ANONYMOUS Political Party would like to take the pleasure to introduce

The TEA Party /// Tobacco Everywhere Always

this DOX will serve as a wake-up call to some people in the Tea Party itself … who will find it a disturbing to know the “grassroots” movement they are so emotionally attached to, is in fact a pawn created by billionaires and large corporations with little interest in fighting for the rights of the common person, but instead using the common person to fight for their own unfettered profits. The “TEA Party” drives a wedge of division in America | It desires patriots, militias, constitutionalists, and so many more groups and individuals to ignite a revolution | to destroy the very fabric of the threads which were designed to kept this republic united |

WE, will not tolerate the ideologies of this alleged political party anymore, nor, should any other individual residing in this nation.

We will NOT ‘Hail Hydra”!

United as One | Divided by Zero ANONYMOUS Political Party | United States of America

www.anonymouspoliticalparty.org

Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaires

http://www.desmogblog.com/2013/02/11/study-confirms-tea-party-was-created-big-tobacco-and-billionaires[8/1/2014 11:59:38 AM]

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Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by BigTobacco and Billionaires

A new academic study confirms that frontgroups with longstanding ties to thetobacco industry and the billionaire Kochbrothers planned the formation of the TeaParty movement more than a decadebefore it exploded onto the U.S. politicalscene.

Far from a genuine grassroots uprising,this astroturf effort was curated by

wealthy industrialists years in advance. Many of the anti-scienceoperatives who defended cigarettes are currently deploying their tobacco-inspired playbook internationally to evade accountability for the fossilfuel industry's role in driving climate disruption.

The study, funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institute ofHealth, traces the roots of the Tea Party's anti-tax movement back to the early1980s when tobacco companies began to invest in third party groups to fight excisetaxes on cigarettes, as well as health studies finding a link between cancer andsecondhand cigarette smoke.

Published in the peer-reviewed academic journal, Tobacco Control, the studytitled, 'To quarterback behind the scenes, third party efforts': the tobaccoindustry and the Tea Party, is not just an historical account of activities in abygone era. As senior author, Stanton Glantz, a University of California, SanFrancisco (UCSF) professor of medicine, writes:

“Nonprofit organizations associated with the Tea Party havelongstanding ties to tobacco companies, and continue to advocateon behalf of the tobacco industry's anti-tax, anti-regulation agenda.”

The two main organizations identified in the UCSF Quarterback study are Americansfor Prosperity and Freedomworks. Both groups are now “supporting the tobaccocompanies' political agenda by mobilizing local Tea Party opposition to tobaccotaxes and smoke-free laws.” Freedomworks and Americans for Prosperity were oncea single organization called Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE). CSE was foundedin 1984 by the infamous Koch Brothers, David and Charles Koch, and received over$5.3 million from tobacco companies, mainly Philip Morris, between 1991 and 2004.

Mon, 2013-02-11 00:44 BRENDAN DEMELLE

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Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by Big Tobacco and Billionaires

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In 1990, Tim Hyde, RJR Tobacco's head of national field operations, in an eerilysimilar description of the Tea Party today, explained why groups like CSE wereimportant to the tobacco industry's fight against government regulation.Hyde wrote:

“… coalition building should proceed along two tracks: a) a grassrootsorganizational and largely local track,; b) and a national, intellectualtrack within the DC-New York corridor. Ultimately, we are talkingabout a “movement,” a national effort to change the way people thinkabout government's (and big business) role in our lives. Any sucheffort requires an intellectual foundation - a set of theoretical andideological arguments on its behalf.”

The common public understanding of the origins of the Tea Party is that it is apopular grassroots uprising that began with anti-tax protests in 2009.

However, the Quarterback study reveals that in 2002, the Kochs and tobacco-backed CSE designed and made public the first Tea Party Movement website underthe web address www.usteaparty.com. Here's a screenshot of the archived U.S. TeaParty site, as it appeared online on Sept. 13, 2002:

CSE describes the U.S. Tea Party site, “In 2002, our U.S. Tea Party is a nationalevent, hosted continuously online, and open to all Americans who feel our taxes aretoo high and the tax code is too complicated.” The site features a “Patriot Guestbook” where supporters can write a message of support for CSE and the U.S. TeaParty movement.

Sometime around September 2011, the U.S. Tea Party site was taken offline.According to the DNS registry, the web address www.usteaparty.com is currentlyowned by Freedomworks.

The implications of the UCSF Quarterback report are widespread. The main concernexpressed by the authors lies in what they see happening overseas as the TeaParty movement expands internationally, training activists in 30 countries includingIsrael, Georgia, Japan and Serbia.

As the authors explain:

“This international expansion makes it likely that Tea Partyorganizations will be mounting opposition to tobacco control (and

Democracy is utterly dependent uponan electorate that is accuratelyinformed. In promoting climate changedenial (and often denying theirresponsibility for doing so) industry hasdone more than endanger theenvironment. It hasundermined democracy.

There is a vast difference betweenputting forth a point of view, honestlyheld, and intentionally sowing theseeds of confusion. Free speech doesnot include the right to deceive.Deception is not a point of view. Andthe right to disagree does not includea right to intentionally subvert thepublic awareness.

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TEA Party: Tobacco Everywhere Always

Climate change doubt is a key belief inthe TEA Party, sparked by the Koch-related Americans for Prosperity andFreedomWorks. Big Tobacco was heavilyinvolved from the 1980s onward, and by1992 the “Tea Party” was already in play.Extensive new research has unearthedthe real history.

“‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and

the Tea Party” by Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana and Stanton A Glantz,was published online last week in BMJ Tobacco Control, a high-impactpeer-reviewed journal. They write:

“Rather than being a purely grassroots movement that spontaneouslydeveloped in 2009, the Tea Party has developed over time, in partthrough decades of work by the tobacco industry and othercorporate interests.”

“Starting in the 1980s, tobacco companies worked to create theappearance of broad opposition to tobacco control policies byattempting to create a grassroots smokers’ rights movement.Simultaneously, they funded and worked through third-party groups,such as Citizens for a Sound Economy, the predecessor of AFP andFreedomWorks, to accomplish their economic and political agenda.There has been continuity of some key players, strategies andmessages from these groups to Tea Party organisations. As of 2012,the Tea Party was beginning to spread internationally.”

Watch the 19 minute video from Friday, starting at 01:17:45: “QuarterbackingBehind the Scenes” The Tobacco Industry and the Tea Party,” read the blog byGlantz, then buy the paper for the extensive backup detail.* It's worth it, but it isnow free. Their title came from a 1995 Philip Morris strategy memo byBeverly McKittrick:

'A. Long-term - To create political environment where “moderates” ofboth parties can vote for legislation that divests FDA of any power to

Mon, 2013-02-11 10:01 JOHN MASHEY

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regulate tobacco because they are convinced that FDA is alreadyfailing miserably in accomplishing its “core mission.”

B. Short-term - To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party effortsto launch, publicize and execute a broad non-tobacco-based attack onthe many failings of the FDA with respect to its currently authorizedstatutory activities.

II. THIRD-PARTY GROUPS

A. Citizens for a Sound Economy - Monitor and help direct multi-front action plan.

B. Washington Legal Foundation - Monitor and help direct multi-front action plan

C. Competitive Enterprise Institute - Work with Borelli to help tietheir activities more into congressional efforts re timing, focus,and venues….'

CEI's well-known efforts in climate anti-science feature Myron Ebell, Chris Horner,their Cooler Heads Coalition, and their role in recruiting Ross McKitrick, ChristopherEssex and Steve McIntyre in the attack on the hockey-stick temperature curve, butCEI had a long involvement with tobacco:

“On behalf of everyone here at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Iwould like to thank you for Philip Morris's $150,000 contribution. …Fred L. Smith, Jr, President”

However, CSE was tobacco's favorite, taking at least $5.3M 1991-2002. It wasfounded in 1984 by David Koch and his key lieutenant, Richard Fink, ex-economicsprofessor at George Mason University (GMU), home of the Mercatus Center, theInstitute for Humane Studies and law school that graduated Ken Cuccinelli andother relevant lawyers. CSE Exec VP and first AFP President Nancy MitchellPfotenhauer was a GMU student, major Koch lobbyist for years, and lately Vice-Rector of GMU (A.5, A.6). CSE later reorganized into TEA Party sparkplugsAmericans For Prosperity and FreedomWorks.

The tobacco/climate anti-science relationship was highlighted in Merchants of Doubtand has been noted by others. Tobacco interests created many of the tactics andfostered the machinery inherited by other anti-science efforts. Here at DeSMogBlogFakery 2: More Funny Finances, Free oF Tax, Appendix F, showed the crucialproblem for tobacco companies. As per RJ Reynolds' The Importance of YoungerAdults, they needed to addict children to create lifelong customers, not adults. Few start smoking after age 18, and later starters find it easier to quit, becauseaddiction really is best entrenched while brains are still developing.

Higher cigarette taxes especially deter children from smoking, so they pose anexistential threat to tobacco companies, to be fought at all costs, but hidden among larger groups. As Fallin, Grana and Glantz wrote,

“In 1990, Tim Hyde, RJR director of national field operations, outlineda strategy for RJR to create ‘a movement’ resembling what wouldlater emerge as the Tea Party by

'build[ing] broad coalitions around the issue-cluster of freedom,choice and privacy…'

Another RJR field coordinator later described the company’s motivationfor involving and organising third-party organisations:

'…—anti-tax groups were a natural. You didn’t have to defendyour position on tobacco because a tax is a tax is a tax tothese guys.'”

Democracy is utterly dependent uponan electorate that is accuratelyinformed. In promoting climate changedenial (and often denying theirresponsibility for doing so) industry hasdone more than endanger theenvironment. It hasundermined democracy.

There is a vast difference betweenputting forth a point of view, honestlyheld, and intentionally sowing theseeds of confusion. Free speech doesnot include the right to deceive.Deception is not a point of view. Andthe right to disagree does not includea right to intentionally subvert thepublic awareness.

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The authors found an even more specific Burson-Marsteller proposal from 1992:

“Grounded in the theme of “The New American Tax Revolution” or TheNew Boston Tea Party,” the campaign activity should take the form ofcitizens representing the widest constituency base mobilized withsignage and other attention-drawing accoutrements such as lapelbuttons, handouts, petitions and even costumes.”

It took decades, but they got that, including the costumes. I'd guess few membersof the TEA Party realize it was created to help the tobacco industry addict kids tobehavior that will kill many, slowly. For a definitive history of tobacco industrymalfeasance, there is no better source than Golden Holocaust: Origins of theCigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition (2012).

Side-by-side with Kochs, expanding abroad, TEA = Tobacco Everywhere Always.

See also Brendan's take on this, Study Confirms Tea Party Was Created by BigTobacco and Billionaires.

* This article has 184 footnotes with references to many more details, plus another 16 pages of dense

supplementary material listing organizations, people, funding, campaign examples, with its own 161

footnotes. In my opinion, it is an investigative tour de force, costs $30 and is worth every penny.

UPDATE 02/22/13: paper is now freely available.

Image credit: R. Gino Santa Maria / Shutterstock.com

Tags: tea party; tobacco; koch brothers

JOHN MASHEY'S BLOG LOG IN OR REGISTER TO POST COMMENTS

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Reduced NH cigarette taxes

Mon, 2013-02-11 21:26 — GingerLadySlipper

The NH branch of Americans for Prosperity was heavily involved in the 2010 election, recruiting and

coaching candidates. There was general unease at that point with the medical care act and with the

continuing recession, even though NH was not affected much. The promise of jobs from the Tea

Partyers/Libertarians resonated, and the true leanings of the candidates were disguised. The legislature

went overwhelmingly “Republican” and many dreams of the KooKs were enacted. The voters were

appalled by the Legislature's antics and unexpectedly rejected interim Republican candidates who were

thought to have sure shots.

One of the ugly and counterproductive actions was to lower the cigarette tax, already the lowest of

nearby states. The 'reason' given was that lowering the taxes were raise the revenue because smokers

would flock to NH to buy cheaper ciggies. (Of course they didn't calculate how much the travelers would

have to pay for gas.)

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DRAFT - FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY10/2/95

FDA - Beverly McKittrick

I . OBJECTIVES

A. Long-term - To create political environment where"moderates" of both parties on the Hill can vote for legislationthat divests FDA of any power to regulate tobacco becausethey are convinced that FDA is already failing miserably inaccomplishing its "core mission ."

B. Short-term - To quarterback behind the scenes, third-partyefforts to launch, publicize and execute a broad non-tobacco-based attack on the many failings of the FDA with respect toits currently authorized statutory activities .

II. THIRD-PARTY GROUPS

A. Citizens For A Sound Economy - Monitor and help directmulti-front action plan .

B . Washington LeLral Foundation - Monitor and help directmulti-front action plan .

C. Competitive Enterprise Institute - Work with Borelli to helptie their activities more into congressional efforts re timing,focus, and venues .

D . Progress and Freedom Foundation - Monitor and help directefforts .

E. Advertising Trade Groups - Work closely with ANA, AAF,AAAA and FAC to make FDA regulation of advertising generallya focus of FDA Oversight/Reform efforts . Encourage follow upletters to appropriate Committee Members, and educationalhits on Hill on these issues .

F. Burson "Strange Bedfellow" Project - Monitor and ifpreliminary outreach bears fruit, direct efforts throughBurson to steer these groups to appropriate places on Hill .

G . Alex De Toqueville Institute - Monitor and direct media andother efforts .

http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/snc37c00/pdf

H. Other Groups - From working closely with Borelli andMarden, identify and assist other groups in making waves onHill and in media concerning FDA .

III. FORUMS FOR FDA ATTACK WITH THIRD PARTIES

A. CONGRESSIONAL

1 . Oversight Committees - Both Barton efforts andMclntosh/Shays efforts are ongoing in House . Needmedia, lobbying and policy support from third-partygroups in support of these efforts .

2. Appropriations Committee - Preparations neededfor FY97 appropriations for House and Senate. CSEshould lead here, as they did on FY96 efforts . Needto work with CSE to develop appropriations strategywith teeth .

3 . Authorization Committees - With FDA Reform set togear up for Hill action, House Commerce and SenateLabor will be where action is . Again, lobbying, mediaand policy support needed from third party groups .

4 . House Republican Conference - CSE sits at tablewith Boehner concerning Republican priorities . Lookfor opportunities here for CSE in moving othergroups to FDA .

B. MEDIA

1 . Paid Media - Depending on resources available, helpdirect best use of ads both within and withoutBeltway. Inside the Beltway media like the Hill, RollCall, Congressional Monitor critical at raisingtemperature level . Smart use of paid media innational/regional/trade press publications(Washington Times, Washington Post, New YorkTimes, Advertising Age) requires guidance andcoordination .

2 . Earned Media - CSE has creative ideas for earnedmedia. This needs to be encouraged with otherappropriate groups .

3 . Op-Eds - Need as broad of coverage as possible .Work with Borelli, de Toqueville, other groups toencourage wave of this activity .

http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/snc37c00/pdf

4. Editorial Board Visits - Certain groups will haveexpertise and capacity to do such work, like withWSJ, Washington Times, and others .

C. REGULATORY

1. FOIA Strategy - Various groups havecapacity/expertise in aggressive FOIA strategies thatcan be directed at agency . Need to identify severalgroups and help work strategy through .

2. Lawsuit/Petition Strategy - WLF has severalpetitions pending at FDA demanding regulatoryaction and one or two lawsuits pending againstagency. Is there more that can be done here witheither WLF or one or more other groups?

IV. RESOURCES AVAILABLE

A. Arnold and Porter - They are one stop shopping to helpyou with the panoply of raw materials you will need tohelp guide these groups . They can monitor FDA tradepress, help you identify issue areas for attack, andotherwise prepare any other materials that you may needsuch as draft op-eds, draft Dear Colleagues, legislativeanalysis, etc .

B. David Nelson - For Barton O&I hearings/activity .

cc : Howard LiebengoodGreg Scott

http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/snc37c00/pdf

COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE TOM BOSELLI

Fred L. Smith, Jr. President October 11, 1994

Dr. Thomas J. Borelli Director, Science and Environmental Policy Philip Morris Management Corporation 120 Park Avenue New York, New York 10017

Dear Tom:

On behalf of everyone here at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, I would like to thank you for Philip Morris's $150,000 contribution. We think that our work is helping expand the debate on matters concerning economic freedom and this generous contribution is taken as a vote of confidence in our work.

Philip Morris's contribution will enable CEI to expand our efforts in such well-established areas as our Human Cost of Regulation program and other regulatory reform projects, as well as in such newer programs as our Pop Culture project.

Again, Tom, thank you for helping CEI secure this contribution. I hope to see you next month at our 10th Anniversary celebration and look forward to working with you in the future.

Sincerely,

%JLS^^ Fred L. Smith, Jr. W President ^

OS

cr?

00

OS

looi Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 1250 • Washington, D.C. 20036 • Telephone: (202) 331-1010 • Fax:(202)331-0640

http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hdl88h00/pdf

FreedomWorks Continues Dick Armey's Defense of Big Tobacco | DeSmogBlog

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FreedomWorks Continues Dick Armey's Defenseof Big Tobacco

The third in a series about Dick Armey andhis relationship to the tobacco industrythroughout his career. See part one and parttwo.

In his last job as head of Freedomworks,Dick Armey became a more consistent andreliable ally for the tobacco industry for atleast one of their pet issues: cigarette taxes.

Under Armey, FreedomWorks consistently took the tobacco industry'sside by opposing cigarette tax increases. In 2005, FreedomWorksopposed a cigarette tax increase in Cook County, Illinois. In 2006, Armeyand FreedomWorks opposed a cigarette tax increase in Hawaii. In 2007,FreedomWorks boasted about the effectiveness of a $12 million ad blitz by thetobacco companies aimed at killing a cigarette tax proposal in Oregon. In 2009,Armey spoke against cigarette taxes and FreedomWorks took positions opposinghigher cigarette taxes. Armey also opposed a cigarette tax increase in Maine in2011. In the meantime, Armey also continued using FreedomWorks to promote hisflat-tax idea.

Shady Tricks As head of Citizens for a Sound Economy/FreedomWorks, Armey engaged inquestionable strategies that pushed his astroturf methodology a little too far. In July, 2006, the Washington Post exposed a scheme in which people signing upfor high-deductible health insurance plans were told they could also get get tax-freemedical savings accounts if they signed a separate, non-descript application form.

Applicants later discovered they had been unwittingly tricked into becomingmembers of Citizens for a Sound Economy to get the low group rate they had beenpromised. Their insurance certificates failed to disclose the name of CSE, the groupto which the application form was linked.

The forced-membership scheme netted CSE/FreedomWorks about 16,000 newmembers and over $638,000, but led to a class-action lawsuit against the insurancecompany by people who were tricked into joining CSE as part of their insurancepolicy application process.

Fri, 2013-01-25 10:13 ANNE LANDMAN

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Trouble arose again in May, 2008, when Armey and FreedomWorks were outed asbeing behind a strange-looking website called AngryRenter.com.

The Wall Street Journal described AngryRenter.com as looking “a bit like a digitalransom note, with irregular fonts, exclamation points and big red arrows.”

The site claimed to represent legions of angry renters who were driven to vent theiroutrage at a proposed government bailout of irresponsible homeowners. The siteclaimed to represent “millions of renters standing up for our rights!” and visitorswere led to sign an anti-bailout petition. According to the Wall Street Journal, thesite was “designed to look underdoggy and grass-rootsy, with a heavy dose of aw-shucks innocence.”

What AngryRenter.com failed to disclose was that it was created not by an actualgroup of “angry renters,” but by wealthy publishing mogul Steve Forbes, whoworked through FreedomWorks to create it. FreedomWorks put its copyright on thesite, but buried it deep on the back pages.

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) pointed out that while Armey was portraying himselfas a representative of the tenant class, as of May, 2008 he “earned $100,833 ayear for four hours a week working for FreedomWorks Inc., the organization'sadvocacy arm, and an additional $403,333 for 32 hours a week working forFreedomWorks Foundation, its tax-deductible, educational wing, according to federaltax filings. Mr. Armey also owns a house on 78.5 acres in Denton County, Texas,north of Dallas. In response to a public-information request, local authoritiesrevealed that the land and house are worth a combined $1.7 million.”

WSJ also pointed out that Forbes, the chairman and CEO of Forbes and aFreedomWorks board member, owned a 7,966 square foot house on 9.5 acres inNew Jersey, assessed at $2.78 million, and at least a half a dozen other propertiesnearby, and that Forbes also owned a chateau in France.

Beyond that, at that time in 2006, Freedomworks and its affiliated foundation hadtaken in $10.5 million worth of revenue, much of it from large donors thatFreedomWorks refused to disclose. In 2009, Armey defended himself againstaccusations that AngryRenter.com was a front by saying he was just looking out forthe “poor devil” who couldn't afford to buy a house.

Beyond Yard Signs In September, 2011, FreedomWorks announced it was forming a Super PAC,purportedly to allow it to raise money in small increments from the group's manygrassroots supporters. At the time, Armey dismissed the idea of spending millionsof dollars on political TV ad campaigns as foolish, saying it was an “ineffective wayto run a campaign.” For a while, FreedomWorks stuck to non-TV campaign techniques like yard signs,door hangers and mailers.

But in October 2012, the group accepted a $5.7 million donation from a single,mysterious donor, a Knoxville, Tennessee company that proved difficult to trace. Itthen used some of the money to purchase $1.5 million worth of TV ads attackingTammy Duckworth, an Iraq war veteran who was running as a Democrat for anIllinois House seat.

Freedomworks announced it intended to make even more big TV ad buys in otherraces, too. It was also later revealed that FreedomWorks had paid Glenn Beck $1million and Rush Limbaugh over $400,000 to say nice things about FreedomWorkson their radio talk shows, ostensibly as a way to help the group raise more money.Neither Beck nor Limbaugh raised nearly enough to compensate FreedomWorks forthe massive amounts it had funneled to them for their support. On December, 3, 2012 Mother Jones magazine announced that Dick Armey wasdeparting FreedomWorks, and that as part of the separation Armey had demandedthe group stop using his name and likeness on its promotional materials.

Democracy is utterly dependent uponan electorate that is accuratelyinformed. In promoting climate changedenial (and often denying theirresponsibility for doing so) industry hasdone more than endanger theenvironment. It hasundermined democracy.

There is a vast difference betweenputting forth a point of view, honestlyheld, and intentionally sowing theseeds of confusion. Free speech doesnot include the right to deceive.Deception is not a point of view. Andthe right to disagree does not includea right to intentionally subvert thepublic awareness.

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It was later revealed that Armey was offered an $8 million “consulting” deal($400,000 a year for the next 20 years) to leave the organization. The donor whosupplied the $8 million was Richard J. Stephenson, a FreedomWorks board memberand founder of Cancer Treatment Centers of America, who had been an ally ofFreedomWorks president – and Armey's rival – tea partier Matt Kibbe, who hadquietly been battling Armey for control of FreedomWorks. In a December 13, 2012 article in Nonprofit Quarterly, Armey initially maintainedthat he left FreedomWorks because he disliked the increasing lack of transparencyinvolved in the donations the group was taking in from businesses – a curiousstatement from a guy who hadn't thought twice about using less-than-transparenttactics himself while heading the group.

But in a tell-all interview with Media Matters after he split with FreedomWorks,Armey told how he had become increasingly alienated from the group. According toArmey, FreedomWorks president Matt Kibbe had conducted activities behindArmey's back and had started withholding key information from him about thegroup and its operations, including information about the payments made to Beckand Limbaugh for promoting FreedomWorks on the radio.

Apparently Armey has signed no confidentiality agreement preventing him fromtalking about FreedomWorks and how he felt it had taken a wrong direction, asArmey continues to talk to the media about his split from the organization and howhe feels FreedomWorks has taken a wrong turn. Armey's penchant for talking off the cuff and in an unscripted manner may leadhim to spill even more information about FreedomWorks, Kibbe, corporate frontgroups, the Koch brothers and more in the future.

Stay tuned.

Tags: Dick Armey FreedomWorks Citizens for a Sound Economy front groups grassroots astroturf

ANNE LANDMAN'S BLOG LOG IN OR REGISTER TO POST COMMENTS

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The NH legislature in 2010

Fri, 2013-01-25 13:30 — GingerLadySlipper

The NH legislature in 2010 suddenly decreased the moderate cigarette tax on the theory that more people

would cross state lines to buy their fix. This did not work out as advertised, gas prices being what

they are.

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Don't Doubt It: The Tea Party Still Continues to Go Global

http://clashdaily.com/2014/03/dont-doubt-tea-party-still-continues-go-global/[8/1/2014 12:08:20 PM]

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Don’t Doubt It: The Tea Party Still Continuesto Go Global

Written by Andrew Linn on March 31, 2014

Contrary to popular belief, the Tea Party is not dead. Nor is it going

anywhere, despite remarks by Senator Mitch McConnell in November

2013 that it was nothing but a bunch of bullies whom he planned to

punch in the nose. Then earlier this month, McConnell announced he

was going to crush the Tea Party (i.e. establishment Republicans

would defeat their Tea Party Republican challengers in the primary

elections).

Well, guess what, Mitch? The Tea Party is not going to be crushed.

In fact, it will have an impact in this year’s elections, just as it did back

in 2010.

And in case Mitch McConnell (and others out there) weren’t aware,

not only has the Tea Party been a force to be reckoned with

nationwide, it has also gone global (as I have mentioned in previous

articles).

Aside from the United States, I pointed out that Tea Parties sprung up

in the following countries: Canada, Nicaragua, Haiti, Colombia, Peru,

Argentina, Nigeria, Iceland, Britain, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Austria, Poland,

Belarus, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, Georgia, Israel, Nepal, Mongolia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Since then, I learned that Tea Parties have emerged in several other countries. They consist of the following: Venezuela,

Brazil, Ireland, France, Ukraine, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Armenia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China.

So there you have it. Forty-three nations that have Tea Parties. I wouldn’t be surprised if Tea Parties pop up in more

countries. In fact, I can picture the following countries having Tea Parties: Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile,

Uruguay, Sweden, Finland, Portugal, Switzerland, Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Angola,

Madagascar, India, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines (just to name a few). At such a rate, every nation could

wind up having its own Tea Party, because it’s not just Americans who desire freedom via limited government, fiscal

responsibility, and free markets- it is everyone across the globe.

Now you are probably wondering how I was able to learn that other countries had Tea Parties. I did so via a search on

Facebook (I simply typed it in- e.g. Australian Tea Party). Not only do these Tea Parties in other countries have Facebook

Opinion News Vids ManStuff RiseKillEat ChurchStuff FamilyStuff Stores Clash411

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR: ANDREW LINNAndrew Linn is a member of the Owensboro Tea Party and a former Field Representative for theMedia Research Center. An ex-Democrat, he became a Republican one week after the 2008Presidential Election. He has an M.A. in history from the University of Louisville, where hebecame a member of the Phi Alpha Theta historical honors society. He has also contributed toexaminer.com and Right Impulse Media.

View all articles by Andrew Linn

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profiles (yes, people still use Facebook) but some also have websites (e.g. Australian Tea Party, which is also the most

active Tea Party outside the United States).

And as I mentioned before, the New Zealand Party has become a political party.

I wouldn’t be surprised if something similar takes place here in America.

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‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-partyefforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea PartyAmanda Fallin, Rachel Grana, Stanton A Glantz

▸ Additional material ispublished online only. To viewplease visit the journal online(http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815).

Department of Medicine,University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, Center forTobacco Control Research andEducation, San Francisco,California, USA

Correspondence toStanton A Glantz, Departmentof Medicine, University ofCalifornia San Francisco,Center for Tobacco ControlResearch and Education, Room366 Library, 530 Parnassus,San Francisco,CA 94143-1390, USA;glantz@medicine.ucsf.edu

Received 1 October 2012Accepted 29 January 2013

To cite: Fallin A, Grana R,Glantz SA. Tob ControlPublished Online First:[please include Day MonthYear] doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815

ABSTRACTBackground The Tea Party, which gained prominencein the USA in 2009, advocates limited government andlow taxes. Tea Party organisations, particularlyAmericans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks, opposesmoke-free laws and tobacco taxes.Methods We used the Legacy Tobacco DocumentsLibrary, the Wayback Machine, Google, LexisNexis, theCenter for Media and Democracy and the Center forResponsive Politics (opensecrets.org) to examine thetobacco companies’ connections to the Tea Party.Results Starting in the 1980s, tobacco companiesworked to create the appearance of broad opposition totobacco control policies by attempting to create agrassroots smokers’ rights movement. Simultaneously,they funded and worked through third-party groups,such as Citizens for a Sound Economy, the predecessorof AFP and FreedomWorks, to accomplish their economicand political agenda. There has been continuity of somekey players, strategies and messages from these groupsto Tea Party organisations. As of 2012, the Tea Partywas beginning to spread internationally.Conclusions Rather than being a purely grassrootsmovement that spontaneously developed in 2009, theTea Party has developed over time, in part throughdecades of work by the tobacco industry and othercorporate interests. It is important for tobacco controladvocates in the USA and internationally, to anticipateand counter Tea Party opposition to tobacco controlpolicies and ensure that policymakers, the media and thepublic understand the longstanding connection betweenthe tobacco industry, the Tea Party and its associatedorganisations.

INTRODUCTIONThe Tea Party, a loosely organised network of grass-roots coalitions at local and state levels, is a complexsocial and political movement to the right of thetraditional Republican Party that promotes lessgovernment regulation and lower taxes.1–4 It isoften characterised as a grassroots movement thatspontaneously arose in 2009.4–5 However, it hasalso been cited as an example of corporate ‘astro-turfing,’5 defined as a movement that ‘appears to begrassroots, but is either funded, created orconceived by a corporation or industry trade associ-ation, political interest group or public relationsfirm.’6–8 National organisations funded by corpora-tions, particularly Americans for Prosperity (AFP)and FreedomWorks, played an important role instructuring and supporting the Tea Party in theinitial stages.5 They provided training, communica-tion and materials for the earliest Tea Party activities,including the first ‘Tea Party’ on 27 February2009.1 9 FreedomWorks organised the nationwide

Tea Party tax protests in April 2009,10 the town hallprotests about the proposed healthcare reform inAugust 20091 and the Taxpayers’ March onWashington the following September 2009.11 Theycontinued to facilitate and support many of thelocal chapters and leaders that arose from the earlyevents in 2009.5 AFP and FreedomWorks continuedto facilitate local Tea Party activities byco-sponsoring rallies,1 12 13 creating talking pointsand organisational tips for supporters,14 15 supply-ing literature for local Tea Party groups16 and pro-viding training sessions.1 3 17 FreedomWorks was afounding partner of the 2010 Contract fromAmerica (recalling the Republican Party’s 1994Contract with America).18

As of 2012, AFP and FreedomWorks were sup-porting the tobacco companies’ political agenda bymobilising local Tea Party opposition to tobaccotaxes and smoke-free laws.19 20 This support forthe tobacco companies’ agenda continues thetobacco industry use of AFP and FreedomWorks’predecessor organisation, Citizens for a SoundEconomy (CSE), as a third-party ally since at least1991 (figure 1). Moreover, starting in the 1980s,major US tobacco companies attempted to manu-facture an astroturf citizen ‘smokers’ rights move-ment’ to oppose local tobacco control policies.These smokers rights’ groups had grassroots mem-bership in several localities, but were created, coor-dinated and funded by the cigarette companies.21

Although the Tea Party is widely considered tohave started in 2009,9 this paper presents a histor-ical study of some of the tobacco companies’ earlyactivities and key players in the evolution of theTea Party. Many people in the smokers’ rightseffort or the tobacco companies went on to TeaParty organisations. Moreover, while the Tea Partystarted in the USA, it is beginning to spread inter-nationally.22–26 In 2012 FreedomWorks expandedthe movement internationally, training activists in30 countries, including Israel, Georgia, Japan,Nigeria and Serbia.22 This international expansionmakes it likely that Tea Party organisations will bemounting opposition to tobacco control (and otherhealth) policies as they have done in the USA.

METHODSWe conducted a standard snowball search27 of theLegacy Tobacco Documents Library, an onlinearchive of over 80 million pages of previously secrettobacco industry documents. Initial search termsincluded: CSE, tobacco tax, Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) and tobacco (1993–1996),Racketeer Corrupt and Influenced Organisations(RICO), Kessler (1999–2006), Department of Justice(DOJ) (1999–2006) and lawsuit (1999–2006). We

Fallin A, et al. Tob Control 2013;0:1–10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 1

Research paper TC Online First, published on February 8, 2013 as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815

Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2013. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence.

group.bmj.com on August 1, 2014 - Published by tobaccocontrol.bmj.comDownloaded from

used the Wayback Machine (archive.org) to access old versions ofthe CSE, AFP and FreedomWorks’ websites (since 1997) andGoogle, LexisNexis, the Center for Media and Democracy(sourcewatch.org and PRwatch.org), Center for ResponsivePolitics (opensecrets.org) and AFP (americansforprosperity.org)and FreedomWorks’ (freedomworks.org) websites’ internal searchengines. Internal Revenue Service Form 990s were obtained from2002 to 2010 using Guidestar and Foundation Finder for CSE,CSE FreedomWorks, FreedomWorks and AFP. Searches were con-ducted from September 2011 to March 2012. We refer to CSEand Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation as ‘CSE,’ AFP andAmericans for Prosperity Foundation as ‘AFP,’ and FreedomWorksand FreedomWorks Foundation as ‘FreedomWorks.’

RESULTSFigure 1 provides an overview of the connections the tobaccoindustry has with organisations and key players in the Tea Party.Online supplementary table S1 provides details of key organisa-tions involved with the tobacco industry and the Tea Party andonline supplementary table S2 provides histories of keyindividuals.

Historical context for tobacco industry third-party effortsThe tobacco industry historically worked through ‘third-party’allies28–32 because of its low credibility with the public. By thelate 1980s, confronted with increasing success of the local grass-roots non-smokers’ rights movement, RJ Reynolds (RJR) andPhilip Morris began creating and facilitating ‘smokers’ rights’groups to oppose smoke-free laws.28 33 The smokers’ rightsgroups were an important component of the tobacco industry’sthird-party advocacy efforts in the 1980s and early 1990s.A July 1993 Philip Morris draft plan to create what became theNational Smokers Alliance (NSA) described the politicalenvironment:

Lobbying efforts are facing increasing difficulty. Even nationalrepresentatives from tobacco states are losing heart for defendingsmokers’ rights and sustaining the tobacco industry. The powerof the vested interest of the tobacco industry has not been fullybrought to bear in sustaining smokers [sic] rights.34

As of 2012, key personnel from the smokers’ rights groupshad founded or worked at firms that consulted for Tea Partygroups (figure 1).

In the 1990s, RJR’s smokers’ rights groups were organisedthrough a network of field coordinators who recruited members,held meetings and provided meeting agendas, letters to editorsand elected officials, a telephone script for contacting electedofficials and petitions.33 By the mid-1990s, RJR was using publicrelations firms Ramhurst and Walt Klein & Associates to helpcoordinate their smokers’ rights groups. Ramhurst was formed in1993 with support from RJR and run by former RJR smokers’rights group coordinators, James Ellis and Doug Goodyear35 36

(past vice president of Walt Klein & Associates in NorthCarolina, see online supplementary table S2). By 1994 Ramhurstwas coordinating RJR’s smokers’ rights groups, providing ‘thefield personnel necessary to implement and execute various pro-grammes and activities related to RJR’s national grassroots pro-gramme,’37 with Walt Klein & Associates providing ‘ancillaryservices necessary to support the field force.’37

Another smokers’ rights group, NSA, was created in 1993 byPhilip Morris.34 Philip Morris worked with its PR firm,Burson-Marsteller to create and plan the implementation of theNSA.38 They positioned the NSA as independent of the indus-try, even though Philip Morris conceived the idea and providedalmost all the funding34 39 40 (figure 1). NSA leadership wastied heavily to Philip Morris. NSA president Tom Humber(figure 1 and online supplementary table S2) had been aBurson-Marsteller senior vice president where he handled thePhilip Morris account and, before that, Brown & Williamson

Figure 1. Connections between the tobacco industry, third-party allies and the Tea Party, from the 1980’s (top) through 2012 (bottom). The thickblack line connects CSE with its direct successor organisations. Online supplementary tables S1 and S2 provide more details on the linkagesdepicted in this figure.

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director of government affairs. Gary Auxier, who also workedon the Philip Morris account at Burson-Marsteller, became NSAvice president.41 The NSA participated in promoting the‘Enough is Enough’ campaign led by (Roger) AilesCommunication that advocated the full range of tobacco indus-try policy positions.42–44

The smokers’ rights groups’ publications disputed the healtheffects of second-hand smoke, promoted ‘choice’ and individualrights and encouraged smokers to defend their rights and free-doms.45 Some of these appeals made direct reference to theBoston Tea Party. For example, a 1989 issue of Philip MorrisMagazine included a section on excise taxes that compared thatkind of taxation with the taxes being opposed during theBoston Tea Party.46 In 1993, Massachusetts smokers’ rightsgroups distributed a mailing entitled ‘Protect your right tosmoke!’ that included ‘Tea Party’ language to describe oppos-ition to tobacco taxes: ‘New Englanders don’t like unfair taxes—remember the Boston Tea Party?—and they’re fighting madover proposals in Washington to raise the federal tax on cigar-ettes from 24 cents a pack to $1.24 or maybe even $2.24 apack.’47 The tobacco industry and their allied organisations havebeen using the ‘Tea Party’ metaphor to oppose taxation since atleast the 1980s.

The smokers’ rights groups proved ineffectual at protectingtobacco industry interests, particularly at stopping local smoke-free laws and they were phased out in the late 1990s and early2000s. In a parallel effort, the industry broadened its reach byfunding and collaborating with existing third-party advocacyorganisations and institutes under a unified theme of freedom,choice and less government. In 1990, Tim Hyde, RJR directorof national field operations, outlined a strategy for RJR tocreate ‘a movement’ resembling what would later emerge as theTea Party by

build[ing] broad coalitions around the issue-cluster of freedom,choice and privacy…

…coalition-building should proceed along two tracks: a) a grass-roots, organizational and largely local track; b) and a national,intellectual track within the D.C.-New York corridor. Ultimately,we are talking about a “movement,” a national effort to changethe way people think about government’s (and big business’) rolein our lives. Any such effort requires an intellectual foundation–aset of theoretical and ideological arguments on its behalf.48

Another RJR field coordinator later described the company’smotivation for involving and organising third-party organisa-tions: ‘In about the third year [of the RJR smokers’ rightsgroups], there was an emphasis on coalition building—anti-taxgroups were a natural. You didn’t have to defend your positionon tobacco because a tax is a tax is a tax to these guys.’33 In1992, Auxier, then at Burson-Marsteller, submitted a publicrelations strategy proposal to the Coalition Against RegressiveTaxation,49 an industry effort to fight tobacco and other excisetaxes.50 It read, ‘Grounded in the theme of “The NewAmerican Tax Revolution” or “The New Boston Tea Party”, thecampaign activity should take the form of citizens representingthe widest constituency base mobilised with signage and otherattention-drawing accoutrements such as lapel buttons, hand-outs, petitions and even costumes.’49

Citizens for a Sound EconomyCSE, one of the third-party ‘anti-tax’ tobacco industry partners,was a think tank dedicated to free market economics. CSE(which split into AFP and FreedomWorks in 2004) wasco-founded in 1984 by David Koch, of Koch Industries, and

Richard Fink, former professor of economics at George MasonUniversity, who has worked for Koch Industries since 1990.3 51

CSE supported the agendas of the tobacco and other industries,including oil, chemical, pharmaceutical and telecommunications,and was funded by them.52 In 2002, before Tea Party politicswere widely discussed in the mainstream media, CSE started itsUS Tea Party (http://www.usteaparty.com) project, the website ofwhich stated ‘our US Tea Party is a national event, hosted con-tinuously online and open to all Americans who feel our taxesare too high and the tax code is too complicated.’53 Between1991 and 2002 the tobacco companies, mainly Philip Morris,provided CSE with at least US$5.3 million (see online supple-mentary table S3). Philip Morris gave CSE US$250 000 annu-ally in the early 1990s to start six state chapters.41

Philip Morris (PM) designated CSE a ‘Category A’ publicpolicy organisation for funding.54 ‘Category A’ organisationswere ‘the largest and most important/sustained relationships’that were assigned a ‘PM senior relationship manager’ to putthem at the ‘centre of a network of information-sharing amongPM people involved with the organisation’ and ‘[assure] system-atic and ongoing relationship activities’.54 In response to aninternal 1999 email asking whether CSE was worth its currentlevel of funding, Philip Morris’ vice president of federal govern-ment affairs replied:

They are adding this level of value. They have provided signifi-cant grassroots assistance, in the nature of several thousand callsto the Hill on the lawsuit [likely the federal RICO lawsuit againstthe major cigarette companies discussed below] direct lobbyingon the lawsuit, some media as well as continuing a very usefullevel of activity on FET [federal excise tax]/prescription drugs [aproposal to expand Medicare and fund prescription drugs with atobacco tax]. Throughout the August [Congressional] Recess theyhave been very active on our behalf in the field in key states withkey Members.55

During the 1990s, the tobacco industry was facing a multi-tude of threats. CSE helped the industry oppose these challenges(see online supplementary table S4), including theEnvironmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) second-hand smokerisk assessment (1992), the Clinton healthcare reform planwhich included a tobacco tax (1993–1994), the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) proposal to regulateworkplace smoking (1994–2001), FDA regulation of tobaccoproducts (1994–1996) and the DOJ RICO case against thetobacco industry (filed in 1999), as well as tobacco taxes(throughout the 1990s).

Opposing the EPA report on second-hand smokeIn the early 1990s, the tobacco companies made a major effortto block the EPA risk assessment that designated second-handsmoke a Class A (human) carcinogen.29–30 56 One strategy wasto advocate new risk assessment standards that would make itimpossible to identify second-hand smoke as a carcinogen.30 57

In August 1992 CSE sponsored a conference with an ‘over-regulation’ message, with other industry allies and it featuredVice President Dan Quayle,30 who had previously expressedinterest in the effort to change the risk assessment require-ments.58 Humber wrote to Philip Morris vice president of cor-porate affairs ‘to outline … unified and synergisticrecommendations for dealing with the ongoing battle over ETS[environmental tobacco smoke, what the tobacco companies callsecond-hand smoke]’ reporting that ‘B-M was involved in bothconcept and execution of a strategy that made sure that mediacoverage of the [CSE conference’s] message regarding over-

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regulation superseded the political noise surrounding the VP’sappearance’.57 Despite the efforts of the industry and theirallies, the EPA released the report in December 1992 identifyingsecond-hand smoke as a Class A carcinogen.59

Opposing healthcare reformThe tobacco industry waged a major campaign between 1993and 1994 to oppose President Bill Clinton’s healthcare reformefforts, particularly the US$0.75 cigarette tax to help financeit.32 The tobacco industry worked with a broad coalition againstthe proposed reform, which included CSE and RJR’s smokers’rights groups (coordinated by Ramhurst) and others. Accordingto a document that appears to be a report to Philip Morris CEOMike Miles,

To fight Clinton’s proposed $.75 per pack excise tax increase, weare also working behind the scenes to oppose the Clinton packageas a whole. The House Energy and Commerce Committee will be akey battleground over the Clinton health care plan and we aregiving $400 000 to Citizens For A Sound Economy—a free marketbased grassroots organization—to run a grassroots program aimedat “swing” Democrats on the Committee.60

CSE campaigned against healthcare reform between 1993 and1994, including media appearances, organising communityevents and coordinating protests during town hall meetings (seeonline supplementary table S4).32 61

Opposing the OSHA regulation of smoking in workplacesIn the mid-1990s, RJR hired the public relations firmMongoven, Biscoe & Duchin to run the ‘Get Government OffOur Back’ (GGOOB) coalition primarily to oppose OSHA regu-lation of workplace second-hand smoke (as well as FDA regula-tion of tobacco products).31 CSE was one of 39 GGOOBmembers, 18 of which were tobacco industry-funded and threemore that had split off from tobacco industry-funded groups.GGOOB promoted an October 1994 resolution calling forsmaller government and fewer regulations and fought smoke-free laws (see online supplementary table S4).

Opposing the FDAIn February 1994, the FDA started investigating regulating nico-tine as a drug and cigarettes and smokeless tobacco as drug-delivery devices.62 In March 1994 Philip Morris CEO Milesrecognised that ‘The Administration has emerged as clearly anti-tobacco. … [including FDA Commissioner David] Kessler’s recenttrial balloon on FDA regulation on the industry. This will also getworse…it seems to me that we need to seriously reconsiderwhether our current passive defence strategy is the right strategy,or whether we have ‘less to lose’ by being more ferocious’.63

The political landscape changed after the November 1994mid-term elections, when Republicans took control of Congress.A Philip Morris October 1995 draft action plan established thelong-term goal of ‘creat[ing a] political environment where“moderates” of both parties on the Hill can vote for legislationthat divests FDA of any power to regulate tobacco because theyare convinced that FDA is already failing miserably in accom-plishing its “core mission.”64 They partnered with CSE ‘to quar-terback behind the scenes, third-party efforts to launch, publiciseand execute a broad non-tobacco-based attack on the many fail-ings of the FDAwith respect to its currently authorised statutoryactivities [emphasis added]’.64 CSE and the Washington LegalFoundation (another tobacco industry-funded think tank) werethe primary third-party groups designated ‘to monitor and helpdirect multi-front action plan.’64

Throughout 1995 CSE worked to discredit the FDA and pushfor major limitations on its authority. CSE published critical com-mentary about the FDA,65 and ran full page ads in CongressionalMonitor and the Washington Times.66 Their ‘Death by Regulation’radio ads accused the FDA of being slow to approve drugs, thusleading to unnecessary death67 (see online supplementary tableS4). CSE also opposed funding a modernised FDA building, oneof Kessler’s priorities.67 CSE chairman, C Boyden Gray, testifiedagainst the building in Congress, citing the FDA’s ‘overregulation’and ‘growing bureaucracy,’ and attacked FDA’s slow approval ofdrugs.67 CSE also tried to reallocate FDA resources to ‘productapproval process’ by partnering with former CSE fellow represen-tative David McIntosh (R-IN) to freeze the Office of theCommissioner’s budget.68

In 2000, after a tobacco industry lawsuit, the Supreme Courtruled that the FDA did not have authority to regulate tobaccoproducts.69

Opposing the federal RICO lawsuit against the tobacco industryPresident Clinton announced in his 1999 State of the Unionaddress that the DOJ was planning a case against the tobaccoindustry to recover smoking-induced Medicare funds under theRICO Act.70 In February 1999, Philip Morris’s vice president offederal government affairs outlined three strategic goals forfighting the lawsuit: (1) to fight the US$20 million dollar appro-priation for the lawsuit; (2) ‘bar consideration or defeat anylegislation that enhances the ability of the DOJ to successfullybring a cause of action against the tobacco industry;’ (3) exert‘political pressure’ to block filing of the lawsuit.71

CSE supported these goals during 1999 (see online supple-mentary table S4). CSE president Paul Beckner wrote to senatemajority leader Trent Lott (R, MS) and house speaker DennisHastert (R, IL), ‘On behalf of our 250 000 grassroots members,I urge you to oppose the federal government’s proposed lawsuitas well as any legislation to facilitate this unprecedentedaction.’72 CSE members and staff contacted policymakers,73

drafted commentaries,73 74 aired ads75 76 and sent out actionalerts against the case.73 (see online supplementary table S4)

On 22 July 1999 Congress rejected DOJ’s appropriationrequest.70 (The lawsuit was then funded by the Departments ofDefense, Health and Human Services and Veterans Affairs.) Theindustry and its third-party allies failed to stop the lawsuit,which the DOJ filed on 22 September 1999.70 The next day,CSE’s Michele Isele Mitola was quoted in the WashingtonTimes: ‘We see this as a political ploy to find ways to raise morerevenue to fund their [the government’s] tax-and-spendagenda.’77 CSE continued opposition until at least 2002,encouraging supporters to ask newly elected President GeorgeW Bush to end the lawsuit.78 These efforts failed, with federaljudge Gladys Kessler ruling in 2006 that the major cigarettecompanies and their affiliated organisations constituted a con-tinuing racketeering enterprise to defraud the public.79

Opposing tobacco taxesCSE opposed state tobacco taxes (see online supplementarytable S4). For example, in 1996, the Tobacco Institute (then thetobacco companies’ political and lobbying arm) provided NewJersey CSE with US$40 00080 to fight a tobacco tax increaseusing mailings, radio advertisements and patch through calls.81

A Ramhurst representative recruited industry allies including theNew Jersey CSE president, New Jersey smokers’ rights grouppresident and Grover Norquist of Americans for Tax Reform, towrite opinion editorials opposing the tax.82

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CSE opposed national-level tobacco taxes including a 1999proposed US$0.55 increase.83 CSE’s Michele Isele Mitola sent acopy of CSE’s anti-tobacco tax mailer materials to BeverlyMcKittrick (Philip Morris’s director of federal policy, tobaccoand legislative counsel and Washington relations) for review.The mailer contained CSE materials, including one-pagersentitled, ‘Big Government/Tobacco Tax’ and ‘ExtinguishingTobacco Taxes.’84

There was also crossover in employment between CSE andthe tobacco companies (see online supplementary table S2). Forexample, Michele Isele Mitola left CSE, where she had heldseveral positions throughout the 1990s, to work at PhilipMorris.85 As of 2012, she was vice president, public affairs atForum Strategies and Communications, a communication andoutreach firm; all four leaders of Forum Strategies had workedat Altria/Philip Morris.86–89

CSE becomes Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorksBetween 2003 and 2004, CSE (a 501(c)4) and CSE Foundation(a 501(c)3) reorganised and changed names. CSE Foundationbecame AFP. CSE merged with Empower America to becomeFreedomWorks. Empower America was an organisation ‘devotedto ensuring that government actions foster growth, economicwell-being, freedom and individual responsibility’90 (see onlinesupplementary table S1). According to the late former SenatorJack Kemp, the last chair of Empower America, the mergeroccurred because ‘by merging the policy expertise of EmpowerAmerica with CSE’s grassroots machine, FreedomWorks providesthe freedom movement with an organisation that has unprece-dented scale, reach, experience and impact.’91

Both AFP and FreedomWorks included senior CSE leaders.Dick Armey, former Republican house majority leader, was theFreedomWorks chairman as of 2012. He had also been CSEchairman,92 and served as an AFP consultant in 2003.93

FreedomWorks president as of 2012, Matt Kibbe, was a CSEvice president for 8 years.94 AFP was first led by presidentNancy Pfotenhauer,93 a CSE vice president,95 and since 2006,Tim Philips.96 Philips came from Century Strategies, a companyhe helped to form with Ralph Reed (of the Christian Coalition)(see online supplementary table S1).97 Pfotenhauer later ledMediaSpeak Strategies,98 an AFP consultant group99 (figure 1).There was also staff continuity between CSE, AFP andFreedomWorks. For example, Peggy Venable and Slade O’Brienwho led the Texas and Florida CSE chapters, became AFP statedirectors.76 100 101

AFP and FreedomWorks maintained policy continuity withCSE and were using ‘Tea Party’ rhetoric before 2009.102 Forexample, in 2007, FreedomWorks’ chairman Dick Armey andpresident Matt Kibbe, proposed ‘the Boston Tea Party as a modelof grassroots pressure on an overbearing central government.’103

Tea Party rhetoric was also espoused by other libertarian-orientedgroups including Ron Paul’s Campaign for Liberty, which hasstate chapters, and the Sam Adams Alliance.104

Consultants to AFP and FreedomWorksThe public relations firms FLS Connect105 and DCI Group,co-founded in part by Tom Synhorst,106 consulted for AFP andFreedomWorks107 108 (figure 1 and online supplementary tableS2). DCI Group’s leadership as of 2012 included Synhorst,Hyde and Goodyear,109 all of whom were with RJR’s smokers’rights programme in the 1990s.36 110 Dan Combs, a DCI Grouppartner as of 2012, had been CSE’s director of grassroots andmobilisation.111 DCI Group also lobbied the New York CityCouncil for Altria (Philip Morris) in 2011 and 2012.112

AFP and FreedomWorks oppose tobacco taxes andsmoke-free lawsAs of 2012, AFP and FreedomWorks were continuing tosupport the tobacco industry’s broad policy agenda (see onlinesupplementary table S4), including opposing the EPA113 114 andhealthcare reform.115 These organisations have been fightingstate tobacco taxes and smoke-free laws since at least 2006 (seeonline supplementary table S4).

Both organisations mounted grassroots efforts in oppositionto tobacco taxes in the states and in 2012 were participating inthe campaign against a proposed tobacco tax initiative inCalifornia.116 AFP and FreedomWorks have advanced standardindustry arguments against tobacco taxes,117 118 includingtobacco taxes are regressive,119 120 adversely affect busi-ness20 121 122 and shift sales to surrounding states, the internet,or the black market.123 124 In 2009, FreedomWorks fought aproposed tobacco tax increase in Arkansas with an ‘Enough isEnough!’ advertisement, recalling the tobacco industry cam-paign from the late 1980s and 1990s.42 125 AFP used the samemessage to oppose a tobacco tax initiative (Proposition 29) inCalifornia in 2012.126

AFP and FreedomWorks have opposed smoke-free laws acrossthe country since at least 2006 (see online supplementary tableS4). AFP and FreedomWorks credited their grassroots memberswith defeating the 2007 North Carolina smoke-free law.19 127

Echoing well-established tobacco industry arguments and thepatriotic rhetoric of the smokers’ rights groups,45 they arguedfor private property rights,127 128consumer choice129 andlimited government.130–132

Other third-party groups: tobacco industry and Tea PartyaffiliationsIn 2001, Humber announced that the NSA would be dissolved,with some of its funds being transferred to the Center forIndividual Freedom (CFIF, figure 1),133 134 which Humberfounded in 1998.135 Its mission is to ‘protect and defend indi-vidual freedoms and individual rights guaranteed by the U.S.Constitution.’136 As of 2012, CFIF’s president was former NSAspokesperson Jeffrey Mazzella137 138 and CFIF’s corporatecounsel and senior vice president was former NSA attorneyRenee Giachino.139 140

The National Center for Public Policy Research (NCPPR,figure 1), which promotes ‘principles of a free market, individ-ual liberty and personal responsibility [as] the greatest hope formeeting the challenges facing America in the 21st century,’141

has been a longstanding tobacco industry ally and employs orcollaborates with individuals who worked for the tobacco indus-try. Philip Morris funded NCPPR in the 1990s,142–144 andNCPPR was a member of RJR’s GGOOB.31 NCPPR alsoopposed FDA regulation of tobacco145 and the DOJ RICOlawsuit against the tobacco industry.146 In 2012 NCPPR wascontinuing efforts, such as its ‘Occupy Occupy D.C. Smoke-in’to protest about taxes on smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes.147

Thomas Borelli, also an NCPPR senior fellow and his spouse,Deneen Borelli, an NCPPR fellow (as well as a FreedomWorks’fellow148) worked for Philip Morris for over 20 years and havespoken at Tea Party events (figure 1 and online supplementarytable S2). While at Philip Morris, Thomas Borelli served on itspublic policy advisory council, which reviewed and prioritisedpublic policy grants for funding and designated CSE a CategoryA public policy organisation for funding.54 Dana Joel Gattuso, aNCPPR senior fellow, had been CSE’s deputy director of regula-tory affairs.149

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Steve Milloy, who served as co-director of NCPPR’s FreeEnterprise Project with Tom Borelli,150 helped the industrycontest the link between second-hand smoke and disease.29

Milloy directed The Advancement of Sound ScienceCoalition151 (TASSC, figure 1), which was created for PhilipMorris in 1993 by the public relations firm APCO Associates, aspart of the effort to undermine the EPA’s second-hand smokerisk assessment.29 Though TASSC was eventually disbanded,Milloy maintained http://junkscience.com as of 2012152 (seeonline supplementary table S2).

The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) is anotherexample of a Tea Party-related organisation with strong roots inthe tobacco industry. In 2002, Guest Choice Network becamethe CCF to oppose efforts by ‘the anti-consumer forces [to]expand their reach beyond the restaurants and taverns, goinginto your communities and even your homes.’153 LobbyistRichard Berman created Guest Choice Network in 1995, withUS$600 000 in startup funds,154 as well as continued fundingfrom Philip Morris.155–157 It was meant to appear as ‘arestaurant-driven programme’ to oppose smoke-free restaurantsthat was not ‘owned’ by Philip Morris.158

DISCUSSIONThe tobacco companies have refined their astroturf tactics sinceat least the 1980s and leveraged their resources to support andsustain a network of organisations that have developed intosome of the Tea Party organisations of 2012 (figure 1). In manyways, the Tea Party of the late 2000s has become the ‘move-ment’ envisioned by Tim Hyde, RJR director of national fieldoperations in the 1990s,48 which was grounded in patrioticvalues of ‘freedom’ and ‘choice’ to change how people see therole of ‘government’ and ‘big business’ in their lives, particularlywith regard to taxes and regulation.

While it is well known that corporations can influence policy,this case study demonstrates the extent to which a particularindustry has leveraged its resources to indirectly affect publicpolicy. The tobacco companies funded one of the main TeaParty predecessor organisations, CSE, as well as other conserva-tive organisations, including the Cato Institute,159 AmericanEnterprise Institute,160 Americans for Tax Reform,161 theWashington Legal Foundation162 and the American LegislativeExchange Council (ALEC)163 164 to support the companies’broader economic and political agendas. In parallel to the TeaParty’s expansion outside the USA, in 2012, ALEC advancedtobacco industry arguments to campaign against cigarette plainpackaging policies in Canada, Australia and the UK and theEuropean Union’s ban on snus.165

The tobacco companies amplified the benefit of funding theseindividual organisations by integrating them into coalitions tofight on behalf of favourable tobacco industry positions (ie,GGOOB, which included CSE), a prime example of astroturf-ing.31 In addition, this tactic has continued, as the Tea Partyorganisations, AFP and FreedomWorks (descendants of CSE;figure 1) were part of a coalition called Californians AgainstOut Of Control Spending, which received a majority of fundingfrom tobacco companies. As such, they served as a public facefor Philip Morris and Reynolds American’s campaign againstthe tobacco tax initiative in California (Proposition 29).166 Theleadership of the California AFP chapter appeared on campaignmaterials and publicly represented the No on 29 campaign inthe media.116 126 167

The tobacco companies were not the only source of corporatesupport for CSE. Other corporate interests have funded andinfluenced the network of organisations that support the Tea

Party. For example, David Koch was a co-founder of CSE andAFP Foundation,3 and Koch foundations have supported thesegroups.168 169 Koch Industries is a conglomerate, with multipleindustries including chemical and refining.170 Both CSE andAFP have campaigned for fewer governmental restrictions onenvironmental policies.171 172

Another example of broader corporate support for a TeaParty-related organisation is through the CCF (figure 1), whichhas received funding from the food, restaurant and agribusinessindustries, including Coca-Cola, Monsanto and Wendy’sInternational.173 This organisation has opposed the Institute ofMedicine’s strategies to prevent obesity, including taxing swee-tened beverages, incentivising opening grocery stores in ‘fooddeserts’ and implementing restaurant zoning laws.174 In June2012, the CCF ran a full-page advertisement in the New YorkTimes opposing New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s pro-posal to end the sale of super-sized sugary drinks in New YorkCity as a policy to fight childhood obesity. Echoing rhetoricused years earlier to oppose smoke-free restaurants, the headlineproclaimed, ‘The nanny: you only thought you lived in the landof the free.’175

It is important for policymakers to be aware of the corporatefunding sources for organisations that work to influence publicpolicy. AFP and FreedomWorks are registered as public charitiesand social welfare organisations under the US tax code sections501(c)3 or 501(c)4, which, as of 2012, do not have to disclosetheir donors.176 Greater transparency of funding sources forthese organisations would allow policymakers and the public toevaluate more critically messages and activities of these organi-sations. Requiring groups to disclose corporate funding sourcesbefore engaging in lobbying activities would be one way toimprove transparency.

Because of the lack of transparency in funding for third-partyadvocacy groups and coalitions, members of the general public,the media and policymakers, may not know who funds and coor-dinates the coalitions and may unwittingly aid a corporateagenda. Although AFP and FreedomWorks oppose smoke-freelaws, a 2011 survey on support for smoke-free lawsfound that the proportion of people who favour smoke-free lawswas similar among those who identify with, and those whooppose, the Tea Party177 (72% and 75%, respectively, in stateswithout smoke-free laws, p=0.145 by χ2 and 77% and 87%in states with smoke-free laws, p=0.139). Tea Party supportersalso favour preserving Medicare,1 which does not align with AFPand FreedomWorks’ opposition to government-run healthcare.

Many factors beyond the tobacco industry have contributed tothe development of the Tea Party.9 Anti-tax sentiment has beenlinked to notions of patriotism since the inception of the USAwhen the colonies were protesting against taxation by theBritish.178 In addition, the Tea Party has origins in the ultra-rightJohn Birch Society of the 1950s, of which Fred Koch (Charles andDavid Koch’s father) was a founding member.9 Often, socialmovements gain prominence from complicated connections withestablished political institutions.179 Although the Tea Party is asocial movement, it has been affiliated closely with, and somewhatincorporated into, the Republican Party.9 This may be due in partto the increased conservatism of politically active Republicanssince 1970s and the increased polarisation of American politics.180

Although AFP and FreedomWorks have campaigned for very con-servative policies since the 1980s (as CSE), they capitalised on thechanging political realities following President Barack Obama’selection in 2008. In particular, they harnessed anti-governmentsentiment arising from the confluence of the mortgage andbanking bailout, President Barack Obama’s stimulus package and

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the Democratic push for healthcare reform, which provided themwith the opportunity for more successful grassroots-level Tea Partyorganising.1 In addition, the conservative media, including FoxNews and the network of conservative talk radio hosts and blog-gers, provided a unified forum to amplify these messages.1 Thetobacco industry has played a part in building this network, bothby working with Roger Ailes181–184 (who subsequently becameFox News CEO) and funding the National Journalism Centerwhich ‘train[s] budding journalists in free market political and eco-nomic principles.’56

LimitationsThis paper focuses on only one of the multiple industries withconnections to the Tea Party. In addition, it would be difficult toassess and record the full extent of corporate connections,because they reach beyond disclosed contributions and industrylobbyists. Another limitation is that a major source for thispaper was the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, which is nota complete collection and is limited to documents produced inlitigation against the tobacco industry.

CONCLUSIONThe tobacco companies have created third-party allies, frontgroups and used public relations firms to foment the appearanceof popular public opposition to tobacco control policies fordecades. Tea Party strategy and leadership has important rootsin these tobacco industry efforts. AFP and FreedomWorks,national organisers of the Tea Party, grew out of CSE, an organ-isation with strong ties to the tobacco industry. AFP andFreedomWorks continue to mobilise grassroots opposition totobacco control policies despite the evidence that Tea Party sup-porters favour such policies. It is important for policy-makers,the health community and people who support the Tea Party tobe aware of these complex and often hard-to-track linkages.Rather than being purely a grassroots movement, the Tea Partyhas been influenced by decades of astroturfing by tobacco andother corporate interests to develop a grassroots network tosupport their corporate agendas, even though their membersmay not support those agendas. Greater transparency of organ-isation funding is needed so that policymakers and the generalpublic—including people who identify with the Tea Party—canevaluate claims of political support for, and opposition to,health and other public policies. It is important for tobaccocontrol advocates, in the USA and internationally, to anticipateand counter Tea Party opposition to tobacco control policiesand to ensure that policy makers, the media and the publicunderstand the longstanding intersection between the tobaccoindustry and the Tea Party policy agenda.

What this paper adds

Rather than being a grassroots movement that spontaneouslydeveloped in 2009, the Tea Party organisations have hadconnections to the tobacco companies since the 1980s. Thecigarette companies funded and worked through Citizens for aSound Economy (CSE), the predecessor of Tea Partyorganisations, Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks, toaccomplish their economic and political agenda. There has beencontinuity of some key players, strategies and messages fromthese groups to Americans for Prosperity, FreedomWorks andother Tea Party-related organisations.

Contributors ATF and RG collected the data and drafted the paper. All threeauthors participated in the analysis of the data and preparation of the final paper.

Funding This research was funded by National Cancer Institute grants CA-113710and CA-087472. The funding agency played no role in the selection of the researchtopic, conduct of the research or preparation of the manuscript. SAG is AmericanLegacy Foundation Distinguished Professor in Tobacco Control.

Competing interests None.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Data sharing statement All source materials are publicly available.

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(accessed 6 Apr 2012).110 RJ Reynolds Public Issues Department. 1992 Operating Plan. 13 September 1991.

RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xhl33d00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012).111 DCI Group. Dan Combs: partner. 2011. http://www.dcigroup.com/who-we-are/

our-people/dan-combs (accessed 6 Apr 2012).112 NYC Lobbyist Search. Welcome to the Nyc Lobbyist Search! http://www.nyc.gov/

lobbyistsearch/search (accessed 6 Apr 2012).113 Americans for Prosperity. Talking points: EPA’s regulation of greenhouse gases.

http://americansforprosperity.org/files/ANPR%20Talking%20Points%201.2.pdf(accessed 11 Jan 2012).

114 Steinhauser B. Tell Senator Ben Nelson to Fight the EPA! 2012. http://www.freedomworks.org/blog/bstein80/tell-senator-ben-nelson-to-fight-the-epa (accessed29 May 2012).

115 Americans for Prosperity South Carolina. An Obamacare update. 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110727201433/http://americansforprosperity.org/062011-obamacare-update (accessed 11 Jan 2012).

116 No on 29. About us. http://www.noon29.com/about-us (accessed 16 May 2012).117 Campbell R, Balbach ED. Mobilizing public opinion for the tobacco industry: the

consumer tax alliance and excise taxes. Tob Control 2008;17:351–6.118 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Responses to misleading and inaccurate cigarette

company arguments against state cigarette increases [no date]. http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0227.pdf (accessed 4 Feb 2013).

119 Americans for Prosperity Illinois. State Leaders Want It Both Ways on Tobacco Tax,Smoking Ban Illinois Chapter of Americans for Prosperity Says. 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20110625121912/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/state-leaders-want-it-both-ways-tobacco-tax-smoking-ban-illinois-chapter-americans-prosperity-says (accessed 25 Oct 2012).

120 Brandon A. Take the anti-tax message directly to Florida lawmakers. http://www.freedomworks.org/press-releases/take-the-anti-tax-message-directly-to-florida-lawm(accessed 11 Jan 2012).

121 Contact: Joe Calomino, Americans for Prosperity Illinois. Americans for Prosperity:cigarette tax increase would cost jobs, feed state’s out-of-control spending habits.2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110625043207/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/americans-prosperity-cigarette-tax-increase-would-cost-jobs-feed-states-out-control-spending-habi (accessed 24 Oct 2012).

122 Steinhauser B. Tell Gov. Lingle to put the breaks on a potentially devastating newtax hike! 2006. http://www.freedomworks.org/press-releases/tell-gov-lingle-to-put-the-breaks-on-a-potentially (accessed 1 Jan 2012).

123 Schumsky M. Raising the cigarette tax is bad policy. 2006. http://www.freedomworks.org/publications/raising-the-cigarette-tax-is-bad-policy (accessed 11Jan 2012).

124 Americans for Prosperity Texas. Testimony by Peggy Venable before the Texas TaxReform Commission. 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20110725213644/http://americansforprosperity.org/testimony-peggy-venable-texas-tax-reform-commission(accessed 25 Oct 2012).

125 FreedomWorks. Enough Is Enough-no new tobacco taxes in Arkansas. 2009.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=631hQ45TdNc (accessed 25 May 2012).

126 No on 29. [Mailer from the No on 29 Coalition]. 2012.127 FreedomWorks. FreedomWorks defeats North Carolina smoking ban! http://www.

freedomworks.org/press-releases/freedomworks-defeats-north-carolina-smoking-ban(accessed 11 Jan 2012).

128 Weeks B, Americans for Prosperity Kansas. Property rights should control Kansassmoking decisions. 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110628220118/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/print/11000 (accessed 24 Oct 2012).

129 Woolverton P. “Weakened Smoking Ban Bill clears hurdle in house” FayettevilleObserver. (Fayetteville, North Carolina). 2 Apr 2009.

130 Americans for Prosperity Texas. AFP Texas newsroom: press release: smoking banslimit freedom and prosperity; citizen group opposes intrusive government policies.2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20110208195825/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/press-release-smoking-bans-limit-freedom-and-prosperity-citizen-group-opposes-intrusive-government-p (accessed 24 Oct 2012).

131 Americans for Prosperity Texas. AFP Texas Newsroom: hearing on freedom issues.2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20110131191539/http://www.americansforprosperity.org/hearing-freedom-issues (accessed 24 Oct 2012).

132 Hanna J. Casino exemption complicates push for smoking ban. The AssociatedPress State & Local Wire (Topeka, Kansas). 17 Jan 2010.

133 [no author]. Daily Clip Report. Tuesday, 30 January 2001 (20010130). 2001. RJReynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qws17a00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012).

134 Dellman F. U.S. Tobacco Weekly Tw01-05. 2001. Lorillard. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rbr33c00 (accessed 2 Apr 2012).

135 Center for Individual Freedom. About CFIF: W. Thomas Humber. 2012. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/8-w-thomas-humber(accessed 12 Apr 2012).

136 Center for Individual Freedom. Our Mission. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/about-cfif/mission (accessed 6 Apr 2012).

137 Fuquay J. Youth fires up forces against public smoking. 2000. http://lubbockonline.com/stories/120700/loc_120700024.shtml (accessed 12 Apr 2012).

138 Center for Individual Freedom. Jeffrey L. Mazzella. 2012. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/2-jeffrey-mazzella (accessed 29 May 2012).

139 Center for Individual Freedom. About Cfif: Renee L. Giachino. 2012. http://cfif.org/v/index.php/about-cfif/about-cfif-staff/12-cfif-staff/9-renee-giachino (accessed 2 Apr2012).

140 Humber T. [Letter from Tom Humber with the National Smokers’ Alliance to AliceOsburn-Mccann with General Motors]. 9 July 1997. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aff38d00 (accessed 29 May 2012).

141 National Center for Public Policy Research. About us. 2008. http://www.nationalcenter.org/NCPPRHist.html (accessed 29 May 2012).

142 [no author]. Public Policy Grants. 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qqw87d00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

143 Ridenour A. [Letter from Amy Moritz Rideour with National Center for PublicPolicy Research to Frank Gomez with Philip Morris]. 26 June 1998. Philip Morris.http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zoo67c00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

144 [no author]. 1998 Public Policy Contributions 17 Dec. 1998. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fwo83c00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

145 Peterson E. Docket #95n-0253. 13 Nov. 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kul53a00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

146 Ridenour A. A federal tobacco lawsuit: bad economics, bad law and badgoverning. July 1999. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hfn65a00(accessed 18 May 2012).

147 The National Center for Public Policy Research. ‘Occupy Occupy D.C. smoke-in’ setfor Thursday 2012. http://www.nationalcenter.org/PR-SmokeIn_021512.html(accessed 24 Feb 2012).

148 FreedomWorks. Diverse Tea: Deneen Borelli. http://blogs.freedomworks.org/DiverseTea/?p=15 (accessed 16 Feb 2012).

149 Center for Environmental and Regulatory Affairs, The National Center for PublicPolicy Research. Dana Joel Gattuso: Senior Fellow. http://www.nationalcenter.org/bios/gattuso.html (accessed 16 Feb 2012).

150 National Center for Public Policy Research. Press release: top corporate watchdogsform new free enterprise project at National Center for Public Policy Research.2008. http://www.nationalcenter.org/PR-Free_Enterprise_Project_100108.html(accessed 2 Apr 2012).

151 Milloy S. Annual Report. 7 January 1998. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/any77d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

Fallin A, et al. Tob Control 2013;0:1–10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 9

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152 Milloy S. About Steve Milloy. n.d. http://junkscience.com/about-steve-milloy/(accessed 24 Apr 2012).

153 Center for Consumer Freedom. The Guest Choice Network is now the Center forConsumer Freedom—at Consumerfreedom.Com. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20020124091734/http://guestchoice.com/index.html (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

154 Trach B. [Letter from Barbara Trach with Philip Morris to Richard Berman with theGuest Choice Network]. 21 December 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sup27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

155 Philip Morris USA. [Philip Morris Voucher to the Guest Choice Network]. 29 May.1996. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jas94c00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

156 Culley E. [Letter from Elizabeth Cully with Philip Morris to Rick Berman with GuestChoice Network]. 8 November 1998. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xsp27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

157 Philip Morris USA. Voucher. 16 Dec. 1996. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fvp27d00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

158 Berman R. [Letter from Richard Berman with Berman and Company to BarbaraTrace of Philip Morris U.S.A]. 5 September 1995. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ewk06c00 (accessed 24 Apr 2012).

159 CATO Institute. Annual Report 2010. 2010. http://www.cato.org/about/reports/annual_report_2010.pdf

160 American Enterprise Institute. [Contribution Receipt]. 5 August 1996. Philip Morris.http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pto83c00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

161 [no author]. Public Policy Grants Proposed 2000 Budget. 2000/E. Philip Morris.http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oqe79h00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

162 Griscom T. [Letter from Thomas Griscom with RJR Nabisco to Daniel Popeo withWashington Legal Foundation]. 29 September 1995. RJ Reynolds. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zxl61c00 (accessed 18 May 2012).

163 Landman A. ALEC and the Tobacco Industry. 2011. http://www.prwatch.org/news/2011/07/10787/alec-and-tobacco-industry (accessed 15 Jul 2012).

164 Graves L. A CDM Special Report on Alec’s Funding and Spending. 2011. http://www.prwatch.org/news/2011/07/10887/cmd-special-report-alecs-funding-and-spending (accessed 27 Sep 2012).

165 Doward J. U.S Free market group tries to half sales of cigrettes in plain packets inUK. 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jul/15/cigarettes-plain-packets-alec-koch-brothers (accessed 27 Sep 2012).

166 Nagourney A. A $1 cigarette tax starts a $47 million brawl in California. 2012.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/us/in-california-a-battle-over-a-plan-for-1-a-pack-cigarette-tax.html?_r=0 (accessed 28 Sep 2012).

167 North J. Proposition 29 could raise $735m; opponents question fund use. 2012. http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/state&id=8658901 (accessed 16 May 2012).

168 Center for American Progress Action Fund. The Koch Brothers: what you need toknow about the financiers of the radical right 2011. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2011/04/pdf/koch_brothers.pdf

169 Koch Industries Inc. Americans for Prosperity. 2011. http://www.kochfacts.com/kf/americans-for-prosperity/ (accessed 16 May 2012).

170 Koch Industries Inc. About. 2000–2012. http://www.kochind.com/About_Koch/default.aspx (accessed 22 Aug 2012).

171 Citizens for a Sound Economy. Environmental reform: CSE and the environment.1999. http://web.archive.org/web/19991012224707/http://cse.org/cse/environment.html (accessed 22 Aug 2012).

172 Americans for Prosperity. Welcome to the Hot Air Tour. 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090314094647/http://www.hotairtour.org/ (accessed 22 Aug 2012).

173 Jacobson M. Lifting the veil of secrecy from industry funding of nonprofit healthorganizations. Int J Occup Environ Health 2005;11:349–55.

174 Center for Consumer Freedom. Institute of Medicine’s new obesity-preventionstrategies miss the mark. 2012. (accessed 26 Sep 2012).

175 Center for Consumer Freedom. [Ad criticizing Mayor Bloomberg’s ban on largesugary drinks]. The New York Times, A5; 2012.

176 The Campaign Legal Center. [Organization type and disclosure rules under theInternal Revenue Code]. nd. http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/attachments/CLC_501c_disclosure_chart.pdf (accessed 26 Sep 2012).

177 Mellman Group. Nationwide Survey of 1,000 Registered Likely Voters ConductedJuly 5–10, 2011 by the Mellman Group, Inc. For the Campaign for Tobacco-FreeKids. 2011.

178 Lavoie RL. Patriotism and Taxation: The Tax Compliance Implications of the TeaParty Movement. Loy LAL Rev 2011;45.1:39–86.

179 Karpowitz CF, Monson JQ, Patterson KD, et al. Symposium: tea time in America?the impact of the Tea Party movement on the 2010 midterm elections. PS: Pol SciPolitics 2011:303–9.

180 Abramowitz AI. Grand old Tea Party: partisan polarization and the rise of the TeaParty movement. In: Rosenthal L, Trost C, eds. Steep: the precipitous rise of theTea Party. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012:195–211.

181 Cherry JR. [Letter from James Cherry with Lorillard to Roger Ailes]. 8 September1988. Lorillard. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jpi44a00 (accessed 25 May 2012).

182 Nicoli D, Reese RS. FET Ad Targeting. 2 August 1993. Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tqq88h00 (accessed 25 May 2012).

183 Fuller C. Project. Speeches. Inventory of speeches. 24 March 1993. RJ Reynolds.http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dyh23d00 (accessed 25 Mar 2012).

184 Ehlrich S. Enough Is Enough campaign udpate. 21 September 1993. Philip Morris.http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xbf77e00 (accessed 29 May 2012).

10 Fallin A, et al. Tob Control 2013;0:1–10. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815

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 Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana and Stanton A Glantz the Tea Party

andthird-party efforts': the tobacco industry 'To quarterback behind the scenes,

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IRS Sleuths Were on the Right Track: Big Tobacco Created Tea Party in 1994 | DeSmogBlog

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IRS Sleuths Were on the Right Track: BigTobacco Created Tea Party in 1994

This is a guest post by Pam Martens,cross-posted with permission from WallStreet On Parade.

On February 25, 2013, James Hepburn,writing at Daily Kos, made the emphaticassertion in a headline that “Big TobaccoHad Nothing to Do With Tea PartyFormation.” That is likely to be the oneheadline that will haunt Mr. Hepburn tohis grave.

I decided to follow in the treacherousfootsteps of the IRS and engaged in thatunforgiveable sin: I targeted the “tea party” as akey word search at the legacy tobacco documentarchive. Resting quietly in the archive is full blownproof that Big Tobaccodirectly created multiple Tea

Parties in 1994 as push back against a planned increase in the Federal Excise Tax(FET) on cigarettes.

In fact, Big Tobacco not only created the Tea Party, it has promoted it overdecades, pumped millions into marketing it, and pulled it out of its magic hat everytime it needed to produce an overnight, spontaneous “grassroots” movement.

Hepburn was nit-picking an article at Huffington Post by Brendan DeMelle thatcharacterized an exhaustive study by researchers at the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF) as confirming that the “Tea Party Was Created By BigTobacco.” Hepburn writes: “This is unfortunate because one, it isn’t true, and two,it overshadows the true origins of the Tea Party which is still largely unknown andfar more interesting.”

DeMelle and the UCSF researchers were focusing on the hundreds of documentslinking Big Tobacco with funding and plotting with third party nonprofits to createTea Party groups – chiefly, the Koch brothers’ Citizens for a Sound Economy and itsprogeny, Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks. Hepburn believed the UCSFresearchers had failed to show a Big Tobacco company had directly created a TeaParty group. But that wasn’t the thrust of the UCSF researchers’ work – they wereinvestigating the corporate front groups posing as nonprofit grassroots movements.

But direct links to Big Tobacco do exist as a simple search through the trove oftobacco documents obtained in court battles prove. On June 2, 1994, the

Wed, 2013-05-22 15:10 GUEST

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IRS Sleuths Were on the Right Track: Big Tobacco Created Tea Party in 1994 | DeSmogBlog

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Associated Press wrote: “Kentucky farmers, taking a cue from the Boston Tea Party,will pitch sulks of tobacco into the Kentucky River next week to show their disgustwith efforts by President Clinton and others to raise federal tobacco taxes. About3,000 growers and their families are expected….” The Associated Press reportedthat the Council for Burley Tobacco was sponsoring the demonstration.

But that wasn’t who actually was behind the event. In a March 14, 1995memo from Brian Waddle of the Jack Guthrie & Associates public relations firm,Waddle reveals that his client, the New York City division of Philip Morris under thesupervision of Jay Poole, a Vice President of Philip Morris, had “orchestrated” theprotest. Waddle writes:

“We’ve had tremendous success over the years in staging events to increase publicdebate and to generate coverage on the excise tax issue. Last year, weorchestrated ‘The Kentucky Tobacco Party,’ a rally and re-enactment of the BostonTea Party at our state’s capitol on behalf of growers to protest the proposed FET[Federal Excise Tax] increase. Nearly 4,000 farmers attended the event whichresulted in hundreds of stories across the country, including placement with TheNew York Times, USA Today, the CBS Evening News, CNN, PBS and many others.We were also the front-page story of every daily and weekly newspaper in thestate of Kentucky.”

The same year, on August 2, 1994, 400 tobacco growers and warehousemen stageda Tea Party in Greenville, Tennessee, throwing bales of tobacco into a creek. Theevent was widely covered by local broadcast media and the Associated Press.

(Dumping tobacco into rivers and creeks? And this is supposed to be good publicrelations? What part of marine life ecosystems don’t these tobaccopeople understand?)

An unsigned memorandum dated September 2, 1994 from public relations firmRamhurst revealed that R.J. Reynolds was behind the Greenville demonstration.

The memo says it will summarize activities undertaken as part of the Federal ExciseTax effort, noting:

“We received more favorable coverage from the ‘lost jobs, displaced farmer’argument than any other. From the early meetings and accompanying publicity(400 growers in Greenville, NC, 600 in Danville, VA, Fairness for Farmers rally atthe state capitol in TN) to the recent spate of ‘get-tough’ media hits (tea party inKY, tractor rally in VA, tea party in TN, tobacco burning in SC) there has been anongoing effort to keep this story in the news. There’s no way tobacco congressman(sic) can miss the activity level (and the intensity) of this key constituency group.”

According to the UCSF researchers, Ramhurst was formed in 1993 with supportfrom R.J. Reynolds and was run by former RJR smokers’ rights group coordinators,James Ellis and Doug Goodyear. By 1994, Ramhurst was executing variousprograms related to the tobacco company’s national “grassroots” program.

Now that this is all cleared up, maybe we can get meaningful hearings in Congress.

by Pam Martens, cross-posted with permission from Wall Street On Parade.

Image credit: cigarette on Shutterstock.

Tags: tea party tea party tobacco rj reynolds Philip Morris UCSF tobacco study

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There is a vast difference betweenputting forth a point of view, honestlyheld, and intentionally sowing theseeds of confusion. Free speech doesnot include the right to deceive.Deception is not a point of view. Andthe right to disagree does not includea right to intentionally subvert thepublic awareness.

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Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM]

Citizens for a Sound Economy

Follow the money in the Koch wiki .

This article is part of theTobacco portal onSourcewatch fundedfrom 2006 - 2009 by theAmerican LegacyFoundation.

This article ispart of theCenter forMedia &Democracy'sspotlight on frontgroups andcorporate spin.

Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) was a powerfulindustry-funded think tank that promoted deregulation,low taxes, and policies favorable to its corporatedonors. When the group was still active, the consumeradvocacy organization Public Citizen wrote, "While CSEpurports to be a grassroots voice of consumers, it is,more accurately, a front group for corporate lobbyinginterests that refuses to reveal its funding sources."[1]

CSE was co-founded in part by David H. Koch,[2] wasfunded principally by the Koch brothers ($7.9 millionbetween 1986 and 1993, according to the Center forPublic Integrity),[3] and continued to maintain stronglinks with them during its existence.[4] In 2003, aninternal rift between CSE and its affiliated Citizens for aSound Economy Foundation (CSEF) led to a split inwhich CSEF was renamed as a separate organization,called Americans For Prosperity.

In July 2004, CSE announced it was merging withEmpower America to create FreedomWorks.[5]

Main article: FreedomWorks

Koch WikiThe Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are theright-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries.As two of the richest people in the world, they arekey funders of the right-wing infrastructure, includingthe American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)and the State Policy Network (SPN). InSourceWatch, key articles on the Kochs include:Koch Brothers, Koch Industries, Americans forProsperity, American Encore, and FreedomPartners.

Contents [hide]

1 Ties to the Koch Brothers2 Activities

2.1 Fighting for Corporate Donors' Interests2.2 Laying Groundwork for the Tea Party2.3 CSE Backed Nader to Split Vote in 2004

2.3.1 FEC Complaint Against CSE

Page Discussion Read View source View history

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Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy[8/1/2014 12:20:24 PM]

2.4 "Grassroots" Opposition to Health Care Reform (1990s)2.5 Opposition to Clinton Energy Tax (1990s)2.6 Campaigning for Bank Deregulation (1980s)

3 History4 Personnel

4.1 Board of Directors4.2 Former Directors4.3 Other Personnel

5 Funding5.1 Donors5.2 Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation

6 Affiliations7 Former Contact information8 Articles and Resources

8.1 Related SourceWatch Articles8.2 External Resources

8.2.1 1990s8.2.2 20008.2.3 20018.2.4 20028.2.5 20038.2.6 20048.2.7 2007

8.3 References

CSE was co-founded in part by David H. Koch,[6] was funded principally by the Koch brothers($7.9 million between 1986 and 1993, according to the Center for Public Integrity),[7] andcontinued to maintain strong links with them during its existence.[4] After founding the CatoInstitute and the Mercatus Center, according to the New Yorker, the Kochs had "concluded thatthink tanks alone were not enough to effect change. They needed a mechanism to deliver thoseideas to the street, and to attract the public’s support."[8] CSE was founded to be a "sales force"for those ideas, as David Koch explained to the Weekly Standard.[9]

Richard Fink, the first president of CSE, had previously founded the Mercatus Center, a think tankat George Mason University, with backing from the Kochs. Fink has also been on the boards ofKoch Industries, Freedom Partners, and two of the Koch Family Foundations.[10]

In a 2000 story on CSE, the Washington Post described it as one of the think tanks that play an"often hidden role as a weapon in the modern corporate political arsenal. The groups provideanalyses, TV advertising, polling and academic studies that add an air of authority to corporatearguments -- in many cases while maintaining the corporate donors' anonymity."[4] While then-president Paul Beckner denied that CSE tailored its views to match those of financial backers, theWashington Post found that many of CSE's activities appeared to coincide with the interests ofcorporate donors.

A report by the nonprofit Public Citizen found that CSE's work often benefitted its donors:

Ties to the Koch Brothers

Activities

Fighting for Corporate Donors' Interests

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"For instance, more than $1 million in contributions from the tobacco giant Philip Morris camewhen CSE was opposing new cigarette taxes. Donations totaling $1.25 million from US Westcoincided with CSE's lobbying for phone deregulation that would let US West offer long-distance service. Florida's three biggest sugar companies contributed nearly $700,000 whenCSE fought a federal plan to protect the Everglades by restricting sugar cane growing onseveral thousand acres of land."[1]

In a 2013 study, researchers at the University of California-San Francisco found links betweenthe Tea Party movement and "tobacco industry efforts to oppose smoking restrictions and tobaccotaxes beginning in the 1980s," as reported by the university.[11]

"If you look at CSE, AFP and Freedom Works, you will see a number of the same key players,strategies and messages going back to the 1980s," said lead author Amanda Fallin, PhD, RN,also a CTCRE fellow. "The records indicate that the Tea Party has been shaped by the tobaccoindustry, and is not a spontaneous grassroots movement at all."[11]

While CSE generally backed conservative causes, in June 2004 it mobilized supporters in anattempt to place consumer activist Ralph Nader on the presidential ballot in Oregon. "Wedisagree with Ralph Nader's politics, but we'd love to see him make the ballot," Russ Walker, theOregon director of CSE told Associated Press. CSE, along with other groups supportingincumbent President George W. Bush, reportedly aimed to draw votes away from Democraticchallenger John Kerry.[12]

In spring 2004, the Nader campaign was not able to gather the signatures necessary to be listedon the Oregon ballot.[13]

In late June the Oregonian reported that Lee Coleman, a member of the Oregon StateRepublican Central Committee, said that a message left on his answering machine urging hissupport for the Nader ballot had included a return number of the Bush-Cheney campaign office inOregon. Spokesman for the Bush campaign, Steve Schmidt, told the Oregonian that no paidcampaign staffers were making calls to help Nader but said that some volunteers may have madecalls from the campaign's office. "The campaign certainly understands that when Republicanvolunteers see that there are Democrat volunteers trying to restrict the choice and keep RalphNader off the ballot, that they should work to expand choice," Schmidt said.[12]

In July 2004, the Wisconsin chapter of CSE told the New York Times that "it was preparing tofollow Oregon's example, by urging Republicans to sign petitions" when Nader's petition drivebegan in August.[14]

Nader was on the ballot in 34 states in 2004, including Wisconsin but not Oregon.[15] Hereceived 411,304 votes (one percent) in the election.[16]

On July 1, 2004, CNN reported that the Washington, D.C. advocacy group Citizens forResponsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) had filed a complaint with the Federal ElectionCommission about the activities of the Oregon branch of Citizens for a Sound Economy and theOregon Family Council with regard to the Nader 2004 campaign for president.[17] The complaintargued that the use of phone banks to encourage conservatives to attend a Nader nominatingconvention was an illegal in-kind contribution to the Nader campaign.[18]

Matt Kibbe, president of CSE at the time, "denied the the calls were coordinated with either theBush or the Nader campaigns," according to CNN.[18]

Laying Groundwork for the Tea Party

CSE Backed Nader to Split Vote in 2004

FEC Complaint Against CSE

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As reported by Rolling Stone, CSE played a role in fighting health care reform during the Clintonadministration, funded in part by tobacco giant Phillip Morris. Health care reform proposed by theClinton administration was to be funded in part by taxes on tobacco. Memos archived in theLegacy Tobacco Documents Library "offer a detailed picture of the cigarette maker's [PhilipMorris'] behind-the-scenes moves to defeat the Clinton health care reform in '94," according toRolling Stone.[19] The memos include plans to pay CSE for a "grassroots" campaign aimed atDemocrats in swing states:

"The House Energy and Commerce Committee will be a key battleground over the Clintonhealth care plan, and we are giving $400,000 to Citizens For A Sound Economy -- a freemarket based grassroots organization -- to run a grassroots program aimed at 'swing'Democrats on the Committee.

"We have also targeted the Democratic swing votes through third party groups, such asCitizens for a Sound Economy... As a result of the controversy emanating at the grassrootslevel, Subcommittee Chairman Waxman could not produce the votes to pass legislation out ofhis Subcommittee."[19]

According to the New Yorker, in the 1990s CSE "waged a successful assault on Clinton’sproposed BTU tax on energy, for instance, running advertisements, staging media events, andtargeting opponents. And it mobilized anti-tax rallies outside the Capitol -- rallies that NPRdescribed as "designed to strike fear into the hearts of wavering Democrats."[8]

In the aftermath of the Wall Street crash of 1987, CSE reportedly "launched the effort to repealGlass-Steagall protections keeping banks from gambling in securities," according to TheNation.[20] The law, which according to the New York Times had been passed in 1933 to create a"firewall between commercial banks, which take deposits and make loans, and investment banks,which underwrite securities," was finally repealed under the Clinton administration in 1999. Duringthe Clinton years, CSE's Richard Fink "was also a member of the Democratic Leadership Council,which heavily influenced some but not all of Bill Clinton's policies," according to Lisa Graves.[21]

CSE was founded in 1984 by the Koch brothers along with Richard Fink and Matt Kibbe. Fink hadpreviously headed the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, but according to the NewYorker, the Kochs had "concluded that think tanks alone were not enough to effect change. Theyneeded a mechanism to deliver those ideas to the street, and to attract the public’s support."[8]

According to the Weekly Standard, David Koch described CSE as "a sales force that participatedin political campaigns or town hall meetings, in rallies, to communicate to the public at large muchof the information that these think tanks were creating […] Almost like a door-to-door sales forcethat some of the cosmetics organizations have."[9]

The Kochs provided some $7.9 million in support to CSE between 1986 and 1993.[8]

In 1984 Charles G. Koch, David H. Koch, and J. P. Humphries asked Rich Fink to develop aconcept for a new organization that could advocate free-market policies effectively in Washington.Fink (now executive vice president at Koch Industries) produced a 110-page business plan, andCSE, along with the CSE Foundation, started operations later that year. Fink became the firstpresident. Koch Industries and the Koch Family Foundations continued to give substantial

"Grassroots" Opposition to Health Care Reform (1990s)

Opposition to Clinton Energy Tax (1990s)

Campaigning for Bank Deregulation (1980s)

History

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financial support to the CSE and the CSE Foundation throughout their organizational tenure.

In 1988, Jim Miller, President Reagan's Director of the Office of Management and Budget, joinedCSE's staff and board of directors.[22] This helped raise the profile of CSE enormously. Until then,it had campaigned mostly on tax issues (advocating a low, flat-rate tax), but now it startedfocusing on legal and regulatory issues, starting with a telecommunications and financial services.

In 1989, Wayne Gable succeeded Rich Fink as President.[23] (Gable later served as ManagingDirector of Federal Affairs at Koch Industries.)[10] That year, CSE Foundation rescued the TaxFoundation from financial trouble and restructured its management and board of directors.[24]

In 1991, Gable went on to become president of the Tax Foundation,[10] and Paul Beckner tookover as president.[25] That year, CSE launched Citizens for Congressional Reform, which went onto become U. S. Term Limit.

In 1993, C. Boyden Gray became Chairman,[26] and CSE led a major press and public relationscampaign to defeat the Clinton administration's 1993 proposal for an energy tax.[8] The Nationlater reported, "While the Koch Foundations could not legally lobby against the tax, CSE ralliedpublic opposition, especially in Oklahoma, where then-Senator David Boren agreed to help kill thetax.[27]

See also CSE huffs and puffs with Big Tobacco and "Free market environmentalism?".

(as of July 2004)

C. Boyden Gray, Co-ChairmanDick Armey, Co-ChairmanJ. Clyde Ballard, DirectorJim Burnley, DirectorCharles Hilton, DirectorBill JaegerMatt KibbeThomas Knudsen, DirectorDavid H. Padden, DirectorRichard Stephenson, Director

James C. Miller III

Joel BucherWayne GableScott A. HodgeKaren Lotter/HickeyLawrence A. Kudlow, economic counselClyde Wayne Crews, Jr.Jeffrey A. Nesbit, former head of communications[28]

CSE -- which was a 501(c)(4) tax-exempt organization -- had a related funding arm, the Citizens

Personnel

Board of Directors

Former Directors

Other Personnel

Funding

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for a Sound Economy Foundation (CSEF), which was a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization.

In 2002, CSE had revenues of $3,590,890 and expenses of $3,726,684, based on data providedby Public Citizen.[1]

The Washington Post reported in 2000 that, "although the Kochs and a stable of wealthyindividuals and foundations have continued to provide a base of support, corporate contributionsnow constitute the bulk of CSE’s income, which has grown from $4 million in 1991 to $ 15.5million in 1998."[4] Corporate contributors mentioned by the Washington Post included:

Exxon CorporationPhillip MorrisUS West IncHertz CorpDaimlerChryslerDollar Thrifty Automotive GroupHuizenga HoldingsAssociation of American RailroadsMicrosoftGeneral ElectricPublix Super MarketsEmerson Electric CoAlliedSignal Inc.Johnson & JohnsonU.S. Sugar CorpFlorida Crystals Corp.Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida

According to the annual report filed by the Foundation, the board members to CSE and CSEFwere shared. (The 2002 return also notes three other organizations -- the Taxpayer ActionLeague, the Tax Foundation, and Citizens for the Environment -- as related entities with the sameboard members. The Tax Foundation and Citizens for the Environment were, according to CSEF'sIRS return, created during 1998.)

According to Media Transparency, between 1985 and 2002, CSEF received $16,928,712 in 108separate grants from only twelve foundations:

Castle Rock FoundationEarhart FoundationJM FoundationKoch Family Foundations (David H. Koch Foundation, Charles G. Koch Foundation, Claude R.Lambe Foundation)John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.Lynde and Harry Bradley FoundationPhilip M. McKenna Foundation, Inc.Scaife Foundations (Scaife Family, Sarah Mellon Scaife, Carthage)[29]

In 2002, CSEF gained $920,000 in grants from three of these foundations, accounting for a littleunder one-quarter of the organisation's revenue. The Claude R. Lambe Foundation gave most,contributing $700,000 for general operating costs, while the Scaife Foundation donated $175,000and the John M. Olin Foundation $45,000.[29]

Donors

Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation

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Other CSE funders (not included in above funding total) have included:

Archer Daniels MidlandDaimlerChrysler ($25,000)EnronGeneral ElectricKoch IndustriesF.M. Kirby FoundationPhilip Morris (>$1 million)U.S. West ($1 million)ExxonMobil ($75,000)Exxon ($175,000)Hertz ($25,000)Microsoft ($380,000)U.S. Sugar Corp. ($280,000)[1]

CSE was a member of Project Relief, an alliance of corporations, trade associations, think tanksand law firms formed in December 1994 to promote the regulatory reform components of theHouse Republican "Contract with America." It was a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition, anindustry-funded campaign sponsored by the National Consumer Coalition (an industry-fundedfront group) to spread skepticism about the science of global warming. It also belonged to theHealth Benefits Coalition, which lobbies on behalf of the healthcare industry and has spentmillions of dollars opposing a Patients' Bill of Rights and other patient protection proposals.

CSE used the PR services of Smith & Harroff, a political consulting and advertising agency.[30]

Other organizations with which CSE collaborated include:

Consumers for World TradeCompetitive Enterprise InstituteCouncil for Government Reform (formerly known as the National Center for Privatization)Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment

Organization no longer active.Citizens for a Sound Economy1523 16th Street, NW, 2nd FloorWashington, DC 20036Phone: (202) 783-3870Fax: (202) 232-8356Toll Free: 1-888-564-6273E-mail: cse@cse.orghttp://www.cse.org

Koch BrothersKoch Family FoundationsAmericans for Prosperity

Affiliations

Former Contact information

Articles and Resources

Related SourceWatch Articles

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Freedom PartnersCato InstituteHeritage FoundationKoch UniversitiesKoch NetworkKnowledge and Progress FundAmerican EncoreDonorsTrustDonors Capital60 PlusGeneration Opportunity

"Organized Crime Ring " Killer Koch's Citizens for a Sound Economy, Dossier by Lion Kuntz

"Tobacco Strategy " (internal company memorandum), Philip Morris, March 1994."Notes for Jim (Re: Steve Parrish Presentation) " (internal company memorandum), PhilipMorris, December 1994.David Nicoli, "Legal Analysis of January 1995 Activities ," memo to Kathleen Linehan,January 26, 1995.Robert Parry, "Petrodollar Scholars ," The Nation, August 26, 1996.

Philip Morris, "Budget ", Bates No 2079041604, 2000 (approximate).Philip Morris, "Core allies , Bates No 2077285640, 2000 (approximate).Dan Morgan, "Think Tanks: Corporations' Quiet Weapon," Washington Post, Jan. 29, 2000.A Brief History of Citizens for a Sound Economy , (part of "Attachment to CSE PresidentPaul Beckner's Response to Remarks Made by Oracle CEO Larry Ellison"), news release,Citizens for a Sound Economy, June 29, 2000.Center for Public Integrity, Stealth PACs Revealed , organizational report, February 9, 2000.Marianne Holt and Kathryn Wallace, Here are the groups targeted by 'no-soft-money' pledgein New York race , Center for Public Integrity, October 3, 2000.

Annual conference schedule , Conservative Political Action Committee 2001 conference.Jim Burns, "Conservatives Must End Government Funding Of Non-Profits ," ConservativeNews Service, February 15, 2001.Citizens for a Sound Economy, "State Board of Education Did Their Homework :Vote isRight Decision for Texas Schoolchildren, Media Release, November 19, 2001.

Citizens for a Sound Economy, "letter to President George W. Bush ", Bates No2085235064, January 31, 2002.Curtis Moore, "Rethinking the Think Tanks ," Sierra Magazine, July/August 2002.

Shawn Zeller, "'Free Market' Crusaders," National Journal, January 11, 2003: "Just two weeksinto her tenure as president and CEO of the newly formed Americans for Prosperity, NancyPfotenhauer is brimming over with ideas and enthusiasm for her new mission. ... Pfotenhauer

External Resources

1990s

2000

2001

2002

2003

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said that AFP -- the nonprofit advocacy group that recently replaced the CSE Foundation afterCitizens for a Sound Economy and the CSE Foundation parted ways -- wants to 'change theway decisions are made [by state and local governments], particularly on spending."Statement by CSE Chairman, Former House Majority Leader Dick Armey " (CSE newsrelease), October 31, 2003: "A note of clarification following recent media reports: Citizens fora Sound Economy (CSE) has not launched a new advocacy group. A recent dispute betweenCSE and what is now called Americans for Prosperity resulted in a split between the twoorganizations."Steve Law, "Activist group brings money, draws concern", Statesman Journal(Salem, Oregon),November 1, 2003.Diane Carman, "Textbooks held to bogus litmus tests ", Denver Post, November 12, 2003.

Brad Cain, "Oregonians soundly defeat tax increase, triggering cuts to services", AssociatedPress, February 4, 2004.Jeff Mapes, "Nader's 1,000 fail to show ", Oregonian, April 6, 2004.Citizens for a Sound Economy, Americans for Tax Reform, Citizens Against GovernmentWaste, "National, State Forces Unite to End Courtroom Chaos; Announce Launch ofwww.endlawsuitabuse.org Online Petition", Media Release, May 3, 2004.Brad Cain, "Conservatives seek to help Nader - and ultimately Bush", Associated Press, June24, 2004."GOP helps Nader Get On Oregon Ballot ", Mandate Media, June 24, 2004.Jeff Mapes, "Nader getting support from unlikely voters : conservative groups hope to drawvotes from Democratic candidate Sen. John Kerry," Oregonian, June 25, 2004.Center for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, "CREW files FEC complaint againstCitizens for Sound Economy, The Oregon Family Council, Nader for President 2004 andBush-Cheney '04: Prohibited in-kind corporate contributions at issue ", Media Release, June30, 2004.Melanie Sloan, "Amended Complaint ", Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington,June 2004.Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Phone Script: Conservatives for Ralph Nader? ", MediaRelease, June 27, 2004. (This is a slightly different, later version of CSE's phone script forNader.)"Group: Bush allies illegally helping Nader in Oregon: Complaint filed with Federal ElectionCommission ", CNN, July 1, 2004.Michael Janofsky and Sarah Kershaw, "Odd Alliances Form to Get Nader on Ballot ", NewYork Times, July 1, 2004.Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Left-Wing Attack Groups Target CSE: Liberal groups in panicover CSE strategy highlighting similarities between Kerry and Nader ", Media Release, July2, 2004.Carla Marinucci, "GOP donors funding Nader/Bush supporters give independent's bid afinancial lift ", San Francisco Chronicle, July 9, 2004Carla Marinucci, "Nader defends GOP cash: Candidate says he's keeping money ", SanFrancisco Chronicle, July 10, 2004."Grant Data Matrix, Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation ," MediaTransparency.org,visited July 13, 2004.Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Michigan CSE Turns Out Members for Nader Ballot Push :State chapter sends email to members and activates phone tree on eve of deadline, MediaRelease, July 14, 2004.Kevin Bogardus, Koch's low profile belies political power , Center for Public Integrity, July 15,

2004

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2004."Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) and Empower America Merge to FormFreedomWorks ", Media Release, July 22, 2004.

Jonathan Weisman, "With Insurance Policy Comes Membership: Unbeknown to Some, ThoseSigning Up With Firm Are Joining Conservative Group ", Washington Post, July 23, 2006.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Public Citizen, "Corporate Shill Enterprise ," organizational Report,October 6, 2000, accessed July 2, 2014.

2. ↑ Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey, and Neela Banerjee, Koch brothers now at heartof GOP power , Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011.

3. ↑ Cited in Jane Mayer, Covert Operations , The New Yorker, August 30, 2010.4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dan Morgan,

"[http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/Dan-Morgan-Post-Story_1-29-00.pdf Think Tanks: Corporations’ Quiet Weapon; Nonprofits’ Studies, Lobbying AdvanceBig Business Causes]," Washington Post, January 29, 2000, p. A01, archived by ucsusa,accessed July 2, 2014.

5. ↑ Citizens for a Sound Economy, "Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) and EmpowerAmerica Merge to Form FreedomWorks ," press release, July 25, 2004. Archived byInternet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014.

6. ↑ Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey, and Neela Banerjee, Koch brothers now at heartof GOP power , Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011.

7. ↑ Cited in Jane Mayer, Covert Operations , The New Yorker, August 30, 2010.8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Jane Mayer, "Covert Operations ," New Yorker, August 30, 2010.9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Matthew Continetti, "The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics ," Weekly Standard,

April 4, 2011.10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Freedom Partners, Board Members , organizational website, accessed

July 2, 2014.11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Elizabeth Fernandez, "Study: Tea Party Organizations Have Ties To Tobacco

Industry Dating Back To 1980s ," University of California-San Francisco, news release,February 8, 2013, accessed July 7, 2014.

12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jeff Mapes, "Nader getting support from unlikely voters ," The Oregonian,June 25, 2004, archived by FreedomWorks, accessed July 2, 2014.

13. ↑ Jeff Mapes, "Nader's 1,000 fail to show ," The Oregonian, April 6, 2004, archived byInternet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014.

14. ↑ Michael Janofsky and Sarah Kershaw, "Odd Alliances Form to Get Nader on Ballot ,"New York Times, July 1, 2004.

15. ↑ Ralph Nader , CNN candidates page, 2004 election, accessed July 2, 2014.16. ↑ Nader Fast Facts , CNN, page updated February 18, 2014, accessed July 2, 2014.17. ↑ Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, "CREW Files FEC Complaint

Against Citizens for a Sound Economy, Oregon Family Council, and Others ,"organizational press release, June 30, 2004.

18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Group: Bush allies illegally helping Nader in Oregon ," CNN, July 1, 2004.19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Tim Dickinson, "Echoes of Philip Morris and Hillarycare ," Rolling Stone,

October 1, 2009.20. ↑ Lisa Graves, "ALEC Exposed: The Koch Connection ," The Nation, July 12, 2011.21. ↑ Lisa Graves, "The Koch Cartel: Their Reach, Their Reactionary Agenda, and Their

2007

References

Citizens for a Sound Economy - SourceWatch

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Privacy policy About SourceWatch Disclaimers

This page was last modified on 8 July 2014, at 19:19.

This page has been accessed 61,834 times.

Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike unless otherwise noted.

Record," The Progressive, July/August 2014.22. ↑ Hoover Institute, James C. Miller III , organization biography, accessed July 2, 2014.23. ↑ Wayne Gable , organization biography, C-SPAN, accessed July 2, 2014.24. ↑ Albert B. Crenshaw, "Research Group Buys Troubled Tax Foundation ," Washington

Post, archived on Highbeam.com, October 9, 1989, accessed July 2, 2014.25. ↑ Paul Beckner , organizational biography, CSPAN, accessed July 2, 2014.26. ↑ C. Boyden Gray , organizational biography, CSPAN, accessed July 2, 2014.27. ↑ Robert Parry, "Sidebar: Petrodollar Scholars ," The Nation, 1997, archived by Internet

Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014.28. ↑ "Tax's Demise Illustrates First Rule Of Lobbying: Work, Work, Work" . New York Times

(1993). Retrieved on 2009-09-22.29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Media Transparency, Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation , grants

report, archived by Internet Wayback Machine, accessed July 2, 2014.30. ↑ Smith & Harroff, Corporations, Associations, and Coalitions , past clients, organizational

website, accessed July 2, 2014.

This article may include information from Tobacco Documents Online .

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Categories: Koch Connection Tobaccowiki Front groups portal CorporationsFront groups Social Security privatization Think tanks Tobacco documents organizationsUnited States Consumer fronts Tobacco fronts

David H. Koch - SourceWatch

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David H. Koch

Follow the money in the Koch wiki .

Learn more aboutcorporations VOTING torewrite our laws.

(Redirected from David Koch)

David H. Koch is one of the billionaire brothers whoco-own Koch Industries, one of the largest privately-held companies in the world.[1] The New Yorker hasdescribed David Koch and his brother Charles Koch as"longtime libertarians who believe in drastically lowerpersonal and corporate taxes, minimal social servicesfor the needy, and much less oversight of industry—especially environmental regulation."[2] The Kochs havebuilt and bankrolled a powerful network of foundations,think tanks, and politically active organizations that tryto influence elections and policy.

David Koch is an executive vice president and boardmember of Koch Industries, and chairman and chiefexecutive officer of Koch Chemical Technology Group,LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Koch Industries,which he has led since 1970.[3] David leads the David H.Koch Foundation. Forbes listed his net worth as $41.5billion as of July 2014, tied with his brother Charles as thesixth wealthiest person in the world.[4]

Koch WikiThe Koch brothers -- David and Charles -- are theright-wing billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries. Astwo of the richest people in the world, they are keyfunders of the right-wing infrastructure, including theAmerican Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and theState Policy Network (SPN). In SourceWatch, keyarticles on the Kochs include: Koch Brothers, KochIndustries, Americans for Prosperity, American Encore,and Freedom Partners.

Contents [hide]

1 Koch Brothers Early History1.1 Relationship to John Birch Society

2 The Koch Fortune3 Koch Brothers Early Activism, 1960-1980

3.1 David Koch Runs for Vice President as Libertarian, 19803.2 Charles Koch Calls for the Development of a “Well Financed Cadre”

4 Building the Koch Cadre, Non-Electoral Activity4.1 Bankrolling American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)

The Koch Brothers: Charles (L) andDavid (R)

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4.2 Funding Judicial Junkets4.3 Bankrolling the Tea Party

5 Electoral Activity5.1 "Triad" Campaign Finance Scheme Avoids Disclosure Laws, 19965.2 The Koch Donor Network5.3 Building a Post-Citizens United $400 Million Dark Money Web5.4 Koch Funded Dark Money Groups Investigated and Fined in California5.5 Involvement in Scott Walker Race and Recall Election in 20105.6 2012 Post-Election Audit5.7 Future Commitment to Politics

6 News and Controversies6.1 Funding Walker Campaign and WI Club for Growth6.2 Calls President Obama "A Hardcore Socialist"6.3 Argues Climate Change Might Be Beneficial

7 Philanthropy8 Affiliations9 Articles & sources

9.1 Trivia9.2 Sourcewatch articles9.3 References

10 External links

Charles Koch (b. 1935) and David Koch (b. 1940) are two of the four children of Fred Koch andMary Koch. Fred Koch founded Wood River Oil and Refining Co. in 1940; it had been renamedRock Island Oil & Refining Co. by 1961 and was renamed Koch Industries by Charles Koch in1967.[5] Fred Koch was also a founder and executive committee member of the far-right JohnBirch Society, known for opposing the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act and communism.[6]

The senior Koch's views are thought to have influenced the Koch brothers' pro-business, anti-union agenda. Lisa Graves noted that "The Kochs' mistrust of public education can be traced totheir father, Fred, who declared that the National Education Association was a communist groupand public-school books were filled with “communist propaganda,” paranoia that extended to allunions, President Eisenhower and the “pro-communist” Supreme Court."[7] Echoing this anti-unionfervor, David Koch has stated that Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's attack on public unionswas “critically important."[8]

He also accused President Barack Obama of being "a hardcore socialist."[9]

Fred Koch was a founding member of the John Birch Society. In the 1960s, Charles Koch openeda John Birch Society bookstore with Bob Love, a friend of his father.[10] At the time, the Societywas campaigning against the civil rights movement, calling for the impeachment of Chief JusticeEarl Warren, who had ordered public school desegregation in Brown v. Board of Education, andaccusing President John F. Kennedy of "treason" in ads shortly before his assassination. [6]

Charles and Love didn't resign from the Society until 1968. The split was reportedly due todisagreement's about the Society's support for the Vietnam War.[6]

Charles shared his isolationist position with Robert LeFevre's all-white "Freedom School," whichhe funded and on whose board he sat. Charles had also encouraged his brother, David, to attenda Freedom School retreat, according to Sons of Wichita.[10]

Koch Brothers Early History

Relationship to John Birch Society

David H. Koch - SourceWatch

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Charles Koch took over his father's Rock Island Oil and Refinery Company, becoming presidentand chairman in 1967 and renaming it Koch Industries [6] Since then, the company's revenuesgrew from just over $100 million to over $115 billion in 2014. The Koch brothers' fortunes havealso grown dramatically in that time, increasing from $375 million each in 1984 to some $17 billioneach in 2008--and a staggering $41 billion each in 2014, just a few years after the 2008economic crisis.

In addition to successful investments and expansion of its resource extraction operations over theyears, Koch Industries has engaged in commodity speculation and created new types ofderivatives.[11] The Nation has reported that Koch Industries was "among the largest traders(including Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley) speculating on the price of oil in the summer of2008,"[12] afterwards also playing a prominent role in lobbying against regulation of thederivatives market, according to Bloomberg Businessweek.[13]

Koch Industries has been involved in many investigations and indictments related to the Clean AirAct and the Clean Water Act.A list of lawsuits involving Koch Industries can be accessed here: Legal ComplaintsAgainst Koch Industries

David Koch was the vice-presidential nominee for the Libertarian Party in 1980, runningalongside presidential candidate Ed Clark. About the failed bid, the New York Times has writtenthat "much of what occurred in that quixotic campaign shaped what the Kochs have becometoday — a formidable political and ideological force determined to remake American politics,driven by opposition to government power and hostility to restrictions on money in campaigns."[14]

David Koch's campaign was made possible by Buckley v. Valeo, a 1976 Supreme Court decisionthat loosened campaign finance laws. The decision permitted unlimited spending of a candidate'sown money on his/her own campaign, as well as unlimited spending by individuals to promote acandidate, if that individual was not coordinating their campaign with the candidate.[14] In 1979,David Koch wrote a letter to Libertarian Party members about his plan to make use this newloophole to fund a Libertarian Party campaign. “As the Vice presidential nominee of theLibertarian Party I will contribute several hundred thousand dollars to the Presidential campaigncommittee in order to ensure that our ideas and our Presidential nominee receive as much mediaexposure as possible.”[14] David would spend about $2.1 million on the campaign, but theLibertarian Party won just over 1% of the vote nationally.[14]

According to William Koch, Charles and David's brother, Charles began spending significantly onthe Libertarian Party. According to the New York Times, William said in a 1986 interview, "Charleswas giving as much to the Libertarians as he was paying out in dividends […] Pretty soon wewould get the reputation that the company and the Kochs were crazy.”[14]

Statements David Koch made during the campaign are revealing of his anti-government views. Asthe New York Times reported about his statement at the 1979 Libertarian nominating convention,David "denounced the 'harassment of Koch Industries and implored the Libertarian Party activiststo make the party 'a force that will roll back the coercive force of government.'"[14] At a speech onthe campaign trail in 1980, "David Koch railed against what he saw as overregulation. PresidentsNixon and Carter had bequeathed an 'Alice in Wonderland' energy policy, he argued, a mix ofsubsidies and price controls that had stymied market forces and caused high prices and

The Koch Fortune

Koch Brothers Early Activism, 1960-1980

David Koch Runs for Vice President as Libertarian, 1980

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shortages."[14]

Charles Koch began funding the Institute for Humane Studies in the 1960s. He also created hisown Charles Koch Foundation to funnel money to the Libertarian Society. He helped found theCato Institute in 1974, by which time he was already giving money to the Libertarian Party.Charles also purchased the Libertarian Review.[6]

In a 1974 speech, Charles Koch stated:

"The important strategic consideration to keep in mind is that any program adopted should behighly leveraged so that we reach those whose influence on others produces a multipliereffect. That is why education programs are superior to political action, and support of talentedfree-market scholars is preferable to mass advertising. The development of a well financedcadre of sound proponents of the free enterprise philosophy is the most critical need facing usat the moment."[14]

The Kochs have funded a number of nonprofit organizations like the American LegislativeExchange Council, think tanks and legal foundations, which are listed here:

After the failed 1980 campaign for the vice presidency, the Koch brothers lessened theirinvolvement in the Libertarian Party, increasingly focusing their attention and financial support ondeveloping their own network of "educational programs" and "cadre" of free-market advocates.[14]

The Kochs' funding founded Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE) in 1984, headed Richard Fink.Fink was shortly thereafter appointed to President Ronald Reagan's "Commission onPrivatization."[15] In the late 1980s and 1990s, CSE pushed for banking deregulation, like theelimination of Glass Steagall,[7] spearheaded the defeat of a greenhouse gas tax,[2] and helped inthe defeat of health care reform in the Clinton era.[16][17]

In 2003, a rift between CSE and its related foundation led the Kochs to found Americans forProsperity.[2] David Koch chairs the board of directors for the Americans for ProsperityFoundation.[18]

Today the brothers directly and indirectly fund a wide network of organizations that promote their"free enterprise philosophy," from think tanks to scholarship programs to policy advocacy groups.Recipients include a long list of academic institutions; Koch family foundations gave some $30.5million to 221 colleges and universities from 2007 to 2012.[14]

Access a list of organizations with ties to the Koch brothers here:

Koch Industries has had a seat and a vote on the corporate board of the American LegislativeExchange Council (ALEC) since 1994. ALEC has awarded both Koch brothers its Adam SmithFree Enterprise Award.[7] The Nation reports that the Kochs have likely given over $1 million toALEC over the years, and many of ALEC's model bills reflect the policies the Kochs have beenadvocating for decades.[7]

The Kochs have funded seminars for judges since the 1990s, first at the University of Kansasand later at George Mason University, which hosts the Koch-funded think tank the MercatusCenter. For example, the George Mason University Law & Economics Center hosted "anexpenses-paid conference on public pension reform" which was funded by the Charles G. Koch

Charles Koch Calls for the Development of a “Well Financed Cadre”

Building the Koch Cadre, Non-Electoral Activity

Bankrolling American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)

Funding Judicial Junkets

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Foundation, as well as corporate funders like ExxonMobil, Google, and Walmart, according to theCenter for Public Integrity.[19] The Judicial Conference of the United States has noted that judges'attendance at such seminars "poses certain concerns," including that "judges may be influencedinappropriately by those who sponsor or contribute (financially or otherwise) to these seminarprograms and who might be litigants before those judges."[20]

A report by Center for Media and Democracy/The Progressive found that a federal judge whohalted an investigation into alleged illegal campaign coordination, which involved groups like theWisconsin Club for Growth and Americans for Prosperity, "attended privately-funded, all-expenses-paid judicial seminars put on by George Mason University in 2006, 2008, 2010 and2012."[21] The Washington Post reported on a similar conference in 2011, when Google wasfacing an antitrust investigation, writing that "Google executives worked behind the scenes withofficials at George Mason University’s Law & Economics Center to put on academic conferencesthat would be attended by officials who were considering the case."[22]

The Koch brothers and their network have played a significant role in supporting the far-right TeaParty movement. According to the New Yorker, the Kochs' "Americans for Prosperity has workedclosely with the Tea Party since the movement’s inception," providing everything from "Tea Partytalking points" to lists of officials for activists to contact to funding conferences.[2] The New YorkTimes reported that Freedom Partners, for which "longtime Koch employees" constitute a majorityof the board, has given grants to a number of Tea Party-affiliated groups.[23]

According to the New Yorker, a Koch Industries spokesperson has denied that the Kochs providefunding for Tea Party groups, and David Koch has told New York magazine, "No one representingthe tea party has ever even approached me."[2]

The Koch’s have a long history of funding money into electoral campaigns. For example, theKochs used a variety of means to influence the 1996 election cycle.

In Kansas, according to the Lawrence Journal-World,

"Koch-linked contributions of ‘hard money’—gifts of more than $200 by identifiable individualsor political action committees divulged to the FEC—to the state's four representatives and twoSenators totaled $130,600."[24]

Senate Democrats found evidence of more complex funding schemes, as well, namely a politicalcampaign operation called "Triad," which they suggested "allowed wealthy individuals to put moremoney into the election process than they would otherwise legally have been allowed to do" whileevading campaign reporting requirements.[6] In 1997, investigators for the Senate GovernmentalAffairs Committee told the New York Times that "they believe[d] Koch Industries support[ed] theEconomic Education Trust, based in Twin Falls, Idaho, which gave $1.3 million to Triad in1996."[25]

In an interview with Bill Moyers, staffer Beth Stein explained the scheme as follows:

"One of the things that Triad did was set up two shell corporations, essentially, tax-exemptorganizations. One was called Citizens for Reform and the other was called Citizens for theRepublic Education Fund, and the sole thing that those corporations did was to air attackadvertising in various races across the country."[26]

In 1998, the Minneapolis Star Tribute reported that “Koch Industries Inc. backed a secret trust that

Bankrolling the Tea Party

Electoral Activity

"Triad" Campaign Finance Scheme Avoids Disclosure Laws, 1996

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donated $1.8 million in 1996 to finance issue ads sympathetic to conservative Congressionalcandidates, [lending] new credence to the conclusion last year of Senate Democratic investigatorsthat Koch's owners, Charles and David Koch, were probably the financiers behind the trust thatcontributed to at least two nonprofit groups.”[27]

Since at least 2006, the Kochs have hosted semi-annual meetings for wealthy right-wingdonors.[28] While these Koch network gatherings are carefully guarded, occasional leakeddocuments and recordings have revealed that they include "titans of industry — from healthinsurance companies, oil executives, Wall Street investors, and real estate tycoons — workingtogether with conservative journalists and Republican operatives," as well as prominent publicofficials, including members of Congress, state governors, and even Supreme Court JusticesClarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia.[29] The meetings involve fundraising, reportedly in themillions of dollars, as well as discussions about political strategy.[30]

A full list of known participants in Koch summit meetings can be accessed on the Kochnetwork page.

According to the Washington Post, in 2012 the Kochs and fellow donors backed a "network ofpolitically active nonprofit groups" that was "carefully constructed with extensive legal barriers toshield its donors," raising over $400 million for the election cycle. As the Post explains, a"labyrinth of tax-exempt groups and limited-liability companies help[ed] mask the sources of themoney, much of which went to voter mobilization and television ads attacking President Obamaand congressional Democrats."[31]

For example, Freedom Partners, which Politico has referred to as "the Koch brothers' secretbank", spent some $250 million in the 2012 election cycle, much of it spent in grants to othergroups that ran so-called "issue ads" during the election.[32]

The Center to Protect Patient Rights, a group run by Koch operative Sean Noble, was fined bythe California state elections board for violating campaign finance disclosure laws as part of acampaign to prohibit "unions from using automatic payroll deductions to raise money for politicalcampaigns."[33]

Other "dark money" groups involved in the network included funding sources Freedom Partnersand the TC4 Trust, CSE successor Americans for Prosperity, and a long list of Koch astroturforganizations like the 60 Plus Association, Generation Opportunity, American Commitment,Concerned Women for America, the Libre Initiative, and Public Notice.[34] Additional funding wentto the Wisconsin Club for Growth, and from there to Citizens for a Strong America, both of whichwere later involved in a criminal investigation related to the 2012 election.[35]

Walker's gubernatorial campaign received $43,000 from the Koch Industries PAC during the 2010election. The Koch PAC gave $1 million to the Republican Governors Association, which in turnspent $65,000 on independent expenditures to support Walker.[36] The RGA also spent $3.4million on TV ads and mailers attacking Walker's opponent, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett. [37]

In a February 2012 interview with the Palm Beach Post, David Koch admitted that he was helpingfund Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker as Walker fought off a recall election sparked by his anti-unionlegislation.[38] The paper reported that Koch acknowledged his group, Americans for Prosperity,was "hard at work in places such as Wisconsin, where Gov. Scott Walker is facing off with public

The Koch Donor Network

Building a Post-Citizens United $400 Million Dark Money Web

Koch Funded Dark Money Groups Investigated and Fined in California

Involvement in Scott Walker Race and Recall Election in 2010

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unions and grappling with a likely recall."[38]

Koch was quoted as saying, "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at thisover the years [...] We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more." [38]

Highlighting the recall as a fight against unions, Koch also stated that "What Scott Walker is doingwith the public unions in Wisconsin is critically important. He's an impressive guy and he's verycourageous…If the unions win the recall, there will be no stopping union power."[38]

According to Politico, after this network "spent hundreds of millions to win the White House andthe Senate — and came up empty," the Kochs undertook a major audit of their organizations.Reportedly disappointed with the election results, Charles Koch wrote an e-mail to major donorsabout the need "to re-examine our vision and the strategies and capabilities required forsuccess," adding that "Our goal of advancing a free and prosperous America is even moredifficult than we envisioned, but it is essential that we continue, rather than abandon, thisstruggle."[39]

In a 2014 interview with the Wichita Business Journal, Charles Koch identified "cronyism" as oneof the biggest problems facing the United States, adding, "You name it, in every industry we havethis. The successful companies try to keep the new entrants down. Now that’s great for acompany like ours. We make more money that way because we have less competition and lessinnovation. But for the country as a whole, it’s horrible."[40]

When asked why he continues to be involved in politics, despite negative public reactions,Charles answered, "It’s like Lee Trevino used to say, somebody asked him, "How are you winningall these golf tournaments?" and he said, “Well somebody has got to win them and it might aswell be me.” That’s the way I am on this. There doesn’t seem to be any other large companytrying to do this so it might as well be us. Somebody has got to work to save the country andpreserve a system of opportunity."[40]

The Kochs provided direct funding Republican Scott Walker's 2010 gubernatorial campaign inWisconsin and funded issue ads for the 2012 recall election. They also funded the WisconsinClub for Growth, which is involved in the 2012-2014 "John Doe" criminal investigation inWisconsin.

See Scott Walker, Wisconsin Club for Growth.

David Koch admitted that he was helping fund Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker’s campaign in aninterview with The Palm Beach Post. In the February 2012 interview Koch acknowledged thathis group – Americans for Prosperity - is hard at work in Wisconsin, where Gov. Scott Walker isfacing off with public unions and grappling with a possible recall vote.

"We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years," he says."We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more," said Koch.

Funded by Koch money, Americans for Prosperity spent about $700,000 on an "It's working"television ad buy in the state that credits Walker's public pension and union overhaul with givingschool districts the first surpluses they've seen in years.

"What Scott Walker is doing with the public unions in Wisconsin is critically important. He's an

2012 Post-Election Audit

Future Commitment to Politics

News and Controversies

Funding Walker Campaign and WI Club for Growth

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impressive guy and he's very courageous…If the unions win the recall, there will be no stoppingunion power," said David Koch.[41][42]

In an interview immediately after the death of Osama bin Laden, David Koch told New YorkMagazine that he believes President Barack Obama is "a hardcore socialist...and he’s marvelousat pretending to be something other than that, but that is what I believe he truly is, a hardcoresocialist."[43]

In an interview after the groups supported by the Koch brothers failed to influence the outcome ofthe 2012 election, David Koch said, "We’re going to fight the battle as long as we breathe."[44]

David Koch is on record saying that he was unconvinced that global warming has been caused byhuman activity. Even if it has been, he said, the heating of the planet will be beneficial, resultingin longer growing seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. “The Earth will be able to supportenormously more people because far greater land area will be available to produce food,” hesaid. [45]

David Koch has also donated hundreds of millions of dollars to a number of non-political causes.According to a profile published by Koch Industries, "he and the David H. Koch CharitableFoundation have pledged or contributed more than $1 billion to cancer research, medical centers,educational institutions, arts and cultural institutions, and to assist public policy organizations."[3]

Philanthropic causes supported by David Koch include:

New York-Presbyterian HospitalMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterThe Mount Sinai Medical CenterThe Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural HistoryNew York State Theater at Lincoln Center[3]

According to information provided by Koch Industries, David Koch has been affiliated with thefollowing non-profits:[3]

Cato Institute, Board MemberReason Foundation, Board MemberAmericans for Prosperity Foundation, Board MemberNational Cancer Advisory Board, National Cancer InstituteDeerfield Academy, Deerfield, Mass, Life member, Board of TrusteesThe Economic Club of New York, New York, Member, Board of DirectorsAllen-Stevenson School, New York, Member, Board of Trustees,Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Member, Board of Trustees,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, Governor,Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, Member, Board of Trustees,M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Member, Board of Visitors,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York Member, Board of Trustees,Rockefeller University, New York, Member, Board of Directors,

Calls President Obama "A Hardcore Socialist"

Argues Climate Change Might Be Beneficial

Philanthropy

Affiliations

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House Research Institute, Los Angeles, Member, Board of Trustees,Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Mass., Member, Board of AssociatesCold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., Honorary Member, Board ofTrustees,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Life Member of the CorporationProstate Cancer Foundation, Los Angeles, Member, Board of TrusteesAmerican Ballet Theatre, New York, Vice Chairman, Board of DirectorsAmerican Museum of Natural History, New York, Member, Board of DirectorsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., Member, Board ofTrusteesLincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc., New York, Member, Board of DirectorsAspen Institute, Aspen, Colo., Member, Board of DirectorsInstitute of Human Origins, Phoenix, Ariz., Member, Board of DirectorsWGBH, Channel 2, Boston, Mass., Member, Board of OverseersLibrary of Congress, Washington, D.C., Member, James Madison Council

Additionally, David Koch has been affiliated with the following organizations:

National Geographic Society, Council of Advisors[46]

Earthwatch Institute, Emeriti Director,African Wildlife Foundation, Honorary Trustee[47]

WNET, Trustee[48]

David Koch was a passenger on USAir flight 1493 which crashed at LAX on February 1st 1991[49]

Cato InstituteKoch IndustriesKoch Family FoundationsCharles G. KochOil industry

1. ↑ Forbes.com America's Largest Private Companies- Koch Industries , accessed July 2,2014.

2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Jane Mayer, "Covert Operations ," New Yorker, August 30, 2010.Accessed July 2, 2014.

3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Koch Industries, David Koch , organizational profile, accessed July 2,2014.

4. ↑ Forbes, "#6 David Koch ," profile page, accessed July 3, 2014.5. ↑ Fred and Mary Koch Foundation, History , organizational website, accessed June 30,

2014.6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lisa Graves, "The Koch Cartel: Their Reach, Their Reactionary

Agenda, and Their Record," The Progressive, July/August 2014.7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lisa Graves, "ALEC Exposed: The Koch Connection ," The Nation, July

2012, 2011. Accessed June 2, 2014.

Articles & sources

Trivia

Sourcewatch articles

References

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8. ↑ Mary Bottari, "On Anniversary of Prank Call the Real David Koch Wants to "Stop UnionPower" in Wisconsin ," PR Watch, February 21, 2012.

9. ↑ Sarah Owen, "David Koch Gives President Obama Zero Credit for Bin Laden’s Death ,"New York Magazine, May 5, 2011.

10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Daniel Schulman, Sons of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America'sMost Powerful and Private Dynasty, Grand Central Publishing, 2014.

11. ↑ Lee Fang, "How Koch Became An Oil Speculation Powerhouse ," ThinkProgress, June19, 2011. Accessed July 1, 2014.

12. ↑ Lee Fang, "Not Just Goldman Sachs: Koch Industries Hoards Commodities as a TradingStrategy ," The Nation, July 22, 2013. Accessed July 1, 2014.

13. ↑ Asjylyn Loder, "Not Just Wall Street Opposes CFTC Derivatives Overhaul ," BloombergBusinessweek, April 15, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2014.

14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Nicholas Confessore, "Quixotic ’80Campaign Gave Birth to Kochs’ Powerful Network ," New York Times, May 17, 2014.Accessed May 29, 2014.

15. ↑ Joel Brinkley, "Reagan Appoints Privatization Unit ," New York Times, September 4,1987. Accessed July 1, 2014.

16. ↑ Robert Pear, "CLINTON'S HEALTH PLAN: Principles; Experts' Grades: 'A' in Security, 'C'in Simplicity, 'D+' in Savings ," New York Times, September 24, 1993. Accessed July 1,2014.

17. ↑ Tim Dickinson, "Echoes of Philip Morris and Hillarycare ," Rolling Stone, October 1,2009. Accessed July 1, 2014.

18. ↑ Americans for Prosperity Foundation, Directors , organizational website, accessed July1, 2014.

19. ↑ Chris Young, "Koch brothers, major corporations sponsor pension reform seminar forjudges ," Center for Public Integrity, April 25, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014.

20. ↑ Judicial Conference of the United States, Judicial Conference Policy on Judges'Attendance at Privately Funded Educational Programs , May 2006. Accessed June 30,2014.

21. ↑ Brendan Fischer, "Judge Who Halted Walker Dark Money Criminal Probe AttendedKoch-Backed Junkets ," The Progressive, May 27, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014.

22. ↑ Matea Gold and Tom Hamburger, "How Google worked behind the scenes to invitefederal regulators to conferences ," Washington Post, April 12, 2014. Accessed June 30,2014.

23. ↑ Nicholas Confessore, "Tax Filings Hint at Extent of Koch Brothers’ Reach ," New YorkTimes, September 12, 2013. Accessed July 1, 2014.

24. ↑ Tim Carpenter, "Koch Industries Flexes Political Muscle in Kansas ," Lawrence Journal-World, November 16, 1997. Accessed July 7, 2014.

25. ↑ Leslie Wayne, "Papers Link Donations to 2 On Senate Hearings Panel ," New YorkTimes, October 30, 1997. Accessed June 30, 2014.

26. ↑ Frontline, PBC "Washington's Other Scandal ," show transcript, air date October 6,1998. Accessed June 30, 2014.

27. ↑ Greg Gordon, "Koch backed GOP ads in '96 races, report confirms; The company'sowners funded a trust that gave $ 1.8 million to boost conservative candidates." StarTribune (Minneapolis), June 2, 1998, Metro Edition. Pg. 5A.

28. ↑ Stephen Moore, "Private Enterprise ," Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2006.29. ↑ Lee Fang, "MEMO: Health Insurance, Banking, Oil Industries Met With Koch, Chamber,

Glenn Beck To Plot 2010 Election ," ThinkProgress, October 20, 2010. Accessed June30, 2010.

30. ↑ Lee Fang, "EXCLUSIVE: Koch Brothers Convene Ultra-Secret Billionaires Meeting To

David H. Koch - SourceWatch

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_Koch[8/1/2014 12:21:01 PM]

Raise Funds, Plot Strategy ," Republic Report, February 3, 2012. Accessed June 30,2014.

31. ↑ Matea Gold, "Koch-backed political network, built to shield donors, raised $400 million in2012 elections ," Washington Post, January 5, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014.

32. ↑ Mike Allen and Jim Vandehei, "Exclusive: The Koch brothers' secret bank ," Politico,September 13, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014.

33. ↑ Nicholas Confessore, "Group Linked to Kochs Admits to Campaign FinanceViolations ," New York Times, October 24, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2014.

34. ↑ Al Shaw, Theodoric Meyer and Kim Barker, "How Dark Money Flows Through the KochNetwork ," ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Accessed June 30, 2014.

35. ↑ Brendan Fischer, "WI Club for Growth, Target of Walker Recall Probe, at Center of DarkMoney Web ", Center for Media and Democracy, November 18, 2013. Accessed June30, 2014.

36. ↑ Lisa Graves, "A CMD Special Report: Scott Walker Runs on Koch Money ," Center forMedia and Democracy, February 18, 2011. Accessed July 7, 2014.

37. ↑ Andy Kroll, "Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: Funded by the Koch Bros. ," Mother Jones,February 18, 2011. Accessed July 7, 2014.

38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Stacy Singer, David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime andremake American politics , Palm Beach Post , February 18, 2012.

39. ↑ Ken Vogel, "Koch World reboots ," Politico, February 20, 2013. Accessed June 30,2014.

40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Daniel McCoy, "Charles Koch: business giant, bogeyman, benefactor andelusive (until now) -- exclusive interview ," Wichita Business Journal, February 28, 2014.Accessed June 2, 2014.

41. ↑ Stacy Singer, David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime and remake Americanpolitics , Palm Beach Post , February 18, 2012

42. ↑ John Nichols, David Koch Admits to Helping Walker Big Time , The Cap Times ,February 20, 2012

43. ↑ Sarah Owen, "David Koch Gives President Obama Zero Credit for Bin Laden’s Death ,"New York Magazine, May 5, 2011.

44. ↑ Daniel Fisher, "Inside The Koch Empire: How The Brothers Plan To ReshapeAmerica ," Forbes, December 24, 2012.

45. ↑ "[1] "46. ↑ About , National Geographic Society, accessed January 17, 2009.47. ↑ Trustees , African Wildlife Foundation, accessed December 16, 2011.48. ↑ WNET TRUSTEES , organizational web page, accessed October 20, 2012.49. ↑ 10:20"[2] "

Bill Berkowitz, "Patron saints of right wing think tanks acquire Georgia Pacific Corp: Oilbarons Charles and David Koch, two of the nation's worst environmental criminals, now controlthe country's largest privately held company", Working for Change, December 6, 2005.The billionaire brothers who are waging a war againstObama.http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer#ixzz1440AGk88

Categories: Koch Connection ALEC Exposed United States Health Oil industryRight wing Tea Party Movement

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correspondence

n engl j med 360;23 nejm.org june 4, 2009 2483

our letter have appeared elsewhere. One article described the neuroglycopenic and adrenergic symptoms of severe hypoglycemia in 15 of these patients,2 and the other described findings indica-tive of hypoglycemia on brain magnetic reso-nance imaging in 7 of these patients3; there were overlaps between these two groups of patients. The cases of hypoglycemia reported in both arti-cles pertained only to the sexual-enhancement drug called Power 1 Walnut. We did not cite these articles, and we regret these omissions.Shih Ling Kao, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P.National University Hospital Singapore 119074, Singapore

Cheng Leng Chan, B.Sc. (Pharm.) Belinda Tan, B.Sc. (Pharm.)Health Sciences Authority Singapore 138667, Singapore

C.C. Tchoyoson Lim, F.R.C.R., M.Med.National Neuroscience Institute Singapore 308433, Singapore

Rinkoo Dalan, M.R.C.P.Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore 308433, Singapore

Daphne Gardner, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P.Singapore General Hospital Singapore 169608, Singapore

Edward Pratt, M.R.C.P.Changi General Hospital Singapore 529889, Singapore

Marilyn Lee, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P.Alexandra Hospital Singapore 159964, Singapore

Kok Onn Lee, M.D.National University Hospital Singapore 119074, Singapore

Kao SL, Chan CL, Lim CC, et al. An unusual outbreak of 1. hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2009;360:734-6.

Dalan R, Leow MK, George J, et al. Neuroglycopenia and 2. adrenergic responses to hypoglycaemia: insights from a local epidemic of serendipitous massive overdose of glibenclamide. Diabet Med 2009;26:105-9.

Lim CC, Gan R, Chan CL, et al. Severe hypoglycemia associated 3. with an illegal sexual enhancement product adulterated with gli-benclamide: MR imaging findings. Radiology 2009;250:193-201.

Table 1. Insurance-Industry Holdings in Tobacco Companies as of March 26, 2009.*

Insurance CompanyReynolds American

Imperial Tobacco

British American Tobacco Lorillard

Philip Morris USA Total

millions of $

Prudential 513.2 871.4 1,384.6

Prudential Financial 69.4 8.8 186.1 264.3

MassMutual 17.3 155.4 412.6 585.3

New York Life 13.0 13.0

Northwestern Mutual 22.8 10.8 202.2 235.8

Standard Life 307.0 641.2 948.2

Sun Life 125.7 889.9 1,015.6

Total 122.5 820.2 1,512.6 300.7 1,690.8 4,446.8

* Data are from the Osiris database.

Insurance-Industry Investments in Tobacco

To the Editor: The Obama administration is proposing a major overhaul of the U.S. health care system, and the insurance industry is poised to play a major role in the process. Insurance firms, like any business, are driven by profit, and this fact compromises any health care plan that in-cludes them.

In case there is any doubt that insurers place profit above health, consider their investments in

tobacco. The U.S.-based Prudential Financial pro-vides life insurance and long-term disability cov-erage and is also a major owner of tobacco stocks, with total tobacco holdings of $264.3 million (Table 1). The U.K.-based Prudential offers life, health, disability, and long-term care insurance. Prudential’s stake in tobacco totals $1.38 billion. Standard Life, which is also based in the United Kingdom and offers both life and health insur-

n engl j med 360;23 nejm.org june 4, 20092484

correspondence

ance, owns nearly $950 million of tobacco stock. Canada-based Sun Life, which offers life, health, disability, and long-term care insurance, owns just over $1 billion of tobacco stock. Northwest-ern Mutual and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insur-ance Company (MassMutual) both offer life, dis-ability, and long-term care insurance. MassMutual owns more than $585 million of tobacco stock, and Northwestern Mutual’s stake exceeds $235 million. (These figures are accurate as of March 26, 2009, but given the current economic climate, they are subject to change.)

Although investing in tobacco while selling life or health insurance may seem self-defeating, in-surance firms have figured out ways to profit from both. Insurers exclude smokers from cover-age or, more commonly, charge them higher pre-miums. Insurers profit — and smokers lose — twice over.

These facts should discomfit Canadian and British readers as their countries consider further privatization of health insurance. For those of us in the United States, these data are a reminder of the true priority of the insurance industry, which is making money, not ensuring health and well-

being. These data raise a red flag about the prospect of opening vast new markets for private insurers at public expense, as has happened in our state of Massachusetts, whose recent health care reform is often cited as a model for national reform.

Milton Friedman wrote, “Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate offi-cials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possi-ble.”1 Market incentives favor pursuit of profit over the public’s well-being. The insurance indus-try’s investments in tobacco reinforce Friedman’s message and mandate caution regarding insur-ance firms’ participation in care.

J. Wesley Boyd, M.D., Ph.D. David Himmelstein, M.D. Steffie Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H.Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge, MA 02139 jwboyd@cha.harvard.edu

Friedman M. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University 1. of Chicago Press, 1962.Correspondence Copyright © 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.

instructions for letters to the editor

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Insurance-Industry Investments in Tobacco — NEJM

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc0901817[8/1/2014 12:23:14 PM]

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TABLE 1

Insurance-IndustryHoldings in TobaccoCompanies as ofMarch 26, 2009.

CORRESPONDENCE

Insurance-Industry Investments in TobaccoN Engl J Med 2009; 360:2483-2484 June 4, 2009 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc0901817

To the Editor:

The Obama administration is proposing a major overhaul of the U.S. health care system, and theinsurance industry is poised to play a major role in the process. Insurance firms, like anybusiness, are driven by profit, and this fact compromises any health care plan that includes them.

In case there is any doubt that insurers place profit above health, consider their investments intobacco. The U.S.-based Prudential Financial provides life insurance and long-term disabilitycoverage and is also a major owner of tobacco stocks, with total tobacco holdings of $264.3million (Table 1). The U.K.-based Prudential offers life, health, disability,and long-term care insurance. Prudential's stake in tobacco totals $1.38billion. Standard Life, which is also based in the United Kingdom and offersboth life and health insurance, owns nearly $950 million of tobacco stock.Canada-based Sun Life, which offers life, health, disability, and long-termcare insurance, owns just over $1 billion of tobacco stock. NorthwesternMutual and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual)both offer life, disability, and long-term care insurance. MassMutual ownsmore than $585 million of tobacco stock, and Northwestern Mutual's stakeexceeds $235 million. (These figures are accurate as of March 26, 2009, but given the currenteconomic climate, they are subject to change.)

Although investing in tobacco while selling life or health insurance may seem self-defeating,insurance firms have figured out ways to profit from both. Insurers exclude smokers fromcoverage or, more commonly, charge them higher premiums. Insurers profit — and smokers lose— twice over.

These facts should discomfit Canadian and British readers as their countries consider furtherprivatization of health insurance. For those of us in the United States, these data are a reminderof the true priority of the insurance industry, which is making money, not ensuring health andwell-being. These data raise a red flag about the prospect of opening vast new markets forprivate insurers at public expense, as has happened in our state of Massachusetts, whose recenthealth care reform is often cited as a model for national reform.

Milton Friedman wrote, “Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of ourfree society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to makeas much money for their stockholders as possible.” Market incentives favor pursuit of profit overthe public's well-being. The insurance industry's investments in tobacco reinforce Friedman'smessage and mandate caution regarding insurance firms' participation in care.

J. Wesley Boyd, M.D., Ph.D.David Himmelstein, M.D.Steffie Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H.

Article Citing Articles (1)

1

Health insurers want you to keep smoking, Harvard doctors say - Scientific American

http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post/health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03/?id=health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03[8/1/2014 12:24:02 PM]

Health insurers want you to keepsmoking, Harvard doctors say

Health and life insurance companies inthe U.S. and abroad have nearly $4.5billion invested in tobacco stocks,according to Harvard doctors.

“It’s the combined taxidermist andveterinarian approach: either way you getyour dog back,” says David Himmelstein,an internist at the Harvard Medical Schooland co-author of a letter published in this

week’s issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

The largest tobacco investor on the list, the 160-year old Prudential company withbranches in the U.S. and the U.K., has more than $1.5 billion invested in tobaccostocks. The runner-up was Toronto-based Sun Life Financial, which apparently holdsover $1 billion in Philip Morris (Altria) and other tobacco stocks. In total, sevencompanies that sell life, health, disability, or long-term care insurance, have majorholdings in tobacco stock.

Why is it a big deal? “If you own a billion dollars [of tobacco stock], then you don’twant to see it go down,” says Himmelstein, “You are less likely to join anti-tobaccocoalitions, endorse anti-tobacco legislation, basically, anything most healthcompanies would want to participate in.”

The letter is the third report that the doctors—who all support a national health careprogram—have published in the last 14 years.

We decided to check in with some of the insurance companies mentioned in theletter to learn more about their policies with respect to tobacco stock. Prudential wasunable to respond by press time. Sun Life, however, flatly denied the charges.

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Health insurers want you to keep smoking, Harvard doctors say - Scientific American

http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post/health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03/?id=health-insurers-want-you-to-keep-sm-2009-06-03[8/1/2014 12:24:02 PM]

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“Sun Life does not carry significant holdings in tobacco stocks,” says representativeSteve Kee, “We do not disclose specific holdings and, for good measure, we conducteda review further to your inquiry and our exposure to ‘tobacco’ stocks is less than0.005 percent [about $5 million] of the investment portfolio. Importantly, tobacco-related businesses can be part of a broader conglomerate involving other aspectssuch as food production.”

Himmelstein rechecked his numbers in the Osiris database, and said, “I fear that ifSun Life has a dispute, it is with Osiris not with us.”

In any event, the doctors’ persistence over the years seems to be working to someextent. They targeted MetLife and Cigna in their 1995 and 2000 letters to medicaljournals, but neither is listed in the latest reckoning, indicating that the insurers nolonger hold enough to stock to be noted on filings for the U.S. Securities andExchange Commission. In addition, a representative for Cigna says they currentlyhave no direct holdings in tobacco stock unless it is part of an index fund.

But with $4.5 billion still invested in Big Tobacco, many insurers are reaping profitsfrom a cancer-causing industry. As Himmelstein puts it, "Is this who we wantrunning our health care system?"

Image of burning cigarette courtesy of SuperFantastic on Flickr

CommentsOldest - Newest

June 3, 2009, 8:33 PMscientific earthling

Its not just about making money from the stocks. People buy health insurance and pay high pricesbecause disease exists. What better way to promote disease than tobacco.

If tobacco related disease ceased to exist, your health insurance premium would reducedramatically, not good for the insurance companies.

Report as Abuse | Link to This

June 3, 2009, 10:34 PMpsyrusa

If health insurance companies invest in tobacco companies (and the question remains - this articlecertainly did not settle it), it is not because they want people to smoke - it is because they remainprofitable by investing in other profitable companies. If they can't invest in profitable companies,health insurance premiums would rise.

Commentor "scientific earthling" says, "If tobacco related disease ceased to exist, your healthinsurance premium would reduce dramatically, not good for the insurance companies." That is notnecessarily the case, it isn't logical, and I doubt that sci. ear. has any inside information to supporthis claim. The fact is, when service providers' costs decrease, their profits tend to rise.

Report as Abuse | Link to This

June 4, 2009, 12:41 AMway2ec

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following American politicians are affiliated with the Tea Party movement, which is generally consideredto be conservative, libertarian,[1] and populist.[2][3][4] The Tea Party movement is a political movementthat advocates reducing the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing U.S. governmentspending and taxes.[5][6] It is not a single, formal political party,[7] but is represented by activist groupssuch as the Tea Party Patriots and the Tea Party Express. The Tea Party Caucus is the primary vehicle forthe movement in Congress.[8]

Contents [hide]

1 Alabama

2 Arizona

3 California

4 Colorado

5 Florida

6 Georgia

7 Illinois

8 Indiana

9 Iowa

10 Kansas

11 Kentucky

12 Louisiana

13 Maryland

14 Michigan

15 Minnesota

16 Mississippi

17 Missouri

18 Montana

19 Nebraska

20 New Hampshire

21 New Mexico

22 North Carolina

23 North Dakota

24 Oklahoma

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List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM]

25 Pennsylvania

26 Rhode Island

27 South Carolina

28 South Dakota

29 Tennessee

30 Texas

31 Utah

32 Virginia

33 Washington

34 West Virginia

35 Wyoming

36 References

Robert Aderholt, Republican U.S. Representative from Alabama's 4th congressional district (1997–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[9]

Jeff Sessions, Republican for the Southern District of Alabama (1981-1993), Attorney General ofAlabama (1995-1997), and U.S. Senator (1997-present).[10]

Trent Franks, Republican U.S. Representative from Arizona's 2nd congressional district and a member ofthe Tea Party Caucus.[11]

Jeff Denham, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 10th congressional district (2011–present). In January 2011, Matthew Mosk of ABC News wrote that Denham had campaigned in 2010"under the Tea Party banner".[12]

Tom McClintock, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 4th congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13]

Ed Royce, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 39th (1993–2003 and 2013–present) and40th (2003–January 2013) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus. [14]

Gary Miller, Republican U.S. Representative from California's 41st (1999–2003) and 42nd (2003–present)congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[11]

Mike Coffman, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 6th congressional district (2009–present)

Alabama [edit]

Arizona [edit]

California [edit]

Colorado [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[15] Coffman's 2012 re-election campaign has received theendorsement of FreedomWorks.[16]

Cory Gardner, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 4th congressional district (2011–present).In September 2010, Dan Amira of New York listed Gardner as one of "dozens of tea-party-associatedHouse of Representatives candidates".[17]

Doug Lamborn, Republican U.S. Representative from Colorado's 5th congressional district (2007–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[11]

Sandy Adams, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 24th congressional district (2011–2013)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[18] Adams' 2012 re-election campaign has received theendorsement of the Central Florida Tea Party.[19]

Gus Bilirakis, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 9th congressional district (2007–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[20]

Dean Cannon, Republican state representative (2004–present) and speaker of the state House ofRepresentatives (2010–present). Cannon expressed support for the tea party movement in June2010.[21]

Ander Crenshaw, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 4th congressional district (2001–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[22]

Rich Nugent, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 5th congressional district (2011–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[23]

Dennis Ross, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 12th congressional district (2011–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[24]

Steve Southerland, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 2nd congressional district (2011–present) and the founder of Bay Patriots, a group aligned with the tea party.[25]

Cliff Stearns, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 6th congressional district (1989–2013) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus.[26]

Allen West, former Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 22nd congressional district (2011–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus during his time in Congress.[27] West's 2012 re-electioncampaign has received the endorsement of FreedomWorks. He lost his re-election bid in 2012 to PatrickMurphy.[16]

Curt Clawson, Republican U.S. Representative from Florida's 19th congressional district (2014–present).Clawson was endorsed by the Tea Party Express in the special congressional election in 2014.[28]

Paul Broun, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 10th congressional district (2007–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[29] Broun was re-elected in November 2012.

Florida [edit]

Georgia [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM]

Herman Cain, 2012 presidential candidate. Cain gave the tea party response to President BarackObama's 2012 State of the Union Address.[30]

Phil Gingrey, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 11th congressional district (2003–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[31]

Karen Handel, former Republican Secretary of State of Georgia (2007-2010).[32]

Tom Price, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 6th congressional district (2005–present) anda member of the Tea Party Caucus.[33]

Lynn Westmoreland, Republican U.S. Representative from Georgia's 8th (2005–07) and 3rd (2007–present) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34]

Randy Hultgren, Republican U.S. Representative from Illinois's 14th congressional district (2011–present). In January 2012, Edward McClelland of NBC Chicago wrote that Hultgren "aligns with the TeaParty".[35]

Joe Walsh, Republican U.S. Representative from Illinois's 8th congressional district (2011–2013) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus.[36] Walsh's 2012 re-election campaign has received the endorsementof FreedomWorks.[16] Walsh has since been defeated by Tammy Duckworth.

Dan Burton, Republican U.S. Representative from Indiana's 6th (1983–2003) and 5th (2003–present)congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[37]

Mike Pence, Republican Governor of Indiana (2013-present), U.S. Representative from Indiana's 2nd(2001–03) and 6th (2003–2013) congressional districts and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[38]

Todd Young, Republican U.S. Representative from Indiana's 9th congressional district (2011–present).[17]

Steve King, Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 5th congressional district (2003–present) and afounding member of the Tea Party Caucus.[39] King's 2012 re-election campaign has received theendorsement of FreedomWorks.[16] King was re-elected in November 2012.

Tim Huelskamp, Republican U.S. Representative from Kansas's 1st congressional district (2011–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34]

Lynn Jenkins, Republican U.S. Representative from Kansas's 2nd congressional district (2009–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40]

Jerry Moran, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and a member of the Senate Tea Party

Illinois [edit]

Indiana [edit]

Iowa [edit]

Kansas [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Caucus.[41]

Rand Paul, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and an inaugural member of the Senate Tea PartyCaucus. Paul gave the tea party response to President Barack Obama's 2013 State of the UnionAddress.[42]

Thomas Massie, Republican U.S. Representative from the Kentucky's 4th congressional district (2012-present). In his 2012 election, Massie was endorsed by FreedomWorks.[43]

Rodney Alexander, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 5th congressional district (2003–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40]

Bill Cassidy, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 6th congressional district (2009–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[44]

John Fleming, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 4th congressional district (2009–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[45]

Jeff Landry, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 3rd congressional district (2011–2013) anda member of the Tea Party Caucus.[46]

Steve Scalise, Republican U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 1st congressional district (2008–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[47]

David Vitter, Republican U.S. Senator (2005–present).[48]

Roscoe Bartlett, Republican U.S. Representative from Maryland's 6th congressional district (1993–2013)and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[49]

Andrew Harris, Republican U.S. Representative from Maryland's 1st congressional district (2011–present). Harris successfully challenged incumbent Democrat Frank Kratovil in 2010, receiving theendorsement of FreedomWorks.[50]

Alex Mooney, Republican State Senator (1999-2011), former chairman of the Maryland Republican Party,and Republican nominee for West Virginia's 2nd congressional district in 2014.[51]

Justin Amash, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 3rd congressional district (2011–present).In May 2012, Susan Davis of USA Today described Amash as "Tea Party-aligned".[52]

Mike Bishop, Republican state senator (2003–11) and majority leader. In February 2010 Bishopendorsed the beliefs and ideals of tea party groups.[53]

Pete Hoekstra, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 2nd congressional district (1993–2011)

Kentucky [edit]

Louisiana [edit]

Maryland [edit]

Michigan [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[40]

Tim Walberg, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 7th congressional district (2007–09,2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[54]

Kerry Bentivolio, Republican U.S. Representative from Michigan's 11th congressional district (2013–present)

Michele Bachmann, Republican U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 6th congressional district (2007–present) and founder of the Tea Party Caucus.[55]

Phil Bryant, Republican Governor of Mississippi (2012–present). In March 2012 the Central MississippiTea Party dubbed Bryant "the first tea party governor."[56]

Steven Palazzo, Republican U.S. Representative from Mississippi's 4th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[57] In September 2011, George Altman of gulflive.comdescribed Palazzo as 2010's tea party darling".[58]

Chris McDaniel, Republican State Senator (2008-present).[59][60]

Vicky Hartzler, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 4th congressional district (2011–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[61]

Allen Icet, Republican state representative.[62]

Billy Long, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 7th congressional district (2011–present).[63]

Blaine Luetkemeyer, Republican U.S. Representative from Missouri's 9th congressional district (2009–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[61]

Tom Schweich, Republican State Auditor (2011–present).[62]

Denny Rehberg, Republican U.S. Representative from Montana's At-large congressional district (2001–2013) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[64]

Derek Skees, Republican state representative. In October 2010, Skees said he "was in the Tea Partybefore it was cool".[65]

Steve Daines, Republican U.S. Representative from Montana's At-large congressional district (2013-present), nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2008, and nominee for U.S. Senator in 2014. Daines wasendorsed by Tea Party Express in the 2014 Senate election.[66]

Minnesota [edit]

Mississippi [edit]

Missouri [edit]

Montana [edit]

Nebraska [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement#Missouri[8/1/2014 12:24:28 PM]

Adrian Smith, Republican State Senator (1999-2007), U.S. Representative from Nebraska's 3rdcongressional district (2007-present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[67]

Charles Bass, Republican U.S. Representative from New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district (1995–2007, 2011–2013). In October 2010, Christopher Rowland of The Boston Globe wrote that Bass, in his2010 campaign, sought "to firm up his conservative credentials with an embrace of the Tea Partymovement."[68]

Gary Johnson, Republican Governor of New Mexico (1995–2003) and 2012 Libertarian Party presidentialnominee. In April 2011, David Weigel of Slate wrote that Johnson "was the Tea Party more than adecade before the idea occurred to Rick Santelli."[69]

Greg Brannon, Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in 2014.[70]

Howard Coble, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 6th congressional district (1985–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[71]

Virginia Foxx, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 5th congressional district (2005–present). In April 2012, Katrina Trinko of National Review described Foxx as a "tea-partycongresswoman".[72]

Sue Myrick, Republican U.S. Representative from North Carolina's 9th congressional district (1995–2013)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[73]

Gary Emineth, former chair of the North Dakota Republican Party and a founding member of the NorthDakota Tea Party Caucus.[74]

Duane Sand, Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2000 and 2012 and for the U.S. House ofRepresentatives in 2004 and 2008. Sand was a founding member of the North Dakota Tea PartyCaucus.[74]

Tom Coburn, Republican U.S. Representative 2nd congressional district (1995-2001) and U.S. Senator(2005–present).[75]

James Lankford, Republican U.S. Representative from Oklahoma's 5th congressional district (2011–present).[76]

New Hampshire [edit]

New Mexico [edit]

North Carolina [edit]

North Dakota [edit]

Oklahoma [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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T.W. Shannon, Republican State Representative (2007-present), former Speaker of the Oklahoma Houseof Representatives (2013-2014), and former U.S. Senate candidate.[77]

Mike Kelly, Republican U.S. Representative fromPennsylvania's 3rd congressional district (2011–present). Kelly was a co-founder of the tea partymovement in his area.[78]

Sam Rohrer, Republican state representative(1993–2010). In February 2012, Jon Delano of CBSPittsburgh wrote that "Rohrer ran for Governor asthe conservative Tea Party Republican" in2010.[79]

Pat Toomey, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present). In October 2011, Peter Schroeder of TheHill described Toomey as "the de facto Tea Partyvoice on Congress's 'supercommittee' ".[80]

John Robitaille, Republican nominee for Governor of Rhode Island in 2010. Robitaille, in response to thequestion "do you consider yourself somebody who embodies the ideals of the [tea party] movement?",responded in October 2010 "I do, I do."[81]

Jim DeMint, Republican U.S. Senator (2005–2012) and the founder of the Senate's Tea PartyCaucus.[82] In January 2012, Jim Davenport of The Huffington Post described DeMint as "a dean of theinfluential and well-funded tea party movement".[83]

Jeff Duncan, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[34]

Trey Gowdy, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 4th congressional district (2011–present). In July 2011, Kara Brandeisky of The New Republic described Gowdy as a "Tea Partycongressman".[84]

Nikki Haley, Republican Governor of South Carolina (2011–present). Haley was elected in 2010 with teaparty support,[85]

Mick Mulvaney, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 5th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13] Mulvaney successfully challenged Democraticincumbent John Spratt in 2010, receiving the backing of the tea party.[86]

Pennsylvania [edit]

Pat Toomey speaking at a Tea Party rally inPhiladelphia, 2009

Rhode Island [edit]

South Carolina [edit]

List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Mark Sanford, Republican Governor of South Carolina (2003–11) and U.S. Representative from SouthCarolina's 1st congressional district (2013–present). Sanford has described himself as "Tea Party beforethe Tea Party was cool".[87]

Tim Scott, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district (2011–2012),U.S. Senator from South Carolina (2012–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[13]

Joe Wilson, Republican U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[88] In November 2009 Wilson spoke at tea partyevents at Ford Mansion in Morristown, New Jersey[89] and at Capitol Hill.[90]

Tom Davis, Republican member of the South Carolina Senate (2009-present).[91]

Gordon Howie, Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (2005-2009) andSouth Dakota Senate (2009-2011).[92]

Diane Black, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 6th congressional district (2011–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[93]

Scott DesJarlais, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 4th congressional district (2011–present). In December 2011, Chris Carroll of the Chattanooga Times Free Press wrote that DesJarlais"went full tea party" in his 2010 campaign.[94]

Stephen Fincher, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 8th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[95]

Phil Roe, Republican U.S. Representative from Tennessee's 1st congressional district (2009–present) anda member of the Tea Party Caucus.[96]

Joe Barton, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's6th congressional district (1985–present) and a memberof the Tea Party Caucus. Barton described himself inOctober 2010 as having been "Tea Party when Tea Partywasn't cool."[97]

Michael Burgess, Republican U.S. Representative fromTexas's 26th congressional district (2003–present) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus.[98]

Quico Canseco, Republican U.S. Representative fromTexas's 23rd congressional district (2011–2013). In his2010 campaign, Canseco allied himself with the tea

[99]

South Dakota [edit]

Tennessee [edit]

Texas [edit]

Ron Paul addressing the Tea Party Patriots

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party.

John Carter, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 31st congressional district (2003–present), thesecretary of the House Republican Conference and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[100]

John Culberson, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 7th congressional district (2001–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[101]

Ted Cruz, Republican U.S. Senator (2013–present). Michelle Cottle of the Daily Beast says that Cruz is"the delight of the Tea Party anti-establishment conservatives"[102]

David Dewhurst, Republican Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2003–present). In April 2012 Gary Scharrerof the Houston Chronicle wrote that Dewhurst "emphasizes that he embraced the core principles of theTea Party, before that movement gained momentum".[103]

Blake Farenthold, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 27th congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[104]

Louie Gohmert, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 1st congressional district (2005–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[105]

Ralph Hall, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 4th congressional district (1981–present) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus.[106]

Kenny Marchant, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 24th congressional district (2005–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[107]

Debra Medina, Republican candidate for Governor of Texas in 2010. In January 2011 Richard Dunham ofthe Houston Chronicle described Medina as "the original Texas Tea Party leader."[108]

Randy Neugebauer, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 19th congressional district (2003–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[109]

Ron Paul, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 22nd (1976–77, 1979–85) and 14th (1997–2013) congressional districts and 1988, 2008 and 2012 presidential candidate. In November 2010,Joshua Green of The Atlantic described Paul as the tea party's "intellectual godfather".[110]

Ted Poe, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district (2005–present) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus.[111]

Pete Sessions, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 5th (1997–2003) and 32nd (2003–present)congressional districts, chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee and a member of theTea Party Caucus.[112]

Lamar Smith, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas's 21st congressional district (1987–present)and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[113]

Steve Stockman, Republican U.S. Representative from Texas' 9th congressional district (1995-1997),Texas' 36th congressional district (2013-present), and U.S. Senate candidate in 2014.[114]

Rob Bishop, Republican U.S. Representative from Utah's 1st congressional district (2003–present) and amember of the Tea Party Caucus. Bishop has appeared at Tea Party rallies in Utah.[115]

Utah [edit]

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Jason Chaffetz, Republican U.S. Representative from Utah's 3rd congressional district (2009–present). InAugust 2011, Amy Walter of ABC News described Chaffetz as "a rising star in the Tea Partymovement".[116]

Mike Lee, Republican U.S. Senator (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[117]

Eric Cantor, Republican U.S. Representative from Virginia's 7th congressional district (2001–2014) andHouse Majority Leader (2011–2014). In October 2011, Daniel Stone of Newsweek described Cantor as"the Republican leadership's tether to the Tea Party".[118]

Kirby Wilbur, chair of the Washington State Republican Party (2011–present). In January 2011, KasieHunt of Politico described Wilbur as "tea party-affiliated".[119]

Bill Maloney, Republican nominee for Governor of West Virginia in 2011 and 2012. [120]

David McKinley, Republican U.S. Representative from West Virginia's 1st congressional district (2011–present) and a member of the Tea Party Caucus.[111]

Cynthia Lummis, Republican U.S. Representative from Wyoming's At-large congressional district (2009–present) and a founding member of the Tea Party Caucus.[121]

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7. ^ Liptak, Mark (March 13, 2010). "Tea-ing Up the Constitution" . The New York Times. Retrieved October 31,

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9. ^ Orndorff, Mary (August 4, 2010). "Alabama Rep. Robert Aderholt joins congressional Tea Party Caucus" . SweetHome Potomac. Retrieved July 18, 2012.

Virginia [edit]

Washington [edit]

West Virginia [edit]

Wyoming [edit]

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[hide]V · T · E ·

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117. ^ Blumenthal, Paul (October 25, 2011). "Mike Lee, Tea Party Senator, Wants A Super PAC For His Leadership

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118. ^ Stone, Daniel (October 30, 2011). "The Tea Party Pork Binge" . Newsweek. Retrieved July 31, 2012.

119. ^ Hunt, Kasie (January 23, 2011). "N.H. tea party win a sign for 2012?" . Politico. Retrieved July 25, 2012.

120. ^ Catanese, David (May 14, 2011). "Tomblin, Maloney win in West Virginia" . Politico. Retrieved July 23, 2012.

121. ^ Parker, Ashley (November 14, 2011). "Wyoming Congresswoman to Endorse Romney" . The New York Times.Retrieved August 1, 2012.

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