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A Baker Hughes company

Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Systems


Tubing-ConveyedPerforating Systems

Tubing-Conveyed Perforating SystemsA Baker Hughes company

Baker Oil Tools is involved in every phase of thewellbore construction process. With technology andexpertise in drilling, completion and well maintenance,Baker Oil Tools can design and implement completewellbore systems for maximum productivity.

In addition to delivering integrated solutions, we striveto be the “best in class” for all the individual productsand services we offer. We have not lost sight of thestrong product line focus - in drilling, formationevaluation, fluids and completion technology - thatmade us an industry leader. Therefore, clients whoprefer to purchase individual products and services canrely on our traditional dedication to product quality.

This publication focuses on Baker Oil Tools tubing-conveyed perforating systems and associatedequipment.

Perforating equipment should be used only by qualified personnel.Use contrary to the manufacturer’s specifications may resultin property damage or fatal injury.



With our Integrated Solutionsproject management program, wealso offer single point access to allBaker Hughes technologies andto the products and services ofothers. The Baker HughesIntegrated Solutions programcoordinates all products andservices available in the industryto match the best possiblesolution to your projectrequirements.

Custom Tailored Perforating Systems ............................................................................................. 2Perforating System Components .................................................................................................... 3PERFFORM ™ Perforating System ................................................................................................4Gun System Specifications ............................................................................................................. 5

Retrievable Packer with Ported Disc System.................................................................................. 6Retrievable Packer with 'PRT' Crossover/ Disconnect Kit and Hydraulic Firing Head System........................................................................ 8Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Guns with Production Packer System .................................................................................................. 10Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Guns through Production Packer System............................................................................................. 12

Horizontal Perforating System ...................................................................................................... 14SCPSM One-Trip System ................................................................................................................. 16Dual Redundant Direct Pressure Applied System ............................................................................................................18Dual Completion String System .................................................................................................... 20Wireline-Conveyed Firing Head System .......................................................................................21

TC™ System ..................................................................................................................................22Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Gunsin Deviated Wellbores ...................................................................................................................24Hang and Release System ........................................................................................................... 26Parallel Perforating System........................................................................................................... 28Auger Gun System ........................................................................................................................ 30

Firing Heads ................................................................................................................................. 32Underbalancing Devices ............................................................................................................... 34Debris Barriers ..............................................................................................................................37Gun Releases ............................................................................................................................... 38Crossover Kits ............................................................................................................................... 39Miscellaneous Accessories ........................................................................................................... 40Perforating Gun Performance Data....................................................................... inside back cover

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Table of Contents


Premier PerformanceTubing-conveyed perforating

(TCP) is a critical step in the wellcompletion process. As the worldleader in TCP and gravel packsystems and accessories, Baker OilTools is committed to supplyingsafe, effective perforating that willoptimize the productivity of eachwell.

Baker Oil Tools offers TCPsystems for straight, deviated andhorizontal wells. Gun phasing,shot density and systemcomponents can be individuallyspecified to suit the formation,perforating multiple zones in asingle run while minimizingdebris left in the well. OurPERFFORM™ perforatingcharges continue to lead themarket as the premier debris-freecharge, with more than 500,000charges fired in the past two years.

Commitment to QualityBaker Oil Tools TCP design and

manufacturing operation hasbeen certified to ISO 9001 since1992. This certification is part ofour company-wide commitmentto the principles of Total QualityManagement. Our research andengineering efforts focus onmaintaining high quality whileimproving the products andservices we offer.

Fine-particle debris of PERFFORM ™ charge (left) compared to debris of conventional charge.

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Custom Tailored Perforating Systems



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Perforating System Components

Baker Oil Tools perforatingsystems are configured using avariety of assemblies selected forthe requirements of yourparticular application. Theassemblies and accessories shownhere are selected by ourperforating specialists tocustomize various systems for bestresults.

This brochure illustrates manyof the standard perforatingsystem configurations that arereadily available. Please contactyour Baker Oil Tools perforatingrepresentative for completionplanning specific to yourapplication and for answers toyour questions.


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PerformanceThe PERFFORM perforating system,

using a proprietary shaped charge andpatented liner, eliminates carrots andcoarse steel debris in the perforationtunnel. PERFFORM debris is a fine,HCl soluble powder that can becirculated out, leaving a clean hole.

Since its introduction in 1992, thesystem has proven especially well suitedfor complex completions of multiple,highly deviated wellbores, and for wellsusing coiled tubing and small diametercasings. The PERFFORM perforatingsystem is applicable, as well, to all gravelpack completions and can be used in allstandard Baker Oil Tools systems.

PenetrationTotal target penetration (TTP) of the

PERFFORM charge exceeds penetrationof the standard charge in the lowergram load range. For heavier loads,penetration is comparable.

Entry Hole DiameterRegardless of the charge weight,

PERFFORM produces entry holediameters similar to those of standardcharges while maintaining its excellentpenetration and low debris characteristics.

Better Perforation CleaningBecause of its smaller debris size and

lack of a carrot, the PERFFORMperforating system offers significantlybetter perforation tunnel and wellborecleaning when compared to conventionalperforation systems. Size and solubilityof the debris allow its ready removalduring underbalance perforating andprepack acidizing. Test data show that78% of PERFFORM debris is soluble inHCl acid, while only 3% of conventionalcharge debris can be dissolved. ThePERFFORM result is a cleaner, moreproductive perforation.

PERFFORM ™ Perforating System



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• Gun performance software has been developed to provide a realistic prediction of gun performanceusing actual well conditions.

• Results are based on API RP 43, Section 1, Edition 5 data.

• Analysis allows for multiple casing strings of various grades, formation types and strengths, gunphasing and decentralization.

• Contact your local Baker Oil Tools representative for an analysis on your well.

API Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Performance Analysis

Time - Temperature Chart

TCP Explosives

Gun System Specifications

Gun Phasing

90° phasing, 4 shots per foot



10 hours 100 hours 200 hours

RDX 285°F 235°F 220°F

HMX 350°F 300°F 285°F

PYX 540°F 500°F 485°F


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ApplicationThis system may be used for

perforating new wells with clearcompletion fluids. It is run with aRetrievamatic™ packer and porteddisc, and is fired mechanically.The packer's large bypass permitscirculation around and throughthe tool while running in. Theported disc assembly protects thefiring head from debris duringmakeup and run-in, and allowsthe tubing to fill while it isrunning in the hole. The systemcan be run with an automaticunderbalance device to facilitateformation cleanup.

Running InTCP guns are run into the well

with a retrievable packer. Aradioactive tag establishes thelocation of the string beforeperforating.

Establishing UnderbalanceAn underbalance condition is

established by circulating downthe work string with lightweightfluids. The Retrievamatic packer'sbypass area allows circulationthrough the tool to the porteddisc assembly located directlyabove the guns. A guide subprotects the firing head fromunintentional detonation due toforeign objects while ensuringthat the detonating bar strikesthe hammer properly whendetonation is desired.

Firing GunsTo fire the guns, the detonating

bar is dropped from the surface,striking the firing head and firingthe guns. Formation fluids surgeagainst underbalanced tubingpressure upon perforation of thecasing and bore.

Stabilizing the WellAfter flow tests are completed,

the well is stabilized by openingthe bypass in the retrievablepacker and reverse-circulatingdebris and reservoir fluids to thesurface.

Figure 1 - Running In

Perforatingguns

Pup joints

Mechanicalfiring head

Ported discassembly

Tubingspacers

Retrievamaticpacker

Radioactive tagsub

Test head

Retrievable Packer with Ported Disc System



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Retrievamaticpacker

Ported discassembly

Guide sub

Ported discassembly

Detonatingbar

Hammer

Firing headPerforating guns

Reverse circulationthrough packer

Figure 2 - Establishing Underbalance Figure 3 - Guns Firing Figure 4 - Stabilizing the Well


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ApplicationThis system, configured with an

annular-pressure-activated firinghead, is ideally suited for deviatedwellbores and restricted tubulars,or as a secondary firing system ina solids-laden fluid. Firingpressures can be adjusted from1,000 to 6,000 psi (6,895 to41,369 kPa) as needed, dependingupon the hydrostatic pressure.The system is hydraulicallybalanced during the run-inperiod, and a hydraulicallyactivated safety device preventspremature detonation.

The 'PRT' crossover/disconnectkit provides a two stageemergency release, in the eventthe guns and/or packer encounterdifficulty in retrieval.

Running InThe perforating assembly

consists of the TCP guns with ahydraulic firing head, aRetrievamatic™ packer to permitcirculation while running in, anda crossover kit to port annularpressure to the firing head.Lightweight fluid, circulateddown the tubing before thepacker is set, provides the

Retrievable Packer with 'PRT' Crossover/Disconnect Kit and Hydraulic Firing Head System

underbalanced condition.Firing Guns

After the packer has been set,pressure is applied to theannulus. This pressure wave istransferred over to the hydraulicfiring head and fires the tubing-conveyed perforating guns.

Well FlowingKill weight fluids are then

flowed to remove formationdebris and to clean theperforation tunnels. Well flow isdirected through the flow port,up the tubing, and to the surface.

Stabilizing the WellOnce flow tests are completed,

the well is stabilized by openingthe bypass in the retrievablepacker and then reverse-circulating from the wellbore.

DisconnectingIn the event the guns become

difficult to remove, right handtorque will allow the bypass tubeto withdraw, establishingcommunication between thetubing and the annulus.Circulation is then possible.With additional rotation the drillpipe may be released from theguns, and, if necessary, continuedrotation will disconnect from thepacker. When disconnected, thepacker is full opening and can beretrieved independently from theguns.


Perforating guns

Model B hydraulicfiring head

Pup joint

Flow port

Retrievamaticpacker

Crossover kit



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Figure 6 - Establishing Underbalance/ Guns Firing/Well Flowing

Figure 8 - Disconnect From GunsFigure 7 - Stabilizing the Well

Annular pressure appliedthrough the crossover kitfires the guns

Tubing isunderbalanced

Flow port

Reverse circulationthrough packer

Flow port


Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Gunswith Production Packer System

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ApplicationTCP guns are run with

completions equipment toperforate new zones. Thistechnique avoids contact betweenthe formation and kill fluids.Because TCP guns are configuredwith a production packer,perforating and productionequipment are run in one trip.This permits maximum wellcontrol, with surface controlequipment installed prior to gundetonation.

Since gun selection is notconstrained by the packer boresize, gun size can be selected tocomplement the desiredunderbalance. TCP guns usedwith production packers obtainhighly efficient completions ofnew zones in wells with existingcompletions.

Running InTubing-conveyed perforating

guns are run below theproduction packer with either amechanical or hydraulic firinghead with automatic gun releasesub. The system can be run andset either on tubing or wireline. Aseating nipple may be requiredfor hydraulically set packers. Theported disc assembly allows thetubing to fill during run-in andpermits circulation of lightweightfluid before the packer is set,providing an underbalancedcondition. The ported discassembly also protects themechanical firing head fromdebris during makeup and run-in.

Setting the PackerA blanking plug seals the

seating nipple so tubing pressurecan set the packer, or the electricline setting tool is actuated.

Firing GunsTo detonate the perforating

guns, a detonating bar is droppeddown the tubing from thesurface, and as it strikes the firinghead the guns fire. The guide subensures that the detonating barstrikes the hammer properly.Ports in the disc assembly allowthe formation pressure to surgeagainst the underbalance in thetubing. Redundant firing systemsmay also be used.

ProducingAfter firing, the automatic

release sub is actuated, and theperforating guns are released,dropping to the bottom of thewellbore. Production of the wellthrough the tubing can begin.

Perforating guns

Mechanical firing headwith automatic release

Disc protects the firinghead from debrisduring makeup andrun-in.

Ported disc assembly

Seating nipple

Seal assembly

Production packer




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Figure 12 - ProducingFigure 11 - Guns Firing

Ported discassembly

Detonating bar

Hammer

Firing head

Perforating guns

Figure 10 - Setting the Packer

Guide sub

Pup joint

Blanking plug

Tubing pressuresets the packer


Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Gunsthrough Production Packer SystemApplication

For accurate depth control,Baker Oil Tools TCP guns can berun through the productionpacker. After the packer is set bywireline, the tubing-conveyedperforating and productionaccessories are run in a single trip.

Running InPerforating guns and the

completion assembly are run onthe production tubing. A porteddisc assembly protects the firinghead from debris during makeupand run-in. A mechanical firinghead with automatic release is runabove the perforating guns.

CirculatingTo facilitate circulation of the

well, the completion assembly ispositioned with the ported discassembly above the productionpacker. The ported disc assemblyallows circulation down thetubing and up the annulus. Thisfacilitates placing lighter fluid inthe tubing, which achieves anunderbalanced condition.

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Guns FiringA detonating bar is dropped

down the tubing from the surfaceto detonate the perforating guns,and as it strikes the firing head,the guns fire. The guide subensures that the detonating barstrikes the hammer properly.Ports in the disc assembly allowthe formation pressure to surgeagainst the underbalancedtubing. Redundant firing systemsmay also be used.

ProducingAfter firing, the automatic

release sub is actuated, and theperforating guns are released,dropping to the bottom of thewellbore. Production of the wellthrough the tubing can begin.

Productionpacker

Mechanical firinghead withautomatic release

Perforating guns

Pup joint

Ported discassembly

Production sealassembly

Production tubing




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Pup joint

Ported discassembly

Guide sub

Ported discassembly

Seal assembly

Hammer

Detonating bar

Firing head

Perforating guns

Figure 16 - ProducingFigure 15 - Guns FiringFigure 14 - Circulating


Horizontal Perforating System

ApplicationThe field-proven horizontal

perforating system has perforatedwells with deviations up to 104°.This type of system has alsoperforated more than 4,500 ft(1,372 m) of wellbore in a singletrip. Mechanically, it is a simplesystem, incorporating only fourbasic components:

• RS™ packer with a crossover kit

• Hydraulic underbalancingvalve

• Hydraulic firing head

• Baker Oil Tools perforatingguns.

Wellbores can be perforatedthroughout a full 360° withdensity up to 12 shots per foot.Alternatively, the perforatingguns can be oriented to perforateonly the low side of the wellbore.

The packer is set and unset by asimple vertical work stringmovement, so work stringrotation is not needed.Detonation of the perforatingguns is accomplished by applyingannular pressure above apreviously set RS™ packer.

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Running InThe tubing may be run dry or

filled partially while running in.Hydrostatic pressure is isolatedfrom the sump area by ahydraulic underbalancing valve.

The firing head is hydraulicallybalanced during run-in and hasno atmospheric chambers. Oncethe perforating gun is positionedadjacent to the desired interval,an upward motion of the workstring indexes the packer to a setposition. A downward motionthen sets the packer. Annularpressure is relieved through thevalve and is ported to the top ofthe firing head.

Firing GunsAnnular pressure is exposed to

the top of the firing head andthen it is increased until itovercomes the pressure in thesump area. When the appliedpressure overcomes the collet thatretains the firing pin, the firingpin releases and strikes thedetonator, causing explosive trainignition and detonating theshaped charges.

For more information,order paper number SPE16929 from the Society ofPetroleum Engineers orBaker Oil Tools.



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Hydraulicunderbalancingvalve

Model B firing headRS packer

Perforating gunsCrossover kit

RS packer Hydraulicunderbalancingvalve

Figure 18 - Guns Firing



SCPSM One-Trip System

ApplicationOne of the most significant

advantages of the SCP (SandControl and Perforating) one-tripsystem is that it saves rig timeand certain expenses associatedwith conventional perforatingand gravel packing. Completelyretrievable, this system has anunrestricted tubing ID. Norotation is required duringoperations. The system minimizesfluid lost to the formation duringlong trip times in conventionaloperations, and reduces the needfor formation-damaging lostcirculation pills.

Firing GunsA radioactive tag ensures the

proper depth, and the SCLPpacker is set. The detonating baris then dropped, striking thefiring head and detonating thecharges. Upon firing, theperforating guns are releasedautomatically, dropping to thebottom of the well. An inwardsurge from the formation thenflows through the ported discassembly and up the drill pipe.

For more information,order paper number SPE13648 from the Society ofPetroleum Engineers orBaker Oil Tools.

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Killing the WellAfter the well is flow tested,

flow must be controlled topermit gravel pack operations.This involves opening the bypassin the SCLP packer and thenstabilizing the well by reversecirculating.

Gravel PackingThe assembly is repositioned for

gravel packing after killing thewell. A Model S2P setting/crossover tool permits gravel packsand to be circulated down thetubing and out into theperforated area. Standard gravelpack procedures are followed,and returns are taken through theBakerweld® or Slim-PakTM

screen and up the washpipe tothe annulus.

ProducingAfter completing the gravel

pack, the production tubing islanded in the packer seal bore,and following this the well can beflowed as required.

Radioactive tag sub

Perforating gunsFiring headHammer

Detonating bar


SCLP packer

Bypass closed

Bakerweld® orSlim-Pak™ screen

O-ring seal sub

Shear-out safety jointwith rotational lock

Model SC-2 packer

Model S2P settingtool/crossover tool

Figure 19 - Running In/ Firing Guns



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Washpipe landed ino-ring seal sub

Bypass opened, kill fluidreverse circulated

SCLP packer set

Automatic gun release

Production tubinglanded

Hydrocarbons

Figure 22 - Producing

Model S2P setting tool/crossover tool

Model SC-2 packer isset and tested

Washpipe raised toexpose ID screen

O-ring seal sub

Figure 20 - Killing the Well Figure 21 - Gravel Packing


Dual Redundant Direct PressureApplied System

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Radioactive tag

Retrievamaticpacker

Tubing spacers

Perforated sub

Pup joints

D/RD firing head

Perforating guns

ApplicationThis system was designed with a

redundant firing head system foruse in wellbores containingpressure sensitive liner tops ordepleted zones. The redundantfiring heads provide a primaryand a backup system forimproved reliability.

Running InTubing-conveyed perforating

guns are run in the hole below aported disc assembly. The porteddisc allows the string to fill withfluid while tripping in.

Displacing with NitrogenOnce the guns are at depth and

prior to perforating, the fluid isdisplaced with nitrogen to createan underbalance to formationpressure. The packer is then set.

Firing GunsAfter the packer is set, surface

pressure is increased until itreaches a predetermined downhole pressure, according to therupture disc used. The rupturedisc bursts, initiating a time delay(either 8 or 30 minutes). Thisgives the operator time to bleedthe surface pressure down to therequired underbalance.Production flow then removesany debris that may remain inthe perforations.



Reversecirculationthrough packer

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Figure 26 - Stabilizing the WellFigure 25 - Apply Pressure to Fire Guns and Bleed Off to Desired Underbalance

Figure 24 - Establishing Underbalance with Nitrogen


Dual Completion String System

ApplicationThe dual completion string

system was designed to enabledual string completions andperforations in a single trip. Thesystem features selective andindependent firing heads for two-gun systems.

Running and FiringAfter perforating and

production equipment is placedin the wellbore, the dual-completion packer is set bypressurizing the short stringagainst a temporary plug.

The surface completion isinstalled and tested. Then, theshort string perforating assemblythat has been mounted parallel tothe long string may be perforated.With a two gun system, each guncan be fired independently at theoperator's discretion. Becauseboth zones are isolated, they canbe independently produced.

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Figure 27 - Dual-Zone, One-Trip Completion Using Parallel-Orienting System

Model A-5 dual-completion packer

Parallel orientinghead

Model D packer

Mechanical gunrelease sub

Compensatingvalve

Mechanical firinghead

Perforating guns

Guide sub

Elastomeric shock absorber

Perforating guns

Guide sub

Mechanical firing

Compensating valvewith disc

Adjustable spacer subwith rotational lock

Expansion joint

Seating nipple


Tubing-Conveyed Perforating SystemsWireline-Conveyed Firing Head System

ApplicationThe wireline-conveyed firing

head system allows perforatingguns to be run without a firinghead attached. With the systemunarmed, this method providesthe utmost operator safety. Inaddition, a malfunctioning firinghead can be replaced if necessary.

The system is run in the holebelow a packer. This may beeither a permanent packer withan automatic gun release or aretrievable packer. With the gunsat depth and the packer set, thefiring head is set in its receptacleby wireline. Once in place, thesystem is fired either mechanicallyor hydraulically.

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Wireline

Retrievamatic packer

Compensating valve

Wireline jars

Wireline-conveyed firinghead

Wireline landing assembly

Perforating guns

Figure 28 - Wireline-Conveyed Firing Head System


TC™ System

ApplicationAs the name implies, the Total

Control™ (TC) system providestotal control over fluid losses tothe formation. It also providesabsolute downhole formationshutoff for use in transientpressure analysis. Other featuresare the ability to spot lostcirculation pills above the packerwith no fluid loss and to increasefluid weight without formationfeed-in.

Running InAs the system is running in the

hole, the work string fills througha Multi-Reverse Circulating Valve(MRCV). Once at depth, theMRCV is closed by circulatingdown the tubing at a minimumrate of 3 gpm (11.36 lpm).

Firing GunsAfter the packer is at depth and

set, pressure is applied to theannulus, opening the PressureOperated Test Valve (POTV).The detonating bar is thendropped; the guns fire and thenfall to the bottom of the hole.

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Flow TestingAnnular pressure is maintained

to keep the POTV open whilethe well is flow tested. At the endof the flow test, the annularpressure is bled off and thePOTV closes.

Stabilizing the WellThe MRCV is cycled open and

well fluids are reverse-circulatedfrom the wellbore. Should theMRCV fail to open due to sandproduction, the AnnularOperated Reverse Valve (AORV)may be opened by applyingannular pressure. The well is thencirculated until stable.


Drill collars

Radioactive tag sub

Annular-operatedreversing valve (AORV)

Multi-reversecirculating valve (MRCV)

Drill collars

Pressure-operatedtest valve (POTV)

Recorder carrier

Hydraulic jars

Rotational releasesafety joint

Crossover sub

Retrievamatic packer

Ported discassembly


Perforating guns



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Figure 30 - Guns Firing Figure 31 - Flow Testing

Hydrocarbons tosurface

Figure 32 - Stabilizing the Well

Perforating guns

Detonating bar


POTV is opened withannular pressure

MRCV closed MRCV is open

POTV is closed

Gauges have recordedformation pressurebuild up


Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Gunsin Deviated WellboresApplication

This system is especially suitedfor low-side or directionalperforating. The combination ofa tubing swivel and orienting lugsensures the proper orientation ofthe gun system. Low sidecapability permits perforation oflong horizontal sections that haveexcessive leakoff during gravelpack operations.

Running InAs the gun section is run in the

hole, the orienting lug and tubingswivel facilitate gun orientationto the low side of the hole.

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Firing GunsNitrogen or a lightweight

completion fluid is circulatedinto the hole, and then tubingpressure is applied and bled off toactivate the firing heads.

Well FlowingThe well is flowed through the

ported sub and through thetubing. Production is monitoredat the surface.

Stabilizing the WellThe packer bypass is opened for

reverse circulation through thepacker bypass and flow ports tostabilize the well.

Perforating guns

Model RD adapter

Model D firing head

Tubing swivel

Tubing

Ported sub

Tubing

Retrievamaticpacker




Retrievamatic packer Reverse circulation

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Figure 34 - Guns Firing Figure 35 - Well Flowing Figure 36 - Stabilizing the Well

Orienting lugs


Hang and Release System

ApplicationThe hang and release system

was designed for use with mono-bore completions to eliminateexcessive costs associated withlocating the guns when usingcoiled tubing. The system alsomay be used to run all completionequipment while the rig is onsite, but before perforation.

Running InThe system may be run on

wireline, coiled tubing or rigidpipe since hydraulic pressure isused to anchor the slips.

Setting the ToolOnce the system is at depth,

hydraulic pressure is applied to ahighly accurate rupture disc.When the disc bursts, thispressure is applied against anatmospheric chamber that setsthe slips, anchoring the hang andrelease mechanism.

Firing GunsA slickline trip then places the

wireline-conveyed firing head inthe landing receptacle. The gunsare fired either by applyingpressure or by dropping a firingbar. After the guns fire, the gasgenerated by their detonation ischanneled into the hang andrelease tool. This pressure causesthe slips to retract, and the entireassembly falls to the bottom ofthe hole. Alternatively, the systemcan be run with the auto-releasemechanism removed, and theguns can be retrieved using coiledor rigid tubing.

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Figure 37 - Running In Figure 38 - Guns Firing

Perforating guns

Running tool

Hang and release

Hang andrelease

Wirelineconveyedfiring head

Guns firing

Packerslips



27

Figure 39 - Releasing the Guns Figure 40 - Optional Retrieval

Hang and release

Retrieving tool

Release mechanism


ApplicationThe parallel perforating system

performs multiple completionoperations in one trip. It may alsobe used selectively to fire multi-zone completions.

Running InThe system is run to the bottom

of the hole while mounted to theside of a tubing string. Blast jointsmay be run next to the perforatingguns to reduce damage whileflowing.

StimulatingFormation treatment systems

are injected past the guns andinto the formation. This proceduremay require as much as 100,000 lbs(45,360 kg) of frac sand.

Parallel Perforating System

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IsolatingFollowing stimulation, the

isolation packer is positioned andthen set by applying pressurefrom the surface.

Firing GunsThe system uses an integral

firing head that is pressurebalanced prior to seating a ball.After shear-release from theisolation packer, the ball isdropped from the surface. Thisball seats and isolates the tubingfrom annular pressure. Surfacepressure is then applied down thetubing, causing the guns to fire.

Retrievamaticpacker

Parallelperforating guns

Hydraulic hold down

Isolation packer

Tubing

Sliding sleeve

Tubing

Seal assembly

Sump packer




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Retrievamaticpacker is set

Retrievamaticpacker is set

Isolationpacker is set

Figure 44 - Guns FiringFigure 43 - IsolatingFigure 42 - Stimulating


Auger Gun System

ApplicationThe auger gun system is

designed for use in unconsolidatedformations or in high fluid-losswells. The auger system allows forperforating with maximumunderbalance without the risk ofthe guns sticking due to formationsand. The system has beenutilized successfully in deviationsas high as 104°. The systemincorporates an auger blade thatenhances cleanup of sand-producing wells by increasing thefluid velocity in the wellbore. Theauger system also allows the wellto be prepacked with gravel packsand prior to moving the guns.

Running and FiringAuger gun system components

are rated to a minimum of6,000 ft-lbs (8,135 Nm) and aretorqued at the surface prior torunning downhole. Once atdepth, the packer is set and theguns are fired using either amechanical or hydraulic firinghead. The well is then flowed atmaximum velocity to aid in

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cleaning the perforations.Prepacking the Well

After the completion string iscleaned of debris, the prepack iscirculated downhole and theninjected into the formation untila sandout pressure is seen at thesurface. The excess slurry is thenreversed out of the well throughthe packer bypass.

Augering OutThe entire assembly is retrieved,

rotating out of the hole. Thisrotation mechanically packs theperforations as the assembly isremoved.



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Compensatingvalve with disc

Auger gunblank tubing


Auger perforatinggun

Fillingperforations

Prepackingcompleted

Figure 45 - Running In the Holeand Firing the Guns

Figure 46 - Prepacking the Well Figure 47 - Augering Out

Packer


Firing Heads

Mechanical Firing HeadThe mechanical firing head

detonates the TCP gun.Detonation is by a detonatingbar, which strikes the hammer. Areduced ID sub, immediatelyabove the firing head, preventsaccidental detonation.

Hydraulic Actuator ModuleThis module incorporates a

"Surface Safety Feature" and isused in conjunction with a bardrop firing head body to initiate

detonation of the TCP guns.This module converts themechanical firing mechanism toa mechanically-assisted,hydraulically-actuatedmechanism.

Model B Hydraulic Firing HeadThe Model B hydraulic firing

head is used to initiatedetonation of the tubing-conveyed perforating gun. It isrun below a mechanically setpacker with a crossover kit

installed. Detonation is causedby annulus pressure above thepacker.

Dual Firing HeadThe dual firing head initiates

detonation of the tubing-conveyed perforating gun. It isrun below a mechanically setpacker with a crossover kit.Detonation occurs either by adetonating bar or by annuluspressure.

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Figure 48 - Mechanical Firing Head Figure 51 - Dual Firing HeadFigure 50 - Model B Hydraulic Firing Head

Figure 49 - Hydraulic Actuator Module



Wireline-Conveyed Firing HeadThis firing head is used to

initiate detonation of the TCPguns while allowing them to berun to depth unarmed.Detonation can be accomplishedeither by jarring down or byreleasing the running tool,pulling out of the hole, anddropping a bar from the surface.Should the firing headmalfunction, it can be retrievedand replaced. A hydraulic ModelD firing head also is available.

Model RD Firing Head AdapterThe RD firing head adapter is

hydraulically actuated by tubingpressure. It is used either as theprimary or as a backup firinghead. It is compatible with allfiring heads, and may be run inconjunction with them to form amultiple firing system. Firingpressure is controlled using aprecision rupture disc with an 8to 30 minute delay.

Model D Firing HeadThe Model D firing head is

hydraulically actuated by tubingpressure. It contains a rupturedisc and a time delay to allow forwell underbalancing. Detonationis accomplished by pressuring thetubing until hydrostatic pressureand applied pressure rupture thedisc and initiate the time delay.

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Figure 52 - Wireline-Conveyed Firing Head Figure 53 - Model RD Firing Head Adapter Figure 54 - Model D Firing Head

Underbalancing DiscAssembly

The underbalancing discassembly is used in a perforatingsystem to provide an economicalmethod of achieving anunderbalanced condition. Thetool includes a high-strength discthat prevents communicationbetween tubing and tubing/casingannulus until the detonating bar isdropped.

Heavy-Duty UnderbalancingValve

The heavy-duty under-balancing valve is used inconjunction with any mechanicallydetonated TCP system. The valveoffers the ability to perforatewhile underbalanced by running

the tubing either with a low fluidlevel or when completely dry.The valve is actuated by thedetonating bar as it movesthrough the valve.

Underbalancing Devices

34

Figure 55 - Underbalancing Disc Assembly Figure 56 - Heavy-Duty Underbalancing Valve


35

Model P-2 HydraulicUnderbalancing Valve

The Model P-2 hydraulicunderbalancing valve is used inconjunction with the PT or PRTcrossover kit and the hydraulicfiring head in the TCP system.The valve offers the ability to

perforate while underbalanced byrunning the tubing either with alow fluid level or whilecompletely dry. The valve isactuated by applying annuluspressure above a set packer,exposing the formation to theunderbalanced pressure and

sequentially firing the guns. Abuilt-in safety design prevents thevalve from opening unless packeris set, and guns will not detonateuntil valve opens.

Figure 57 - Model P-2 Hydraulic Underbalancing Valve




Underbalancing Devices

Upon detonation, gun pressureand well hydrostatic pressure areused to shift a sleeve, exposingthe formation to the under-balanced pressure.

Underbalancing Valve withKnockout Plug

The underbalancing valve withknockout plug is designed to beused with a drop bar system. Asthe detonation bar moves past theplug, it is sheared, exposing IDpressure to the inner sleeve.Hydrostatic pressure will shift thesleeve, exposing the formation tothe underbalance pressure.

Automatic UnderbalancingValve

The automatic underbalancingvalve is a mechanical firing head/underbalancing valve tool usedwith the TCP system. The valveallows perforation whileunderbalanced by running thetubing either with a low fluidlevel or while completely dry.

36

Figure 58 - Underbalancing Valve with Knockout Plug Figure 59 - Automatic Underbalancing Valve



37

Debris Barriers

Compensating ValveThe compensating valve is used

in a TCP system to eliminatesolids from the tubing above thefiring head. The tool provides achamber of clean fluid that isisolated from the fluid in thewellbore.

Ported Disc AssemblyThe ported disc assembly serves

two purposes: first, it provides aflow port, and second, it keepsdebris from falling onto themechanical firing head by meansof the disc.

After shattering the disc, thedetonating bar falls through cleanfluid to the firing head.

Figure 61 - Compensating ValveFigure 60 - Ported Disc Assembly


Gun Releases

Mechanical Gun Release SubThe mechanical gun release sub

is used in the perforating systemto drop the guns. Once the gunsare released, the gun release sub isfully opened. It has a chamferedbottom for safe wireline toolpassage.

Model B Hydraulic GunRelease Sub

The Model B hydraulic gunrelease sub is used in the TCPsystem to drop the guns. Thistool eliminates the need for awireline trip into the hole toactuate a mechanical-typerelease. Release is accomplishedby dropping a ball on its seat andapplying tubing pressure.

Automatic-ReleaseMechanical Firing Head

The automatic gun release isdesigned to release theperforating guns at the time ofgun detonation. Pressure fromthe detonation actuates a releasemechanism. This allows the gunsto drop below the producingzone prior to any sand-ups ifadequate rathole is present.

38

Figure 62 - Mechanical Gun Release Sub Figure 63 - Model B Hydraulic Gun Release Sub

Figure 64 - Automatic-Release Mechanical Firing Head



39

Crossover Kits

PT Crossover KitThis crossover kit is designed

for use with the Model Bhydraulic firing head. Thecrossover kit can be installed inretrievable packers. This toolallows casing pressure above thepacker to communicate throughthe packer assembly to the top ofthe hydraulic firing head, and atthe same time it provides aseparate flow path into thetubing string from below thepacker. Various sizes are availableto adapt to all retrievable packers.

PRT Crossover/Disconnect KitThe PRT model crossover/

disconnect kit incorporates anadditional disconnect feature.Applying a preset torque to thework string at a preset number ofright hand turns will cause thecrossover kit to disconnect belowthe packer. Continued rotationsdisconnect the string above thepacker.

Figure 65 - PT Crossover Kit Figure 66 - PRT Crossover/Disconnect Kit


Miscellaneous Accessories

Tubing Swivel SubFor directionally perforating

wells, the tubing swivel sub isused in conjunction withorienting lugs to assure properorientation of perforating guns.

Radioactive Tag SubThe radioactive tag sub is placed

in the tubing-conveyedperforating system. It ispositioned a measured distanceabove the top shot of the gun. Athrough-tubing gamma-ray toolis used to correlate the gun'sposition with the previous openhole logs.

Bottom Shot IndicatorThe bottom shot indicator is

used in conjunction with thetubing-conveyed perforatingsystem to indicate totaldetonation of the perforatingguns. It is attached on thebottom of the gun assembly andprovides a delayed signalconfirming complete detonation.

Elastomeric Shock AbsorberThe elastomeric shock absorber

is run below the packer toattenuate axial shock forcescaused by the perforating guns.

Detonation Monitor(not shown)

The recorder, by use ofvibration and pressure sensingdevices, confirms detonation ofBaker Oil Tools tubing-conveyedperforators. Typically a bottomshot indicator also is used,providing a positive indica-tionof correct gun performance.

40

Figure 67 - Tubing Swivel Sub Figure 68 - Radioactive Tag Sub Figure 69 - Bottom Shot Indicator Figure 70 - Elastomeric Shock Absorber


Tubing-Conveyed Perforating SystemsST

AN

DA

RD P

ERFO

RATI

NG

GU

NS

SPEC

IAL

PERF

ORA

TIN

G G

UN

SPE

RFO

RMA

NCE

DAT

A -

API

RP

43 E

DIT

ION

5

PERF

ORM

AN

CE D

ATA

- A

PI R

P 43

ED

ITIO

N 5

GU

N C

ON

FIG

URA

TIO

N

Gun

OD

(in)

No.

SPF

PHS

Deg

MA

XPR

(psi

)

CHA

RGES

EXP

TYP

CHG

TYP

WT

(gm

)

CASI

NG

CSG

OD

(in)

CSG

WT

(#/ft

)CS

GG

RD

SECT

ION

1

COM

PST

R (p

si)

AVG

HL

DIA

(in)

AVG

PEN

(in)

CHA

RGE

TYPE

DAT

EO

F CE

RT.

2 7/

82

7/8

2 7/

83

3/8

3 3/

83

3/8

3 3/

83

3/8

4 1/

2*4

1/2

4 1/

24

1/2

4 1/

24

1/2

4 1/

26 6 6 6 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

22,0

0022

,000

22,0

0020

,000

20,0

0020

,000

20,0

0020

,000

17,0

0017

,000

17,0

0017

,000

17,0

0017

,000

17,0

0014

,500

14,5

0014

,500

14,5

0012

,000

12,0

00

RDX

HM

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

XRD

X

D.P

.D

.P.

G.P

.D

.P.

D.P

.G

.P.

D.P

.D

.P.

D.P

.D

.P.

G.P

.G

.P.

G.P

.D

.P.

D.P

.G

.P.

G.P

.D

.P.

D.P

.D

.P.

G.P

.

16.0

16.0

16.0

23.0

23.0

22.7

23.0

23.0

32.0

36.0

22.7

22.7

22.7

20.5

20.5

32.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

61.0

4 1/

24

1/2

4 1/

24

1/2

4 1/

25

1/2

5 1/

25

1/2

7 7 7 7 7 7 79

5/8

9 5/

89

5/8

9 5/

89

5/8

9 5/

8

11.6

11.6

11.6

11.6

11.6

17.0

17.0

17.0

32.0

23.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

47.0

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

L-80

6330

5350

6330

6790

6360

6033

6570

7030

7090

5007

6937

6382

6258

6070

6937

7730

8183

5776

5776

8047

6850

0.34

0.33

0.59

0.42

0.37

0.70

0.36

0.39

0.37

0.45

0.72

0.71

0.71

0.40

0.38

0.76

0.72

0.46

0.38

0.37

0.99

13.5

712

.69

6.87

21.2

118

.66

6.49

19.7

022

.13

28.4

130

.18

6.58

6.36

6.86

17.5

914

.79

7.45

6.78

24.0

822

.65

28.5

27.

13

STEE

LPE

RFFO

RMPE

RFFO

RMST

EEL

PERF

FORM

PERF

FORM

PERF

FORM

STEE

LST

EEL

STEE

LST

EEL

PERF

FORM

AU

GER

& P

FST

EEL

PERF

FORM

STEE

LPE

RFFO

RMST

EEL

PERF

FORM

STEE

LPE

RFFO

RM

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

3/10

/95

3/10

/95

3/10

/95

2/12

/91

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/7/

953/

10/9

52/

7/95

2 7/8

Par

alle

l*4

1/2

4 1/2

Mix

Load

4 1/2

Mix

Load

5 *5 *5

6 10 12 12 12 5 12

6012

0 LS

45 45 45 60 45

22,0

0017

,000

17,0

0017

,000

17,5

0017

,500

17,5

00

RDX

RDX

RDX

RDX

RDX

RDX

RDX

G.P

.G

.P.

D.P

.G

.P.

D.P

.D

.P.

G.P

.

16.0

22.7

20.5

22.7

23.0

32.0

22.7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

32.0

23.0

32.0

32.0

32.0

23.0

23.0

L-80

J-55

L-80

L-80

L-80

K-55

K-55

8920

8140

6003

6003

7140

8940

6290

0.42

0.74

0.34

0.66

0.41

0.47

0.79

5.14

7.56

16.6

96.

9621

.10

23.6

96.

53

PERF

FORM

STEE

LPE

RFFO

RMPE

RFFO

RMST

EEL

STEE

LST

EEL

2/7/

952/

12/9

12/

7/95

2/7/

952/

7/95

2/12

/91

2/12

/91

Perforating Gun Performance Data

tcp.pdf

Documents

perforating system components

perfform perforating

horizontal perforating

system specifications

perforating equipment

trip system

production packer system

completion string system