r s , f u e l r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s , e t c . ; (ii) C h e m i c a l , p h y s i c a l and r a d i o a c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of

v a r i o u s s o u r c e s of w a s t e s . 2. P h i l o s o p h y of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t - p r i m a r y

r e q u i r e m e n t s , d i lu t ion and d i s p e r s i o n , c o n c e n t r a t i o n and c o n t a i n m e n t ; d e c a y and d e l a y of d i s c h a r g e .

3. M e t h o d s of t r e a t i n g r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s (i) L i q u i d w a s t e s

F l o c c u l a t i o n , e v a p o r a t i o n , i o n e x c h a n g e , e x t r a c t i o n , b i o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s , r e m o v a l of s p e c i a l n u c l i d e s ;

(ii) So l id w a s t e s I n c i n e r a t i o n , b a l i n g , i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , e t c .

4. M e t h o d s f o r t e m p o r a r y s t o r a g e of w a s t e s (i) T a n k s t o r a g e

E x t e n t , t e c h n i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , e c o n o m i c s , e t c . ; ( i i) O t h e r e n g i n e e r e d c o n t a i n e r s

Sal t m i n e s , u n d e r g r o u n d e x c a v a t i o n s , p i t s and t r e n c h e s , e t c . 5. R e l e a s e of r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s to t h e e n v i r o n m e n t 2 3

(i) M a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t , f r e s h - w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t , g r o u n d , o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l l o c a t i o n s ;

(ii) P r i n c i p l e s of m o n i t o r i n g m e t h o d s of w a s t e s , e v a l u a t i o n of h a z a r d s 2 3

6. F u t u r e a s p e c t s (i) U l t i m a t e d i s p o s a l

F i x a t i o n of r a d i o a c t i v i t y — g l a s s f o r m a t i o n , c a l c i n a t i o n ; s t o r a g e in g e o l o g i c a l f o r m a t i o n s , s t o r a g e i n e n g i n e e r e d c o n t a i n e r s f o r u l t i m a t e d i s p o s a l ,

(ii) F u t u r e t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t F i s s i o n p r o d u c t r e c o v e r y and u t i l i z a t i o n , c h a n g i n g c h a r a c t e r of w a s t e s .

I . G e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s (a) A d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p of p r o t e c t i v e s e r v i c e s

1. O r g a n i z a t i o n of h e a l t h p h y s i c s a c t i v i t i e s ; 2. R e l a t i o n s h i p s t o t o p m a n a g e m e n t ; 3. R e l a t i o n s h i p s t o m e d i c a l , s a f e t y and f i r e s e r v i c e s ; 4. R e l a t i o n s h i p s t o g o v e r n m e n t a l r e g u l a t o r y b o d i e s .

(b) R e l a t i o n s h i p s wi th w o r k e r s and p u b l i c 1. L a b o u r r e l a t i o n s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ; 2. R a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n and p u b l i c i n f o r m a t i o n .

(c) E m e r g e n c y p l a n s and p r o c e d u r e s 1. P r i n c i p l e s of e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s , t y p e s of a c c i d e n t s w h i c h

cou ld h a p p e n , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of e m e r g e n c i e s , e t c . ;

23 These subjects are closely connected with 'area survey' and could be combined with this.

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2. P l a n n i n g f o r e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s ; 3. H e a l t h p h y s i c s o p e r a t i o n s i n e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n s ; 4 . M e d i c a l e m e r g e n c y o p e r a t i o n s ; 5 . L o c a l e m e r g e n c y , s i t e e m e r g e n c y a n d p u b l i c e m e r g e n c y ; 6. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s and p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s i n

e m e r g e n c i e s . (d) L e g a l and r e g u l a t o r y a s p e c t s

1. L e g a l c o n t r o l of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e s , a i m s and p r o c e d u r e s ;

2. S o m e a s p e c t s of e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i v e c o d e s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n ;

3. M o d e l code of p r a c t i c e , s a f e t y m a n u a l s , i n - p l a n t r u l e s , e t c . (e) S u b j e c t s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t

1. D e v e l o p m e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s t a n d a r d s ( h i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w , m a j o r e v e n t s , p r e s e n t s t e p s ) ;

2. A c t i v i t i e s and p u b l i c a t i o n s on r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n by i n t e r -n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s (i) I n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s ;

(ii) N o n - g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . 3. I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n in r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

( f ) T r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e on r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n 1. I m p o r t a n t k i n d s of t r a i n i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n r a d i o l o g i c a l

p r o t e c t i o n ; 2. N e c e s s a r y c u r r i c u l a of t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s i n r a d i o l o g i c a l

p r o t e c t i o n ; 3. How t o o r g a n i z e and c o n d u c t t r a i n i n g i n r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n .

J . M e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n 2 4

(a) M e d i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h s u p e r v i s i o n f o r r a d i a t i o n w o r k e r s P r e - e m p l o y m e n t m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n , r o u t i n e m e d i c a l e x a m i n a -t i on , b l o o d c o u n t s , t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and v a l u e , o t h e r i m p o r t a n t t e s t s , i n d o c t r i n a t i o n of w o r k e r s f o r m e d i c a l s u p e r v i s i o n , m e d i c a l s u p e r v i s i o n a n d e v a l u a t i o n of s u s p e c t c a s e s , m e d i c a l r e c o r d k e e p i n g ( e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y ) , p o s t - e m p l o y m e n t ( t e r m i n a l ) m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n .

(b) G e n e r a l c l i n i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y D i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t of a c u t e e x p o s u r e , e f f e c t s of c h r o n i c e x p o s u r e , d i a g n o s t i c p r o b l e m s of d e l a y e d e f f e c t s , s p e c i f i c t r e a t -m e n t of r a d i a t i o n i n j u r y , p s y c h o l o g i c a l ( an d n e u r o - p h y s i o l o g i c a l ) a s p e c t s of r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e .

(c) D i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t of i n t e r n a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g h a z a r d e v a l u a t i o n on body b u r d e n D i a g n o s i s t h r o u g h a c c i d e n t h i s t o r y , e x c r e t i o n a n a l y s i s and t o t a l -body coun t ing , h a z a r d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e p a t i e n t on t he b a s i s of b o d y - b u r d e n i n d i c a t i o n s , s p e c i f i c t r e a t m e n t f o r i n t e r n a l con tamina -t i on , t r e a t m e n t and c a r e f o r c o n t a m i n a t e d w o u n d s .

2 4 Medical aspects should be taught with great flexibility with regard t o k i n d s of trainees and purpose of training. Trainees having a medical background should have intensive training in these subjects.

106

(d) S p e c i f i c c h e m i c a l t o x i c i t y h a z a r d s in t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y i n d u s t r y U r a n i u m p o i s o n i n g and m e d i c a l c a r e f o r i t , b e r y l l i u m p o i s o n i n g and i t s i n d u s t r i a l h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , o t h e r p o s s i b l e c h e m i c a l i n t o x i c a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d wi th t h e a t o m i c e n e r g y i n d u s t r y .

(e) P o s t - a c c i d e n t m a n a g e m e n t and f i r s t a i d .

SUMMARY O F L E C T U R E S BY S U B J E C T

A. M a t h e m a t i c s B . R a d i o l o g i c a l . p h y s i c s C. R a d i a t i o n d e t e c t i o n D. R a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t r y E . R a d i a t i o n c h e m i s t r y a n d i s o t o p e c h e m i s t r y F . R a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y G. F u n d a m e n t a l s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n H. P r a c t i c a l r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

(a) C o n t r o l of o c c u p a t i o n a l h a z a r d s (b) C o n t r o l of c r i t i c a l i t y (c) E v a l u a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a z a r d s (d) P r i n c i p l e s of r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t

I . G e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s J . M e d i c a l a s p e c t s of r a d i o l o g i c a l p r o t e c t i o n

In a d d i t i o n t o l e c t u r e s on t he a b o v e s u b j e c t s , s o m e s p e c i a l l e c t u r e s on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of r a d i o i s o t o p e s , t h e f e a t u r e s of n a t i o n a l n u c l e a r e n e r g y p r o j e c t s , e t c . , m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e .

107

ANNEX 4

G E N E R A L B I B L I O G R A P H Y The items are listed in date order within each section

1. GENERAL

GOLDSCHMIDT, B., The Atomic Adventure, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1964).

GLASSTONE, S . , Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, 3rd Edn, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J. (1967).

DAVIS, G., Radiation and Life, Iowa University Press, Ames, Iowa (1967).

PERLMAN, J.S., The Atom and the Universe, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif. (1970).

NICHOLSON, M., The Environmental Revolution, Hodder and Stoughton, London (1970).

GAGE, S.J., LONG, R.L., SANDQUIST, G.M., Nuclear Solutions to World Energy Problems, Int. Conf. Washington, D.C., 12-17 Nov. 1972, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 15 2 (1972) 635-38.

MEADOWS, D.H., et a l . , The Limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York (1972).

2. NUCLEAR RADIATION PHYSICS

LAPP, R.E., ANDREWS, H.L., Nuclear Radiation Physics, 3rd Edn, Prentice Hall , New York (1963).

JOHNS, H.E., The Physics of Radiology, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (1964).

PRICE, W.J., Nuclear Detect ion, 2nd Edn, McGraw Hil l , New York (1964).

ROY., R., NIGAM, B.P., Nuclear Physics; Theory and Experiment, Wiley, New York (1964).

OLIVER, R., Radiation Physics in Radiology, Blackwell Scientif ic Publications, Oxford (1966).

YOUNG, M., Radiological Physics, 2nd Edn, Lewis, London (1967).

LITTLEFIELD, T .A. , THORLEY, N . , Atomic and Nuclear Physics: An Introduction in S.I. Units, 2nd Edn, Van Nostrand, London (1968).

MEREDITH, W.J., MASSEY, J.B., Fundamental Physics of Radiology, J. Wright and Sons, Bristol (1968).

LINDNER, H., Grundriss der Atom- und Kernphysik, Fachbuch Verlag, Leipzig (1969).

STAUTON, L., Basic Medical Radiation Physics, Meredith, New York (1969).

GLOCKER, R., MACHERAUCH, E., Röntgen und Kernphysik für Mediziner und Biophysiker, 2nd Edn, Georg Thieme , Stuttgart (1971).

CHRISTOPHOROU, L.G., Atomic and Molecular Radiation Physics, Wiley-Interscience, London (1971).

MEREDITH, W.J., MASSEY, J.B., Fundamental Physics of Radiology, 2nd Edn, Wright, Bristol (1972).

3. RADIOCHEMISTRY - RADIATION CHEMISTRY

OVERMAN, R.T., CLARK, H., Radioisotope Techniques, McGraw-Hil l ,New York (1960).

FRIEDLANDER, G., KENNEDY, J., Lehrbuch der Kern- und Radiochemie (Nuclear and Radiochemistry), Thiemig Fachbücher, Thiemig, Munich (1963).

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, Method of Radiochemical Analysis, WHO, Geneva (1966).

HENGLEIN, A . , SCHNABEL, W., WENDENBURG, J., Einführung in die Strahlenchemie, Verlag Chemie , Weinheim (1969).

ALTMAN, K., GERBER, G., OKADA, S . , Radiation Bio-chemistry, Academic Press, New York (1970).

1 0 9

LEHMAN, W.J., Atomic and Molecular Structure: The Development of our Concepts, Wiley, New York

(1972).

FAIRES, R.A., PARKS, B.H., Radioisotope Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edn, Butterworths, London (1973).

HUGHES, G., Radiation Chemistry, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1973).

SWALLOW, A.J., Radiation Chemistry; an Introduction, Wiley , New York (1973).

KRUGERS, J., Instrumentation in Applied Nuclear Chemistry, Plenum Press, New York (1973).

4. RADIATION BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS

ANDREWS, H.L., Radiation Biophysics, Prentice-Hall , New York (1961).

BACQ, Z.M. , ALEXANDER, P. , Fundamentals of Radiobiology, 2nd Edn, Pergamon Press, New York (1961).

CASARETT, G.P., Radiation Biology, Prentice-Hall , New York (1968).

KREBS, A. , Strahlenbiologie — verständliche Wissenschaft, Springer, Berlin (1968).

DERTINGER, H., JUNG, H., Molekulare Strahlenbiologie, Springer, Berlin (1969).

KÖNIG, W., Biologische Strahlenwirkungen und Strahlenschutz, Arbeitswissenschaftl. Lehrbriefe, Nr. 13 ,

Verlag Tribüne, Berlin, German Demoer. Rep. (1970).

THORNBURN, C.C. , Isotopes and Radiation in Biology, Butterworths, London (1972).

HALL, E.J., Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Harper and Row, Hagerston, Md. (1973).

5. DOSIMETRY AND HEALTH PHYSICS - RADIATION PROTECTION

HIÑE, G.J., BROWNELL, G.L. (Eds), Radiation Dosimetry, Academic Press, New York (1956).

BARNES, D.E., TAYLOR, D. , Radiation Hazards and Protection, 2nd Edn, Newnes, London (1963).

JOFFRE, H., Les problèmes physiques de la radioprotection. Presses Universitaires, Paris (1963).

BLATZ, H.I. (Ed.), Introduction to Radiological Health, McGraw-Hill , New York (1964).

AGLINZEW. K.K., KODYOKOV, V.M. , LYZKOV, A.F., SIVINTSEV, Y.V. , Applied Dosimetry, Iliffe

Books, London (1965).

EUROPEAN NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, Radiation Dose Measurements, their Purpose, Interpretation and

Required Accuracy in Radiological Protection (Proc. Symp. Stockholm, 1967), ENEA, Paris (1967) 598 p.

FITZGERALD, J.J., BROWNELL, G.L., MAHONEY, F.J., Mathematical Theory of Radiation Dosimetry,

Gordon and Breach, New York (1967).

MORGAN, K.Z . , TURNER, J.E., Principles of Radiation Protection, Wiley, New York (1967).

REES, D.J., Health Physics — Principles of Radiation Protection, Butterworths, London (1967).

CAMERON, J.R., Thermoluminescent Dosimetry, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Milwaukee, London (1968).

ATTIX, F.H., ROESCH, W.C. , TOCHILIN, E. (Eds), Radiation Dosimetry, 2nd Edn, Vol. 1_: Fundamentals (1968);

V o l . 2 : Instrumentation (1966); Vol .3: Sources, Fields, Measurements and Applications (1969),

Academic Press, New York.

BONET-MAURY, P., La Radioprotection, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1969).

CEMBER, H., Introduction to Health Physics, Int. Ser. Monographs in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 105, Pergamon

Press, Oxford, UK (1969).

EASLEY, G.W., Basic Radiation Protection — Principles and Organization, Gordon and Breach, Paris (1969).

GLOYNA, E.F., LEDBETTER, J.O., Principles of Radiological Health - Environmental Health Engineering -

Textbooks, Dekker, New York (1969).

HUGH, F.H., Fundamentals of Radiation Protection, Wiley-Interscience, London (1969).

1 1 0

NACHTIGALL, D. , Table of Specif ic Gamma Ray Constants, Georg T h i e m e , Stuttgart (1969).

NACHTIGALL, D. , Physikalische Grundlagen für Dosimetrie und Strahlenschutz, Thiemig Taschenbücher,

Vol. 24 , Thiemig , Munich (1971).

TAYLOR, L.S., CRC Radiation Protection Standards, Butterworths, London (1971).

KIEFER, H., MAUSHART, R., Radiation Protection Measurement, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1972).

SHAPIRO, J., Radiation Protection; a Guide for Scientists and Physicians, Harvard University Press,

Cambridge. Mass. (1972).

JAEGER, R.G., HÜBNER, W., EISENLOHR, H., Dosimetrie und Strahlenschutz; physikalisch-technische Daten

und Methoden für die Praxis, 2 Vols, rev. Edn, Thieme , Stuttgart (1974).

RODIER, J., CHASSANY, J.P., Manuel de radioprotection pratique, Maloine, Paris (1974).

6. MEDICAL ASPECTS AND TOXICOLOGY

LETAVET, A .A. , KURUANDSKAJA, E.B., Toxicology of Radioactive Substances I: Sr, Ru, Cs. and Rn,

Pergamon Press, London (1962).

SAENGER, E. (Ed.), Medical Aspects of Radiation Accidents, USAEC, Washington, D.C. (1963).

FLIEDNER, T .M. , HAUGER, W., Ärztl iche Massnahmen bei aussergewöhnlicher Strahlenbelastung, Thieme ,

Stuttgart (1967).

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, Public Health Considerations in Medical

Diagnostic Radiology (X-rays), Public Health Service , Washington, D.C. (1967).

QUIMBY, E., et a l . , Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine and Biology, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. (1968).

WACHSMANN, F., Strahlenschutzdosimetrie, Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, Springer, Berlin (1968).

UPTON, A.C. , Radiation Injury; Effects, Principles and Perspectives, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago (1969).

WACHSMANN, F., Strahlenschutz geht al le an, F. Thiemig , Munich (1969).

COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, La décontamination externe et interne des travailleurs

exposés aux rayonnements ionisants (C.R. Conf. Munich, 1969), EUR-4569, Commission des Communautés

Européennes, Luxembourg (1970).

BELCHER, E.H. (Ed.), VETTER, H., Radioisotopes in Medical Diagnosis, Butterworths, London (1971).

COGGLE, J.F., Biological Effects of Radiation, Wykeham, London (1971).

EMRICH, D. , Nuklearmedizin - Funktionsdiagnostik, T h i e m e , Stuttgart (1971).

KIEFER, H., Der Nachweis inkorporierter radioaktiver Substanzen be im Menschen, Rep. K.34, Ges. für

Strahlen- und Umweltforschung, Neuherberg/Munich (1971).

WESTERMAN, J.G., Radioimmunoassay, Hospital Medicine, London (1971).

Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, Jahrbücher der Vereinigung deutscher Strahlenschutzärzte e . V . ,

Bd. XI: Der Strahlenunfall und seine Behandlung; Erkennung, Pathologie, Therapie, Prophylaxe, Th ieme ,

Stuttgart (1971).

3rd Nordic Radiation Protection Conference, P t . l , Radiation Protection of Patients, Copenhagen,

18 -20 August 1971, State Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Copenhagen (1971).

BOUCHER, R., BARTHELEMY, P., MILET, C. , "Les études de sécurité sur les sources sce l lées de plutonium 238

pour stimulateurs cardiaques", 2 e Coll. int. L'énergie d'origine radioisotopique, Madrid, 29.5 - 6.6. 1972,

CEA-CONF-2026 (1972) 22 p.

CROLL, M.N., Clinical Dynamic Function Studies with Radionuclides, Meredith, New York (1972).

OMS, Utilisation des rayonnements et des radioisotopes à des fins médica les , Rapp. comité mixte OMS-AIEA,

Série rapports techniques a' 492 , OMS, Genève (1972).

111

VAN ELEGEM, P., BRUNFAUT, G., LEJEUNE, S . , Dosimétrie en radiodiagnostic, J. Beige Radiol. 55 2 (1972) 271-84.

MERCER, T . T . , Aerosol Technology in Hazard Evaluation, Academic Press, New York (1973).

7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

GLUCKAUF, E. (Ed.), Atomic Energy Waste, Butterworths, London (1961).

PLATT, R.B., GRIFFITHS, J.F., Environmental Measurements and Interpretation, Reinhold, New York (1964).

REINIG, W.C., Environmental Surveillance in the Vicinity of Nuclear Facil it ies, Thomas, Springfield (1970).

SCHACHTER, O., SERVER, D. , Marine Pollution Problems and Remedies, UNITAR, New York (1970).

KRIME, O. (Ed.), Marine Ecology, Wiley-Interscience, London (1970).

EISENBUD, M., Environmental Radioactivity, 2nd Edn, Academic Press, New York (1971).

ODUM, H.T. , Environment, Power and Society , Wiley-Interscience, New York (1971).

KNEESE, A .V. , AYRES, R., D'ARGE, R., Economics and the Environment, John Hopkins, Baltimore (1972).

MARBLE, G., Pollution, agression et radioprotection, Radioprotection 7 4 (1972) 197.

WALDBOTT, G.L., Health Effects of Environmental Pollutions, Mosby, St.Louis (1973).

8. MISCELLANEOUS

MOE, H.J., LASUK, S.R., SCHUMACHER, M.C., Radiation Safety Technician Training Course, Rep. ANL-7291, Argonne National Lab., Argonne, 111. (1966).

SCHWAMMBERGER, J., Grundlagen zur Strahlenschutztechnik für Strahlenschutzkontrolleure, Eidgenössisches Inst, für Reaktorforschung, Würenlingen, Switzerland (1967).

CEA, Cours de technic ien de radioprotection (1er degré). Cours de technic ien supérieur de radioprotection, Institut national des sciences et techniques nucléaires, CEA, Saclay (1969).

U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, Radiological Health Handbook, Bureau of Radiological Health and Training Institute Environmental Control Administration (rev. Edn), Rockville, Md. (1970).

CAMERON, J.F., CLAYTON, C.G., Radioisotope Instruments, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1971).

HART, J.C., "Three part 36 week training program for nuclear facil ity health physicists", in Papers Presented at the Symposium on Training of Nuclear Facility Personnel, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn. (1971),

EICHHOLZ, G.G., Radioisotope Engineering, Dekker, New York (1972).

MOE, H.J., LASUK, S.R., SCHUMACHER, M.C. , HUNT, H.M., Radiation Safety Technician Training Course, Rep. ANL-7291 (Rev. l ) , Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111. (1972).

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation; Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Washington, D.C. , NAS-NRC (1972).

9. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION (ICRP)

Publ. No.2 Report of Commit tee 2 , Permissible Dose for Radiation, Pergamon Press, London (1959).

Publ. No.5 Report of Commit tee 5 , Handling and Disposal of Radioactive Materials in Hospitals and Medical Research Establishments, Pergamon Press, New York (1965).

Publ. No.7 Report of Commit tee 4 , Radiation Protection Principles of Environmental Monitoring Related to the Handling of Radioactive Material, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1966).

1 1 2

Publ. No.8 Radiation Protection: The Evaluation of Risks from Radiation, A Report Prepared for Committee 1 (1966).

Publ. No.9 Recommendations on Radiation Protection, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1966). (Modifies ICRP Pubis Nos 1 and 6)

Publ. No.10 Report of Committee 4,EvaluationofRadiation Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamina-tion due to Occupational Exposure, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1968).

Publ. No.lOA The Assessment of Internal Contamination Resulting from Recurrent or Prolonged Uptakes. A Report of Committee 4 , Pergamon Press, Oxford (1971).

Publ. No.12 Radiation Protection: General Principles of Monitoring for Radiation Protection of Workers, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1969).

Publ. No. 15 Protection against Ionizing Radiation from External Sources, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1970).

Publ. No.21 Data for Protection against Ionizing Radiation from External Sources: Supplement to ICRP Publ. No.15, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1973).

Publ. No.22 Implications of Commissions' Recommendations that Doses be Kept as Low as Readily Achievable . Report of Committee 4 , Pergamon Press, Oxford (1973).

10. PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

STI/PUB/321 (Rev.) Nuclear Power and the Environment (1973).

(a) Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/18 Disposal of Radioactive Wastes (1960).

STI/PUB/25 Selected Topics in Radiation Dosimetry (1961).

STI/PUB/57 Reactor Safety and Hazards Evaluation Techniques (1962).

STI/PUB/63 Treatment and Storage of High- level Radioactive Wastes (1963).

STI/PUB/69 Neutron Dosimetry (1963).

STI/PUB/72 Siting of Reactors and Nuclear Research Centres (1963).

STI/PUB/78 Radiological Health and Safety in Mining and Milling of Nuclear Materials (1964).

STI/PUB/84 Assessment of Radioactivity in Man (1964).

STI/PUB/88 Radiochemical Methods of Analysis (1965).

STI/PUB/99 Personnel Dosimetry for Radiation Accidents (1965).

STI/PUB/136 Neutron Monitoring (1967).

STI/PUB/156 Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into the Ground (1967).

STI/PUB/229 Handling of Radiation Accidents (1969).

STI/PUB/238 Radiation Safety in Hot Facilities (1970).

STI/PUB/261 Environmental Aspects of Nuclear Power Stations (1971).

STI/PUB/269 Advances in Physical and Biological Radiation Detectors (1971).

STI/PUB/289 Rapid Methods for Measuring Radioactivity in the Environment (1971).

STI/PUB/290 Assessment of Radioactive Contamination in Man (1972).

STI/PUB/311 Dosimetry in Agriculture, Industry, Biology and Medicine (1973).

STI/PUB/313 Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (1973).

STI/PUB/315 Medical Radioisotope Scintigraphy 1972 (1973).

STI/PUB/318 Neutron Monitoring for Radiation Protection Purposes (1973).

1 1 3

STI/PUB/341 Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation - 1973 (1973).

STI/PUB/342 Principles and Standards of Reactor Safety (1973).

STI/PUB/345 Environmental Behaviour of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry (1973).

(b) Panel Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/241

STI/PUB/273

STI/PUB/280

STI/PUB/298

STI/PUB/301

(c) Safety Series

Nuclear Accident Dosimetry Systems (1970).

Peaceful Nuclear Explosions — Phenomenology and Status Report 1970 (1970).

Biochemical Indicators of Radiation Injury in Man (1971).

Peaceful Nuclear Explosions II — Their Practical Application (1971).

Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation (1972).

1 STI/PUB/319 Safe Handling of Radionuclides - 1973 Edition (1973).

2 STI/PUB/10 Safe Handling of Radioisotopes: Health Physics Addendum (1960 - out of print; superseded by Safety Series No.38).

3 STI/PUB/11 Safe Handling of Radioisotopes: Medical Addendum (1960 - available in

Russian; superseded by Safety Series No.25).

4 STI/PUB/29 Safe Operation of Critical Assemblies and Research Reactors (1961).

5 STI/PUB/14 Radioactive Waste Disposal into the Sea (1961).

6 STI/PUB/323 Regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials - 1973 Revised Edition (1973).

7 STI/PUB/32 Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials: Notes on Certain

Aspects of the Regulations (1961).

8 STI/PUB/43 The Use of Film Badges for Personnel Monitoring (1962).

9 STI/PUB/147 Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection - 1967 Edition (1967).

10 STI/PUB/44 Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Into Fresh Water (1963).

11 STI/PUB/86 Methods of Surveying and Monitoring Marine Radioactivity (1965).

12 STI/PUB/87 The Management of Radioactive Wastes Produced by Radioisotope Users (1965).

13 STI/PUB/94 The Provision of Radiological Protection Services (1965).

14 STI/PUB/95 The Basic Requirements for Personnel Monitoring (1965).

15 STI/PUB/103 Radioactive Waste Disposal Into the Ground (1965).

16 STI/PUB/98 Manual on Environmental Monitoring in Normal Operation (1966).

17 STI/PUB/121 Techniques for Controlling Air Pollution from the Operation of Nuclear Facilities

(1966).

18 STI/PUB/118 Environmental Monitoring in Emergency Situations (1966).

19 STI/PUB/119 The Management of Radioactive Wastes Produced by Radioisotope Users:

Technical Addendum (1966).

20 STI/PUB/131 Guide to the Safe Handling of Radioisotopes in Hydrology (1966).

21 STI/PUB/124 Risk Evaluation for Protection of the Public in Radiation Accidents (1967).

22 STI/PUB/150 Respirators and Protective Clothing (1967).

23 STI/PUB/167 Radiation Protection Standards for Radioluminous Timepieces (1967).

24 STI/PUB/170 Basic Factors for the Treatment and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes (1967).

1 1 4

25 S T I / P U B / 2 0 1 Medica l Supervision of Radiation Workers (1968) .

26 S T I / P U B / 1 5 1 Radiation Protection in the Mining and Mi l l ing of Radioact ive Ores (1968) .

27 S T I / P U B / 2 0 6 Safety Considerations in the Use of Ports and Approaches by Nuclear Merchant

Ships (1968) .

28 S T I / P U B / 2 0 8 Management of Radioact ive Wastes at Nuclear Power Plants (1968) .

29 S T I / P U B / 2 1 1 Appl icat ion of Meteorology to Safety at Nuclear Plants (1968) .

30 S T I / P U B / 1 6 9 Manual on Safety Aspects of the Design and Equipment of Hot Laboratories (1969) .

31 S T I / P U B / 2 2 2 Safe Operation of Nuclear Power Plants (1969) .

32 STI /PUB/227 Planning for the Handling of Radiation Acc idents (1969) .

33 S T I / P U B / 2 4 6 Guide to the Safe Des ign , Construction and Use of Radioisotopic Power Generators For Certain Land and Sea Appl icat ions (1970) .

34 S T I / P U B / 2 7 2 Guidel ines for the Layout and Contents of Safe ty Reports for Stat ionay Nuclear Power Plants (1970).

35 S T I / P U B / 2 2 5 Safe Operation of Crit ical Assemblies and Research Reactors - 1971 Edition (1971) .

36 S T I / P U B / 2 8 3 Disposal of Radioact ive Wastes into Rivers, Lakes and Estuaries (1971) .

37 S T I / P U B / 3 2 4 Advisory Material for the Appl icat ion of the IAEA Transport Regulations (1973) .

3 8 STI /PUB/257 Radiation Protection Procedures (1973) .

39 S T I / P U B / 3 5 8 Sa fe Handling of Plutonium (1973) .

4 0 S T I / P U B / 3 6 9 Safe Use of Radioact ive Tracers in Industrial Processes (1974) .

(d) T e c h n i c a l Reports Series

6 S T I / D O C / l O / 6 T h e Vinäa Dosimetry Experiment (1962) .

26 S T I / D O C / l O / 2 6 Radiation Quantit ies and Units (1964) .

27 S T I / D O C / l O / 2 7 Techno logy of Radioact ive Waste Management Avoid ing Environmental Disposal (1964) .

29 S T I / D O C / 1 0 / 2 9 Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Isotopes and Radiation in So i l -p lant Relations Research (1964) .

31 S T I / D O C / 1 0 / 3 1 Training in Radiological Protection: Curricula and Programming (1964) .

4 3 S T I / D O C / l O / 4 3 Cl in ica l Dosimetry (F, R, S , 1965). (English version published in 1963 by United States Department of C o m m e r c e , National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C, A v a i l a b l e from the Superintendent of Documents , Government Printing O f f i c e , Washington, D.C. 20402 . )

4 6 S T I / D O C / l O / 4 6 In -p i l e Dosimetry (1965) .

47 S T I / D O C / l O / 4 7 Radioact ivity (F, R, 1965). (English version published in 1963 by United States Department of C o m m e r c e , National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. A v a i l a b l e from the Superintendent of Documents , Government Printing O f f i c e , Washington, D.C. 20402 . )

60 S T I / D O C / 1 0 / 6 0 / 3 Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Radionuclides and Radiation in A n i m a l Research - Third Edition (1972) .

61 S T I / D O C / l O / 6 1 Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Isotopes and Radiation in Entomology

(1966) .

71 S T I / D O C / l O / 7 1 Research Reactor Ut i l i zat ion (1967).

7 3 S T I / D O C / l O / 7 3 Trit ium and Other Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cyc l e (1967) .

83 S T I / D O C / l O / 8 3 Economics in Managing Radioact ive Wastes (1968) .

1 1 5

91 STI /DOC/ lO/91 Guidebook on Nuclear Techniques in Hydrology (1968).

95 STI /DOC/ lO/95 Quick Methods for Radiochemical Analysis (1969).

101 STI /DOC/10 /101 Standardization of Radioactive Waste Categories (1970).

109 S TI /DOC/10 /109 Personnel Dosimetry Systems for External Radiation Exposures (1970).

110 STI /DOC/10 /110 Manual of Dosimetry in Radiotherapy (1970).

114 STI /DOC/ lO/114 Training Manual on Food Irradiation Technology and Techniques (1970).

120 S TI /DOC/10 /120 Monitoring of Radioactive Contamination on Surfaces (1970).

135 S T Í / D 0 C / 1 0 / 1 3 5 Storage Tanks for Liquid Radioactive Wastes: Their Design and Use (1972).

137 STl /DOC/ lO/137 Mercury Contamination in Man and his Environment (1972).

142 S T I / D O C / 1 0 / 1 4 2 Inhalation Risks from Radioactive Contaminants (1973).

148 STI /DOC/10 /14 8 Control of Iodine in the Nuclear Industry (1973).

150 STI /DOC/10 /150 Measurement of Short-Range Radiations (1973).

152 S T I / D O C / 1 0 / 1 5 2 Evaluation of Radiation Emergencies and Accidents — Selected Criteria and Data (1974).

1 1 6

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^ P u b l i s h i n g Section, X w * ê ' ^ n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency, ^ ^ Kärntner Ring 11, P.O.Box 5 9 0 , A-1011 Vienna, Austria

I N T E R N A T I O N A L A T O M I C ENERGY A G E N C Y V I E N N A . 1975

US $ 8 00 Austrian Schillings 1 3 2 . -(£3 30, F.Fr 34, DM 1 9 , - )

SUBJECT GROUP II Nuclear Safety and Environmental Protection/ Radiological Safety