taxonomy: classification of organisms. learning objective 1 define taxonomy & evolution define...
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Taxonomy: Classification of Taxonomy: Classification of OrganismsOrganisms
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
• Define Define taxonomy & evolutiontaxonomy & evolution
• Explain why the assignment of a Explain why the assignment of a scientific name to each species is scientific name to each species is important for biologistsimportant for biologists
• Gophers & TurtlesGophers & Turtles• Camminalcules ProjectCamminalcules Project
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• TAXONOMYTAXONOMY • Science of describing, naming, and classifying Science of describing, naming, and classifying
organismsorganisms
• EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION• The change in the inherited characteristics of
biological populations over successive generations.
• Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, including species, individual organisms
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Scientific NamesScientific Names
• Biologists use scientific names to precisely identify Biologists use scientific names to precisely identify organisms organisms
• Each organism has only one scientific name Each organism has only one scientific name
• Avoids confusion of many common namesAvoids confusion of many common names
• Gophers & TurtlesGophers & Turtles
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
• Identify the biologist who originated the Identify the biologist who originated the binomial systembinomial system of nomenclature of nomenclature
• Describe the general scheme of the Describe the general scheme of the system system
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATUREBINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • System for giving each organism a two-word System for giving each organism a two-word
scientific namescientific name • First used consistently by Carolus LinnaeusFirst used consistently by Carolus Linnaeus
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LinnaeusLinnaeus
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
• SpeciesSpecies• The basic unit of classificationThe basic unit of classification
• The scientific name of each species has The scientific name of each species has two parts: two parts: • generic name (genus) generic name (genus) • specific epithet (species)specific epithet (species)
•Eg. Homo Eg. Homo sapienssapiens
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Tradescantia virginianaTradescantia virginiana
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
• List and describe the hierarchical List and describe the hierarchical groupings of classificationgroupings of classification
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ClassificationClassification
• Hierarchical groups (most to least inclusive)Hierarchical groups (most to least inclusive)• domaindomain• kingdom kingdom • phylum phylum • class class • order order • family family • genus genus • speciesspecies
Did King Philip Come Over For
Grandma’s Soup
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Classification of GingerClassification of Ginger
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(b) Each taxonomic level is more inclusive than the onebelow it. For example, the order Zingiberales consistsof 5 families. The family Zingiberaceae contains 49genera and a total of about 1300 species.
Eukarya
Plantae
Anthophyta
Monocotyledones
Zingiberales
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber(ginger genus)
48 other genera
4 other families
18 other orders
1 other main class
9 other phyla
5 other kingdoms
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Fig. 18-5b, p. 356
Protista
Animalia
Fungi
Eubacteria
Fungi
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A Dichotomous KeyA Dichotomous Key
Organized set of couplets of mutually exclusive characteristics of biological organisms.
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Identifying beans using a dichotomous key. Use the key to identify the beans depicted here.Black Bean, Garbanzo Bean, Kidney Bean, Pinto Bean, White Northern Bean
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1a. Bean round Garbanzo bean
1b. Bean elliptical or oblong Go to 2
2a. Bean white White northern
2b. Bean has dark pigments Go to 3
3a. Bean evenly pigmented Go to 4
3b. Bean pigmentation mottled Pinto bean
4a. Bean black Black bean
4b. Bean reddish-brown Kidney bean
Dichotomous Key for Dichotomous Key for BeansBeans
Once a characteristics applied, it cannot be represented in the future samples.
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Identifying beans using a dichotomous key. Use the key to identify the beans depicted here.
Garbanzo bean
White northern Pinto beanBlack bean
Kidney bean
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
• Define Define systematicssystematics
• Describe the cladistic approach to Describe the cladistic approach to systematicssystematics
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• SYSTEMATICSSYSTEMATICS • Scientific study of the diversity of organisms Scientific study of the diversity of organisms
and their natural (evolutionary) relationshipsand their natural (evolutionary) relationships• A systematist seeks to reconstruct A systematist seeks to reconstruct phylogenyphylogeny
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY • Evolutionary history of a species or other Evolutionary history of a species or other
taxonomic grouptaxonomic group
• MONOPHYLETICMONOPHYLETIC • Said of a group consisting of organisms that Said of a group consisting of organisms that
evolved from a common ancestorevolved from a common ancestor
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• CLADISTICSCLADISTICS • Classification of organisms based on recency Classification of organisms based on recency
of common ancestry rather than degree of of common ancestry rather than degree of structural similaritystructural similarity
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CladisticsCladistics
• Cladists emphasize phylogeny by focusing Cladists emphasize phylogeny by focusing on when evolutionary lineages (lines of on when evolutionary lineages (lines of descent) divide into two branches descent) divide into two branches
• Cladists develop Cladists develop cladogramscladograms
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• CLADOGRAMCLADOGRAM • A diagram that illustrates evolutionary A diagram that illustrates evolutionary
relationships based on the principles of relationships based on the principles of cladisticscladistics
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Building a CladogramBuilding a Cladogram
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Characters
TAXON
Moss
Fern
Pine
Daisy
VASCULAR TISSUES SEEDS FLOWERS
A
P
P
P P P
P
A A
A
A
A
Fig. 18-7 (1), p. 358
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Mo
ss
(a) All of the plant groups shown here except mosseshave vascular
Pin
e
Dai
sy
Fer
n
Node1
Common plantancestor
Common ancestorwith vascular tissues
Fig. 18-7a, p. 358
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Mo
ss
Pin
e
Dai
sy
Fer
n
Node1
Common plantancestor
Common ancestorwith vascular tissues
Node2
(b) Seeds are a shared character for all plant groupsshown here except mosses and ferns.
Fig. 18-7b, p. 358
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Mo
ss
Pin
e
Dai
sy
Fer
n
Node1
Common plantancestor
Common ancestorwith vascular tissues
Node2
Node3
Commonseed-producingancestor
(c) Of the plant groups shown here, only the daisyproduces flowers.
Fig. 18-7c, p. 358
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
• List and briefly describe the three List and briefly describe the three domainsdomains and six and six kingdomskingdoms recognized recognized by many biologists by many biologists
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• DOMAIN BACTERIADOMAIN BACTERIA • Domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular, Domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular,
prokaryotic organismsprokaryotic organisms
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• DOMAIN ARCHAEADOMAIN ARCHAEA • Domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms Domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
adapted to extreme conditions (such as very adapted to extreme conditions (such as very hot or very salty environments)hot or very salty environments)
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• DOMAIN EUKARYADOMAIN EUKARYA • Includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists, Includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists,
plants, fungi, and animals)plants, fungi, and animals)
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The Three DomainsThe Three Domains
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DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestorof all living organisms
Fig. 18-9, p. 360
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Six-Kingdom ClassificationSix-Kingdom Classification
• Kingdom Bacteria (domain Bacteria) Kingdom Bacteria (domain Bacteria) • Kingdom Archaea (domain Archaea)Kingdom Archaea (domain Archaea)• Kingdom Protista (domain Eukarya)Kingdom Protista (domain Eukarya)• Kingdom Fungi (domain Eukarya)Kingdom Fungi (domain Eukarya)• Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya)Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya)• Kingdom Animalia (domain Eukarya)Kingdom Animalia (domain Eukarya)
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The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms
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Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Protista Animalia Fungi
Common ancestorof all living organisms
Common ancestorof all eukaryotes
Fig. 18-8, p. 360
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
• Summarize the scientific limitations of Summarize the scientific limitations of the kingdom Protistathe kingdom Protista
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KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
• PARAPHYLETIC PARAPHYLETIC • Said of a group consisting of a common Said of a group consisting of a common
ancestor and some, but not all, of its ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendantsdescendants
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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
• Ideally, all members of a kingdom should Ideally, all members of a kingdom should have a common ancestor have a common ancestor
• Members of kingdom Protista are Members of kingdom Protista are paraphyleticparaphyletic
• Some biologists think protists should not Some biologists think protists should not be grouped in a single kingdombe grouped in a single kingdom