technical paper on the biosphere process systems

8/13/2019 Technical Paper on the Biosphere Process Systems

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As the elementary texts or groundwater point out, the 2000 year year-old

landfills of the ancient Roman Empire are still generating leachate that to this

day still leaks into our ground

SUITE 707, 7THFLR., OMM-CITRA BLDG.SAN MIGUEL AVENUE, ORTIGAS CENTER

REPOR! RE"O#R$E RE$O%ER& E$'(O)O*&!

'E +,ERO -A"E P'.)O"OP'&/

THE BIOSPHEREGASIFICATION

PROCESS*RUTH P. BRIONES


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PASIG CITY, MMETROMANILA, PHILIPPINES

ESOU CE ECOVE Y TECHNOLOGYTHE BIOSPHE E GASIFICATIONP OCESS

*ARTIST SKETCH OF A BIOSPHERE GASIFICATION POWER PLANT

As an introduction, th Bios!hr Procss "or #nratin# #rn $ctricit% &asin'ntd (% )r Chris +cCorac- )r +cCorac- is th Chairan and Chi"E.cuti' O""icr o" G$o(a$ En'ironnta$ Enr#% Cor!oration /GEECF0 ThBios!hr !rocss &as d'$o!d and has !$o%d in th anu"acturin# o"c$an nr#% dis!osa$ s%st -no&n as 1Th Bios!hr +K234

Th Bios!hr !rocss and tchno$o#% o!rats in d'$o!d nations aroundth &or$d, to &it5 6nitd Stats o" Arica, 6nitd Kin#do, Gran%, Birut,China, Tai&an, Bra7i$, L(anon, Li(%a, Ita$%, Canada, Wst A"rica, Sin#a!or,

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Franc, 8a!an, Austra$ia, Russia and or and or countris ar ado!tin# thisTchno$o#%

Th Bios!hr Procss S%sts has (n tstd to Euro!an and 6S EPA

standards (% Bord na +ona En'ironnta$ Liitd It ts and .cds thr9uirnts o" th n&st EPA r#u$ations, th n&st Euro!an 6nionr#u$ations and a$$ a!!ro!riat o!rations and issions standards in an% c$ints:;urisdiction

WHAT IS A BIOSPHERE PROCESS?

A Bios!hr is a #asi"ication !rocss &hich (#ins &ith th &ast #oin# into th Bios!hrcha(r thr (#innin# th thra$ trans"oration into a c$an co(usti($ #as r"rrd tohrina"tr as 1s%n#as4

Th syngas is usd to !roduc $ctricit% in a co(ind c%c$ #as


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'itri"id #$ass Th ch$orin is thn scru((d out $a'in# di$ut h%droch$oric acid /HCL0Th su$"ur is ro'd in a &t scru((r, !roducin# sodiu (isu$"at

Th di$ut HCL contains so aounts o" !articu$at and ta$s, &hich ar ro'd

Th !articu$at and ta$s ro'd at this !oint aount to a "raction o" o" th

ori#ina$ "dstoc-

Th so$ dischar# into th air is "ro th tur(in, &hich ts EPA ission

standards

Hat "ro th !rocss is usd intrna$$% to !roduc $ctricit%, disti$$ HCL or

disti$


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WHAT FUEL SOU CE DOES THE BIOSPHE E USE?It can consu as a "u$ sourc (iodica$ &ast, dica$ &ast, usd rai$road crosstis,PCB:s ra& s&a# s$ud#, usd car!t, unusa($ so"t coa$, industria$ (%!roducts, oi$"i$d

&ast , construction and do atria$, co!osit (ui$din# atria$, !rssur2tratd $u(r,tirs, a#ricu$tura$ sur!$us, or ""$unt /inc$udin# Pi#, Chic-n Fars0 Ra$$% an%thin# a huancan a- or !roduc .c!t concrt, #$ass, ta$s, and nuc$ar &ast

THE BIOSPHE E P OCESS AND TECHNOLOGYBios!hr Procss and Tchno$o#% is a !rocss o" #asi"ication It harnsss th ca$ori"ic 'a$u/co(usti(i$it%0 o" +unici!a$ So$id Wasts /+SW0 to crat a hat sourc that !roduc su!rhatd sta 'ia (oi$r, &hich dri's a co(ination stra tur(in


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Four a;or t%!s o" co(ustion cha(r dsi#ns ar usd in odrn incinration s%sts5$i9uid in;ction, rotar% -i$n, "i.d harth, and "$uidi7d (d Boi$rs and industria$ "urnacs /BIFunits0 ar a$so .a!$s o" incinration s%sts ho&'r, accordin# to EPA +ACT in"oration,$ss than J o" th ha7ardous &ast is dis!osd o" in ths units Th a!!$ication o" acht%! o" co(ustion cha(r is a "unction o" th !h%sica$ "or and ash contnt o" th &asts

(in# co(ustd In ach o" ths dsi#ns, &ast atria$ is co(ustd in th !rsnc o" ar$ati'$% $ar# .css o" o.%#n /air0 to a.ii7 th con'rsion o" th h%drocar(on2(asd

&asts to car(on &asts to car(on dio.id and &atr /J to D0 in so con"i#urations,.css "u$ and o.%#n ust ( addd to incras incinration t!ratur to i!ro'dstruction and ro'a$ ""icinc% This a$so incrass th !roduction and ission o" car(ondio.id

Factors that a% $iit th a!!$ica(i$it% and ""cti'nss o" th !rocss inc$ud5

Thr ar s!ci"ic "d si7 and th atria$s hand$in# r9uirnts that cani!act a!!$ica(i$it% or cost at s!ci"ic sits

D Ha'% ta$s, inc$udin# $ad, cadiu, rcur% and arsnic $a' th co(ustionunit &ith th "$u #ass and r9uir th insta$$ation o" #as c$anin# s%sts "orro'a$

3o$ati$ ha'% ta$s, inc$udin# $ad, cadiu, rcur% and arsnic, $a' thco(ustion unit &ith th "$u #ass and r9uir th insta$$ation o" #as c$anin#s%sts "or ro'a$

+ta$ can ract &ith th othr $nts in th "d stra, such as ch$orin or

su$"ur, "orin# or 'o$ati$ and to.ic co!ounds than th ori#ina$ s!cis Suchco!ounds ar $i-$% to ( short2$i'd raction intrdiats that can ( dstro%d ina caustic 9unch

J Sodiu and !otassiu "or $o& $tin# !oint ashs that can attac- th (ric- $inin#and "or a stic-% !articu$at that "ou$ #as ducts

Gasi"ication t%!ica$$% o!rats on an o.%#n2star'd n'ironnt at D2 (ars o" !rssur/D@J M JD !si0 Th #asi"ication !rocss con'rts an% car(on2containin# atria$ into as%nthsis #as co!osd !riari$% o" car(on ono.id and h%dro#n, &hich can ( usd asa "u$ to #nrat nu(r o" uss in th !trochica$ and r"inin# industris Gasi"ication

adds 'a$u to $o&2or n#ati'2'a$u "d stoc-s (% con'rtin# th to ar-ta($ "u$s and!roducts

Gasi"ication tchno$o#is di""r in an% as!cts (ut shar crtain #nra$ !roductioncharactristics T%!ica$ ra& atria$s usd in #asi"ication ar coa$, !tro$u (asd atria$s/crud oi$, hi#h su$"ur "u$ oi$, !tro$u co-, and othr r"inr% rsidua$s0, #ass, or atria$sthat &ou$d othr&is ( dis!osd o" as &ast Th "dstoc- is !r!ard and "d to th #asi"irin ithr dr% or s$urrid "or Th "dstoc- racts in th #asi"ir &ith sta and o.%#n athi#h t!ratur and !rssur in a rducin# /o.%#n0 star'd atos!hr This !roducs ths%nthsis #as, or s%n#as, ad u! !riari$% o" car(on ono.id and h%dro#n /or than J(% 'o$u0 and sa$$r 9uantitis o" car(on dio.id and than

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Th hi#h t!ratur in th #asi"ir con'rts th inor#anic atria$s in th "dstoc- /such asash and ta$s0 into a 'itri"id atria$ rs($in# coars sand With so "d stoc-s,'a$ua($ ta$s ar concntratd and rco'rd "or rus Th 'itri"id atria$, #nra$$%r"rrd to as s$a#, inrt and has a 'arit% o" uss in th construction and (ui$din# industris

Gas tratnt "aci$itis r"in th ra& #as usin# th !ro'n corcia$ tchno$o#is that ar anint#ra$ !art o" th #asi"ication !$ant Trac $nts or othr i!uritis ar ro'd "ro ths%n#as and ar ithr rcircu$atd to th #asi"ir or rco'rd Su$"ur is rco'rd ithr in its$nta$ "or or as su$"uric acid, (oth ar-ta($ cooditis

I" th s%n#as is to ( usd to !roduc $ctricit%, it is t%!ica$$% usd as a "u$ in an int#ratd#asi"ication co(ind c%c$ /IGCC0 !o&r #nration con"i#uration

IGCC is th c$anst, ost ""icint ans o" !roducin# $ctricit% "ro coa$, !tro$ursidus and othr $o&2or n#ati'2'a$u "d stoc-s Th co(ind c%c$ s%st has t&o(asic co!onnts A hi#h ""icinc% #as tur(in, &id$% usd in !o&r #nration toda%, (urns

th c$an s%n#as to !roduc $ctricit% E.haust hat "ro th #as tur(in is rco'rd to!roduc sta to !o&r traditiona$ hi#h ""icinc% sta tur(ins

Th s%n#as can a$so ( !rocssd usin# corcia$$% a'ai$a($ tchno$o#is to !roduc a &idran# o" !roducts, "u$s, chica$s, "rti$i7rs or industria$ #ass So "aci$itis ha' thca!a(i$it% to !roduc (oth !o&r and !roducts "ro th s%n#as, d!ndin# on th !$ant:scon"i#uration as &$$ as sit s!ci"ic tchnica$ and ar-t conditions

WHAT IS SYNTHESIS GAS (SYNGAS 0S%n#as consists !riari$% o" car(on ono.id, car(on dio.id and h%dro#n and has $ss thanha$" o" th nr#% dnsit% o" natura$ #as S%n#as is co(usti($ and o"tn as "u$ sourc or asan intrdiat "or th !roduction o" othr chica$ S%n#as "or us as "u$ is ost o"tn!roducd (% #asi"ication o" coa$ or unici!a$ &ast ain$% (% th "o$$o&in# !aths5

C HD CO HD

C OD COD

COD C DCO

HOW IS SYNGAS CLEANED UP?A"tr th "u$ #as has $"t th hat .chan#r, a!!ro.iat$% J o" th !articu$ats arro'd in a c%c$on A sa$$r !rcnta# o" th ta$s ar a$so ro'd &ith th !articu$at

Th #as thn #os throu#h th scru((r &hr th h%droch$oric acid /HCL0 is scru((d out to"or di$ut HCL &atr Th $i9uid #os throu#h a sris o" nana "i$tr (rans &hr th!articu$ats and ta$s in th $i9uid ar ro'd Th ta$s and !articu$ats at this sta# canithr ( so$d to a ta$ r"inr or ro'd to a $and"i$$ This sa$$ aount o" atria$ is th

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on$% !otntia$ that #os (ac- to a $and"i$$ and r!rsnts $ss than a "raction o" on !rcnt o"th &ast "dstoc- Th c$an HCL &atr is concntratd to J2D "or corcia$ sa$

Th &atr in th #as is condnsd out and is usd to !ro'id c$an a-u! &atr "or th rst o"th !$ant

Th h%dro#n su$"id /HDS0 in th #as scru((d out to a- "rti$i7r #rad su$"ur usin# a(io$o#ica$ !rocss or a$trnati'$% can ( con'rtd into a sodiu (isu$"at Th #as thn #osto a #as co!rssor and thn to th #as tur(in

HOW MUCH ESIDUE IS GENE ATED F OM THEBIOSPHE E P OCESS?

Th rduction is @ o" 'o$u D tons is rducd to D tons

WHAT IS THE WASTE WEIGHTTO ENE GY CONVE SION?

Hi#h !rssur sta "ro th !riar% hat .chan#r #os to sta tur(in &hr it iscon'rtd to $ctricit% Th $ctricit% #nratd &ith this sta sourc !ro'ids ost o" th!o&r ndd "or intrna$ r9uirnts

Th "u$ #os into a #as


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Th $oca$ #o'rnnt units ha' (n tas-d throu#h th So$id Wast +ana#nt Act toi!$nt th co$$ction, hau$in#, trans!ortin# and dis!osa$ o" unici!a$ so$id &asts With thBios!hr "aci$it% (in# insta$$d, onc co$$ctd and hau$d, th +SW ar d$i'rd to thBios!hr "aci$itis &hi$ !a%in# Bios!hr a ti!!in# " st !r ton o" +SW Bios!hr

!rocsss th +SW, #nratin# $ctricit% &hich is so$d to th rura$ $ctric coo!rati's

Th insta$$ation o" +W


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and "ina$$%, $ctrica$ !o&r #nration T%!ica$$% o!ratin# at a rat o"tons


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S$#0! F3!5Th /d#r0 C to /d#r0 C "$u. !roducd in sta#"our is usd to !o&r a +W #nratin# $ctricit%

DOES THE P OCESSP ODUCE SO4 AND NO5?

Or#anic co!ounds such as (n7n, to$un, na!htha$n, and acna!tha$n ha' (ndtctd at 'r% $o& $'$s in th s%n#as "ro so #asi"ication s%sts Ho&'r, &hn ths%n#as is usd as a "u$ and co(ustd in a #as tur(in, th issions o" ths co!ounds orothr or#anic HAPs ar ithr not dtctd or !rsnt at a su(2!art2!r2(i$$ion concntrationsin th ittd stac- #as In addition, issions o" !articu$at attr ar "ound to ( to t&oordrs o" a#nitud ($o& o" th RCRA standards and th rcnt$% !ro!osd +ACT standards"or ha7ardous &ast incinrators B% rducin# atos!hr &ith th #asi"ication ractor!r'nts th "oration o" o.idi7d s!cis such as SOD and NO.

THE FEEDSTOC6Th Bios!hr Procss uss &asts as its "u$, harnssin# its ca$ori"ic 'a$u/co(usti(i$it% or a(i$it% to (urn0, to crat th hat "or th !rocss

Wast in its$" is an n'ironnta$ !ro($ that continus to incras as!o!u$ations #ro& Which in a$$ cass it costs unici!a$itis and &astana#nt co!anis on% to #t rid o" This is usua$$% into $and"i$$, &hich isnot satis"actor% so$ution With th Bios!hr !rocss, this !ro($ is 'irtua$$%$iinatd In "act ost counci$s and &ast co!anis &ou$d ( &i$$in# to !a% a

" to dis!os o" th &ast 'ia th Bios!hr !rocss i" it &r to ( $ss thanth% ar !rsnt$% !a%in# So, th "dstoc- is (asica$$% "r or a !otntia$sourc o" inco

Th Bios!hr Procss, sa"$%, ""icint$% and undr inia$ o.%#n conditions,#asi"is traditiona$ and non2traditiona$ (%2!roducts, and


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o +unici!a$ So$id Wast

o Autoo(i$ and Truc- Tirs

o Ptro$u and Po$%ch$orinatd Bi!hn%$ /PCB0 Wast

o A#ricu$tura$ Sur!$uss, ania$ &ast or ania$ Parts Wasts andA""$unts Industria$

o Wast

o Sour or Wt Natura$ Gas &ithout r"inin#

o Soi$2containatd Wast

o Land Fi$$ Rc$aation

o Traditiona$ Fossi$ Fu$s, inc$udin# su$"ur containatd coa$ and

untratd Sha$ Oi$o Ptro$u dri$$in# &ast such as oi$ containatd To! Soi$, dri$$

cuttin#s andOi$2containatd Ground Watr

H7W IS WASTE HANDLED?Th incoin# &ast is &i#hd in and thn d!ositd on th ti!!in# "$oor "roan% o" th truc-s currnt$% in us that !ic-2u! and or trans"r +SW No tdioussortin# or hand$in# is ndd Th on$% s!aration that is r9uird &i$$ ( $ar#o'rsi7d !ics that &on:t "it into th shrddr, ha'% ta$ its $i- n#insthat a% s$o& do&n th shrddr or its that nd s!cia$ !r2!rocssin#, suchas r"ri#rators, "r7rs and AC units that nd th Fron ro'd Ha7ardous&ast and dica$ &ast ar hand$d s!arat$% and not co2in#$d &ith thnora$ &ast

Th s%st is dsi#nd to !rocss &ast as 9uic-$% as !ossi($ )urin# d$i'r%hours th &ast is d$i'rd "astr than it can ( #asi"id Part o" th &ast isstord "or !rocssin# at ni#ht and on &-nds and ho$ida%s An% o'rsi7datria$ is shrddrd and thn con'%d to stora#

Th &ast is co!$t$% c%c$d 'r% da% Shou$d unschdu$d shutdo&ns occur,th &ast rci'd "ro th unici!a$it% #os into th stora# ara &hich isdsi#nd to hand$ nora$ sur#s and continu acc!tin# th &ast

WHAT IS THE 8UALITY OFTHE DIFFE ENT TYPES OF GA BAGE?

Tirs and !$astics ar !tro$u (asd !roducrs hnc &i$$ crat a hi#ht!ratur !r &i#ht But th Bios!hr &as dsi#nd to turn a$$ &ast into

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nr#% r#ard$ss o" th co!ounds A$so, thr is no additiona$ 9ui!ntndd to consu th di""rnt t%!s o" &ast

WHAT IS THE TYPICALOPE ATING TEMPE ATU E FO GASIFICATION?

T!ratur "or #asi"ication o!rats startin# at d#r cnti#rad in th"irst cha(r Whn th si2#asous atria$ !asss to th scond cha(r tht!ratur riss to D d#r cnti#rad At this !oint, th atria$ is #asi"idIt thn !asss into th third and "ina$ cha(r &hr th t!ratur riss at d#r cnti#rad to D d#r cnti#rad

Th hat "ro th rdcha(r is !assd out to th sta (oi$r as a sourc o"

($o&torch hatin# th &atr into su!r hatd sta &hich in turn dri's a statur(in that #nrats th $ctricit% +ost o" th co!onnts usd in th !rocssar standard 9ui!nts such as shrddrs, !$$ti7rs, $ctronics, &atrtratnt, sta (oi$rs and tur(in #nrators Th Bios!hr 3ntura, is thon$% s!cia$$% dsi#nd !ic o" 9ui!nt in th !rocss

WHAT A E THE BYP ODUCTSOF GASIFICATION?

Standard So$id Wast (cos inrt ash or !o77o$ana, a$so -no&n as !o77o$anic ash, is a "in,sand% 'o$canic ash

WHAT CAN THE BYP ODUCTSOF GASIFICATION BE USED FO ?

+odrn !o77o$anic cnts ar a i. o" natura$ or industria$ !o77o$ans andPort$and cnt In additiona$ to undr&atr us, th !o77o$ana:s hi#h a$-a$init%a-s it s!cia$$% rsistant to coon "ors o" corrosion "ro su$!hats

Onc "u$$% hardnd, th Port$and cnt2Po77o$ana ($nd a%( stron#r thatPort$and cnt du to its $o&r !orosit%, &hich a$so a-s it or rsistant to&atr a(sor!tion and s!a$$in#

WOULD THE PET OLEUM INDUST Y BENEFIT F OMTHE USE OF GASIFICATION

Con'ntiona$ "u$s such as coa$ and oi$, as &$$ as $o&2 or n#ati'2'a$uatria$s and &asts such as !tro$u co-, ha'% r"inr% rsidua$s, scondar%

oi$2(arin# r"inr% atria$s, unici!a$ s&a# s$ud#, h%drocar(on

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containatd soi$s, and ch$orinatd h%drocar(on (% !roducts ha' a$$ (n usdsuccss"u$$% in #asi"ication o!rations

Gasi"ication o" ths atria$s has an% !otntia$ (n"its &hn co!ard &ith

con'ntiona$ o!tions such as co(ustion or dis!osa$ (% incinration Rcnt$%,th 6S En'ironnta$ Protction A#nc% /EPA0 announcd that th A#nc% isconsidrin# an .c$usion "ro th Rsourc Consr'ation and Rco'r% Act/RCRA0 "or $istd scondar% oi$2(arin# r"inr% atria$s &hn !rocssd in a#asi"ication s%st, .c$usion ana$o#ous to th on #rantd "or insrtion o" RCRA$istd r"inr% &asts into th co-in# !rocss at r"inris In addition,r!rsntati's o" th #asi"ication industr% ha' as-d EPA to considr a (roadr.c$usion that &ou$d inc$ud #asi"ication o" an% car(onacous atria$s,inc$udin# ha7ardous &asts "ro othr industria$ sctors /# chica$anu"acturin# in odrn, hi#h2t!ratur s$a##in# #asi"irs

SITE LOCATION1 THE TH EE FACTO S THAT NEED TOBE TA6EN INTO ACCOUNT IN SITE LOCATION A E

o Pro.iit% to a sustaina($ &ast su!!$%

o Pro.iit% to a suita($ &atr su!!$% This cou$d ( a ri'r, $a-, da

or s&ra# tratnt !$ant or th sa

o Pro.iit% to a suita($ !o&r #rid

A EA E8UI ED FO EACH BIOSPHE E FACILITYA J to +W !r hour !$ant r9uirs J, s9uar "t as an ara "or th "aci$it% ,dou($ that "or adinistrati' acti'itis This si7 o" Bios!hr Faci$it% r9uirsD tons o" +unici!a$ So$id Wast !r da%

A to J +W !r hour Bios!hr P$ant r9uirs J s9uar "t, dou($ that"or adinistrati' acti'itis and &i$$ consu D tons o" +SW !r da%Gnratd #rn nr#% is to +W !r da%

THE FACILITY(Inc,+*n0 9):!n$; n$#,,#$%n #n* %$9!"

c%n$"+c$%n @

o RECO3ERS BROWN FIEL) AN) LAN)FILL SITES FOR)E3ELOP+ENT

o GENERATES TO J +W CONTINO6S POWER


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ENVI ONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITYTh Bios!hr Procss !asss th n&st EPA r#u$ations, inc$udin# th Batnc GuidancNot "or th Wast Sctor / R'ision M +a% @@0, th Counci$ )ircti' on 8un@@/@


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A %#%-re""e$ ateria i! +#r"e$ t)r#'() t)e Bi#!*)ere De%!i+ier, )i")"#*a"t! t)e ateria i%t# 20(< +a;e! it) -20/ #i!t're, 1tere$ Bi#!*)ereFa;e!3 at t)e rate #+ -9T4)#'r

T)e!e +a;e! +'e t)e Bi#!*)ere Pr#"e!!.

Bi#!*)ere Fa;e! are +e$ i%t# Bi#!*)ere Ve%t'ri+'? at 6,00 F. 4 2,00 C.

T)i! *r#"e!! *r#$'"e! i%ert a!) )i") i! t)e% re""e$ i%t# "#%"rete, a!#%ra%$ &a"; "ar%.

Ga!i+i"ati#% *r#$'"t! i% !ta(e +#'r *#er a (a! t'r&i%e +#r Mi"r# P#er Ge%erati#%.

A! &*r#$'"t #+ ee"tri"it (e%erati#%, "#%tai%ate$ ater )i") a! e*#e$i%itia a! a "ir"'ati%( "##a%t, i! $i!tie$ & e5a*#rati#% a%$ "#%$e%!ati#%, a%$"#e"te$ a! *#ta&e ater.

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ANNE> B STEP FIVE OF THE BIOSPHE E P OCESS

technical paper on the biosphere process systems

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