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What is methodology ?

Brown (1994: 51) defines it as

“the study of pedagogical

practices including theoretical

underpinnings and related

research / the ‘how to teach’. 

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What is method ?

- generalized set of classroom

specifications- tailored to meet learning objectives

- primarily concerned with teacher and

students’ roles and behaviours inclass

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Principles of Language Learning

Cognitive

a.Automaticity

b.Meaningful learning

c.Anticipation of rewards

d.Intrinsic motivation

e.Strategic investment

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Principles of Language Learning

Affective

a.Language ego – develop new mode ofthinking

b.Self- confidence

c.Risk-taking

d.Language-culture connection

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Principles of Language Learning

Linguistic Principles

a.Native language effect

b.Interlanguage

c.Communicative competence

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The Direct Method

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Rationale

• F irst language learning process

(1) No grammar

(2) No mother tongue

(3) No translation

(4) Postponement of printed word(5) Postponement of written word

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Direct Method

Objectives:

a. Teaching students to use the language

spontaneously and orally

b. Linking meaning using materials,

realia & pictures (Larsen-Freeman,

1986)

c. Fostering a direct link between

concept & language learned

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- Also known as Oral / Natural method

- Entails active involvement in speaking

& listening in realistic environment- Think rather than translate

- Learners hear the language before

seeing the written form

- Teachers demonstrate, not translate

Direct Method

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Key features (Richards and Rodgers 1986:9-10) :

a. Instruction conducted exclusively in Target Language

b. Only everyday vocabulary & sentences are taught

c. Oral communication build up in progression organized

around Q&A between T and Ss

d. Grammar is taught inductively

e. New items taught through practices & modelling

f. Concrete vocab taught through demos, abstract vocab

through idea associations

g. Speech and listening are taught together

h. Emphasises the correct pronunciation & grammar

Direct Method

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Advantage

An effective way in

creating learners tobe competent in using

the target

communicatively.

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The Grammar-Translation

Method

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Grammar Translation MethodObjectives:

a. Able to read in the Target Language

b. Able to translate from one language to

another

c. Develop and improve reading &

writing skills

d. Aid in mental exercises

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Grammar Translation Method

Key features :

i. Able to use native language

ii. Vocabulary & grammar rules

iii. Accuracy & translation

iv. Language skills

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Grammar Translation Method

Focus on grammar rules

Grammar presented along with rules

Apply rules to examples given

Reading comprehension –  answers in

target language

T as authority figure, providescorrect answers

Ss are passive learners

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GTM techniques

• (1) Translation of a Literary Passage

• (2) Reading Comprehension Questions

• (3) Antonyms/Synonyms

• (4) Cognates• (5) Deductive Application of Rule

• (6) F il l-in-the-blanks

• (7) Memorization

• (8) Use Words in Sentences

• (9) Composition  

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GTM Advantages

Effective way for application of

grammar and sentence structure

Less demands on teachers

Least stressful for students

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GTM Disadvantages

Wrong idea of what target languageis

Less learners’ motivation 

Create frustration for learners

Rigid

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Suggestopedia

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Total Physical Response

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Communicative

Language Teaching