technical options for placement of co 2 in the maritime area
DESCRIPTION
Technical options for placement of CO 2 in the maritime area. by Paul Freund. www.ieagreen.org.uk. Placement of CO 2 in marine area. Overview Introduction Where will the CO 2 come from? How will it be brought to site? How could it be stored? Progress Conclusions. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Technical options for placement of CO2 in the maritime area
by Paul Freund
www.ieagreen.org.uk
Placement of CO2 in marine area
Overview IntroductionWhere will the CO2 come from?How will it be brought to site?How could it be stored?ProgressConclusions
IntroductionResponding to Climate Change
Wide variety of mitigation optionsCapture and storage of CO2 is one method of
reducing emissionsNo single technique can solve the problem of
climate changeCapture and storage of CO2 has potential to
reduce the cost of meeting climate goalsPurpose of this talk is to introduce the
technology of CO2 storage
Global sources of CO2 Opportunities for Emission reduction
Cost of capture depends on CO2 concentration
Early opportunities in NH3 plant, H2 plant, etc.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Buildings Transport Industry/Agric PowerGeneration
Em
iss
ion
s, M
t C
O2/y
Capture & Store CO2 Example: power generation
Mainly N2, H2O to atmosphere
CO2
Flue gases
Compression
Fossil fuelcombustion
Turbines
CO2
Separation
Storage
CO2 capture at AES Warrior Run
Capturing CO2
Other methods are under development:Pre-combustion decarbonisationPre-combustion removal of nitrogen
Transporting CO2 - pipelines
Photo: Dakota Gasification
CO2 pipeline: 3100 km in use today Capacity > 110 Mt/y
Transporting CO2 - ships
CO2 tanker: Long distance shipping
could be done by tanker Construction similar to
LPG tankerΔ cost
Similar to long distance pipeline
Storage of CO2
Must be Safe and secureVerifiable Of sufficient capacity to make a differenceCapable of isolating the CO2 for 1000s of years
Natural reservoirs have sufficientcapacity:
Geological formationsDeep ocean
Ocean storage of CO2
Options Injection onto sea-floor Dispersion at mid-depthFormation of CO2-hydrate at depthMineral neutralization
All just conceptsMany outstanding issues
This is NOT the subject of today’s meeting
Geological Storage of CO2
Storage optionsDeep saline aquifersDepleted oil fieldsNatural gas fieldsUnminable coal measures
Geological Storage CapacityGlobal Storage Potential
40 Gt CO2
<2% of Emissions to 2050
~ 3000 Gt CO2
~ 150% of Emissions to 2050
920 Gt CO2
45% of Emissions to 2050
Comparative potentials at storage costs of up to $20/t CO2
Geological Storage of CO2
Component parts: Site selection
Formation depth, capacity, rock properties, location Cap-rock, faults and other penetrationsEnvironmental impact and Risk assessments
Drilling injection wells Pressurisation and Injection of CO2
Remediation in case of leaks Monitoring
During injectionOnce CO2 is in the reservoir
CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery
CO2 Injection
Production
Well
CO2 Oil
Recycled CO2
CO2 Re-injection – Natural Gas If natural gas contains too much CO2, it must be
removed before the gas is sent to marketCurrent application of CO2 Capture
Established practice is to vent CO2 after capture
Better environmental practice = store CO2
Examples: Sleipner K-12B In Salah Snøhvit Gorgon
Sleipner project
Courtesy of Statoil
Sleipner CO2 Injection
Courtesy of Statoil
Sleipner T
Utsira Formation
Production and Injection Wells
CO2
CO2 Injection Well
Sleipner A
Gas from Sleipner Vest
Gorgon Gas Field
Courtesy of ChevronTexaco
Gorgon LNG plant with CO2 capture
Courtesy of ChevronTexaco
Snøhvit CO2 Injection
Courtesy of Statoil
Snøhvit - Pipelines
Courtesy of Statoil
Depth: 330 m Distance 160 km
Monitoring CO2 injection & storage
Reason for monitoring include:Establish baseline conditionsEnsure effective injection controlsLocate the CO2 plume
Assess integrity of wellsConfirm storage efficiency and calibrate modelsDetect and quantify seepage / assess impactsFor accounting purposes In relation to legal disputesReassure the public about storage of CO2
Monitoring of CO2
Possible monitoring techniques:Pressure - Wellhead and/or Formation Injection RateWell Logs, Fluid and Gas CompositionSeismic MonitoringElectrical and Electromagnetic MonitoringGravity MonitoringTilt MeasurementsAirborne or Satellite ImagingCO2 Flux Monitoring
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Micro Seismicity
History match courtesy of Sintef Petroleum
Seismic Analysis
ConclusionsGeological storage of Captured CO2
Offers significant capacity for avoiding CO2 emissions
Would make a difference to climate changeMakes use of established technologies for
injection and monitoring Several examples now in operation/plannedThese will serve as demonstrations which will
influence attitudes.