teachers book chapter1

8/8/2019 Teachers Book Chapter1

1/16

For ICAO compliance

John Kennedy

E n g l i s h

tEachErs book


2/16

contEnts

Unit titlE PagE

Introduction 4

1 Runwayincursion 8

2 Lost 18

3 Technology 28

4 Animals 38

5 Gravity 48

6 Health 58

7 Fire 68

8 Meteorology 78

9 Landings 88

10 Fuel 98

11 Pressure 108

12 Security 118


3/16

introdUction

Thisbookhasbeenwrittentosupporttheteachingothecoursebook,Aviation

English.AirtraccontrollersandpilotswhoattendEnglishcourseshavethe

samelanguageneedsasanyotherstudentswhowishtoimprovetheirEnglishor

proessionalpurposes.TheyarenotattendingEnglishcoursestolearnthetechnical

vocabularytheyneedortheirjobs,butrathertoimprovetheirgeneralabilityto

communicateonwork-relatedmattersinEnglish.

YoumayhavelimitedornoexperienceintheteachingoEnglishorcivilaviation.

Iso,thisTeachersBookhasbeenwrittentohelpyou.Therearecomprehensive

explanationsornon-specialistsotheissuesandtheparticularsituationswhich

airtraccontrollersandpilotshavetodealwith.Detailedteachingnotesarealso

providedoreachunit.TheTeachersBookthereorehasadualunction.Toprovide

backgroundinormationandexplanationsonaviationcontextsandtoprovidesome

suggestionsastohowtoteachthematerialmosteectively.

Language skills or pilots and controllersEnglishlanguagetrainingopilotsandcontrollersocusesalmostexclusivelyon

improvingtheirlisteningandspeakingskills.Eectiveverbalcommunicationis

essentialtoensuringsaetyincivilaviation.Communicationsarevoiceonly,that

iscontrollersandpilotstalktoeachotheratadistance,throughradiotelephony

communications.Theverbalmessageistheonlycommunicationtoolattheirdisposal

(thoughbasicroutinemessagesaresometimesexchangedelectronically).

Acertaindegreeofuencyisrequiredbecausecontrollershavetocommunicate

withseveralaircratatthesametimeandtheycannotwaitoranunreasonablylong

timeorapilottopassamessage.Pilotsneedtoreceiveinormationandinstructions

ingoodtimetoreactaccordingly.Theinteractionbetweenpilotsandcontrollers

mustbeeective,asbothpartiesneedtobeabletocheck,conrmandclariywhen

misunderstandingsoccur.Controllersandpilotsrequiresucientvocabularytobe

abletocommunicateinboththeroutineandnon-routinesituationswhichmayoccur

intheirjobs.Inaddition,controllersandpilotsneedtohaveagoodcommando

basicgrammatical structuressothattheycancommunicateinormationinaormat

whichwillbeunderstoodbytheirinterlocutor.Andnally,pronunciationneedstobe

sucientlyclearandintelligibletotheinternationalaviationcommunity.

Theveeatureshighlightedabove(fuency,interaction,vocabulary,structureand

pronunciation)arethecriteriawhichappearontheICAO(InternationalCivilAviation

Organization)languageprociencyscale.Thesixthandnaleaturetobeassessed

onthescale,whichisalsooundamentalimportance,iscomprehension.Controllers

andpilotsmustbeabletoclearlyunderstandtheirinterlocutorinroutineeveryday

situations,andwhereanunusualoranunexpectedsituationmightcauseconusion,

theymusthaveclaricationstrategiesavailable.

ThecommunicationskillsobothcontrollersandpilotsareevaluatedaccordingtothisICAOscale,withsixdierentdescriptorsoreachothesixeaturesmentioned

above.Thelevelsaredenedasollows:

Level6 Expert

Level5 Extended

Level4 Operational

Levels13Non-operational

introdUctionv


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introdUction

Controllersandpilotslearntocommunicateinwhatistermedstandard phraseologyduring

theirbasictraining,andtheyputitintopracticeonadailybasis.Thisphraseologyissucient

tocommunicateatleast95%owhatpilotsandcontrollersneedtosay.Itconsistsosimple

clearmessagesdesignedorroutinesituations.Thereisanabsenceogrammar,prepositions,

complexity,wordsthatarediculttopronounce,wordswithambiguousmeanings,etc.The

manualonstandardphraseologycanbesimplymemorized.Throughrepetitiononadailybasis,

controllersandpilotscanbecomehighlyprocientintheiruseophraseology.Theycanuse

andunderstandphraseologywithoutnecessarilybeingabletospeakorunderstandEnglish.

Theproblemisthatagoodknowledgeophraseology,whichisappropriateorexchanging

expectedroutinemessages,isnotsucienttodealwithanon-routinesituation.Anon-

routinesituationmayalsobeanemergencysituation,orhavethepotentialtodevelopintoan

emergencysituation.

Theonlywaythatpilotsandcontrollerscanbesuretobeabletocommunicateinanon-routine

situationisitheybothhaveasucientleveloprociencyinacommonlanguage.Forthe

internationalaviationcommunity,thislanguageisEnglish.Duetothisneedtocommunicatein

unexpectedsituations,ICAOnowrequiresallcontrollersandpilotstodemonstrateaminimum

olevel4ontheirsix-pointlanguageprociencyratingscale.Thedescriptorsolevel4measure

theabilitytocommunicateinwhattheICAOtermsplain language,inordertomakeaclear

contrastwiththephraseologysuitableorroutinesituations.

Aviation Englishocusesonplainlanguagethroughout.Abrielookatthecontentspageandthetopicsincludedinthebookwillgiveyouanideaastowhattopicsyourstudentsneedtobe

abletotalkabout.

Inmanyotherproessions,studentshavetheopportunitytouseandindeeddeveloptheir

Englishatworkeveryday.IoneconsidersthatphraseologyisnotreallyEnglish,andthat

neithercontrollersnorpilotsdealwithnon-routinesituationsregularly(norwouldwewantthem

to),thenwecanseethatpilotsandcontrollersdonotcommunicateinplainEnglishonadaily

basis.Thistogetherwiththepotentiallyseriousconsequencesoanymisunderstandingwhich

mightoccurwhentheydoneedtouseplainEnglish,providetwoimportantjusticationsor

Englishlanguagetrainingorcontrollersandpilots.

ManycontrollersandpilotsneedtheopportunitytoimproveandpractisetheirEnglishina

languageclassroom,guidedbyateacher,andtheyneedsuitablematerialstoaidthemin

doingso.

The aviation English teacher

TherstandmostimportantpointtomakeisthatanaviationEnglishteachercannotandisnot

expectedtobeanexpertinaviation.Ocourse,ithelpstohaveageneralknowledgeohow

airports,aircratandairlinesoperate,aswellashavingsomeideaastowhatthejobsoair

traccontrollerandpilotinvolve.Assumingyouhavefownbeoreasapassenger,thenyouwill

alreadyhavesomeideasbeoremeetingyourstudents.

Studentswillwanttolearnaboutanddiscusssituationswhicharerelevanttotheirjobs,butthey

areunlikelytoaskyouanyquestionsoatechnicalnature.Theyknowwheretheycanndthe

answersthemselvestosuchtechnicalquestions.Indeedyouwillprobablyndthatyoucanask

yourstudentsquestionsabouttheirwork,abouttheproceduresollowedandaboutwhythings

aredoneinaparticularway.They,asexpertsintheirowneld,willbeabletoprovideanswers

whichyou,asanexpertEnglishteacher,canhelpthemormulateinEnglish.Theymayderive

somesatisactionromtheactthattheyareteachingyoujustasyouareteachingthem.

PerhapsthemostimportantattributeyouneedtobecomeaneectiveaviationEnglishteacher

isanenthusiasmorandageneralinterestinaviation.This,coupledwithadesiretolearnmore,

islikelytobeappreciatedbyyourstudents.

introdUction v


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6/16

introdUction

Recommended web sites

Thereareliterallythousandsowebsitesprovidinguseulandinterestinginormationoncivil

aviation.Theollowingareasmallselectionwhichmightbeointeresttoyoushouldyouwish

tourtherdevelopyourknowledgeocivilaviation.

Youmightalsoconsiderrecommendingoneormoreothesewebsitestoyourstudents,or

theirowngeneralinterest,andalsotoencouragethemtoreadandtolistentomoreaviation

Englishoutsidetheclassroom.

Studentsmayalreadybeamiliarwithsomeothesesites,ortheymayhavetheirown

avourites,whichtheycanthenrecommendtoyouandtoeachother.

AsinanyotherEnglishlanguagecourse,themorethingsyouencourageyourstudentstodo

usingEnglishoutsidetheclassroom,thebetter!

www.liveatc.net/feedindex.php?type=all

LiveATC.net:Thisisanexcellentsiteiyouwishto

listentosomerealairtraccontrolromdierent

locationsaroundtheworld.Youcanchooseyour

geographicalareaatthetopothepageandthe

locationswhicharemarkedingreenareaccessible.

Mostowhatyoulistentointhiswayisentirely

routine,butthesitealsocollectsparticularly

interestingsegmentswheresomethinghappened,

thoughyouneedtojoinuptolistentothese.

www.pprune.com

The Professional Pilots Rumour Network:Thissite

isaninterestingexchangeonewsandviews.As

itsnamesuggests,itsasiteorpilots,butanyone

concernedwithaviationwillndmanyinteresting

topicsandstoriestoreadabout.

www.virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov

Virtual Skies:Thissiteisanexcellentresourceor

theteacherwhoisnewtotheworldoaviation.It

isaneducationalsite,setupbyNASAeducation,

designedorschoolsandeaturingmanyo

thesubjectareasincludedinthiscoursebook.

Technicalexplanationsarecleartoollowand

interestinginteractiveactivitiesareincluded.

www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp

NTSB Aviation Accident Database & Synopses:

TheNTSB(NationalTransportationSaetyBoard)is

thebodywhichinvestigatesallaviationaccidents

intheUS.Theyalsoinvestigateaccidentsabroad

whenaUSregisteredaircratisinvolved,orwhentheirexpertiseiscalledupon.Youcanuse

theirextensivedatabasetoresearchaparticular

accidentoratypeoaccident.Thereisalsoa

sectiondealingwithincidents.

www.faa.gov

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration):TheFAA

isthecivilaviationauthorityotheUS.Theirweb

siteisextremelycomprehensiveandcontains

interestingandocialinormationandstatistics

onawiderangeosaetyissues,amongstother

things.Thissiteisworthbrowsingorvisitingwhen

youhaveaparticularsubjecttoresearch.

www.pilotfriend.com

Pilot resources and aviation weather for general

aviation:Thisheadingonthehomepageis

somewhatmisleadingasthesitecontains

inormationonmanyissues.Amongstothers,

itsworthlookingatthefightsaetysection,the

aviationhistorysectionandthesectiononaviation

humour.

www.atwonline.com

ATW (Air Transport World) Daily News:Thisisan

excellentsiteorkeepinguptodatewiththelatest

aviationnews.Youmightwishtoregisterorree

dailynewsupdatestoyouremailaddress.Youcan

adviseyourstudentstodolikewise.

www.aopa.org/pilot/never_again

AOPA (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association)

Online:Thisisanotherverycomprehensiveweb

siteandthetitlerefectsitscontent.Youmaywish

tobrowsethissitetoseewhatcouldinterestyou

oryourstudents.Theaddressabovewilltakeyou

directlytoanextensiveseriesopilotstories,each

entitledNeveragain.Thesestoriesareallaboutanerrorojudgementonthepartoaprivatepilot,

whichcouldhavebeenatalandthepilotsexplain

whattheylearnedromtheseexperiences.

introdUction v


7/16

rUnWaY incUrsion

Unit 1: rUnWaY incUrsion

sUbjEct backgroUnd:

airPorts and rUnWaYs

Introduction

Thefrstairportsweresimplygrassfelds(airfelds)butas

aircratbecameheavier,pavedrunwaysweredeveloped.

Thisalsomeantthatairplanescouldlandandtakeoinall

weatherconditions.Overtheyearsairportshavebecome

biggerandbusierwithelaborateterminal buildingsto

improvepassengercomortandoerretailservices.The

worldsbiggestairportisnowconsideredtobeAtlanta,

withHeathrowairportgenerallyrecognizedastheworlds

biggestinternationalairport,thoughitacesserious

competitionromCharlesdeGaulle(Paris),Frankurt

andSchipol(Amsterdam).Noteveryoneagreesonthe

biggestthough,asanairportssizecanbemeasuredin

termsothenumberomovements(landingsandtake

os)thatoccurinayear,thenumberopassengersthat

passthrough,thenumberorunwaysavailableoreventhesuraceareaoccupied.TheairporteaturedinSection2o

theunit,JFK(NewYork),isanotherotheworldsbiggest

andmostamous.

Airportsaresometimesreerredtoasaerodromes,though

thistermisconsideredold-ashionedandotenimplies

asmallairport.Thetermairstripisusedwhennotmuch

morethanasmallbasicrunwayisprovided(otenusedby

themilitary).

Whentalkingaboutairports,bigisnotalwaysbeautiul.

Inrecentyearstherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversy

concerningtheenvironmentalimpactoincreasingtrafcat

largeairports(seeUnit10).Noisepollutionisaparticularly

controversialissue,andexpandingexistingairportsor

buildingnewonesisbecomingincreasinglydifcultin

manypartsotheworld.

Organization

Airportsaredividedintolandsideandairsideareas.

Airsideareasarewheretheairplanescanbeound.

Theseincluderunwaysandtaxiways,aswellasstands,

whereaircratareparkedorprovidingdirectaccessto

theterminalbuildingthroughanair bridgeorjetway.The

airsideareaalsoincludestheapron,whereseveralaircrat

mayparkatadistanceromtheterminalbuilding(busesthentakepassengerstoandromtheaircrat).

Accesstoallairsideareasissubjecttotightsecurity

controls.Landsideareas,ontheotherhand,whichinclude

shops,restaurants,carparksandcheck-inareas,aremore

accessibletothegeneralpublic.

Air Trafc Control(ATC)isusuallyprovidedromacontrol

towersituatedon-site.AtmajorairportsATCisseparated

intoground control(responsibleoraircratandall

othervehiclesusingtheapronandtaxiways)andtower

control(responsibleoraircratlandingandtakingoon

therunways).Approach controlhandlesaircratwhich

havejusttakenoorareabouttoland.En-routetrafcis

controlledatanareacontrolcentre,whichcanbesituated

anywhere,astheaircratareonlyvisibleonacontrollers

radarscreen.

Runways

Smallairportsmayhaveonlyonerunwaybutmostmajor

airportshaveseveral.Whenanewairportisbuiltoran

existingoneexpanded,runway layoutisoprimaryconcern.Runwaysneedtobelaidouttomakeoptimum

useotheprevailingwindsbecauseaircratneedtotake

oandlanddirectlyintothewindipossible.Crosswinds

canbeadangeroushazard.Assumingthattheairport

willbebusy,thelayoutshouldalsobeefcient,ideally

allowingrunwaystobeusedsimultaneously.Aurther

importantconsiderationisthewayinwhichlocalresident

communitieswillbedisturbedbynoise.Attheendo

Section2intheunit,studentsaregiventheopportunityto

designtheirownairportlayout.

Thethreemainrunwayconfgurationsareparallelrunways,

open-Vrunways(theydivergebutdonotintersect,when

viewedoverheadtheshapeisaV),andintersecting

runways.Thelattertwotypesarerelevantinlocations

wherethedirectionotheprevailingwindchanges.

Runwaysarelabelleddependingontheirdirectionrelative

tothemagneticcompass(tothenearest10,withthe

zeroleto).Thisnumberisclearlyindicatedattheend

oeachrunway.Iarunwayislabelled09atitsstarting

point(runway threshold)becauseitrunsdueeast

(90),thenitwillbelabelled27attheotherendwhichis

therunwaythresholdshouldthepilotneedtolandina

westerlydirection(270).Inthisway,whenawindreverses

direction,landingsandtakeosollowsuit.Allrunwaysare

thusdesignatedbytwonumbersthedierencebetween

whichis18.Forexample,onrunway13-31pilotscaneither

landortakeowithaheadingo130or310.

Atinternationalairportsallrunwaysmusthaveground

markingsandstandardized lightingaccordingtoagreed

internationalstandards.Thethresholdanddirection

oarunwayshouldbeclearlymarkedaswellasthe

touchdown zoneanddistance markersatvariouspoints


8/16

rUnWaY incUrsion

forfun

toshowapilothowmuchrunwayislet.Thecentrelineshouldalsobeclearlyvisible

aswellastherunway exitsleadingtotaxiways.Standardizedlightingisasollows:

Greenthreshold lightsmarkthebeginningoarunway.

Redlightsmarktheendoarunway.

Whiteoryellowlightsmarktheedgesoarunway.

Bluelightsindicatetaxiways.

Runway incursions

Peopleotenthinkthatyouaresaeonceyouhavelandedontherunwayandthe

pilothasslowedtheaircratdown.Inactmostaccidentshappenontheground

andnotintheair.Theworldsworstevercivilaviationdisaster(disregardingterrorist

attacks)wastheaccidentatTenerieairportin1977whentwoBoeing747scollided

onarunwaykilling583people.Astrafcincreasesatmajorairports,sodotherisks

ocollisionsontheground.

Arunway incursionistheunauthorizedentryontoarunwaybyanaircrat,a

vehicle,apersonoranobject.Insuchsituationsthereisaseriousdangertoany

airplanewhichmaybetakingoorlanding.Aclearillustrationothisistheincident

inSection3otheunit.Arunwayincursionmightbecausedbyanoperationalerror

onthepartoanairtrafccontroller,apilotdeviatingromissuedinstructionsorbythedriveroanairportvehicle.

Miscommunicationcanbethecauseorakeycontributingactorinarunway

incursion,asseeninthereadingtextinSection1.Problemswiththelightingor

markingsorunwaysortaxiways,orjustageneraldisorientationorailuretoseea

situationcorrectlyareotherpotentialactors.

Whenarunwayincursionoccurs,thereisotenmorethanoneactoratwork.In

2001atMilansLinateairport,anMD-87collidedinogontherunwaywithaCessna

corporatejetkilling118people.Thepilotsothecorporatejetwereunamiliarwith

theairportandwronglyollowedtheinstructionstheyweregiven,theairtrafc

controllersondutyailedtopickupclearsignsthattheywereonthewrongcourse

andthoughtherewasaground radar warning systemavailableatthisrequently

ogboundairport(whichwouldhavealertedallsidestotheproblem)ithadnotyetbeeninstalled(ithasnow).

When a pilot gets nervous ...

Beech Baron:Uh,ATC,veriyyouwantmetotaxiinrontothe747.

ATC:Yeah,itsOK.Hesnothungry.

A Beech Baron is a small aircrat, usually with our seats, a 747 was, until very

recently, the largest passenger aircrat. The initial instruction rom air trafc

control was quite normal. Taxiing behind a 747 could be very dangerous due

to the jet blast rom its engines.


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rUnWaY incUrsion10

1 Asairtrafcincreasesandairportsbecomemorecongested,groundoperationsatinternationalairportsarebecomingmorecomplexandthisisanincreasingareao

difcultyorpilotsandairtrafccontrollers(thoughthelatterareatleastamiliarwiththeir

airport).Aswellastryingtotaxiaroundanunamiliarairport,apilotmayalsohavesome

difcultiescommunicatingwiththelocalcontrollers.

Studentsshouldhavesomeinterestingideastoshareonthetwodiscussionquestions.

But,withregardtoQuestion2,theywillprobablyalsopointoutthatmiscommunication

canbeanissuebetweennativespeakersothesamelanguage.Itheydontmention

this,youmightliketopromptthemtodoso.

2 Notetheexampleothemaintenancetruckatthebeginningothearticle.StandardICAO(InternationalCivilAviationOrganization)phraseologyisnowpass your messagerather

thango ahead,toeliminatethepossibilityosuchadangerousmisunderstanding.

3 Askstudentstocheckanswersinpairs.

1 misunderstood

2 misheard

3 boththepilotandthecontroller

4 donotinvolve

5 verycomplicated

6 simpleEnglish

4 (Suggestedanswers)

1 Speakclearly/usestandardICAOphraseologyatalltimes/bereadytorephraseia

pilothasntunderstood

2 Situation1:thecontrollershouldhavesaidpass your message;Situation2:couldbe

avoidedwithamorecompletemessagesuchashold short of runway 26;Situation3:

couldbesolvedbyreplacingthepronounsheandwewiththecallsignotheaircrat

concerned.

Vocabulary Communication

1 make

2 receive

3 give

4 readback

5 realize

6 repeat

7 conuse

8 give

se e -avdg mmmu

Thissectiondealswiththeimportantareaomiscommunicationbetween

pilotsandcontrollers.Itintroduceskeyvocabularywhichrelatestotheroutine

messagesexchangedbetweenpilotsandcontrollersoraircratmanoeuvring

ontheground.Itteachesthelanguageunctionoaskingorinormationand

providesstudentswithanopportunitytotalkabouttheimportanceoEnglishin

theirproessionallives.

Unit 1

rUnWaYincUrsion


10/16

rUnWaY incUrsion 11

Functional English Asking for information

1 Beorestudentsbeginthisactivity,youcouldreviewhowquestionsareormedintheollowingtenses:

Presentsimple:(do / does)+subject+verb,e.g.Do you fy?

Presentcontinuous:(am / is / are)+subject+verb(-ingorm),e.g.Are you fying?

Pastsimple:did+subject+verb,e.g.Did you fy?

Presentperectsimple:(has / have)+subject+verb(pastparticiple),e.g.Have you fown?

Presentperectcontinuous:(has / have)+subject+been+verb(-ingorm),e.g.Have you been fying?

Future:will+subject+verb,e.g.Will you fy?

Youcouldalsoreviewormingquestionswithquestionwords,e.g.how, what, when, how much / oten / long.

Makesurethestudentsknowthatsomeverbswillbeusedtwice.ForQuestion3,willratherthandocanbe

usedistudentswanttotalkaboututureintentions.

1 did

2 have

3 do/will

4 have

5 do

6 do

7 does

8 are

9 will

10 must

2 Thisisaninterestingintroductoryactivityatthebeginningothecourse,particularlyithestudentsdontknoweachotherwell.Evenitheydo,itsarelaxedwayodiscussingsomeimportantissues.Itimeallows,

studentscouldchangepartnersseveraltimes,conductingseveralinterviews.Foreedback,youcanchoose

particularstudentsandasktheirpeerstotellyouoneortwointerestingthingsaboutthem.

Speaking English in aviation

(Suggestedanswers)

1 Probablydisagree:mostFrenchairportshaveinternationalfights.Eveninanairportwithnoscheduled

internationalfights,anaircratmayneedtodivertinanemergency,andclearcommunicationsinEnglishwill

bevital.SomearguethatthereshouldbeapolicywherebyFrenchcontrollersspeakEnglishtotheFrench

pilotssothatoreignpilotsinthevicinitycanunderstand.

2 Possiblyagree:Americansaresometimescriticizedornotmakingenougheorttoadjusttheirrate

ospeech,tousestandardizedexpressionsortomoderatetheirregionalaccentsinordertobeeasily

understoodbytheinternationalaviationcommunity.

3 Probablydisagree:underICAOregulationsonlyapilotwhonevercrossesinternationalbordersispermitted

tofywithoutEnglishlanguagecertication.

4 Probablydisagree:R/Tphraseologyisonlysucientinroutinesituations.

5 Probablyagree:level4,toberetestedaterthreeyears,istheminimumrequiredlevel.Foryoungercontrollers

andpilots,level5,toberetestedatersixyears,orevenlevel6,certicationorlie,mightbedesirableand

realisticaims.


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rUnWaY incUrsion12

se w - ap lyu

ThissectiondealswiththedicultiesorpilotsintaxiingaroundJFKInternational

AirportinNewYork,withadescriptionosomeparticularareasotheairport

whichcauseproblems.Thestudentslistentoacontrollertalkingaboutthese

problemareas.Thesectionalsointroducesprepositions.

1 BeoreopeningtheStudentsBook,askstudentsabouttheworldsbusiestairportsandwhethertheyhaveeverfownintothem(iyouareteachingpilots),oritheyhavepassed

throughaspassengers.Youmightthenaskthemaboutanyexperiencesorknowledge

theymayhaveotheJFKAirport(e.g.How many runways are there? How busy is it?).

Thenaskthemtoopentheirbooksandexplainthetask.

Aswellasprovidingpracticeindescribingpositionsanduseoprepositions,this

activityamiliarizesstudentswiththeairportdiagraminpreparationorthelistening

comprehensiontask.

2 01, 02, 03 Askstudentswhathotspotsmean.Inthiscontext,hotspotsareareasoanairportwherethereisariskopilotsbecomingconusedwhentaxiingandadanger

thattheywilltakeawrongturning.Havestudentslookatthevepossiblehotspotsbeore

listening.

1 D 2 E 3 C

Unit 1

OurrsthotspotistaxiwayEasweapproachromtaxiwayCenroutetorunway22R.The

signageisconusing,andablastenceblockstheviewotheendotherunway.Aircrattaxiing

to22RviaC,otenturntoosoonandendupontaxiwayE.Thiscanmeanaverylongtaxi

behind22R.

01 Listening script

AsecondproblemareaistaxiwayZcrossingrunway13R/31L.Arightturnisrequiredwhen

crossing13RtotaxiwayZontheoppositeside.Therearetwotaxilinesleadingacross.Iyou

ollowthewrongone,youcouldendupwithaconfictwitharrivaltraconrunway13R.Inthis

situation,adviseATCimmediatelyandgetotherunwayasquicklyaspossible.

02 Listening script

AthirdareaoconcernisusingJuliettotransitionromAtoBsouth-eastbound.Aircrat

outboundromKandKKmaysometimesbeissuedtheinstructionTaxiletA.AtJ,transitionto

B.ItsveryimportantnottomisstheturnontoB,becauseJleadsacrossrunway22R.

03 Listening script

3 01, 02, 03 Studentsmayneedtolistenathirdtimeitheyarehavingdiculty,oryoucouldchoosetoreerthemtothelisteningscript.

1 C 2 D 3 E 4 D 5 E

4 Fortraineeswhodonothavemuchrst-handexperience,thisactivitycouldbesetasahomeworktask.Theycouldspeaktotheirinstructorsormoreexperiencedcolleagues

andreportbackonwhattheysaidtotheclass.Controllerswhoworkinen-routecentres

ratherthanairportsmayneedtodothesamething.


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rUnWaY incUrsion 1

Pronunciation The ICAO alphabet

1 04 Istudentsareunamiliarwiththeconceptowordstressinpronunciation,youcoulddemonstratewherethe

stressliesonQuebec(secondsyllable).

Youcouldeitheraskstudentstolistentotheotherletters

andcompletethetableortopredictwherethestresslies

beorelistening.

Vocabulary Prepositions

Studentscouldreerbacktotheoriginalairportdiagramor

aullerpicture.Youmightneedtoexplainthattaxi towards

meansin the direction ofwhereastaxi toisaninstructionto

go to that point.Notethatrunway holding position markings

reerstoplaceswhereanaircratmuststopbeorereceiving

permissionromthetowertocrossarunway.Anactive runway

isarunwaywhichisinuseatthattimeorlandingsortake-os

orboth.

1 on

2 rom

3 to

4 via

5 along

6 across

7 onto

8 into

9 At

10 aheadon

11 towards

Speaking Sketching out an airport

1 / 2 Thisactivityprovidesstudentswithreepractice.With1,100movementsperday,thiswillbeaverybusyairport.

IFR/VFRimpliesthatlightaircrat(VFRtrafc)aswellas

passengerjets(IFRtrafc)willbeusingtheairport.See

theintroductorynotestoUnit2oraullexplanation.

Studentsmayaskadditionalquestions,e.g.How much

land is available? How many runways are planned? What

are the environmental constraints?Suggestthatthey

shouldtrytobeascosteective,spaceefcientand

environmentallyriendlyaspossible.

Youcoulddothisactivityingroupsratherthaninpairs

iyouthinksomeoyourstudentsmaystrugglewithit.

Alternatively,studentswhoarestillhavingproblemscould

describeanexistingairporttheyknowwell.Preparation

couldalsobesetasahomeworkactivity.

Allocateeachpairorsmallgroupsometimetopresent

theirplanstotheclass.Theirpresentationshouldprompt

urtherquestionsandprovideuseulcommunicative

practice.

oO Oo Ooo oOo

H

Z,A

R,J

N,S

Quebec

Romeo

Zulu

November

Hotel

Juliet

Sierra

Alpha

04 Listening script

2/3 04 StudentspractisesayingtheICAOalphabet.Notethattheseletterswerechosentobeperectly

comprehensibleevenwithaneutralstresspattern,which

isthewaytheyareotenpronouncedinpractice.

4 Thisactivityprovidesurtherpracticeoalltheletters.Encouragestudentstomaintainthecorrectstresspatterns

duringthisactivity.


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rUnWaY incUrsion14

se hee - gud pe

Thissectiondealswithanincidentrelatingtoadangerousrunwayincursionby

apilotwhowasconfusedanddidnotcorrectlyfollowhistaxiinginstructions.As

wellasfurthercomprehensionpractice,theactivitiespresentandpracticethe

vocabularyandlanguagefunctionfordescribingactionsandposition.

1 Runwayincursionsareoneofthekeysafetyissuesatmanyairports.Arisingincidenceofrunwayincursionsalertsexpertstotheriskofaseriousaccident.Studentsarelikelyto

beawareoftheseriousnessoftheproblem.Nevertheless,someoftheirstoriesmaybe

humorous,involving,forexample,theappearanceofunusualanimals.

1 Anincidentwhereanaircraft,apersonoravehiclemistakenlygoesontoarunway

thathasbeenassignedforthelandingortake-offofanaircraft.

2 (Suggestedanswers):miscommunication,animals,pilot/controllererror,construction

work,unauthorizedpersonnel,lackofvisibility.

3 (Suggestedanswers):improvecommunicationasinrecommendationsfromSection1,

improvesecurityandmaintainperimeterfencestopreventunauthorizedpersonnelor

animalsfromentering.

2 05 Tellthestudentsthatthislisteningisanexampleofcommunicationproblemsduringarunwayincursion.

Youcouldaskstudentstoreadthesummaryandpredictorspeculateonthelikely

answers.Atthesametimetheyshouldaskyouaboutanyvocabularyintheparagraph

whichisunclear.Askthemiftheythinkthatrunwayincursionsaremorelikelytooccur

inmarginalweatherconditions.Althoughitseasiertotakeawrongturninginconditions

oflowvisibility,ingoodweatherconditionstheremightbeatendencytobecome

complacent.

marginal,inbound,active,takesoff,stop,clears

Unit 1

C = Controller, P = Pilot

C MC798,sayyourposition.P WereclearoftherunwayonerNbyB,MC798.

C MC798,thankyou.TaxitotherampviataxiwaysNandT.Reportcrossingrunway16.

P Roger.N,Tandreportcrossing16,MC798. MC798isonNbytherunwayshereer

wecantseemuchbecauseitssofoggy.AreweclearedtocrossstraightaheadonN?

C MC798,crossrunway16.JointaxiwayNTontheoppositeside.

P NTontheoppositeside.WereapproachingKilohereohTheressomebodytaking

off!

C MC798,youshouldntbenearK.Holdyourposition!

P Tower,thisisMC798.Weareonarunway.ImcurrentlylookingtotherightatK.Weare

on23Rattheintersectionof16.WedidnotconnectonN.WearebyK.Kistoourright.

Wereonanactiverunway.MC798.

C MC798,23Risnotanactiverunway.

P ErImsorry.Maam.Wereon23Land16andIamfacingK.Imlookingoutthe

windowandIcanseeasignthatsays23Ltomyrightandthereisasignsaying16to

myleftandayellowsignsayingKtomyrightandanothersigntomyleft.

C MC798.Justgostraightahead.Tellmewhenyougettothenextsignplease.

P OK,wereon23L.WeareapproachingKnow.

TWR MC798.Roger.TurnrightatKandmakeaslightleftturnontotaxiwayC.Holdshortof

runway23R.

P WereonKandwereclearoftherunway.WereapproachingConK.

05 Listening script


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rUnWaY incUrsion 1

3 05 Atertheycorrectlymarkwhathappenedonthediagram,youcouldaskhowthisincidentcouldhave

beenavoided.Studentsmaychoosetocriticizethe

controller,thepilotorboth.Inthisparticularlistening

itseemsthatlightingandrunwaymarkingswerenot

uptotherequiredstandard,sostudentsmayalsotalk

abouttheresponsibilityotheairportauthorities.I

theyseemparticularlyinterestedinthedefcienciesin

communication,youmightdirectthemtothelisteningscriptorurtheranalysisanddiscussion.

Vocabulary Verbs describing actionsand position

Notethatpush backisthefrstmovementanaircratusually

makesaterstartingengines.Wecansaycolloquiallythatthe

aircratorpilotpushesbackorthattheaircratispushedback

(byatugortruck).Thelatterismoretechnicallycorrectasthis

iswhatactuallyhappens(mostaircratcannotreverseunder

theirownpower).

Roll for take offmeansthattheaircratisacceleratingdown

therunwaytogenerateenoughspeedtotakeosaely.

Airline

Terminal

Ramp

23L23R16

34

05R

05L

T

N N

B

N

4

3

2

1

C K

K

Pronunciation Numbers

1 06 Iyouareteachingcontrollers,askthemitheyhaveanycallsignconusionstoriestotell.Thengetthe

studentstocompletetheactivity.

2 AQ629

3 correct

4 LN588

5 HY5571

6 JM422

1 FR396

2 AQ629

3 CZ310

4 LN588

5 HY5571

6 JM422

06 Listening script

no movement slow fast

wait approach rollortake-o

queue turn touchdown

ace pushback

head

taxi

exit

Functional English Describing actionsand position

Beorestudentsbeginthisactivity,reviewtheormationand

usesothepresentcontinuoustense:

Form:(am / is / are)+-ingormotheverb

Usage:theprincipalandmostimportantuseinpilot

controllerdialoguesistotalkaboutsomethingwhichis

happeningatthemomentospeaking

Itwouldbeagoodideaalsotocontrasttheusageothe

presentcontinuousandthepresentsimpletense.Ask

studentsitheirlanguagecontainsasimilarcontrastinthe

useopresenttenses(manylanguagesdont).

3 sexiting

4 Thereare,heading 5 isacing,swaiting

6 isrolling

7 istaxiing

8 thereare,waiting

9 aremoving

10 arestanding

11 ispushingback

12 isapproaching

Speaking

1 Thisactivityroundsotheunitandallowsstudentstheopportunitytopractisewhattheyhavelearnedinthis

section.

2 ForQuestion1studentsmightmentionpoorgroundmarkingandlighting,obstructiontoviews,e.g.buildings

andincreasedtrafc.

2 Thisactivityprovidesadditionalpracticewithcallsigns.

Studentsmaybekeentopracticeurtherwiththeirpartner,dictatingcallsignsotheirownchoosing.


15/16


16/16

17

1 Readthetext.Onesentenceismissingineachotheparagraphs.Markthepositionwhereitshouldbeinserted.

Baggage handler saved by his mobile phone

In December 2005, a 55-year-old baggage

handler was trapped in the hold o

an Airbus A330 at Dublin airport. The

aircrat, with 325 passengers on board,

had pushed back and begun taxiing

towards the runway. The aircrat was

bound or Los Angeles. Luckily the

baggage handler was able to use his

mobile phone to call his company

representative who then alerted the air

trac controllers. The cargo hold door

was opened and the baggage handlerreleased.

The incident occurred because the

baggage handler, who was the leader o

the team loading baggage or that fight,

had entered the hold at the last minute

to move some baggage. Not realizing that

he was still inside, one o his colleagues

shut the cargo hold door and gave the

thumbs up signal that the fight was

ready to depart. The aircrat was cleared

to push back and commence taxiing. It

was only when the engines powered up

that the baggage handler realized he was

trapped.

The baggage handler was not injured

though he was in a state o shock. It was

thanks to the act that he was carrying his

mobile phone that he was able to raise the

alarm and save himsel rom the traumatic

ordeal o a transatlantic fight. In it, they

recommended that procedures relating to

last-minute adjustments or removals o

items rom the hold be tightened up.

While this incident was unusual, it was

not the rst time that it has happened. In

March 2005, a trapped baggage handler

few or almost two hours rom Chicago

to Philadelphia in the cargo hold. In 2001,

another trapped baggage handler few all

the way rom Dallas to Puerto Vallarta,

a three-hour fight. In both cases the

men tried to escape beore take-o by

banging on the cargo door. They were not

as ortunate as the man involved in the

incident at Dublin airport.

Paragraph1:Theyimmediatelyinormedthepilotswhoreturnedtothestand.

Paragraph2:Duringpushbackthelightsinthecargoholdremainedon.

Paragraph3:ThenalreportonthisincidentwasissuedbyinvestigatorsinApril2007.

Paragraph4:Insomecasestheproblemhasnotbeendiscovereduntilaplanehaslanded.

2 Workinpairs.Discusstheollowingquestions.

1 Doyouthinkthetwobaggagehandlersmentionedinthelastparagraphsurvivedtheirfights?2 WouldtheDublinairportbaggagehandlerhavebeenabletosurviveitheaircrathadtakeno?3 Iabaggagehandlercansurvive,whatmightthepersonsphysicalconditionbeonarrival?4 Howcansuchincidentsbeprevented?

Unit 1

PhotocoPiablE

activitY

aviation English tEachErs book

MacmillanPublishersLimited2008

teachers book chapter1

Documents