taxonomy and animal phylogeny number of species - adam...
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomy and Animal Phylogeny
● Miller and Harley Chap. 7
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Number of Species
Approx. 1.5 million species
known
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomy = Systematics = Phylogeny
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Taxonomic Hierarchy
AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomosapiens
Kingdom
OrderClass
Phylum
Genusspecies
Family
● Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Binomial Nomenclature
“Ape”
“Abeille à miel” “Honeybee” “Honningbier”
“Mi Feng”Apis mellifera
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Representing the GroupsPhylogenetic
Trees
Cladograms
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Homologies
Inheritance due to having shared a
common ancestor
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Analogies (Similarity due to Convergence)
Shark: Class Chondricthyes
Orca: Class Mammalia
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Grouping for Classification
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
EukaryaArchaeaBacteria
Chromalveolata
DiscicristataExcavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa
Unikonta
Greenplants
Protista: Polyphyletic!
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Paraphyletic = Opinion
Hyobates Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo
Pongidae HominidaeHylabatidae
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Cladistic Approach
Gorilla Chimpanzee HumanGorilla Chimpanzee Human
Pongidae Hominidae Hominidae
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach
Class Reptilia isparaphyletic
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Animal Phylogeny
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Class Reptilia ismonophyletic
Traditional vs. Cladistic Approach
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Plesiomorphie = ancestralApomorphie = derived
PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthesGastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemerteaBryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorphaNematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata
Protista
Animalia
Symplesiomorphies
Autapomorphies
Synapomorphies
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia● 1) Level of Organization– Cellular– Tissues• Endoderm (digestive tract)• Mesoderm (connective tissues, muscles, vascular
system)• Ectoderm (skin)
– Organs– Organ systems• digestive, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory…
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
2 – Body Symmetry
Asymmetry
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Radial Symmetry
Can divide along radius (-ii) through oral-aboral axis
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Bilateral Symmetry
Céphalization
Cephalization
Median Plane
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
● 3) Embryonic Development– Fertilized ovule give a
zygote (1 single cell)– Cellular division in
zygote produces blastula, which is formed of blastomeressurrounding a blastocoel
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
● 3) Embryonic Development– Invagination forms the
gastric cavity (by the process of gastrulation)
– Opening to the invagination called the blastopore
– Becomes a gastrula, blastocoel eventually fills in Blastopore
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
● 4) Tissues and Body Cavities
EctodermMesoglea
Endoderm
Diploblastic Body Plan
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
● 4) Tissues and Body Cavities
Apomorphies for Kingdom Animalia
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
AcoelomateEctodermMesodermEndoderm
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
PseudocoelomateEctodermMesodermEndoderm
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
EucoelomateEctodermMesodermEndoderm
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
5) Protostome Development
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
5) Deuterostome Development
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
• Cellular Organization• unicellular (1)• Parazoa, w/o tissues (2)
• Tissue Organization• Diploblasts (3)• Triploblastes (4)
• Bilateral Symmetry (5)
• Embryonic Development• Protostomes (6)• Deuterostomes (7)
PoriferaCnidariaCtenophoraPlatyhelminthesGastrotrichaGnathostomulidaCycliophoraRotiferaAnnelidaMolluscaSipunculaNemerteaBryozoaBrachiopodaPhoronidaArthropodaOnychophoraTardigradaNematomorphaNematodaPriapulidaKinorhynchaLoriciferaEchinodermataHemichordataChordata
Protista
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Animalia
54
76
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BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Next Class: Protozoa
● Miller and Harley Chap. 8
BIO2135 – Animal Form and Function
Questions?
© Photo A.Brown