Taxonomy and Taxonomy and ClassificationClassification

Honors BiologyHonors Biology20102010

15.15 and 15.19 Systematics15.15 and 15.19 Systematics16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and 16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and

ArchaeaArchaea16.11 Protists16.11 Protists

17.1 Plants17.1 Plants17.14 Fungi17.14 Fungi18.1 Plants18.1 Plants

Important Root WordsImportant Root Words

ROOT WORDROOT WORD MEANINGMEANINGmorph-morph-

-nomy-nomy

taxo-taxo-

bi-bi-

archae-archae-

eu-eu-

pro-pro-

karyo-karyo-

phylo-phylo-

-gen-gen

nomen-nomen-

form, shape

law, science

order, arrangement

twoancient, old

good, true

before

nucleustribe

to produce

name

Early Systems of ClassificationEarly Systems of Classification Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification

and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

TaxonomyTaxonomy NamingNaming DescribingDescribing ClassifyingClassifying

ClassificationClassification Grouping organisms by their similarities or relationshipsGrouping organisms by their similarities or relationships

AristotleAristotle First to classify organisms 2,000 years agoFirst to classify organisms 2,000 years ago Classified organisms as either plant or animalClassified organisms as either plant or animal

Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification Methods used to classify organismsMethods used to classify organisms

Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based on evolutionary history on evolutionary history

Morphology: using appearance, form or structure Morphology: using appearance, form or structure to determine relationshipsto determine relationships

Taxonomic categoriesTaxonomic categories DomainDomain KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Scientific NameScientific Name Genus + specific epithetGenus + specific epithet

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens Quercus albaQuercus alba

Linnaeus, mid-18Linnaeus, mid-18thth century century Facilitates international scienceFacilitates international science

Classification Video

Armadillidium vulgare

Odontotaenius disjunctus

Using Dichotomous KeysUsing Dichotomous Keys A device that can be used to easily identify an A device that can be used to easily identify an

unknown organism.  unknown organism.  A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part

statements that describe characteristic of organisms.  statements that describe characteristic of organisms.  At each step of a dichotomous key the user is At each step of a dichotomous key the user is

presented with two choices.  presented with two choices.  As the user makes a choice about a particular As the user makes a choice about a particular

characteristic of an organism they are led to a new characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key.  branch of the key. 

Eventually the user will be led to the name of the Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism they are trying to identify.organism they are trying to identify.

Comprehension CheckHomo sapiens : Homo neanderthalis ::

a. Melanoplus darwinian : Ulna darwinian b. Red Oak : White Oak c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharusd. Anolis carolinenins: Turdus migratoria

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms Based on cell structure & Based on cell structure &

nutritionnutrition

The Three DomainsThe Three Domains

Based on molecular differencesBased on molecular differences ArchaeaArchaea

Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins)needed for making proteins)

EubacteriaEubacteria Peptidoglycan in cell wallsPeptidoglycan in cell walls

EukaryaEukarya EukaryotesEukaryotes

The Three Domains Video

Bacteria Domain Bacteria Domain UnicellularUnicellular Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells Cell walls made of Cell walls made of

peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Very diverse group Very diverse group

including free living including free living organisms and deadly organisms and deadly parasitesparasites

Some can Some can photosynthesize, some photosynthesize, some can notcan not

Archaea Domain Archaea Domain Unicellular Unicellular Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Live in extreme Live in extreme

environments environments Most will be killed Most will be killed

by oxygen by oxygen Some can Some can

photosynthesize/photosynthesize/chemosynthesizechemosynthesize, some can not, some can not

Eukarya Domain Eukarya Domain

Some unicellular, but most are multicellular Some unicellular, but most are multicellular All have cells with a nucleus All have cells with a nucleus 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)

Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungianimal or fungi

Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food Plant: Photosynthesizers Plant: Photosynthesizers Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity

Comprehension CheckYou discover a new organism that has RNApolymerase, but does not have

peptidoglycanin it’s cell wall. • What domain does it belong to? How can

you tell? • Can you figure out what Kingdom it

belongs in based solely on this information? Why or why not?