tcp ip protocol suite chap-03 underlying technology
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
Underlying TechnologyUnderlying Technology
Understand the different versions of wired Ethernet
Understand wireless Ethernet
Understand the types of point-to-point WANs Understand the types of switched WANs, especially ATM
Differentiate between repeaters, bridges, routers, and hubs
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Figure 3.1 Internet model
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3.1 Local Area Networks
AA local area network (LAN)local area network (LAN) is a data communication system that allowsis a data communication system that allowsa number of independent devices to communicate directly with eacha number of independent devices to communicate directly with each
other in a limited geographic area such as a single department, a singleother in a limited geographic area such as a single department, a single
building, or a campus. A large organization may need several connectedbuilding, or a campus. A large organization may need several connected
LANs.The most popular LANs are Ethernet and wireless LANs. WeLANs.The most popular LANs are Ethernet and wireless LANs. We
briefly review these technologies in this section.briefly review these technologies in this section.
The topics discussed in this section include:The topics discussed in this section include:
Wired LANs: EthernetWired LANs: Ethernet
Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11
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Figure 3.2 CSMA/CD
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Figure 3.3 Ethernet layers
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Figure 3.4 Ethernet frame
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Figure 3.5 Ethernet implementations
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Figure 3.6 Fast Ethernet implementations
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Figure 3.7 Gigabit Ethernet implementations
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Figure 3.8 BSSs
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Figure 3.9 ESS
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Figure 3.10 Physical layer
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Figure 3.11 FHSS
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Figure 3.12 DSSS
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Figure 3.13 MAC layers in IEEE 802.11 standard
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Figure 3.14 CSMA/CA
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Figure 3.15 Frame
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Table 3.1Table 3.1 Addresses in IEEE 802.11Addresses in IEEE 802.11
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3.2 Point-to-Point WANs
A second type of network we encounter in the Internet is the point-to-A second type of network we encounter in the Internet is the point-to-point wide area network. Apoint wide area network. Apoint-to-point WANpoint-to-point WANconnects two remoteconnects two remote
devices using a line available from a public network such as a telephonedevices using a line available from a public network such as a telephone
network. We discuss the physical and data link layers of thesenetwork. We discuss the physical and data link layers of these
technologies here..technologies here..
The topics discussed in this section include:The topics discussed in this section include:
Physical LayerPhysical Layer
Data Link LayerData Link Layer
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Figure 3.16 56K modem
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ADSL is an asymmetric communication
technology designed for residential users;
it is not suitable for businesses.
Note:Note:
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Figure 3.17 Bandwidth division
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Figure 3.18 ADSL and DSLAM
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Figure 3.19 Cable bandwidth
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Figure 3.20 Cable modem configurations
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Table 3.2Table 3.2 T line ratesT line rates
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Table 3.3Table 3.3 SONET ratesSONET rates
Fi 3 21 PPP f
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Figure 3.21 PPP frame
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3.3 Switched WANs
The backbone networks in the Internet are usually switched WANs. AThe backbone networks in the Internet are usually switched WANs. Aswitched WANswitched WANis a wide area network that covers a large area (a state oris a wide area network that covers a large area (a state or
a country) and provides access at several points to the users. Inside thea country) and provides access at several points to the users. Inside the
network, there is a mesh of point-to-point networks that connectsnetwork, there is a mesh of point-to-point networks that connects
switches. The switches, multiple port connectors, allow the connection ofswitches. The switches, multiple port connectors, allow the connection of
several inputs and outputs.several inputs and outputs.
The topics discussed in this section include:The topics discussed in this section include:
X.25X.25
Frame RelayFrame RelayATMATM
Fi 3 22 F R l t k
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Figure 3.22 Frame Relay network
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A cell network uses the cell as the basicA cell network uses the cell as the basic
unit of data exchange. A cell is defined as aunit of data exchange. A cell is defined as a
small, fixed-size block of information.small, fixed-size block of information.
Note:Note:
Fi 3 23 ATM lti l i
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Figure 3.23 ATM multiplexing
Figure 3 24 Architecture of an ATM network
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Figure 3.24 Architecture of an ATM network
Figure 3 25 Virtual circuits
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Figure 3.25 Virtual circuits
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Note that a virtual connection is defined byNote that a virtual connection is defined bya pair of numbers:a pair of numbers:
thethe VPIVPIand theand the VCIVCI..
Note:Note:
Figure 3 26 An ATM cell
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Figure 3.26 An ATM cell
Figure 3 27 ATM layers
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Figure 3.27 ATM layers
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The IP protocol uses theThe IP protocol uses theAAL5AAL5 sublayer.sublayer.
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We will discuss IP over ATM inChapter 23.
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3.4 Connecting Devices
LANs or WANs do not normally operate in isolation. They are connectedLANs or WANs do not normally operate in isolation. They are connectedto one another or to the Internet. To connect LANs or WANs, we useto one another or to the Internet. To connect LANs or WANs, we use
connecting devicesconnecting devices. Connecting devices can operate in different layers of. Connecting devices can operate in different layers of
the Internet model. We discuss three kinds of connecting devices:the Internet model. We discuss three kinds of connecting devices:
repeaters (or hubs),repeaters (or hubs),bridges (or two-layer switches),bridges (or two-layer switches), andandrouters (orrouters (or
three-layer switchesthree-layer switches). Repeaters and hubs operate in the first layer of the). Repeaters and hubs operate in the first layer of the
Internet model. Bridges and two-layer switches operate in the first twoInternet model. Bridges and two-layer switches operate in the first two
layers. Routers and three-layer switches operate in the first three layerslayers. Routers and three-layer switches operate in the first three layers
The topics discussed in this section include:The topics discussed in this section include:
RepeatersRepeatersHubsHubs
BridgesBridges
RouterRouter
Figure 3 28 Connecting devices
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Figure 3.28 Connecting devices
Figure 3.29 Repeater
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Figure 3.29 Repeater
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A repeater connects segments of a LAN.A repeater connects segments of a LAN.
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A repeater forwards every bit;A repeater forwards every bit;
it has no filtering capability.it has no filtering capability.
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A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.
Note:Note:
Figure 3.30 Function of a repeater
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g f p
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A bridge has a table used in filteringdecisions.
Note:Note:
Figure 3.31 Bridge
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g g
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A bridge does not change the physical(MAC) addresses in a frame.
Note:Note:
Figure 3.32 Learning bridge
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g g g
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A router is a three-layer
(physical, data link, and network)
device.
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A repeater or a bridge connects segments ofA repeater or a bridge connects segments of
a LAN.a LAN.
A router connects independent LANs orA router connects independent LANs or
WANs to create an internetwork (internet).WANs to create an internetwork (internet).
Note:Note:
Figure 3.33 Routing example
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A router changes the physical addressesin a packet.
Note:Note: