Teaching Motor Teaching Motor Skills to ChildrenSkills to ChildrenCh 3Ch 3

Variations in Motor SkillsVariations in Motor Skills

Develop at different ratesDevelop at different rates Interskill variability- differences in Interskill variability- differences in

performance of unrelated physical tasks performance of unrelated physical tasks or activities or activities

Intraskill variability- different proficiencies Intraskill variability- different proficiencies in skills needed for single taskin skills needed for single task

Progressive Motor Skill Progressive Motor Skill DevelopmentDevelopment

Age & experience related but not Age & experience related but not dependentdependent

Same order but not same timeSame order but not same time

Physical & Psychological Physical & Psychological ReadinessReadiness

Ready & motivated then will learnReady & motivated then will learn Cannot force a child into new physical Cannot force a child into new physical

activities activities FearsFears If not performing correctly could be If not performing correctly could be

inappropriate for age or state of inappropriate for age or state of readinessreadiness

Sequential DevelopmentSequential Development

Develop in orderly fashionDevelop in orderly fashion Motor skill development from head Motor skill development from head

moving toward feet – cephalocaudal moving toward feet – cephalocaudal developmentdevelopment

Develop from trunk or midline out to Develop from trunk or midline out to extremities – proximodistal developmentextremities – proximodistal development

Walk-run-leap-jump-hop-gallop-slide-skipWalk-run-leap-jump-hop-gallop-slide-skip

Cumulative DevelopmentCumulative Development

Naturally occurring sequence of Naturally occurring sequence of potentials to learn new motor skillspotentials to learn new motor skills

Acquire new motor skill by gradually Acquire new motor skill by gradually building on or incorporating previously building on or incorporating previously learned skilllearned skill

Directional DevelopmentDirectional Development

Don’t perform motor skills same level Don’t perform motor skills same level each timeeach time

Variability directional developmentVariability directional development Skill not disappearingSkill not disappearing Growth spurt, injury, lack of practiceGrowth spurt, injury, lack of practice Keep plan flexible but provide movement Keep plan flexible but provide movement

experiencesexperiences

Physical EducationPhysical Education

Something for everyoneSomething for everyone Classify motor skillsClassify motor skills

Environmental Stability Environmental Stability

Closed skills – performed in stable & Closed skills – performed in stable & predictable environmentspredictable environments

Open skills – performed in changing or Open skills – performed in changing or unpredictable environmentunpredictable environment

Mobility: Mobility: Number involvedNumber involved SpeedSpeed

Initiation of MovementInitiation of Movement

Self-paced – initiates own movementSelf-paced – initiates own movement Externally-paced – initiated in response Externally-paced – initiated in response

to outside circumstancesto outside circumstances Motor skills easier when you control Motor skills easier when you control

when & how execute the movementwhen & how execute the movement

Movement PatternsMovement Patterns

Discrete skill – happens once has distinct Discrete skill – happens once has distinct beginning and end, easiest beginning and end, easiest

Serial skill – 2+ discrete motor skills Serial skill – 2+ discrete motor skills performed in sequence, more difficultperformed in sequence, more difficult

Developing Logical Skill Developing Logical Skill ProgressionsProgressions

Stable learning environmentStable learning environment Practice at own pacePractice at own pace Combining skillsCombining skills Develop logical skills progressionDevelop logical skills progression

ProgressionProgression

Developing skills-practice fundamental Developing skills-practice fundamental skillsskills

Expanding skills-less predictable tasks, Expanding skills-less predictable tasks, semi self-pacedsemi self-paced

Mastering skills-unpredictable, externally Mastering skills-unpredictable, externally paced, control over skill, add outside paced, control over skill, add outside factorsfactors

Generic Levels of Skill Generic Levels of Skill Proficiency (GLSP)Proficiency (GLSP)

4 levels children pass through as learn 4 levels children pass through as learn motor skillmotor skill

Precontrol-move awkwardly, difficulty Precontrol-move awkwardly, difficulty repeatingrepeating

Control – concentrate to replicate, still Control – concentrate to replicate, still awkwardawkward

Generic Levels of Skill Generic Levels of Skill Proficiency (GLSP)Proficiency (GLSP)

Utilization-repeat movements somewhat Utilization-repeat movements somewhat smoothly & automatically, shift attention smoothly & automatically, shift attention to adding defenders/outside influencesto adding defenders/outside influences

Proficiency – automatically & confidence, Proficiency – automatically & confidence, modify learned skills to adjust to modify learned skills to adjust to situationssituations

Graham, Holt-Hale, & Parker (2004)Graham, Holt-Hale, & Parker (2004)

Appropriate Content for Appropriate Content for Elementary PEElementary PE

Focus on teaching fundamental motor Focus on teaching fundamental motor skills & movement conceptsskills & movement concepts

Movement concepts – how to perform a Movement concepts – how to perform a movementmovement Space awareness, effort, relationships, Space awareness, effort, relationships,

vocabularyvocabulary

Skill ThemesSkill Themes

When body movesWhen body moves Locomotor & non-locomotor Locomotor & non-locomotor Manipulative skills – associated w/sport Manipulative skills – associated w/sport

skillsskills Manipulate object w/some part of the bodyManipulate object w/some part of the body