technical english 1 - vts subotica 2000

8/11/2019 Technical English 1 - VTS Subotica 2000

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TECHNICAL ENGLISH 1

AuthorsAgnes Szabo MA

Monika Bai


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UNIT 1

AANDAN

nail screw

nut wrench

srewdriver bolt

gears hammer

drill pliers

AWe use abefore a consonant (a book,a magazine).

ANWe use anbefore a vowel (an apple,an English book)


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SSuuppppllyyaaoorraannffoorreeaacchhjjoobb

electrician ..welder mechanic .plumber .architect hairdresser

.artist lorry (truck) driver brick layer .photographer

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns. Like nouns, they also express gender (he,she, it), number (I, we) and case (I , me, my). Personal pronouns in English have thefollowing forms:

Singular Plural

1 I 1 we

2 you 2 you3 he/she/it 3 they

THE PRESENT FORMS OF THE VERB BE

The verb be in the present tense has the forms am, is and are depending on theperson it refers to.

AFFIRMATIVE

Singular Plural1 I am(Im) 1 we are(were)2 you are(youre) 2 you are(youre)3 he/she/it is(hes/shes/its) 3 they are(theyre)

The interrogative (question form) of the verb be in the present tense is formed byinverting (changing) the word order of the subject and the verb:

INTERROGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 amI ? 1 arewe ?2 areyou ? 2 areyou ?3 ishe/she/it ? 3 arethey ?

The negative form of the verb be in the present is formed by adding the word notto thepresent forms of be:

NEGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 I am not(the form *I amntisungrammatical!)

1 we are not(arent)

2 you are not(arent) 2 you are not(arent)3 he/she/it is not(isnt) 3 they are not(arent)


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TTrraannssffoorrmmtthheesseenntteenncceessiinnttootthheeiinntteerrrrooggaattiivvee,,nneeggaattiivveeoorraaffffiirrmmaattiivveeoorrffiilllliinntthhee

mmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss((aamm,,iiss,,aarree,,aa//aann))

1. He is an artist.

..?.not.2. She is not a mechanic...?..3. Is it an envelope?...not.4. ..she.photographer? No, she.. She..student.5. Itnot ..screwdriver. Ita screw.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

The possessive adjectives are used only attributively, with a noun.

Personal

pronoun

Possessive

adjective

Personal

pronoun

Possessive

adjective

Singular Plural

I my we ouryou your you your

he/she/it his/her/its they their

SSuuppppllyytthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss((ppoosssseessssiivveeaaddjjeeccttiivveess))oorrtthheepprreesseennttffoorrmmssoofftthheevveerrbbbbee

ttooccoommpplleetteetthheesseesseenntteenncceess

1. .(he) name is Thomas. He..from London.2. .(she) house is in London.

3(I) name is Ellen. I..from Brisbane.4. Is(you) surname Jenkins? No, it. .(I) surname is Atkins.5. Is..(she) office in the centre? Yes, 6. ..(we) surname is Wesley.7. Is..(they) house in the centre? No, it. It.in a village.8. Hello. .(I) name is Bill.

OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES

WWrriitteetthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveesswwhhiicchhhhaavveetthheeooppppoossiitteemmeeaanniinngg


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expensive, small, curved, low, difficult, closed, narrow, short, new, thin, slow, shallow

big/largeeasyold

cheapopenthickwidefastlonghighstraightdeep

WWrriitteeaasseenntteenncceeffoorreeaacchhiilllluussttrraattiioonnggiivveennbbeelloowwuussiinnggaawwoorrddffrroommtthheeaabboovveettaabbllee

Example:

It is big. It is small.

.. ..

.. ..

$ 2 $ 357

.. ..


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5m 1m

.. ..

10m

1m

.. ..

3m 1m

.. ..

.. ..

E X E R C I S E S

WWrriitteesseenntteenncceessbbaasseeddoonntthheeiinnffoorrmmaattiioonnggiivveennbbeellooww

Name: BillSurname: ThompsonFrom: OxfordJob: a welder

Name: LizSurname: BakerFrom: BristolJob: an architect


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MMaattcchhtthheeffoolllloowwiinnggaaddjjeeccttiivveesswwiitthhtthheennoouunnssiinntthheeooppppoossiitteeccoolluummnn

difficult car thick tool

fast roaddeep book expensive story

wide buildinglong boxold water

big problem

MMaakkeeqquueessttiioonnssaannddaannsswweerrssbbyyjjooiinniinnggwwoorrddssffrroommeeaacchhccoolluummnn

WhereWhoHow muchHow old

isare

a sports car?

the fax machine?our boss?Windsor?her manager?

Mr. Wilkins.

He is young.It is expensive.At home.In England.

MMaakkeeqquueessttiioonnssttootthheeggiivveennaannsswweerrss

1. Where.?She is from England.

2. How much.?It is $1.3. What.?My surname is Jenkins.4. What.job ?He is a mechanic.5. How mucha hamburger?It is cheap.

TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 1

GRAMMAR

22..11PPuuttaamm,,iiss,,aarree,,hhiissoorrhheerriinnttootthheeggaappss..

1. Where __________ you from? I _________ from England.2. She __________ twenty years old.3. " What is ___________ name?" "Mary."4. Mary and John ___________ from London.5. I ________ an engineer.

6. I have a brother. _______ name is John.7. _______ it Tuesday today? No, it _________ Monday.


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8. Where _________ Peter? He is in ________ office.9. "What is ________ job." "She _______ an architect."10. "What is _________ name?" "Peter."

22..22CChhoooosseetthheeccoorrrreeccttsseenntteennccee..

1. a) Where she from? b) Where is she from?2. a) His a welder. b) He's a welder.3. a) They're from England. b) They from England.4. a) I'm a mechanic. b) I'm mechanic.5. a) Their welders. b) They' re welders.

6. a) She is an architect. b) She is a architect.7. a) He's name is Peter. b) His name is Peter.8. a) She isn't a mechanic. b) She aren't a mechanic.9. a) It is a book? b) Is it a book?10. a) A building is large. b) A building are large.

22..33SSuuppppllyytthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss((ppoosssseessssiivveeaaddjjeeccttiivveeoorrppeerrssoonnaallpprroonnoouunn))

1. Where is _______ ( I ) car? _______ is in the garage.2. Mary is _______ (we) boss. _______ is an architect.3. ________ (he) job is very dangerous.4. How old is ________ (they) house? ________ is 100 years old.5. What is ________ (you) address?6. Is John at home? Yes, _______ is.

7. ________ (we) town is in the south of England.8. "Where is ________ (you) sister?" "_________ is at work."

UNIT 2

THE POSSESSIVE CASE (SAXON GENITIVE)

NOUN + S

In English the possessive case can be expressed by the Saxon genitive. We form this byadding s to the noun in the singular (Toms house, Mr. Browns office). It is usually usedfor persons.


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E X E R C I S E S

WWrriittee tthheennaammeessooff tthheewweellll--kknnoowwnn ppeeooppllee//sscciieennttiissttssuussiinngg tthheeSSaaxxoonnggeenniittiivveewwhhoossee

nnaammeessaarreeccoonnnneecctteeddttootthheeeevveennttssoorriinnvveennttiioonnssmmeennttiioonneeddiinntthheettaabblleebbeellooww..

Bell, Biro, Eiffel, Baird, Gagarin, Armstrong, Roentgen, Watt

Teslas asynchronous motor steam enginetelephonetelevision pictureflight to space

ball point penstepping on the Moon

discovery of X-raystower in Paris

NUMERALS

There are two classes of numerals: cardinal and ordinal numbers. The cardinal numbers are:0 nought, zero1 one2 two

3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen

14 fourteen15 fifteen

16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen

19 nineteen20 twenty30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety100 hundred1000 - thousand

MMaattcchhtthheeffiigguurreessaannddtthheewwoorrddss

twenty-six fifteen fifty-two twelve

thirty-two ninety-seven seventy-four eighteen

32 52 68 74

18 30 26 45


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sixty-eight forty-four eight thirty

fifty twenty-eight sixty ninety

sixteen sixty-seven forty-five thirteen

eighty eighty-seven

MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessffrroommtthheesseeggmmeennttssggiivveenniinntthheettaabbllee

name Peter surname Walker age 35

job a lorry drivercountry Australiaaddress 69 Oakwood Street, Melbourne

phone number 6492153078

1. ______________________________________ ?2. ______________________________________ ?3. ______________________________________ ?4. ______________________________________ ?5. ______________________________________ ?6. ______________________________________ ?7. ______________________________________ ?

MMaakkeeqquueessttiioonnssttootthheeaannsswweerrssggiivveennbbeellooww

?He is a mechanic.?He is 39.?53 Queens Road, Liverpool.?He is an engineer.?He is from Canada.?He is 25.

90

28

12 8 50 97

67

87 15 44 13

80

16 60


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PLURAL OF NOUNS

PPuutttthheesseennoouunnssiinntthheepplluurraallffoorrmm..

singular plural singular plural

bush pendegree discoverylorry boxday formulamatch enginecriterion boss

problem story

DEMONSTRATIVES

This (these) is used to point out a person, or a thing nearthe speaker in time or space.That(those) is used to point out a person or thing farfrom the speaker in time or space.

SINGULAR PLURAL

THIS THESE

THAT THOSE

1. Most nouns in the plural are formed by addingsto thesingular form.

book booksstudent students

2. If the noun ends in s, -sh, -ch, we add es.bus buses

church churcheswatch watches

3. If the noun ends in a consonant + y, the ychanges to ies.country- countries

party parties

4. Some nouns are irregularfoot feet

radius radiiphenomenon - phenomena


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MMaakkeesseenntteenncceesswwiitthhtthhiiss//tthhaattuussiinnggooppppoossiitteeaaddjjeeccttiivveess

Example: This book is open. That book is closed.

1. This water is deep.

2. That book is closed.3. This problem is easy. 4. That road is narrow.5. This car is fast. 6. That book is thin.

PPuutttthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttootthheepplluurraall..EExxaammppllee::TThhiissiissaaddiiffffiiccuullttpprroobblleemm.. TThheesseeaarree

ddiiffffiiccuullttpprroobblleemmss..

1. This is an expensive car. _________________________2. This is an old screwdriver. _________________________3. This is a high mountain. _________________________

4. This is a straight line. _________________________5. This is a rich country. _________________________6. This is a large box. _________________________

MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

The four basic mathematical operations are: addition(its symbol is + plus), subtraction(its symbol is - minus), division (its symbol is : divided by) and multiplication (itssymbol is x multiplied by or times).

AdditionWhen we add two quantities, for example, 12 and 30 we say: twelve and/plus thirtyis/are/equals forty-two.

Subtraction

When we subtract one quantity from another, for example, 3 from 12, we say: twelve minus

three is/equals nine.

Singular:This is a difficult problem

Plural

These are a difficult problems

12 + 30 = 42twelve and / plusthirty is / are / equalsforty-two


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Division

When we divide one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 3, we say: twelve divided bythree is/equals four.

Multiplication

When we multiply one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 4, we say: twelve multipliedby/times four is/equals forty eight.

RReeaaddtthheesseemmaatthheemmaattiiccaallooppeerraattiioonnss::

a) 8+10=18 b) 18: 6=3 c) 122=24 d) 6+4=10 e) 12-4=8 f)20:10=2

LINES AND SHAPES

cylinder, curved line, cube, circle, rectangle, triangle, straight line, square

.. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

12 - 3 = 9twelve minusthree is / equalsnine

12 : 3 = 4twelve divided bythree is / equalsfour

12 x 4 = 48twelve multiplied by / timesthree is / equalsforty-


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VOCABULARY

11..11FFiinnddtthheeooppppoossiitteeaaddjjeeccttiivveess

easycheapopenthickwidefast

11..22TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseepphhrraasseessaannddeexxpprreessssiioonnssiinnttooSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaann

1. asinhroni motor (aszinkron motor)-2. parna maina (gzgp)-3. televizijska slika (televzis kp)-4. otkrie rentgenskih zraka (a rntgensugr feltallsa)-5. let u svemir (repls az rbe)-

11..33TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttooEEnngglliisshh

1. Ova voda je duboka. (Ez a vz mly).............................................................................................2. Ove knjige su otvorene (Ezek a knyvek ki vannak nyitva.)

............................................................................................3. Taj auto je brz (Az az aut gyors.)

............................................................................................4. Ti putevi su iroki (Azok az utak szlesek.)............................................................................................

11..44WWrriitteetthheennaammeeoofftthheeooppeerraattiioonnbbeessiiddeesstthheeggiivveennssyymmbboollss

symbol Name of operationx-

+

11..55CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceessbbyyffiilllliinnggoouutttthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss

1.When we...........................(dodati/sszeadni) we use the symbol '+'.2.When we...........................(mnoimo/szorozni) we use the symbol x.3.When we(oduzimati/kivonni) we use the symbol -.4.When we(deliti/osztani) we use the symbol '.


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11..66WWrriitteeddoowwnnwwiitthhnnuummbbeerrss

twenty-six ninety-eight-thirty-seven-

thirteen-twelve-sixty-five-two thousand four hundred and sixty seven

11..77WWrriitteeddoowwnntthheemmeeaanniinnggssoofftthheesseewwoorrddssiinnSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaann

rectangle-straight-square-

circle-cube-

GRAMMAR

22..11CChhoooosseetthheeccoorrrreeccttsseenntteennccee..

1. a) There are two screwdriver on the table. b) There are two screwdrivers on the table.2. a) What is your sister's name? b) What is your sisters name?3. a) This car is not fast. b) This car not fast.

4. a) They are a truck drivers. b) They are truck drivers.5. a) This are expensive machines. b) These are expensive machines.

6. a) Those phenomenon are interesting. b) Those phenomena are interesting.7. a) That book is thin. b) That book are thin.8. a) He has two watches. b) He has two watchs.

9. a) Tom house is very big. b) Tom's house is very big.

22..22TTuurrnntthheesseenntteenncceessiinnpplluurraalliinnttootthheessiinngguullaarraannddvviicceevveerrssaa..

1. These questions are difficult. __________________________ .2. Those are their lorries. __________________________ .

3. This is their address. __________________________ .4. That road is wide. __________________________ .5. These lines are crooked. __________________________ .6. This is a new discovery. __________________________ .7. That is an expensive watch. __________________________ .8. This is a very interesting story. __________________________ .9. That country is very poor. __________________________ .10. These formulae are complicated. __________________________ .


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UNIT 3

CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS

The movement of electrons is an electric current. We classify all materials into threegroups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow. The threegroups are: conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

In the first category are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.All metals are conductors, however, some metals do not conduct well. Manganin, forexample, is a poor conductor. Copper is a good conductor, therefore, we use it forcables. A non-metal which conducts well is carbon. Salt water is an example of a liquidconductor.

A material which does not easily release electrons is an insulator. Rubber, nylon,porcelain and air are all insulators. There are no perfect insulators. All insulators allowsome flow of electrons, however, this is usually very small.Semiconductors are midway between conductors and insulators. Under certainconditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave asinsulators. Germanium and silicon are semiconductors. Mixtures of certain metallicoxides also act as semiconductors. We call them thermistors. The resistance ofthermistors falls rapidly as the temperature rises.

VOCABULARY

according toacrossactairallallow

batterybehavebetween

bodycallcarboncertainclassifyconditionconductconductorconnectcoppercurrent

easyend

howeverintoliquidmidwaymixturemovement path

perfectpermitpoor

providerapidlyreadilyreleaseresistanceriserubbersaltsemiconductorsmallsome

substancethere are


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examplefallflowfor examplefree

grouphow

thereforetowardsunderuseusually

well

E X E R C I S E S

II..MMaattcchhtthheessyynnoonnyymmssiinntthheettaabbllee..

flow permitprovide increaseallow movementusually fastrise enablerapidly normallyignore groupclassify a certainfall disregardsome decrease

IIII..RReeppllaacceetthheeuunnddeerrlliinneeddwwoorrddsswwiitthhaassuuiittaabblleessyynnoonnyymmffrroommtthheettaabbllee..

1. The flow of free electrons is electric current.2. Conductors are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.3. They allow the current to flow easily.4. We usually ignore this because the flow is small.5. The resistance of thermistors falls rapidly as the temperature rises.6. We classify materials as conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

IIIIII..FFiinnddtthheewwoorrddssiinntthheetteexxttttoowwhhiicchhtthheesseewwoorrddssaarreessyynnoonnyymmss..

1. matter, material2. elastic material.3. a binary compound of an element with oxygen..

IIVV..MMaakkeennoouunnpphhrraasseessbbyyjjooiinniinnggtthheewwoorrddssiinntthheettwwoorroowwss..

A: salt, metallic, liquid, thermistor, electricB: conductor, resistance, current, water, oxides


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PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

The affirmative of the Present Simple tense in English is formed with the infinitive of theverb (without to) in all persons except the third person singular (he, she, it) where the verbhas ans(or sometimes anes) ending (he works, she asks, he teaches). Verbs ending in yand preceded by a consonant changeyintoiand addespronounced [iz]: try he/she/ittries; cry he/she/it cries. But ifyis preceded by a vowel, there is no change and only sis added:play he/she/it plays; say he/she/it says.

AFFIRMATIVE

Singular Plural

1 I work 1 we work 2 you work 2 you work 3 he/she/it works 3 they work

The interrogative (question) form of the Present Simple tense is formed by the auxiliaryverbs door doesplus the infinitive of the verb (without to).

INTERROGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 DoI work? 1 Dowe work?2 Doyou work? 2 Doyou work?3 Doeshe/she/it work? (Note that there

is no s ending!!)

3 Dothey work?

The negative of the Present Simple is formed by adding the word not to the auxiliary verb(do/does).

NEGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 I do notwork (or: I dontwork) 1 we do not(dont) work2 you do not(dont) work 2 you do not(dont) work3 he/she/it does not(doesnt) work

(Note that there is no s ending!!)

3they do not(dont) work

USE:

1. We use the Present Simple tense to express general truthsWater boils at 100Centigrade.

2. We use the Present Simple tense to express habits and repeated actions.He smokes a lot. He works in a bank.

UUsseetthheePPrreesseennttSSiimmpplleeffoorrmmssoofftthheevveerrbbssiinntthheesseenntteenncceessbbeellooww..

1. A conductor..(permit) the flow of free electrons.2. All insulators.(permit) some flow of electrons.3. Germanium sometimes (act) as an insulator and sometimes as a

conductor.

4. ..we (call) the flow of free electrons an electric current? Yes,we


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5. all materials (provide) a path for an electric current? No,they.

6. A material which ..not..(release) electrons is an insulator.7. .all insulators.(allow) some flow of electrons?8. This material.(behave) as a conductor.

9. .the materials..(act) as semiconductors? No, they..10.The resistance of thermistors.(fall) rapidly with their temperature.

UUsseetthheepprreesseennttffoorrmmssoofftthheevveerrbbbbeettooccoommpplleetteetthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess..

1. Electric current .a flow of electrons.2. All metals ..conductors.3. Some metals, for example, manganin, ..poor conductors.4. ..copper a good conductor?

5. Carbon ..a metal. (negative form of be)6. rubber an insulator? Yes, it..7. .semiconductors between conductors and insulators? Yes, they.8. Rubber, nylon, porcelain and air..insulators.9. .germanium a conductor? No, it. It ..a semiconductor.10...mixtures of certain metallic oxides semiconductors? Yes, they..

USE OF "A /AN" OR "THE"

We use 'a' or 'an' when we mention things for thefirsttime.We use 'the' when we mention things for thesecondtime. (This is a book. The book is onthe table.)We use the if the noun is determined or defined and if it is known to the speaker and tothe person spoken to (Give me the pen. The blackboard is wet).

FFiilllltthheebbllaannkksswwiitthhaa//aannoorrtthhee..

1. My friends live in ______ house. _______ house is very old. But, they have _______

expensive car and _______ nice garden.2. Close ________ window, please. It is cold in here.3. It is a beautiful day. Let's sit in _______ garden.4. He has _______ new job. He works in ________ car factory.5. We go to _______ cinema every Friday.6. I have _______ problem. Can you help me?7. "Do you have _________ car?" "Yes, it is in ________ garage."8. They have _________ apartment in ________ center.9. How much is _______ cup of tea?10.Go to ________ supermarket and buy me _______ chocolate.


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carbon-condition-conduct-conductor-

fall-flow-

provide-rapidly-

11..33TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttooSSeerrbbiiaannoorrHHuunnggaarriiaann

1.We classify all materials into three groups...

2. Mixtures of certain metallic oxides also act as semiconductors...

3. Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behaveas insulators.

..

11..44CCoommpplleetteetthheetteexxttbbyyffiilllliinnggoouutttthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss

The..(tok/ramls) of (slobodan / szabad)electrons is (elektrina struja/elektromos ram).

They.............................................(dozvoljavaju/megengedni) the current to.............................. (tei/ramlani,folyni) easily.We usually.................................(zanemariti/figyelmen kvl hagyni) this because the flowis ........................(mali/kicsi).The................................(otpor/ellenlls) of thermistors falls .............................................(brzo/gyorsan) as the temperature rises.

11..55WWrriitteeddoowwnntthheennaammeessoofftthheesseeppeeoopplleeoorrtthhiinnggssuussiinnggoorr//--eerrssuuffffiixxeess

The person who designs things .

The person who teaches somebody .The thing that opens something .The person who manages a company .

11..66MMaattcchhtthheewwoorrddsswwiitthhooppppoossiitteemmeeaanniinngg

conductor non-metalmetal slowlysmall insulator

rapidly big


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11..77FFiinnddtthheeSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaanneeqquuiivvaalleennttssoofftthheeggiivveennEEnngglliisshhwwoorrddss

conduct ponaati se/viselkednifall voditi/vezetnirelease opadati/esni

behave osloboditi/felszabadtani

GRAMMAR

22..11CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceeuussiinnggoonneeoofftthheeffoolllloowwiinnggvveerrbbssiinntthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleetteennssee..

freeze produce travel use consist melt blow turn into

1. Water ________________ at 0 degrees Centigrade.

2. Each machine ______________ of two or more parts.3. We ___________ different engines in our everyday life.4. Nuclear power plants _____________ a lot of energy.5. Iron _____________ at 1535 degrees Centigrade.6. Winds on Neptune _____________ at over 2000 kilometers per hour.7. Sound ____________ in waves in all directions.8. At its freezing point, water _____________ ice.

22..22UUsseetthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleetteennsseettooccoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceess..

1. An interpreter _______________ (translate) from one language into another.

2." ______ you _________ (know) his address?" "Yes, he __________ (live) in OxfordStreet.3. "________ he often ________ (travel) abroad?" " Yes, he _________ (go) on a businesstrip to New York every Friday.4. They ___________ (have) a meeting every Monday morning.5. She ___________ (pass) the bank on her way to the University every day.6. He ______________ (not write) to me very often. He only __________ (send) me a

birthday card every year.7. In Britain, children _____________ (start) school at the age of five.8." ________ people __________ (drive) on the right in Britain?" " No, they __________on the left."

9. ________ she often ________ (go) to the cinema?10. Most people ________________ (not work) on Sundays.

22..33FFiilllltthheebbllaannkksswwiitthhaa//aannoorrtthhee..

1. There is ______ public telephone next to _______ bank.2. I usually buy _______ newspaper in the morning.3. Do you have _______ camera? I want to take _______ photograph of ______ museum.4. She acts in _______ film. ________ film is very popular in Britain.5. _______ man and ______ woman always sit next to me on the train. ________ man isBritish but I think ______ woman is American.

6. John works in _____ hotel. ______ hotel is far from his home so he always takes_______ taxi to work.


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7. She always cleans ________ house on Saturdays.8. It is dark in here. Can you turn on ______light?9. Open the door! It's _______ postman.10. You can take my car. It's in _________ garage.11. Is there _______ park in this area?

UNIT 4

Norman Genitive = noun + of+ noun

The genitive in English can be also expressed by the Normanor prepositional genitive(the roof ofthe house, the leg ofthe table). It has an inverted word order (in comparison tothe Saxon Genitive) and it is formed with the preposition of. The Norman genitive isusually used to express possession between things(inanimate objects).

E X E R C I S E S

UUsseetthheepprreesseennttffoorrmmssoofftthheevveerrbbbbeeaannddtthheeNNoorrmmaannggeenniittiivveettooccoommpplleetteetthheessee

sseenn

tteenn

cceess..

1. What electric current? It a.(flow/free electrons).2. What..conductors? Theymaterials which permit the ..

(movement/electrons).3. What.salt water an example of? It .an(example/a liquid

conductor).4. Whata semiconductor? It.neither a good conductor nor a good

insulator. We can change thethe..(resistivity/conductor).5. .the transformer a device? Yes, it, a device for changing

the..(magnitude/alternating voltages).

TTrraannssffoorrmmtthheesseesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggtthheeNNoorrmmaannggeenniittiivvee..EExxaammppllee::WWeemmeeaassuurreelleennggtthh

iinnmmeetteerrss..TThheeuunniittoofflleennggtthhiisstthheemmeetteerr..

We measure mass in kilograms...We measure time in seconds...We measure electric current in amperes...We measure force in newtons.

..


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MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessbbyyccoonnnneeccttiinnggwwoorrddssffrroommeeaacchhccoolluummnnuussiinnggtthheeNNoorrmmaannggeenniittiivvee..

EExxaammppllee::TThheessppeeeeddoofftthheeccaarriiss112200kkmm//hh..

Speed water 120km/hIntensity electric motor 120 kW

Length thermistor 2 mMovement bar 40 amperesResistance electrons electric currentPressure car 2 barsPower current higher at low temperatures

1. ________________________________________ .2. ________________________________________ .3. ________________________________________ .4. ________________________________________ .5. ________________________________________ .

6. ________________________________________ .

MMaakkeeqquueessttiioonnssttootthheeggiivveennaannsswweerrss

Howwe.?In meters per second.Howwe.?In ohms.Howwearea ?In square meters.What.the unit of.?

The hertz.What.the unit of.?The kilogram.What.the unit of.?The cubic meter.

ADVERBS

Adverbs are formed from adjectives by addingly. These words answer the question ofhow (bad badly, quick quickly).

ADJECTIVES + LY

MMaakkeeaaddvveerrbbssffrroommtthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveessggiivveennbbeelloowwaannddccoonnnneecctttthheemmwwiitthhtthheevveerrbbss..

careful slow quick horizontal precise rough


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determinework

positionsell..

calculate.drive..

FEW / A FEW

Few a small numberA few some, a certain quantity

UUsseeffeewwoorraaffeewwiinntthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess::

1. He isn't very popular. He has ________ friends.2. She is not well. She has _______ problems.3. I don't know much German - only _______ words.4. This town is not very interesting , so ________ tourists come here.5. This machine is broken. We have to replace _________ parts.6. It is cold outside. It is _________ degrees below zero.7. This car is very expensive. ________ people can buy it.8. _______ of my friends read a newspaper. They prefer to watch television.9. Can you give me _________ examples?10 His theory is very complicated, so ________ people understand it.

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Personal

pronoun

Object

pronoun

Personal

pronoun

Object

Pronoun

Singular Plural

I me we usyou you you you

he/she/it him/her/it they them

UUsseetthheeccoorrrreeccttpprroonnoouunnttooffiilllltthheeggaappss..

1. The window is open. Please, close ________ .2. There are some letters for _________ (they) on the table.3. This question is difficult. Can you help ________ ( I ) with it?4. My sister always goes with _______ (we) to visit _________ (they).5. She usually tells _________ ( he) the answer.6. He always gives ________ (she) flowers for her birthday.7. They usually call ___________ ( I ) in the evening.


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SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. When they are hot, their temperatureincreases. When they cool, their resistance falls. The resistance of some metals and alloyssteadily decreases as their temperature is lowered, then falls suddenly to a negligible value

at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero. In other words, these materials havealmost no resistance to an electric current at very low temperatures. They become almostperfect conductors. We call this phenomenon superconductivity. It occurs only with certainmaterials, for example, lead, and only at very low temperatures.The very low temperatures limit the practical applications of superconductivity. But wecan find some applications of superconductivity. If we induce current in a ring orsuperconducting material it continues to circulate when we remove the magnetic field. Intheory we can use this in the memory cells of computer. Memory cells made ofsuperconducting materials can store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivityof the cells, the computer can retrieve information very quickly.A high percentage of the total losses in modern transformers is due to the resistance of the

windings. If we find a way to make transformers with windings cooled to the lowtemperatures at which superconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would bezero and the transformer almost ideal.

VOCABULARY

abovealloyalmostapplication

becomecallcellcertaincirculatecontinuecooldecreasedegreedue toelectric currentfallfindfor examplehotin other wordsincreaseindefinitelyinducelead

limitlosslowlower (v)

magnetic fieldnegligibleoccuronly

phenomenonquicklyremoveresistanceretrieveringsteadilystoresuddenlythenvaluevarywaywhenwinding


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Comprehension check

FFiilllltthheebbllaannkksswwiitthhtthheewwoorrddssffrroommtthheetteexxtt..

1. When ___________ are hot, their temperature ___________ .2. When we lower the ___________, the resistance of some metals ___________.3. The resistance of some metals is negligible at ___________ temperatures.4. ___________ has some practical applications.5. In a superconducting material, ___________ circulates even when we remove

___________.6. We can use superconductivity in the ___________ of computer.7. The computer ___________ information very quickly because there is no

___________ in the cells.8. Because of the resistance of the ___________ , there are great losses in modern

___________.


VOCABULARY

11..11FFiinnddtthheeSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaannmmeeaanniinnggssoofftthheewwoorrddssggiivveenniinntthheeffiirrssttccoolluummnn

for example (po)javiti se megjelennihot gubitak vesztesgin other words namotaj tekercsincrease (v) drugim reima msszvallead (n) brzo gyorsanloss na primer plduloccur otpor ellenllsquickly vrednost rtk resistance olovo lomuse (v) poveati se nvekednivalue koristiti hasznlniwinding vru forr

11..22FFiilllliinntthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddssttooccoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceess

The ..............................(otpor/ellenlls) of some metals and...(legure/tvzetek) steadily decreases as their temperature isloweredA high .. (procenat/szzalk) of the total... (gubici/vesztesgek) in modern transformers is due to theresistance of the . .(namotaji/tekercsek).If we induce..(struja/ram) in a ring or superconducting material itcontinues to circulate when we remove the(magnetno

polje/mgneses tr).


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If we..(nai/tallni) a way to make transformers with windings cooled tothe(niske temperature/alacsony hmrskletek) at whichsuperconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would be zero and the transformeralmost ideal.

11..33TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttooEEnngglliisshh

1. Brzina automobila je 120 km na sat. (Az aut sebessge 120 km rnknt.)2. Kretanje elektrona je elektrina struja. (Az elektromos ram az elektronok mozgsa.)3. Pritisak vode je 2 bara. (A vz nyomsa 2 br.)4. Duina ipke je 3 m. (A rd hossza 3 mter.)5. Snaga elektromotora je 120 kW. (A villanymotor teljestmnye 120 kW.)

11..44TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseepphhrraasseessiinnttooSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaann

1. the resistance of metals-2. negligible value-3. steadily decreases-4. induce current in a ring-5. due to the resistance of the windings-6. the low temperatures at which superconductivity occurs-7. a few degrees above-

11..55MMaattcchhtthheeggiivveennsseeggmmeennttssttoommaakkeesseenntteenncceess

The resistance of metalsthe practical applications ofsuperconductivity.

The very low temperatures limit can store information indefinitely.Memory cells made of superconductingmaterials

the computer can retrieve information veryquickly.

Because of the zero resistivity of the cells, varies with their temperature

GRAMMAR

22..11CCoommpplleetteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessbbyyuussiinnggtthheeSSaaxxoonnoorrNNoorrmmaannggeenniittiivvee..

1. Do you know ___________________ (the result / the football match)?2. Mr. Brown is ___________________________ (the new manager / the company).3.What colour are ____________________ (your sister / eyes)?4. The date is on _________________ (the top / the page).5. This is __________________ (my brother / book).6. I don' know ___________________ (the owner / the restaurant).7. What is _________________ (the name / this street)?8. Who is that girl? It's _________________ (Mr. Brown / daughter).

9. He drives _________________ (his father / car).10. The anemometer is a device that measures _________________ (the speed / the wind).


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22..22MMaakkeeaaddvveerrbbssffrroommtthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveessggiivveennbbeelloowwaannddtthheennppuutttthheemmiinntthhee

aapppprroopprriiaatteesseenntteennccee..

regular bad careful slow precise quick quiet fluent

1. I don't like reading. I read very ______________.2. Our holidays always seem so short. The time passes so ____________.3. He isn't a good student. He always does so _________ in his exams.4. She knows English well. She speaks it ___________ .5. John doesn't take risks when he drives. He always drives very ____________.6. The baby is sleeping. Please speak ___________.7. He keeps fit by playing football _____________.8. She has a meeting at ______________ 4 o'clock.

22..33TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggffeewwaannddaaffeeww..

1. On ima malo prijatelja. (Neki kevs bartja van.)______________________________ .

2. Nekoliko eksera je na stolu. (Nhny szg van az asztalon.)______________________________ .

3. Malo ljudi razume ovu teoriju. (Kevs ember rti ezt a terit.)______________________________ .

4. Nekoliko inenjera radi u ovoj fabrici. (Nhny mrnk dolgozik ebben a gyrban.)______________________________ .

R E V I S I O N

CCoommpplleetteetthheettaabblleeoonntthheeuusseeooffBBrriittiisshhaannddAAmmeerriiccaannmmoonneeyybbyywwrriittiinnggtthhee

aapppprroopprriiaatteeccooiinnoorrbbaannkknnootteeiinntthheessuuiittaabblleeccoolluummnn..CChhoooosseeffrroomm::

a dimea dollar billa fifty dollar billa fifty pence piecea fifty pound notea five dollar billa five pence piecea five pound notea hundred dollar billa nickela penny

a ten pound notea twenty dollar billa twenty pence piecea twenty pound notea two pence piecea two pound coina pound coina quarter (25 cents)a ten dollar billa ten pence piece one pence (penny)


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Saxon Genitive Norman Genitive

RReeppllaacceetthheepprreeppoossiittiioonnaallggeenniittiivveebbyytthheeSSaaxxoonnggeenniittiivveeiinntthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess::

The name of the teacherThe length of the boatThe end of the tripThe rooms of the studentsThe foot of the mountainThe crew of the ship

AArrrraannggee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg nnoouunnss iinnttoo tthhee ffoouurr ggiivveenn ccoolluummnnss:: sseerrvvaanntt,, ccaarr,, rriivveerr,, ffoooott,,

sscciieennccee,, ddaauugghhtteerr,, pprrooffeessssoorr,, JJoohhnn,, bbrraanncchh,, mmaaddaamm,, mmaatthheemmaattiiccss,, eeaarrtthh,, mmaann,, sshhiipp,,

ssoonn,,aauunntt,,ppaarreenntt,,eelleeccttrriicciittyy,,ffrriieenndd..

Masculine gender Feminine gender Neuter gender Common gender

PPuutttthheevveerrbbssiinntthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleetteennssee::

Almost all cars currently ___________ (use) what is called a four-stroke combustioncycleto convert gasoline into motion. The four strokes are:

The intake stroke.

The compression stroke.

The combustion stroke

The exhaust stroke.


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Here's what happens as the engine __________ (go) through its cycle: The piston_________ (start) at the top, the intake valve_________ (open), and the

piston ________ (move) down to let the engine take in a cylinder full of air andgasoline. This _______ (be) the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline

________ ( need) to be mixed into the air for this to work.

Then the piston ________ (move) back up to compress this fuel/air mixture.Compression _________ (make) the explosion more powerful.

When the piston _________ (reach) the top of its stroke, the spark plug _______ (emit)a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder ________(explode )and _______ (drive) the piston down.

When the piston ________ (hit) the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve _______(open) and the exhaust_______ (go) out the tail pipe.

CChhoooosseetthheeaannsswweerr((aa,,bb,,ccoorrdd))wwhhiicchhbbeessttffiittssiinnttootthheesseenntteenncceeoorreexxppllaaiinnsstthheewwoorrdd

ggiivveenniinnbbrraacckkeettss..

1. Substances which(provide) a path for an electric current are conductors.

a) conduct b) release c) enable d) behave

2. We .(classify) materials as conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

a) use b) group c) provide d) release

3. Semiconductors are.(midway) between conductors and insulators.

a) towards b) across c) halfway d) easily

4. We usually.(ignore) this because the flow is small.

a) provide b) allow c) behave d) disregard


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5. Some semiconductors can..(behave) as insulators.

a) classify b) act c) release d) ignore

6. The resistance of thermistors..(falls) with temperature.

a) allows b) behaves c) decreases d) conducts

7. It falls(rapidly) with temperature.

a) fast b) wide c) easy d) usual

8. Some materials readily.(permit) an electric current to flow.

a) allow b) ignore c) behave d) classify

9. Certain materials..(release) electrons easily.

a) behave b) connect c) free d) ignore

10. There is a movement of free electrons(toward) the positive end.

a) for b) of c) in the direction of d) according to

11. Salt water..a liquid conductor.a) are b) behave as c) act d) is

12. Some metals.well.

a) does not conduct b) behaves c) are d) do not conduct

13. A material whicheasily release electrons is an insulator.

a) is b) does not c) are d) do not

14. Theis electric current.

a) electrons movement b) electrons movement c) movement of electronsa) electrons movement

15. falls rapidly with temperature

a) thermistor of resistance b) the resistance of thermistors c) the resistance betweenthermistors d) the resistance of thermistor

16. .a good conductor?

a) is copper b) are copper c) does copper d) do copper

17. Rubber is an insulator. does not conduct electric current.a) she b) they c) he d) it


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18. are insulators.

a) he b) it c) they d) she

19. The thing which opens something is an

a) opens b) open c) opener d) opens

20. The person who manages a company is a.

a) manage b) managers c) managers d) manager

21. The tools which belong to the workers are..

a) the workers tool b) the workers tool c) the workers tools d) workers tools

22. The theory of relativity defined by Einstein is called

a) Einsteins theory b) Einsteins theory c) Einstein theorys d) Einsteins theory

23. Theare good.

a) knives b) knifes c) knives d) knifes

24. The ..are short.

a) dais b) days c) daies d) days

25. Western European are not poor.

a) countrys b) countries c) countrys d) countries

26. some men at the door.

a) there are b) are there c) there is d) is there

27. .a movement of free electrons in the conductor?

a) are there b) there are c) there is d) is there

28. One half and one half are two..

a) halfs b) halfs c) halves d) halves

29. One foot and one foot are two.

a) feet b) foots c) feets d) foots

30. Mr. Brown's son is here. ..is at the door.

a) hes b) he c) his d) hes


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UNIT 5

MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE

There is no science without mathematics because mathematics is the language of science.Mathematics expresses in a few symbols ideas, concepts, or laws that often require a

paragraph to state in words. In mathematics there is an economy of thought and logic.Some basic knowledge of mathematics is necessary for the comprehension of many natural

phenomena. There are some sciences (physics, astronomy, or chemistry ) which demand agood knowledge of mathematics, not just the bare essentials of arithmetic and elementaryalgebra. Nowadays there is a tendency to require quite a bit of mathematical knowledge in

biology especially in its new branch biometrics.There is even an elementary knowledge of mathematics required in social sciences.Without them it is not possible to understand some of the developments in social sciences.Mathematics occupies an important place in many different occupations today includingmedicine, law, teaching, administration, etc.

VOCABULARY

a bit-bare-because-branch-comprehension-concept-demand-development-different-economy-especially-

essential-even-express-important-including-

just-knowledge-language-

law-naturalnecessary-nowadays-occupy-often-

place-possible-quite-require-science-

social sciences-state-teaching-tendency-thought-understand-without-word-


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Comprehension check

CCoonnnneecctttthheesscciieenncceeoonntthheelleeffttwwiitthhiittssddeeffiinniittiioonnoonntthheerriigghhtt..

science definition1.chemistry a) the study of matter and energy2.biology b) a branch of mathematics that deals with the operations of addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division3.astronomy c) the study of basic characteristics of substances and the ways they

combine or react with other substances4.algebra d) the study of illnesses and injuries5.biometrics e) the study of numbers and their operations6.medicine f) the study of the universe and objects which exist in space, such as the

sun, the moon, planets and stars

7.mathematics g) the study of the living organisms and processes in the nature8.physics h) the statistical study of biological processes and events9.arithmetic i) a branch of mathematics in which signs and letters represent numbers

THERE IS THERE ARE

When a noun representing an indefinite person or thing is the subject of the verb be wenormally use a there + be + noun construction (There is a man at the door). Note thatthough thereappears to be the subject, the real subject is the noun that follows the verb,

and if this noun is plural the verb must be plural too (There are two chairs in the room).The verb be usually means exist/happen/take place (There is a movement of freeelectrons towards the positive end./ There are no perfect insulators).

PPuutttthheerreeiiss//aarreeiinntthheeaapppprroopprriiaatteesslloott aannddssuuppppllyytthheeccoorrrreeccttffoorrmmoofftthheevveerrbbiinntthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleetteennssee..

Parts of an engine

___________ a cylinder and a piston. The piston ________ (move) up and down inside thecylinder. _____________ engines with one or more cylinders. Then,___________ a spark

plug. It _________ (supply) the spark that ___________ (ignite) the air/fuel mixture.__________ two valves: intake and exhaust valve. They __________ (let in) the air andfuel and__________ (let out) exhaust. ___________ also a combustion chamber where thecombustion and compression ___________ (take place). Finally, ___________ a crank

shaft. It _________ (turn) the up and down motion of the piston into circular motion.

There is a pen on the table.

There are pens on the table.


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SOME ANY

When we use some we are not interested in the exact number. Example: I have ten fingers.But: I have some friends. We usually use somein positive sentences and anyin negativeand interrogative sentences ( I have some pens. Are there any photographs? There arentany people here).

PPuuttssoommeeoorraannyyiinntthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess::

1. ________ materials are good conductors.2. Are there _________ questions?3. __________ power plants use nuclear energy.4. There aren't __________ messages for you.5. We have _________ problems with this machine.6. Are there _________ perfect conductors?7. They don't have _______ money.8. Is there ________ electricity in this house?9. He has _________ work to do.10.Do you speak ________ foreign languages?11.I want to write _________ letters but I don't have ________ paper to write on.

12.______ sciences require a good knowledge of mathematics.

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable

There is a caroutside.Caris a countablenoun. A countable nouncan be singular ( car) or plural ( cars).Countable nouns are things we can count.So we can say "one car", "two cars" etc.

Uncountable

There is no electricityin this house.Electricityis an uncountablenoun. Anuncountable noun has only one form(electricity). Uncountable nouns are thingswe cannot count. So we cannot say "one

electricity", "two electricities" etc.

AArreetthheeffoolllloowwiinnggnnoouunnssccoouunnttaabblleeoorruunnccoouunnttaabbllee??PPuuttCCoorrUUiinntthheebbooxx..

sand pistonwater ironelement mathematicssteam cylinder rain air conductor machinesugar daylight law

Some positive sentences

Any negative and interrogative sentences


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11..22TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseeeexxpprreessssiioonnss iinnttooSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaann

1. the language of science-

2. knowledge of mathematics-3. the bare essentials of arithmetic-4. it is not possible to understand-5. occupies an important place-

11..33FFiilllliinntthheemmiissssiinnggwwoorrddss..CChhoooosseeffrroomm::tthhoouugghhtt,,llaawwss,,nneecceessssaarryy,,kknnoowwlleeddggee,,

rreeqquuiirree,,eexxpprreesssseess..

Mathematics in a few symbols ideas, concepts, or.. thatoften.. a paragraph to state in words. In mathematics there is an economyof and logic. Some basic of mathematics

is. for the comprehension of many natural phenomena.11..44CCoonnnneecctttthheesseeggmmeennttssggiivveenniinntthheettwwooccoolluummnnssttoommaakkeesseenntteenncceess

There are some sciencesNowadays there is a tendency toThere is even an elementary knowledge ofmathematicsMathematics occupies an

a) required in social sciences.b) important place in many differentoccupations today.c) which demand a good knowledge ofmathematics.d) require quite a bit of mathematics

GRAMMAR

22..11MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessffrroommtthheeggiivveennsseeggmmeennttss..

no petrol in this factory.two valves on the table.a lot of workers in my car.a letter in an engine.four strokes about computers.

only one piston in the combustion cycle.

There is / are

many books in the cylinder.

22..22PPuuttiinnaa//aann,,ssoommeeoorraannyy..

1. Do you have ________ letters for me?2. He doesn't speak _______ foreign languages.3. Heathrow is ________ international airport.4. Do you know ______ good restaurants in this town?5. Every morning, he buys ________ newspaper and ________ magazines.6. I have ________ money in my bag.

7. He doesn't have _______ friends in London.8. _______ birds fly south in winter.


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9. Are there ______ messages for me?10. I have ______ question to ask.11. There isn't ________ oil in the tank.12. They make ________ of these components from steel.

22..33WWhhiicchhoofftthheeuunnddeerrlliinneeddppaarrttssoofftthheesseesseenntteenncceessiissccoorrrreecctt??

1. I am in a hurry. I don't have much time / many time.2. There are any dictionaries / some dictionaries in the next room.3. I need more informations / information about this product.4. It is very difficult to find a job / work at the moment.5. Let's go out. I need a fresh air / some fresh air.6. Copper / a copper is a useful metal.7. Solar energy / a solar energy has much / many advantages.8. Mathematics are / is the language of science.9. The water in this river are / is very dirty.

10. A light / light comes from the sun.

UNIT 6

MATTER AND ENERGY

Matter has mass and occupies space. We can measure the volume of a given object and thusdetermine the space that it occupies. However, the same specimen of matter may occupyquite different volumes when changed from solid to a liquid and then to gas. The mass of aspecimen of matter remains constant through these changes, therefore, mass is a morefundamental property than volume. Because of its mass, a specimen of matter has inertia. Inother words, it moves if an external force acts upon it. The force of gravity the attractionof the earth for anything that possesses mass, has acts upon mass. Although mass isconstant, the pull of gravity, and hence the weight, varies from place to place on our planetdepending on how far the object is from the center of the earth.

Energy is anything that can change into work such as heat, or electricity. The completeconversion of matter into energy would result in the production of 9 x 10 20(nine times the

twentieth power of ten) or 25 million kilowatt hours of energy. Einsteins equation showingthis equivalence of mass and energy is E=mc2 (mc squared), where E is the energy in ergs,m is the mass in grams, and c is a constant equal to the velocity of light, 3 x 10 10

centimeters per second. Scientists today can achieve this conversion of mass into energy inan atomic bomb which is a weapon in the hands of mankind more powerful than any

previous one. It is threatening to extinct the human race if we do not handle it properly butit is also a new energy source that we can use for peaceful purposes. Some countries are infavour of atomic energy. Others are against building atomic power plants because theythink nuclear waste is polluting the earth.


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VOCABULARY

achieve-act upon-against-although-attraction-

build-change (v)-changed-complete-conversion-country-depending on-determine-

different-earth-equation-equivalence-external-extinct-force-force of gravity-from place to place-fundamental-given-

handle-heat-hence-how far-however-human race-in favour of-in other words-mankind-measure (v)-object-

occupy-peaceful-pollute-possess-power plant-powerful-previous-production-properly-property-pull-purpose-quite-

remain-result (v)-source-space-specimen-squared-than-the same-therefore-think-threaten-

through-thus-vary-velocity-volume-waste-weapon-weight-work-

Comprehension check

FFiilllltthheebbllaannkksswwiitthhtthheewwoorrddssffrroommtthheetteexxtt..

1. We determine the space that an object occupies by measuring its ___________ .2. The same specimen of matter may have ___________ volumes but its mass is

___________ .

3.___________ is a tendency of matter to move if an ___________ acts upon it.4. Gravity is the ___________ of the earth for anything that possesses ___________ .


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5. The ___________ of an object varies depending on its distance from the ___________6. E=mc2 is an ___________ which shows the ___________ of mass and energy.7. Scientists use the ___________ of mass into energy to make an ___________ .8. Many are against nuclear energy because they think ___________ is polluting the earth,while others use it as a new ___________.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The affirmative of the present continuous tense in English is formed with the present formsof the verb be( am/is/are) and an ing ending added to the verb. The interrogative(question) form is formed by inverting the word order (auxiliary verb preceding the subject)and the negative is formed by adding not to the present forms of be (am not; is not; arenot).

AFFIRMATIVE

Singular Plural1 I amworking 1 we areworking2 you areworking 2 you areworking3 he/she/it isworking 3 they are working

INTERROGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 AmI working? 1 Arewe working?2 Areyou working? 2 Areyou working?

3 ishe/she/it working? 3 Arethey working?

NEGATIVE

Singular Plural

1 I am notworking(note that there is noamnt !)

1 we arenot(arent) working

2 you are not(arent) working 2 you arenot(arent) working3 he/she/it is not(isnt) working 3

they are not(arent) working

USE:1. We use the present continuous tense when the action is happening now or around now.

He is writing a book.

NOTE: Final 'e' (not pronounced) is dropped before adding '-ing'.write - writing; take - taking

MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggtthheepprreesseennttccoonnttiinnuuoouusstteennsseeaannddtthheennttuurrnntthheemmiinnttootthhee

iinntteerrrrooggaattiivveeffoorrmm::

1. He / drive / to work________________________ .


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2. Nuclear waste / pollute /the earth________________________ .

3. The scientists / make / experiments________________________ .

4. He / sell / his computer

________________________ .5. Some countries / build / nuclear power plants________________________ .

6. The temperature / increase________________________ .

7. I / download / a new programme________________________ .

8. They / monitor / the damage to the ozone layer________________________ .

9. We / install / a new software________________________ .

CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceesswwiitthhoonneeoofftthheeffoolllloowwiinnggvveerrbbssiinntthheeccoorrrreeccttffoorrmm..

paint wait work repair make go look for learn try study rain do

1. You _______________ a lot of noise. Please, be quiet. I ______________ toconcentrate.

2. He _____________ the ceiling at the moment.3. I ______________ hard because we have exams next week.4. We are tired. We _______________ to bed now.

5. Don't forget the umbrella! It _______________ outside.6. John is in the garage. He _______________ the car.7. He wants to work in England, so he ________________ English.8. Our firm _____________ young mechanical engineers.9. "You _______________ hard today." "Yes, I have a lot to do."10."What _________ you ___________ here?" "I ___________________ for Peter."

MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY)

Canand mayare used with the infinitive of the verb (without to). Canusually denotespossibility (This car can reach a speed of 170 km/h) or ability (I can lift a hundred kilos).Maydenotes permission, possibility (You may leave now./ I may see him today.)

CAN possibility, ability

MAY permission, possibility

MMaakkeesseenntteenncceesswwiitthhccaannbbyycchhoooossiinnggaawwoorrddffrroommeeaacchhrrooww((AA,,BBoorrCC))..

Example: Generators can produce electricity.


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Agenerators radiation steam

too muchsunlight

high-voltage

an atomicpowerplant

fasttrains

B kill reach produce cause provide turn be

C turbines cancer

energy for

a wholeregion

electricity

a speed

of 300km/h

dangerous people

1. ..2. ..3. ..4. ..5. ..6. ..

RReewwrriitteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggtthheemmooddaallvveerrbb''mmaayy''..

1. I permit you to use my pen.2. It is possible that he knows the answer.3. We permit you to sit here.4. It is not possible that she works here.5. They permit me to take the test again.6. Perhaps he is in his office7. I permit you to take the car8. Perhaps she wants to be alone.9. I permit you to go out tonight.10. Perhaps I don't have enough money

THE IMPERATIVE

The Imperative is a verb used without a subject. The Imperative is most often used for thesecond person singular and plural. The negative is formed by do not and the infinitive ofthe verb (do not ask).

Singular Plural

ask !dont ask!

ask !dont ask!

CCoommpplleetteetthhiisstteexxttbbyycchhoooossiinngg tthheewwoorrddssffrroommtthheebbooxx..

close / do not fill /do not overfill /do not smoke / fill / make sure /replace / use

..the container to more than 80 percent of capacity. ..the motorhome is level when filling. the tank! ..the supply valve beforerefilling gas tanks or fuel tanks! .or expose an open flame while near a fuelingarea. Never.an open flame to test gas leaks! ..all protective covers andcaps after filling. Never.the tank with engine running!


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VOCABULARY

11..11TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttooSSeerrbbiiaann//HHuunnggaarriiaann

1. However, the same specimen of matter may occupy quite different volumes whenchanged from solid to a liquid and then to gas.

................................................................................................................................................

2. Energy is anything that can change into work such as heat, or electricity.

................................................................................................................................................

3. Scientists today can achieve this conversion of mass into energy.

................................................................................................................................................

11..22FFiinnddtthheessyynnoonnyymmss

complete definealthough essentialdetermine totalearth make dirty

pollute groundpowerful strongfundamental but

TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessiinnttooEEnngglliisshh

1. Materija ima masu i zauzima prostor. (Az anyagnak van tmege s teret foglal el.)

............................................................................................................................................

2. Na zemlji masa je konstantna, ali gravitacija se menja. (A fldn a tmeg lland, de agravitci vltozik).

............................................................................................................................................

3. Neke zemlje su protiv graenja atomskih centrala. (Nhny orszg ellenzi azatomermvek ptst.)

............................................................................................................................................


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GRAMMAR

22..11PPuutttthheevveerrbbiinnbbrraacckkeettssiinntthheepprreesseennttccoonnttiinnuuoouusstteennssee..

1. " _______ he ___________ (work) this week?" "No, he is on holiday."

2. " Why _______ you ____________ (run)?" "Because I ________________ (go) to ameeting and I'm late."3. We can go out now. It ___________________ (not rain) any more.4. I __________________ (not do) any more work. I'm tired.5. They __________________ (stay) at the Ritz hotel.6. We ____________________ (look) for Peter. Do you know where he is?7. " Mary is a student at the university." "Really? What ________ she ____________(study)?"8. He ________________ (read) the ads in the newspaper. He _________________ (try) tofind a job.9. They _______________ (build) a new bridge across the river.

10. A: "What _______ you ___________ (do) these days?" B: " I __________________ (paint) my flat." A: "_______ you ____________ (do) it alone?" B: "No, some friends ________________ (help) me."11. Hurry up! Everyone ________________ (wait) for you.

22..22CCoommpplleetteetthheesseesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggtthheeiimmppeerraattiivveeffoorrmm..

TEN THINGS YOU CAN DO TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENTnot use turn off buy not throw plant not buy leave throw talk ride put

1. ___________ recycled paper.2. ___________ old batteries away.3. ___________ about the environment with other people.4. ___________ your car at home; _________ your bike instead.5. ___________ all your bottles in the special container.6. ___________ sprays.7. ___________ plastic bags.8. ___________ your rubbish in the bins.9. ___________ a tree whenever you can.10. __________ the lights when you leave your home.

22..33CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggmmaayyaannddoonneeoofftthheesseevveerrbbss..

be break buy invite rain know come wait

1. Take an umbrella. It _____________ later.2. I don't want the children to play in this room They ______________ something.3. "What time does the meeting start?" "I 'm not sure. Ask Ann, she ______________ ." 4.The bus doesn't always come on time. We _______________ a few minutes.5. She is not ill any more so she ____________ to the party.6. I need a new car. I _____________ a Mercedes.

7. "Who is that man with Mary?" "I 'm not sure. It ____________ her brother.8. Tom and Mary are her good friends. She ____________ them to her wedding.


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22..44CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggccaannaannddoonneeoofftthheesseevveerrbbss..SSoommeettiimmeessyyoouunneeeeddtthhee

nneeggaattiivveeffoorrmm..

see wait speak sleep visit drive understand find come

1. John ____________ four languages.2. Please, don't talk so quickly. I ________________ you.3. I ____________ you this summer but I ______________ next year.4. "Are you in a hurry?" "No, I ______________ for you."5. She ____________ but she doesn't have a car.6. "Where is my pecil? I ____________ it anywhere."7. We ____________ the beach from our window.8. "It's midnight. Why aren't you in bed?" "I ______________ ."

UNIT 7

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

There are one hundred and five different elements we know of. Of these, at least ninety-twooccur in nature, some only in their compounds, and the rest are the products of man. Twoelements, oxygen and silicon, are surprisingly abundant. Thirteen elements constitute over99.7 percent of all the material available to on earth. Many familiar elements, such as

copper, lead, tin, iodine, are not among them, whereas titanium, is the tenth most commonelement and the seventh most common metal. Carbon, the important constituent of allliving plants and animals, amounts to less than 0.1 percent of the total. The first fiveelements in order of abundance are: iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and nickel.The elements divide into two types: the metals, such as aluminum, iron and calcium; andthe non-metals, such as oxygen, silicon, chlorine. The classification is not a definite one,however, as there are certain elements that show properties of both metals and non-metals.

Compounds are homogeneous substances. Their properties are quite different from thoseof their constituent elements. The boiling point of water is 100C, whereas the boiling pointof oxygen is -183C and that of hydrogen is -253C. Similarly, sodium, a soft metal whichreacts violently with water, and chlorine, a greenish-yellow poisonous gas, are the

constituent elements in a white crystalline solid which has none of the properties of itselementary substances (sodium and chlorine). It is the harmless substance, sodium chloride,which we familiarly call table salt.


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Figure 1

VOCABULARY

abundant-among-amount to-animal-at least-available-

boiling point-both-carbon-certain-

chlorine-common-compound-constituent-constitute-copper-definite-different-divide-familiar-greenish-harmless-important-iodine-iron-lead-

living-nature-occur-only-order-over-

percent-plant-poisonous-product-

property-quite-react-show-silicon-similarly-sodium-soft-such as-surprisingly-the rest-tin-violently-whereas-white-yellow-


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Comprehension check

CChhoooosseetthheeccoorrrreecctteennddiinngg::

1. At least ninety-two elementsa) are the products of man

b) occur in naturec) occur only as compounds

2. Oxygen and silicon a) occur in large quantity b) constitute 99.7 percent of the material on earth

c) occur in small quantity3. Titanium is

a) more common than copperb) not so common as copperc) tenth most common metal

4. Carbona) is very common in nature

b) is among the five most abundant elementsc) occurs in all living plants and animals

5. The elements divide intoa) metals and compounds

b) metals and non-metalsc)compounds and non-metals

6. Silicona) is a non-metalb) is a metalc) can be both a metal and a non-metal

7. Compounds havea) the same properties as their constituent elements

b) different properties from their constituent elementsc) properties of both metals and non-metals

8. Sodiuma) forms a compound with chlorine

b) is a poisonous gas

c) is a harmless substance which we call table salt

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

There are two ways of forming the comparative and superlative:1.by adding the suffixeser, -estto the positive or2. by adding moreand mostto the positive.One syllable adjectives are compared with the suffixes (-er/-est). For example: old-older-theoldest. Adjectives which have more than two syllables are compared using more/most:

important moreimportant the mostimportant.


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SHORT ADJECTIVES LONG ADJECTIVES

comparative: -er moresuperlative: the -est the most

There are some adjectives which have an irregular comparative and superlative forms. Themost commonly used ones are:

positive comparative superlativegood better the best

bad worse the worst

little less the least

many/much more the most

NOTE:We do not use 'the' in the superlative before possessive adjectives.My oldestbrother works in London. RIGHTMy the oldest brother works in London. WRONG

PPuutttthheesseeaaddjjeeccttiivveessiinnttootthheeccoommppaarraattiivveeaannddssuuppeerrllaattiivveeffoorrmm::

positive comparative superlative

abundantsoftimportant

shortfastpowerfulsmallinterestingserious

PPuutttthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveessiinnttootthheeccoommppaarraattiivveeffoorrmm..

1. Copper is a __________ (good) conductor than rubber.2. Aluminium has ____________ (low) melting point than iron.

3. Water has _____________ (high) boiling point than alcohol.4. In an earthquake, underwater tunnels are ___________ (safe) than buildings .5. Light is ___________ (fast) than sound.6. Japan's Seikan Tunnel is _____________ (long) than the Channel Tunnel.7. An atomic bomb is ______________ (powerful) than other weapons.

PPuutttthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveeiinnttootthheessuuppeerrllaattiivveeffoorrmmaanndd tthheennaannsswweerrtthheeqquueessttiioonnssttoocchheecckk

yyoouurrggeenneerraallkknnoowwlleeddggee..

1. Which is _______________ (high) mountain in the world?a) Mount Kilimanjaro

b) Mount Everestc) Fujiyama


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2. Which is _______________ (long) river in the world?a) Mississippi

b) Amazonc) Nile

3. Which planet is _______________ ( close) to the sun?

a) Venusb) Mercuryc) Mars

4. What is _______________ (popular) sport in the world?a) Basketball

b) Tennisc) Soccer

5. What is ________________ (abundant) metallic element on earth?a) aluminium

b) calciumc) magnesium

6. Which of the following metals is ______________ (good) conductor of electricity?a) copper

b) silverc) nickel

7. What is _______________ (dangerous) profession in the world?a) stuntman

b) astronautc) racing car driver

8. Which is ______________ (bright) planet?a) Jupiter

b) Mercuryc) Venus

9. Which is ______________ (tall) building in the world?a) Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur

b) Empire State Building in New Yorkc) Sears Tower in Chicago

10.Which is ______________ (long) bridge in the world?a) Sydney Harbour Bridge

b) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japanc) Golden Gate Bridge

READING ORDINAL AND DECIMAL NUMBERS, DATES AND

FRACTIONS

Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding st (the first), -nd (thesecond), -rd (the third) or th (the fourth, the fifth). In most cases the ending of ordinalnumbers isth. The exceptions are only: the first, the second, the third. Ordinal numbersare generally used with the definite article (the). There are also some changes in writingand pronunciation (five the fifth; eight the eighth; nine- the ninth; twelve the twelfth;twenty the twentieth, etc).


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ORDINAL NUMBERS

THE+ CARDINAL NUMBER + -TH

1st the first

2nd

the second3rd the third4th the fourth5th the fifth6th the sixth7th the seventh8th the seventh9th the ninth10th the tenth11th the eleventh12th the twelfth

13th the thirteenth14th the fourteenth15th the fifteenth16th the sixteenth17th the seventeenth18th the eighteenth

19th the nineteenth

20th

the twentieth21st the twenty-first22nd the twenty-second30th the thirtieth40th the fortieth50th the fiftieth60th the sixtieth70th the seventieth80th the eightieth90th the ninetieth100th the hundredth

101st the hundred-and-first200th the two hundredth201st the two-hundred-and-first1000th the thousandth1 000 000th the millionth

A date is expressed in figures by ordinal numbers: 25 May the twenty-fifth of May or:May 25th May the twenty-fifth.In fractional numbers the numerator is a cardinal number and the denominator is an ordinalnumber: one third, two fifths.A decimal number such as 25. 43 is read like: twenty five point four three.The zero in decimal and telephone numbers is pronounced [ou] not zero: 2.05 (two point oufive).

PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Compare the examples:Present simple

Something is true in general or happensrepeatedly.

Past now future

Water boilsat 100 degrees Celsius.

Present continuous

Something is happening at or around thetime of speaking.

Past now future

The water is boiling. Turn it off!

AArreetthheeuunnddeerrlliinneeddvveerrbbssrriigghhttoorrwwrroonngg??CCoorrrreecctttthheevveerrbbsstthhaattaarreewwrroonngg..

1. Water freezes at 0 degrees Centigrade. __________________

2. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. _________________3. The earth is going round the sun. _________________


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4. She is good at languages. She speaks four languages very well. _________________5. Don't take that book back to the library. I read it. ________________6. Every hour the planet Earth is travelling 66,620 miles around the sun. ____________

UUsseetthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleeoorrpprreesseennttccoonnttiinnuuoouussttooccoommpplleetteetthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess::

1. Can you understand them? _______ they ____________ (speak) German?2. Excuse me, ______ you _________ (speak) English?3. My flashlight ____________ (not / work), so now I _____________(change) the

battery.4. ________ you ___________ (watch) TV? No, you can turn it off.5. _______ you ___________ (watch) TV every day?6. He __________ (be) an engineer. He ______________ (work) in a factory.7. You ______________ (work) hard today. Yes, I have a lot to do.8. I ____________ (go) to the mechanic at least once a month because my car always

_____________ (break down).

9. He can't answer the phone. He ______________ (have) a bath.10.Be quiet! I ______________ (watch) my favourite programme. I always __________(watch) it in the evening.


VOCABULARY

11..11TTrraannssllaatteetthheesseepphhrraasseessiinnttooEEnngglliisshh

1. at least ninety-two-2. the tenth most common element-3. constituent elements-4. a greenish-yellow poisonous gas-5. harmless substance-6. available on earth-7. occur in nature-8. the boiling point of water-

11..22FFiinnddaassyynnoonnyymmiinntthheebbooxxbbeelloowwffoorreeaacchhwwoorrdduunnddeerrlliinneeddiinntthheetteexxtt

There are one hundred and five different elements we know of. Of these, at least ninety-twooccur in nature, some only in their compounds, and the rest are the products of man. Twoelements, oxygen and silicon, are surprisingly abundant. Thirteen elements constitute over99.7 percent of all the material. Many familiar elements, such as copper, lead, tin, iodine,are not among them.

appear, various, in great quantity, just, like, make up, minimum, more than, others, well-known


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11..33FFiilllliinntthheeaapppprroopprriiaatteeffoorrmmssoofftthheewwoorrddss

priroda/termszet prirodan/termszetesslian/hasonl sim slino/hasonlanotrovan/mrgez otrov/mreg

proizvod/termk con proizvoditi/termelni,gyrtani

11..44FFiinnddtthheewwoorrddsswwiitthhooppppoossiitteemmeeaanniinngg

over, all, boiling, abundant, different, white, living

none, dead, under, same, black, freezing, rare,

11..55WWrriitteeddoowwnnwwiitthhnnuummbbeerrss

the third ..........................................the thirtieth ..........................................the ninth ..........................................the twenty-second ..........................................the eightieth ..........................................the twelfth ..........................................the fiftieth ..........................................

GRAMMAR

22..11PPuutttthheeaaddjjeeccttiivveeiinntthheeaapppprroopprriiaatteeffoorrmm..

1. The sun is _____________ (big) object in our solar system. It is also our ___________(close) star.

2. Hydrogen is ___________________ (abundant) element in the universe.3. Mercury travels around the sun ____________ (fast) than any other planet.

4. Mars has some of ____________ (tall) volcanoes and some of ____________ (deep)valleys in our solar system.

5. Travelling by train is_______________ (cheap) than travelling by plane.6. Magnesium is ________________ (light) metal.7. Watt's steam engine is _____________ (effective) than Newcomen's.8. Diamond is ____________ (hard) substance occurring in nature.9. Canada is _____________ (large) than the United States.10. Copper is _____________ (good) conductor of heat.


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22..22MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessccoommppaarriinnggtthheesseettwwooccaarrssaanndduussiinnggtthheeffoolllloowwiinnggaaddjjeeccttiivveess::

cheap powerful engine fast comfortable large good

Ferrari F550 Maranello Ford Taurus WagonManufacturer Ferrari Manufacturer Ford

Price $ 295,000 Price $ 26,000Horsepower 485 Horsepower 155

Top speed (km/h) 320 Top speed (km/h) 175Height (mm) 1277 Height (mm) 1473Length (mm) 4549 Length (mm) 5019

1. ______________________________________________.2. ______________________________________________.3. ______________________________________________.4. ______________________________________________.5. ______________________________________________.

22..33AArreetthheeuunnddeerrlliinneeddvveerrbbssrriigghhttoorrwwrroonngg??CCoorrrreecctttthheevveerrbbsstthhaattaarreewwrroonngg..

1. Somebody waits for you in the office. _____________________2. Gravity varies from place to place on our planet. _____________________3. The United States are sharing a border with Canada. _____________________4. Are you taking English lessons at the moment? _____________________5. I don't understand you. What do you talk about? _____________________6. This material is having almost no resistance. _____________________7. Burning coal and natural gas releases energy. _____________________8. He isn't usually working on weekends. _____________________9. Water boils. Can you turn it off? _____________________ 10. "What do you do?" "I'm a mechanic." _____________________

REVISION

MMaakkeesseenntteenncceessuussiinnggtthheepprreesseennttssiimmpplleenneeggaattiivvee..EExxaammppllee::TThheeyyaarreeppoooorr..TThheeyyddoo

nnootthhaavveemmoonneeyy..

He is unemployed. .

They are selfish. . other people.I am a vegetarian. . meat.


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She is illiterate. . how to write.

FFiillll iinn tthhee ggaappss uussiinngg tthhee pprreesseenntt ssiimmppllee ppoossiittiivvee.. EExxaammppllee:: HHee iiss aa mmeecchhaanniicc..HHee

mmeennddssccaarrss..

He is a pilot. . a plane.She is a waitress. . food in a restaurant.They are actors. . a theatre.I am a doctor. . patients in a hospital.We are students. . at this university.

FFiilllloouutttthheemmiissssiinnggiinnffoorrmmaattiioonnaannddpprraaccttiicceessaayyiinnggtthheeddaatteess

AstronomicallySpring begins .Summer begins .

Autumn/fall begins .Winter begins .

PPrraaccttiicceessaayyiinnggtthheesseeccoonnssttaannttvvaalluueessiinnEEnngglliisshh

is .The speed of light is .The boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit is .There are . days in a year.1 inch is . millimeters.gis . m/s2.

Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

RReeaaddtthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceessaannddttrryyttooddeeffiinneewwhhiicchhppllaanneetttthheeddeeffiinniittiioonnrreeffeerrssttoo..

1. The third largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 33 000 miles...2. The most brilliant planet in the solar system poetically called Lucifer as the morning starand Hesperus as the evening star. Diameter: 7600 miles

..3. The outmost planet of the solar system ninth in distance from the sun. diameter: 7 600miles.

..4. The second largest planet in the solar system. It has three concentric rings around it.Diameter: 72000 miles.

..

5. The largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 87000 miles...


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6. The smallest planet in the solar system closest to the sun. Diameter: 3000 miles...

7. A planet in the solar system notable for its red light. Diameter: 4230 miles...

SSuuppppllyy ssuuppeerrllaattiivveeaaddjjeeccttiivveeffoorrmmssaannddoorrddiinnaallnnuummbbeerrssttooccoommpplleetteetthheesseesseenntteenncceess..

The .planet in the solar system which isin distance from thesun is Jupiter.The.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance fromthe sun is Saturn.The ..largest planet in the solar system which isin distance fromthe sun is Neptune.The.largest planet in the solar system which is..in distance fromthe sun is Uranus.Pluto is..planet in the solar system which is.in distance

from the sun.Earth is.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance fromthe sun.

CCoommpplleetteetthheesseenntteenncceessbbeelloowwuussiinngg ccoommppaarraattiivveeoorrssuuppeerrllaattiivveeaaddjjeeccttiivveessbbaasseeddoonn

tthheeffaaccttssggiivveenniinntthheettaabbllee..

Continent Surface area in million km2

Asia 44Africa 30

Europe 10.5Australia (with Oceania) 8

Asia iscontinent.Africa is..than Asia butthan Europe.Europe is..than Australia butthan Africa.Australia iscontinent.

UUsseetthheepprreesseennttccoonnttiinnuuoouussoorrpprreesseennttssiimmpplleetteennsseeiinntthheeffoolllloowwiinnggsseenntteenncceess..

1. Water ______________ (consist) of hydrogen and oxygen.

2. I ____________ (write) this exercise on my computer.3 Mathematics ___________ (be) the language of science.4. He usually __________ (work) at the Polytechnical Engineering College but this weekhe _______________ (teach) some classes at the Open University.5. The River Nile _________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.6. My friend ______________ (study) electrical engineering at present.7. Hydroelectric systems ______________ (use) the energy of water to create electricity.8. On Venus, the temperature ________________ (rise) to 484 degrees Centigrade9. Solar and wind energy _________________ (become) more and more popular thesedays.10. Venus _____________ (rotate) in the direction opposite that of all other planets.


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UNIT 8

DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

In 400 BC Democritus, a Greek philosopher, proposed the idea that matter consisted of tinyparticles. Science, however, was long unable to provide experimental evidence for thesetiny particles or atoms as they called them. In 1805, John Dalton proposed an atomictheory. His atomic theory made five basic assumptions about the structure of matter: (1) allmatter consists of tiny, invisible particles called atoms; (2) all atoms of a given element areexactly alike; (3) the atoms of different elements differ from each other in weight; (4)atoms combine in definite whole number ratios to form chemical compounds; (5) chemicalchanges do not create or destroy atoms.This simple concept was adequate for about 100 years. By the beginning of the twentieth

century scientists, who had some research tools not available in Daltons time, discoveredexperimental facts that the atomic concept of an atom as a tiny, solid particle could notexplain. Research in the field of atomic structure is very active, and accepted ideas changevery frequently to agree with new experimental information.

VOCABULARY

accepted-agree-alike-assumption-available-BC-compound-consist-create-destroy-differ-

evidence-exactly-explain-

field-frequently-invisible-

particle-propose-provide-ratio-research (n)-research (v)-tiny-tool-

unable-weight-whole-

Comprehension check

AArreetthheeffoolllloowwiinnggssttaatteemmeennttssttrruueeoorrffaallssee::

1. Democritus was the first scientist who tried to explain the structure of matter.2. Democritus provided experimental evidence for these tiny particles.


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3. Dalton's atomic theory explains the structure of atoms.4. Atomic theory includes five basic assumptions.5. Atoms of a given element differ from each other in weight.6. Atoms combine to make chemical compounds.7. Chemical changes destroy but don't create atoms.

8. Scientists still use Dalton's atomic concept.9. Scientists are still conducting research in the field of atomic structure.10.Accepted ideas often don't agree with new experimental facts.

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technical english 1 - vts subotica 2000

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