Taxonomic support for diagnostics of

plant parasitic nematodes in the

vegetable industry and development of a

CD ROM library of nematode pests

Dr Jackie Nobbs SA Research &

Development Institute

Project Number: VG98102

VG98102 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the vegetable industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 0741 2 Published and distributed by: Horticultural Australia Ltd Level 1 50 Carrington Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 E-Mail: horticulture@horticulture.com.au © Copyright 2003

Final Project Report

Horticulture Australia Project Number – VG98102

Project Title : Production of a CD-Rom on the Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia in the vegetable, grains

and sugarcane industries

Author’s : Dr. Jacqueline Nobbs and Dr Sharyn Taylor

Research Provider : HAL, GRDC, SRDC, SARDI

Horticulture Australia project number – VG98102 Program / Project Leaders – Dr. J.M. Nobbs, Field Crops Pathology Unit, SARDI, GPO Box 397, Adelaide SA 5001 nobbs.jackie@saugov.sa.gov.au. Purpose of the report Within this project a CD-Rom was produced which provides information concerning techniques used in the identification of plant parasitic nematodes, descriptions of the main plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia and specific information on plant parasitic nematodes important to the grains, sugarcane and vegetable industries. This report summarises the methods used to produce the CD-Rom. An updated edition of “Plant parasitic nematodes of Australia – vegetable crops” was also compiled and published. A diagnostic service was available to growers and researchers of vegetable (and other horticultural crops). Acknowledgement We wish to acknowledge Horticulture Australia, the Grains Research and Development Corporation and the Sugar Research and Development Corporation for funding this project Date of Report: ___________________ Disclaimer: Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current Horticulture Australia policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication.

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Content Page. Sections Page Number Content page 1 Media Summary 2 Technical Summary 3 Introduction 4 Materials and Methods 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Technology Transfer 8 Recommendations – scientific and industry 9 Acknowledgements 9 Bibliography 9 Appendix A : Outline of the CD-Rom : Plant parasitic nematodes of Australia 10 Appendix B : Proforma of the datasheets – general nematode descriptions 11 Appendix C : Extension articles, media releases, scientific publications and conference proceedings

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Appendix D : “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia – vegetables” content page 14

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Media summary: Plant parasitic nematodes are a major limiting factor in the production of horticultural crops in Australia. They feed on plant roots or shoots, causing damage to plant cells and affecting the absorption of nurtients and water. The major genera of concern are root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) in the tropical and subtropical areas, and cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera) in temperate areas. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus) and stem nematode (Ditylenchus) can also cause damage to vegetable crops. Identification of nematode genera and species is important in determining control strategies to minimise damage to crops. This CD-Rom, “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia” provides information concerning the identification of plant nematodes, how nematodes are extracted from soil and plants and control strategies for the vegetable industries. The information is provided in the form of a web site enabling easy navigation from one section to another. Those sections considered to be of most interest to growers are differentiated from those of interest to researchers. A revised version of “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia” has been published within this project which provides information concerning distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in Australia. The three major Australian nematode slide collections are currently being databased and it is recommended that when a complete database of all slide collections is finalised, a new edition be published which provides information concerning voucher specimens and their location within Australia. This will be of benefit in determining and prioritising quarantine threats. A diagnostic service was provided for researchers and growers and an extension pamphlet was prepared which was made available to Horticulture Australia. The service was publicised on the SARDI web site and to fellow researchers throughout Australia. Over 100 samples were received with new records made including the identification of the root knot nematode (Meloidogyne fallax) on potatoes, white clover and carrots in the south east of South Australia.

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Technical summary Correct identification of plant parasitic nematodes is essential when determining whether plant parasites are the cause of disease within a crop. The CD-Rom “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia – vegetables, sugarcane and grains” is designed as a Web Site with each section divided into pages which can be accessed by clicking on icons or headings. The CD-Rom was developed using HTML to enable compatibility with a range of comupter systems. A Home Page is included which describes how to use the CD-Rom. An outline of the organisation of the CD-Rom as well as a description of the different sections is presented on the Main Page (see Appendix A). The CD-Rom has been divided into three main sections titled Techniques, Nematodes and Crops. Each section has information which is considered to be of interest to growers and industry or researchers, students, and quarantine officers as indicated by either a G (for grower/industry) or R (for researchers, students and quarantine officers). While all sections can be accessed, this information will allow specific areas of interest to be identified more rapidly. Identification of plant parasitic nematodes is dependant on using reliable extraction methods, assessing specimens under a dissecting microscope, processing and mounting of specimens on slides and observation of morphological characters (including measurements). The CD-Rom details extraction techniques commonly used in Australia as well as the recommended methods for processing and mounting nematode specimens for observation and producing permanent slides. A discussion of the use of DNA techniques in nematode identification is also included as well as and a brief description of how nematode specimens can be processed for DNA extraction and sequencing. The Appendix section details the characters useful in species identification as well as a Glossary of terms used within the CD-Rom. The Nematode section within the CD-Rom provides information on nematodes, how they affect plants and their general morphology. The characters used to separate the nematode groups, including photographs and drawings of nematode genera have been provided as well as information about general control measures used for plant parasitic nematodes. The new edition of “Plant parasitic nematodes of Australia” which has information about the records of plant parasitic nematodes, their host plants has also been included. Further work is recommended to confirm and up date from the Queensland, Victorian and South Australian nematode slide collections. The final section within the CD-Rom contains information about the importance of plant parasitic nematodes in the grain, sugarcane and vegetable industries, and gives the important characters used to identify the species of plant parasitic nematodes recorded from each crop, control methods specific to each industry, and fact sheets which detail information about the main species of plant parasitic nematodes considered to be the most important for each industry. Information contained in this section of the CD-Rom is intended to be used to set up individual Web Sites for the grain, vegetable and sugarcane plant parasitic nematodes with links to individual industry Web Sites (Horticulture Australia, Grains Research and Development Corporation and the Sugar Research and Development Corporation). A diagnostic service has been available for researchers and growers of vegetable crops throughout this project. More than 100 samples have processed with new records of plant parasitic nematodes made, the most important of which has been Meloidogyne fallax on potato and carrot. This record was published in the Australasian Plant Pathology (see Appendix C) as a new disease record. Further work is recommended to collate information on nematodes for other sections of the horticultural industry such as tree crops (apple and citrus). Information on all the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia have been collected and would be available for inclusion in a CD-Rom for these crops. Information on control techniques and which species of plant parasitic nematodes are of economic importance is available from Department of Agriculture advisers and current literature.

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Introduction Losses caused by plant parasitic nematodes to all cropping industries has been estimated at $300 - $450 million (Stirling et al, 1992). For the carrot, lettuce, potato and tomato industries alone, losses have been estimated at $21 million per annum. These losses are based on present control practices which include use of some resistant cultivars and nematicides as each species responds differently to either cultural or chemical treatments. The correct identification of plant parasitic nematodes is essential in developing risk management strategies and also in the prevention of introduced nematode problems. Correct identification requires visual (microscopic) identification of individual nematode specimens and is time consuming and require great expertise (especially with the identification to species). It takes several years to train a nematode taxonomist and this project contributed to the retention of this skill base as well as the transfer and supplementation of existing information on nematode pests including morphology, identification, distribution, host range, symptoms and life cycle. The CD-Rom was considered the first step in identifying a potential nematode problem by researchers at AQIS and in other government organisations such as Knoxfield, Agriculture NSW, SARDI, BSES, VIDA, and Agriculture WA. The CD-Rom will also provide training opportunities for researchers and students as images of nematodes and their effect on hosts have been included. Many nematode species are not present in Australia and are distinct quarantine risks. Over 50 species of root knot nematodes are known , with the four main species common worldwide and damaging a variety of crops. Within this project, new records of two species of Meloidogyne were identified in Australia (M. fallax and M. trifoliophila). When or how they entered Australia is unknown but both have the potential to cause yield loss in vegetables and crops grown in rotation with vegetables. Limited work has been done to determine distribution of these two species, with M. fallax mainly confined to the south eastern area of Australia (potato, carrots and white clover) and M. trifoliophila to the northern region of New South Wales (on white clover). Nematode pests can be damaging to crops and cause considerable yield loss. However, they are often overlooked due to lack of expertise in the identification of these organisms. The cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, attacks various crops of the cabbage family, sometimes causing considerable yield loss (Franklin, 1972). The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis, rare in Australia, can cause losses in potatoes of up to 50% with no obvious above ground symptoms (Mai, 1985). It is also difficult to separate from the closely related species, G. pallida, except by experts and using DNA technology. It is essential to separate these two species as resistance is known to G. rostochiensis in potato but not to G. pallida. Nematodes such as root lesion nematodes can cause damage themselves but are also known to predispose plants to other diseases. (Loof, 1991) In addition to direct feeding on plant cells, nematodes can cause indirect crop losses. The feeding of root lesion nematodes damages root cells and allows invasion by fungi and bacteria. Some species within the Longidoridae and Triplonchidae (Dorylaimida) can transmit viruses during feeding which can cause considerable crop loss in vines and horticultural crops. The main aims of this project were to document plant parasitic nematodes of vegetable crops, to retain taxonomic expertise and provide training opportunities. The CD-Rom was designed to provide detailed information concerning the identification of nematode pathogens for research organisations and government departments with an emphasis on quarantinable issues. This publication also gives general information to growers concerning plant parasitic nematodes and their effect on crop production.

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Materials and Methods Collection of data Plant parasitic nematodes have been recorded in Australia since 1902. These records have been collated and published in various forms with the most recent (prior to this project) being Macleod, Reay and Smyth (1994). These records include many species of plant parasitic nematodes from a wide variety of host plants and form the basis for the quarantine information about the species of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia. In addition, information from taxonomic papers on each species, measurements and descriptions was placed in datasheets (Appendix B). These datasheets varied depending on the genera and the main characteristics used for separation of species within genera. A database (BIOTA- The Biodiversity Database Manager) program, developed by Robert Colewell (University of Conneticut) was purchased, and the information (including images) was transferred to the database. This database allows simple data input and records information on specimens and taxonomic data such as class, order and family. It can generate Web pages for publication on Web sites. Production of CD-Rom Following the collection of data concerning the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia the information was collated into the format shown in Appendix A. The CD-Rom was designed as a large Web Site with the accompanying format of sections, pages and hyperlinks throughout the site. The language used was HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) which allowed the CD-Rom to be used on a variety of computer systems. Front Page was used as the editing program for the CD-Rom, with subsequent removal of Front Page specific language which could interfere with the running of the CD-Rom on alternate computer systems. After completion of a draft of the CD-Rom, it was sent to several researchers for editorial comment and suggestions. The pages within the Crop section were also sent to selected growers and industry members for further comment. Identification Service From samples submitted to the identification service, nematode specimens (both live and fixed) provided images within the CD-Rom, to illustrate the appearance of nematodes when observed under dissecting and compound microscopes. Links were also made to researchers working on a range of crops. These included Frank Hay (University of Tasmania), Leala Nambour (Department of Agriculture, Victoria), Loothfar Rahman (Department of Agriculture, New South Wales), Graham Stirling (Biological Crop Protection, Queensland), Greg Walker (SARDI), Vivien Vanstone (Department of Agriculture, Western Australia). These researchers provided specimens from a range of vegetable crops as part of the identification service. Edition of “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia - vegetables” The previous edition of “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia formed the backbone of this edition. The records for those plant parasitic nematodes recorded from vegetable crops was compiled and produced as a series of lists. The content page is shown in Appendix D as well as a copy of the new edition.

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Results Production of the CD-Rom. An outline for the CD-Rom was presented at two conferences and a Growers Day at Gympie in 2000 (Appendix C). The CD-Rom was drafted and sections sent to various researchers for comment. On completion of the editing of the CD-Rom, copies will be published. 100 copies will be produced per industry. These copies will be available from November 2004 but the CD-Rom will be formally launched at the 3rd Australasian Soilborne Disease Symposium in February 2004. Edition of “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia - vegetables” List 1 included all those plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia, separated by state. List 2 gives the vegetable hosts for which nematode records have been obtained and the Australian state from which they were were recorded. List 3 provided the plant parasitic nematodes within each group of nematodes, in alphabetical order and with the records within each state. Many of these records do not have voucher specimens (required for positive confirmation) and further work is recommended to determine if they remain valid. An index of common names of the hosts and the scientific names of the plant parasitic nematodes has been included. The most recent addition to this list is the record of Neodolichodorus new species (M. Hodda pers comm) on carrots from southern New South Wales. Diagnostic Services. The diagnostic service has been available to growers and researchers during the course of the project. It has been advertised using pamphlets, press releases and at field days and conferences. It has been extensively utilised by Deborah Keating (Victorian Department of Agriculture), Greg Walker (SARDI) and Frank Hay (University of Tasmania).

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Discussion Database/CD-Rom The database is an important resource for identifying plant parasitic nematodes in Australia. It contain information on the measurements and morphology of important nematode species and aids in identification of these nematodes. The important characters used for species identification of nematodes which have been recorded from vegetable crops in Australia have been included in the CD-Rom. The CD-Rom resembles a Web Site and as such should be familiar to most people who are interested in using this resource. Navigating through-out the CD-Rom is achieved by clicking on icons or headings within each page and should be user friendly. The CD-Rom is an important resource for researchers working on plant parasitic nematodes in Australia. It details techniques used in handling nematodes, what nematodes look like and how they are identified and the importance of plant parasitic nematodes in Australian grain, vegetable and sugarcane industries. It is also proposed that part of the CD-Rom be converted into a Web Site linked to the Horticulture Australia Web Site. Only those sections concerning plant parasitic nematodes of horticultural crops would be incorporated into the Web Site. Plant Nematodes of Australia. The new edition of ‘Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia – vegetables” was submitted to Horticulture Australia for comment in September 2002 and will be formally published on the 30th September, 2003.

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Technology Transfer.

The chief investigator attended a Growers Day at Gympie in September, 2000 to extend the production of the CD-Rom (Appendix C). Posters were also presented at the 13th Biennial Plant Pathology Conference, September 2001. An article about the new record of Meloidogyne fallax in Australia was published in the Australasian Journal of Plant Pathology (Appendix C) and presented as as poster at the 13th Biennial Plant Pathology Conference 2001, Cairns. The CD-Rom and new edition of “Plant parasitic nematodes of Australia” will be formally launched at the 3rd Soilborne Disease Symposium held in Tanunda, February, 2004. This will be advertised in Nematology Newsletters. The CD-Rom will also be available at the Nematology Short Course being run at the Waite Campus in December 2003 as well as advertised through industry newsletters and at the Paskerville Field Days.

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Recommendations The final draft of the CD-Rom is completed and is in the process of being published. Editing and formatting are still in progress but will be completed by the end of November 2003. The formal launch is proposed for the 3rd Australasian Soilborne Diseases symposium held at Tanunda, February 2004. It is recommended that information from other industires including pastures, tree crops, citrus, native plants, potato, rice, cotton and weed species be included in further editions. The Techniques and Nematode sections will require updates on the addition of new techniques (especially molecular) and new records of plant parasitic nematodes in Australia. There will also be a need to monitor the literature for information concerning the discovery of new species of nematodes overseas. Due to the format of the CD-Rom, sections can be adapted easily to form Web Sites. It is recommended that the vegetable section be altered so that it can be used to produce a Web Site which will be linked to the Horticulture Australia site. This is also proposed for the grains and sugarcane sections. After the nematode slide collections have been placed on database, it will be important to verify the records published in the “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia” with voucher specimens. However, it is not recommended that the records published in “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia” be removed as it is likely that old records will not have voucher slides. It may be necessary to return to locations to attempt to collect more specimens and confirm these records. The free diagnostic service will cease at the end of this project. Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge Horticulture Australia, Grains Research and Development Corporation and the Sugar Research and Development Corporation for providing the funds for this project. I wish also to thank Dr V. Vanstone (WA Department of Agriculture); Dr G. Walker (SARDI Horticulture), Jenny Cobon (Queensland DPI), Dr Graham Stirling (Biological Crop Protection), Dr S. Taylor (SARDI), Dr L. Rahman (NSW Dept Ag) and Dr F. Hay University of Tasmania for providing valuable specimens for inclusion in the database. Bibliography Franklin M. (1972) “Heterodera schachtii” Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Set 1, Number 1, CAB International. Loof P.A.A. (1991) The Family Pratylenchidae. In Manual of Agricultural Nematology pges 363 422 ed Nickle, Marcel Dekker, Inc. McCleod R., Reay F. and Smyth J. (1994) : Plant Nematodes of Australia listed by plant and by genus. RIRDC and NSW Agriculture. Stirling G.R., Stanton J.M. and Marshall J.W. (1992) The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes to Australian and New Zealand agriculture. Australasian Plant Pathology. 21: 105 - 115 Mai W.F. (1985) Plant-parasitic nematodes: their threat to agriculture. In An advanced treatise of Meloidogyne Vol 1 pp 11 – 18 eds J.N. Sasser and C.C. Carter.

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Appendix A : Outline of CD-Rom : Plant parasitic nematodes of Australia

The home page within the CD-Rom gives a brief explanation of the purpose of the CD-Rom and how to navigate through the various sections. The Main page provides explanation of the layout of the CD-Rom and a description of each section. The CD-Rom is divided into three main sections. Each section has its own colour which is repeated in the colour of headings and borders for each page within that section.

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Appendix B : Example of a datasheets for plant parasitic nematode species. Species Code: Family Genus Species Author & Publication Type Host Type Locality Location in Australia Location around world Measurements :-

• Female – Body length Stylet length Tail Length %V c’ Lip annules Tail annules Shape on death Position of phasmid

• Male - +/- Body Length Stylet Spicules Gubernaculum Capitulum Female Male

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Description Female : Male : Juvenile : Location in Australia :

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Appendix C : Extension articles, media releases, scientific publications and conference proceedings. Refereed scientific articles. Walker G.E., Cobon J. and Nobbs J.M. (2002) “New Australian Record for Meloidogyne javanica on Portulacea oleracea.” Australasian Plant Pathology 31 : 301 Nobbs J. M., Liu Q., Hartley D., Handoo Z., Williamson, Taylor S., Walker G. and Curran J. (2001). “First record of Meloidogyne fallax in Australia”. Australasian Plant Pathology 30 : 373 Conference proceedings Nobbs J. and Taylor S.P. (2001) “Production of a CDRom for disseminating information about plant parasitic nematodes in Australia.” 13th Biennial Plant Pathology Conference, Cairns Australia. Nobbs J., Hartley D., Liu Q., Williamson V., Handoo Z. and Taylor S.P. (2001) “A new record of Meloidogyne fallax in Australia. “ 13th Biennial Plant Pathology Conference, Cairns Australia. Media releases, fact sheets and posters Diagnostic service for nematode problems (see attached sheet) Growing for Profit Day, Gympie, 15th November 2000 (see attached sheet)

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Appendix D : Contents page for “Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Australia - vegetables”. Edition attached. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction.

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List 1 : The plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia and occurrence by state.

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List 2 : List of vegetables, related species and the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from them.

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List 3 : Plant parasitic nematodes recorded from vegetables in Australia and their occurrence within states.

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Index : Common Names of plants and nematodes 28

PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF

AUSTRALIAN VEGETABLES AND RELATED PLANT

SPECIES

Compiled 2003

J. M. Nobbs

Acknowledgments

The funding provided by Horticulture Australia has made this compilation possible. The foundation provided by Plant Nematodes of Australia Listed by plant and genus by McCleod, Reay and Smyth and G. T. Khair’s List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia is gratefully acknowledged. The following colleagues Graham Stirling (Crop Protection), Greg Walker (SARDI), Frank Hay (University of Tasmania), Deborah Keating (AgVic) and other officers from the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Victorian Department of Agricutlure, SARDI and Western Australia Department of Agricutlure are thanked for providing information and material for inclusion in this edition by way of personal communication and supply of soil and fixed nematode material. Jackie Nobbs Field Crops Pathology Unit SARDI GPO 397 Adelaide SA 5001 Published 2003 : Horticulture Australia Project Number VG98102 and the South Australian Research and Development Institute. IBSN 0 7590 1338 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Table of Contents 1 Introduction.

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List 1 : The plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia and occurrence by state.

4

List 2 : List of vegetables, related species and the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from them.

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List 3 : Plant parasitic nematodes recorded from vegetables in Australia and their occurrence within states.

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Index : Common Names of plants and nematodes 26 ABBREVIATIONS MIA = Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area ssp = sub species var = variety ACT or A = Australian National Territory NSW or N = New South Wales

NT = Northern Territory QLD or Q = Queensland SA or S = South Australia TAS or T = Tasmania VIC or V = Victoria WA or W = Western Australia

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Introduction The following publications were used to compile plant parasitic nematodes present in Australia on vegetable crops :- Johnson T. H. (1938) – A census of the free-living and plant parasitic nematodes recorded as occurring in Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Australia 62: 149 – 167 Goss O. M. (1958) – List of plant parasitic eelworms recorded in Western Australia. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 7: 317 Blake C. D. (1963) – Identification and distribution of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) in New South Wales with special references to the Richmond-Tweed region. Proceedings of the Linnean Society New South Wales 88: 373 – 378 Colbran R. C. (1964) – Studies of plant and soil nematodes. 7. Queensland records of the order Tylenchida and the genera Tricodorus and Xiphinema. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 21: 77 – 123 Stirling G. R. (1972) – Plant parasitic nematodes in South Australia. Adelaide, Government Printer McLeod R. W (1979) – Plant and soil nematodes found in New South Wales. Science Bulletin 87, Department of Agriculture New South Wales Khair G. T. (1981) - List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia. Australian Plant Quarantine Service, Canberra Khair G. T. (1986) – List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia. Third Edition, Department of Primary Industries, Canberra Price L. K. (1986) – Plant parthogenic nematodes in Western Australia 1898 – 1986. 30 pp McLeod R., Reay F. and Smyth J. (1994) – Plant Nematodes of Australia listed by plant and by genus. RIRDC. 201 pages Stirling G., Nicol J. & Reay F. (1999) – Advisory Services for Nematode Pests. Operational Guidelines. RIRDC publication No 99/41. The publication includes records of nematodes associated with plants or soil extracts received for diagnostic or research purposes as well as those published as new descriptions and research papers. Identifications of host were compiled based on the predominant plant type or vegetable crop present at sampling and, therefore, may not indicate the primary host for the nematode species. Australian common names for each host and nematode are also provided. This edition provides information concerning all the plant parasitic nematodes recorded from each Australian state. It also provides records of the vegetable plant

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parasitic nematodes and where they occur within states by vegetable crop. All lists are arranged in alphabetical order using scientific. No attempt has been made to authenticate the identifications. If specimens are required, contact needs to be made first with the relevant State Department of Agriculture, then the main collections of nematodes held in Brisbane (QLD), Knoxfield (VIC), Canberra (ACT) or Waite (SA). Many of the most damaging species of plant parasitic nematodes to vegetable crops have been recorded from Australia. The exceptions are Globodera pallida, Heterodera carotae, H. zeae and H. goettingiana. Within this publication there are many records which do not identify specimens to species level, however, and require more thorough identification. The naming of nematodes has been based upon information from The Catalog of the Order of Tylenchida (Nematoda) by E.B. Ebsary (1991), Agriculture Canada for the members of the Tylenchida and Aphelenchida, Longidoridae and Trichodoridae by D.J. Hunt (1993), CAB International, for the Longidoridae, Trichodoridae and Aphelenchidae. Where possible the common name has been included in the lists. Naming of plants has been based upon information from CSIRO handbook of Economic plants of Australia edited by L. Lazarides and B. Hince CSIRO publications (1993) and the Australian Plant Name Index Australian Flora and Fauna Series by A.D. Chapman, Australian Government Publishing Service (1992). Where possible the common name has also been included in the list. Naming of localities has been based upon Australian 1:250,000 Map Series Gazetter published by the Australian Government Publishing Service, 1975. Funding for this publication has been provided through Horticulture Australia, project number VG98102. This publication has been prepared in good faith on the basis of information available at the date of publication. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this information, SARDI and Horticulture Australia do not guarantee or warrant the information nor its usefulness in achieving any purpose. SARDI and Horticulure Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising from the use or reliance on information in this product.

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List 1 : The plant parasitic nematodes recorded from Australia and their occurrence by state (see page 3 for abbreviations).

A Achlysiella williamsi – Q Acontylus vipriensis – V Acontylus sp – N, S, V Aglenchus agricola –N, Q, W Anguina australis – W Anguina funesta – S, W Anguina microlaenae – N, V Anguina tritici – S, T, V, W Anguina sp – N, Q, S, V, W Aphelenchoides besseyi – NT, Q Aphelenchoides bicaudatus – N, Q, V, W Aphelenchoides blastophorus – N Aphelenchoides coffeae – N, Q Aphelenchoides composticola – N, Q, V, W Aphelenchoides dactylocerus – V Aphelenchoides fragariae – N, Q, S, T, V, W Aphelenchoides hylurgi – Q Aphelenchoides limberi – N Aphelenchoides parietinus – N, Q, W Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi-N,NT,Q,T,V,W Aphelenchoides saprophilus – N, Q Aphelenchoides subtenuis – Q Aphelenchoides sp – N, Q, V, W Aphelenchus avenae – N, NT, Q, S, V, W Aphelenchus sp – NT, Q Arboritynchus simpsonii – N B Basiria duplexa – Q Basiria gracilis – Q Basiria graminophila – Q Basiria tumida – Q, V, W Basiria sp – N, Q, W Belonolaimus lolii – N, W Belonolaimus longicaudatus – N, W Belonolaimus sp – N, V, W Blandicephalanema bossi – N Boleodorus thylactus – Q, V Boleodorus volutus – Q Boleodorus sp – N, Q, V C Cactodera cacti – N Caloosia nudata – N, NT, Q, V Carphodorus bilineatus – N, Q Carphodorus sp – Q Cephalenchus brevicaudatus – N Cephalenchus emarginatus – N, Q Cephalenchus sp – N Coslenchus alacinatus – W Coslenchus costatus – N, Q, S, W Coslenchus sp – T Criconema eucalypti – A Criconema lanxifrons – N, Q, S, V

Criconema mutabile – N, Q, S Criconema pacificum – Q Criconema pasticum – N, S, T, W Criconema permistum – Q Criconema sp – N, Q, S, V, W Criconemella avicenniae – N Criconemoides sp – N, Q, S, W Cryphodera eucalypti – Q, V Cryphodera sp – N, Q, V D Discocriconemella colbrani – Q Discocriconemella limitanea – N, Q Discocriconemella sp – N, Q Ditylenchus anchilisposomus – N, Q, W Ditylenchus australiae – N Ditylenchus desctructor – T Ditylenchus dipsaci – N, Q, S, T, V, W Ditylenchus intermedius – N, T, V Ditylenchus myceliophagus – N, Q, V Ditylenchus obesus – W Ditylenchus triformis – N Ditylenchus sp – N, Q, S, V, W E Ecphyadophora tenuissima – N, Q Ecphyadophora sp – Q Eutylenchus africanus – N, Q Eutylenchus setiferus – A, N, Q Eutylenchus sp – Q F Fergusobia magna – Q Fergusobia tumefaciens – A, N, Q, S, V Fergusobia sp – Q, S Filenchus baloghi – Q Filenchus discrepans – Q Filenchus exiguus – N, Q Filenchus filiformis – Q, S, T, V Filenchus infirmus – N Filenchus micoletzkyi – N Filenchus minutus – N Filenchus polyhypnus – N, Q Filenchus thornei – Q Filenchus unifromis – N Filenchus sp – N, Q, V, W G Globodera rostochiensis – V, W Globodera sp – Q Gracilacus mutabilis – Q Gracilacus peperpotti – N, Q Gracilacus steineri – N, Q Gracilacus sp – N, NT, Q, S, V, W

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H Helicotylenchus australis – W Helicotylenchus californicus – Q Helicotylenchus digonicus – N Helicotylenchus dihystera – N,NT,Q,S,V,T Helicotylenchus erythrinae - Q, S Helicotylenchus exallus – N, Q, S Helicotylenchus labiatus – NT Helicotylenchus minzi – N, Q Helicotylenchus multicinctus – N,NT,Q,S,T, V, W Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus – S, V, W Helicotylenchus tumidicaudatus – Q Helicotylenchus variabilis – N, Q Helicotylenchus varicaudatus – N, NT Helicotylenchus sp – N, NT, Q, S, T, V, W Hemicriconemoides brachyurus - NT, Q, W Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi - Q Hemicriconemoides cocophilus - NT, Q, W Hemicriconemoides communis – Q Hemicriconemoides coronatus – N, Q Hemicriconemoides digitatus – Q Hemicriconemoides insignis – N, Q, S, V Hemicriconemoides intermedius – Q Hemicriconemoides mangiferae – N, NT, Q Hemicriconemoides minor – N, S, T, V, W Hemicriconemoides obtusus – N,NT,Q,S,W Hemicriconemoides squamosus – Q Hemicriconemoides sp – Q, W Hemicycliophora acuta – S Hemicycliophora arenaria – N, Q, S, V Hemicycliophora biloculata – Q Hemicycliophora brevicauda – N, Q, V Hemicycliophora charlestoni – S, T Hemicycliophora eucalypti – S Hemicycliophora halophila – Q, S, V Hemicycliophora iwia – N, W Hemicycliophora labiata – N, Q, S, W Hemicycliophora litoralis – S Hemicycliophora natalensis – N,Q,S,T,V,W Hemicycliophora ovata - N, Q, S Hemicycliophora saueri – S, V Hemicycliophora striatula – S Hemicycliophora tesselata – S, V Hemicycliophora thornei – N Hemicycliophora truncata – N, Q, S, T, V, W Hemicycliophora typica – S Hemicycliophora vitiensis – N Hemicycliophora wallacei – S Hemicycliophora sp – N, Q, V, W Heterodera avenae – N, S, T, V, W Heterodera cruciferae – S Heterodera fici – N Heterodera graminis – N Heterodera humuli – T Heterodera schachtii – N, Q, S, V, W Heterodera trifolii – N, Q, S, V, W Heterodera sp – N, Q, V, W Hexatylus sp – Q Hirschmaniella diversa – Q

Hoplolaimus pararobustus – Q Hoplolaimus seinhorsti – NT, Q, W Hoplolaimus sp – N, Q, W Hoplotylus sp – V L Lelenchus leptosoma – N, Q Longidorus elongatus – S Longidorus taniwha – S Longidorus sp – N, Q M Macroposthonia caballeroi – NT Macroposthonia curvata – N, Q, W Macroposthonia onoensis – NT, Q Macroposthonia ornata – N, NT, Q, W Macroposthonia rustica – Q, S, V, W Macroposthonia similis – N, Q, S, V, W Macroposthonia sphaerocephala – NT, Q Macroposthonia teres – N Macroposthonia xenoplax – N, Q, S, V, W Macroposthonia sp – N, NT, Q, S, V Macrotrophurus sp – Q Malenchus bryophilus – N, Q, S Meloidogyne arenaria – N, Q, S, T, V, W Meloidogyne exigua – N Meloidogyne fallax – S, T, V Meloidogyne hapla – N, Q, S, T, V, W Meloidogyne hispanica – Q Meloidogyne incognita – N,NT,Q,S,T,V,W Meloidogyne javanica – A, N, NT, Q, S, V, W Meloidogyne thamesi – N, Q, V Meloidogyne trifoliophila – N, V Meloidogyne sp – N, NT, Q, S, T, V, W Merlinius brevidens – N, Q, S, V, T, W Merlinius nothus – N Merlinius sp – W Morulaimus arenicolus – N, S, T, V, W Morulaimus geniculatus – N, S, T, V, W Morulaimus gigas – W Morulaimus sclerus – S, V, W Morulaimus simplex – N, S Morulaimus simpsoni – S Morulaimus soldus – Q Morulaimus whitei – N,NT,Q,S,T,V Morulaimus sp – Q, S, V N Nagelus obscurus – N Neodolichodorus adelaidensis – N, Q, S, V Neodolichodorus cassati – N Neodolichodorus obtusus – N, Q Neodolichodorus sp – N, Q, V Neopsilenchus magnidens – N, Q Neopsilenchus minor – N, W Neopsilenchus sp – Q O Ogma australis - A

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Ogma civellae – N, Q, W Ogma melanesica – W Ogma octangulare – N, Q Ogma vexillatrix – V Ogma sp – N, Q P Paralongidorus australias – Q Paralongidorus eucalypti – N,NT,Q,S,V,W Paralongidorus sacchari – Q, S Paralongidorus sp – Q, S, V, W Paraphelenchus pseudoparietinus – N, Q Paratrichodorus lobatus – N, Q, S, V, W Paratrichodorus minor – N, Q, S, V, W Paratrichodorus mirzai – N Paratrichodorus orrae – W Paratrichodorus porosus – N, Q, W Paratrichodorus queenslandensis – Q, S, W Paratrichodorus sp – N, Q. S, T, V, W Paratrophurus dissitus – Q Paratrophurus sp – Q Paratylenchus arculatus – Q Paratylenchus baldaccii – V Paratylenchus colbrani – Q Paratylenchus coronatus – N, Q Paratylenchus curvitatus – Q Paratylenchus dianthus – Q Paratylenchus elachistus – Q Paratylenchus hamatus – Q, S Paratylenchus lepidus – N Paratylenchus macrophallus – Q Paratylenchus microdorus – Q Paratylenchus nanus – N, Q, S Paratylenchus nainianus – N, Q Paratylenchus neoamblycephalus – W Paratylenchus projectus – N, Q, S Paratylenchus vandenbrandei – N Paratylenchus sp – N, Q, S, T, V, W Pateracephalanema alticola – N, Q Pateracephalanema australe – N, Q Pateracephalanema imbricatum – N, Q, S, V Pateracephalanema pectinatum – N, Q, V Paterocephalanema pellitum – N, V Paurodontus apiticus – Q, S Paurodontus densus – Q Paurodontus gracilis – Q Paurodontus sp – N, Q Pratylenchoides leiocauda – N Pratylenchoides sp – W Pratylenchus alleni – N Pratylenchus brachyurus – N, NT, Q, W Pratylenchus coffeae – N, Q, S, V, W Pratylenchus crenatus – N, T, V, W Pratylenchus flakkensis – T Pratylenchus goodeyi – N, Q Pratylenchus hexincisus – N Pratylenchus jordanensis – N, NT, Q, S, V Pratylenchus loosi – N Pratylenchus neglectus – N, Q, S, T, V, W Pratylenchus penetrans - N, Q, S, T, V, W

Pratylenchus pinguicaudatus – N Pratylenchus pratensis – N, V Pratylenchus pseudopratensis – N Pratylenchus thornei – N, Q, S, V, T Pratylenchus vulnus – N, Q, S, V, W Pratylenchus zeae – N, NT, Q, V Pratylenchus sp – N, Q, S, T, V, W Prothallonema asymmetricum – Q Prothallonema sp – Q Pseudhalenchus minutus – N, Q Pseudhalenchus sp – Q Psilenchus hilarulus – Q Psilenchus minor – Q Psilenchus sp – N, Q, T, V, W R Radopholus brevicaudatus – Q Radopholus capitatus – Q, W Radopholus clarus – N, Q Radopholus crenatus – N, Q, V, W Radopholus inaequalis – Q, V, W Radopholus inanis – Q Radopholus intermedius – Q Radopholus laevis – Q Radopholus magniglans – N, Q, S, V, W Radopholus megadorus – Q Radopholus nativus – NT, W Radopholus neosimilis – Q, V Radopholus nigeriensis – NT Radopholus rectus – N, Q, W Radopholus rotundisemenus – V Radopholus serratus – Q Radopholus similis – N, NT, Q, S, W Radopholus trilineatus – N, Q, S, V Radopholus vacuus – Q Radopholus vangundyi – N, S, V, W Radopholus vertexplanus – Q, V, W Radopholus sp – N,NT,Q,T,V,W Rotylenchulus parvus – Q Rotylenchulus reniformis – NT, Q, W Rotylenchulus sp – N, Q Rotylenchus brevicaudatus – N, Q, W Rotylenchus buxophilus – N, S Rotylenchus gracilidens – N, Q, S, V, W Rotylenchus incultus – NT, W Rotylenchus robustus – N, T, V, W Rotylenchus uniformis – V Rotylenchus unisexus – Q Rotylenchus wallacei – S Rotylenchus sp – N, NT, Q, S, V, W S Sakia sp – N, W Sauertylenchus labiodiscus – N Sauertylenchus sp – V Scutellonema brachyurum – N,NT,Q,S,V,W Scutellonema clariceps – N, Q Scutellonema impar – N, NT, Q, S Scutellonema incisicaudatum – N,NT,Q,S,W Scutellonema insulare - Q, S, V, W

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Scutellonema laeviflexum – Q, S Scutellonema magniphasma – N Scutellonema minutum – N, Q, S, V, W Scutellonema sp – N, NT, Q, S, V, W Sphaeronema sp – Q Subanguina mobilis – S Subanguina radicicola – T T Thada sp – Q Trophonema arenarium – Q Trophonema sp – Q Trophotylenchulus clavicaudatus – N, Q Trophotylenchulus obscurus – Q Trophotylenchulus sp – Q Trophurus sp – Q Tylenchorhynchus annulatus – N, Q, V Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus – N, Q, W Tylenchorhynchus capitatus – N, Q, V Tylenchorhynchus clarus – Q, S Tylenchorhynchus claytoni – Q Tylenchorhynchus coffeae – Q Tylenchorhynchus curvus – Q Tylenchorhynchus dubius – S Tylenchorhynchus ewingi – Q Tylenchorhynchus hastulatus – N, Q, S Tylenchorhynchus latus – N Tylenchorhynchus mashoodi – Q Tylenchorhynchus novenus – S Tylenchorhynchus robustus – N Tylenchorhynchus siccus – S Tylenchorhynchus striatus – N, Q Tylenchorhynchus sulcatus – N Tylenchorhynchus tobari – N, S, V Tylenchorhynchus triglyphus – NT

Tylenchorhynchus velatus – N, Q Tylenchorhynchus ventralis – Q Tylenchorhynchus sp – N, Q, S, T, V, W Tylenchulus semipenetrans – N,NT,Q,S,V,W Tylenchulus sp – Q Tylenchus davainei – Q, T, V, W Tylenchus sp – N, Q, S, T, V, W Tylodorus acuminatus – V Tylodorus fisheri – S X Xenocriconemella macrodora – N, Q, V Xiphinema americanum – N, NT, Q, S, V, W Xiphinema basiri – Q Xiphinema brasiliense – Q Xiphinema brevicolle – N, Q, V, W Xiphinema diversicaudatum – V Xiphinema elongatum – N, NT, Q, W Xiphinema ensiculiferum – N, Q Xiphinema index – V Xiphinema insigne – N, NT, Q, W Xiphinema italiae – N Xiphinema krugi – N Xiphinema monohysterum – N, NT, Q, S, V Xiphinema obtusa – S Xiphinema pachtaicum – N, S, V Xiphinema radicicola – N, NT, Q, S, V, W Xiphinema setariae – NT Xiphinema truncatum – W Xiphinema sp – N, Q, V, W Xiphinemella sp – N, Q, W Z Zygotylenchus sp – W

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List 2 : Plant parasitic nematodes in Australia listed by plant host (see page 3 for abbreviations).

Abelmoschus esculentus – Okra Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne javanica N, W

Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Q

Allium cepa – Onion Criconema mutabile S Ditylenchus dipsaci N, S, T, V

Helicotylenchus sp N Meloidogyne hapla T, W Meloidogyne incognita Q Meloidogyne javanica N, S, W Meloidogyne sp T

Paratrichodorus minor S, V Paratrichodorus sp W Paratylenchus sp S

Pratylenchus penetrans V Pratylenchus sp W Radopholus sp W

Allium porrum – Leek Meloidogyne sp N Paratrichodorus minor V Allium schoenopasum – Sand Leek Helicotylenchus dihystera N Allium sativum – Garlic Ditylenchus dipsaci S, V Meloidogyne javanica Q

Pratylenchus sp V

Allium sp Meloidogyne sp V Apium graveolens – Celery Ditylenchus sp W Heterodera sp W Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne hapla N, Q, V Meloidogyne incognita N, Q Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, V, W Merlinius brevidens S

Paratrichodorus minor V Paratrichodorus sp S, V, W Paratylenchus sp S Pratylenchus penetrans Q, S, V, W Praylenchus sp W Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Q

Beta vulgaris – Sugar Beet Aphelenchoides composticola Q Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Heterodera schachtii Q, S, V Meloidogyne javanica S

Meloidogyne sp T Merlinius brevidens S Pratylenchus penetrans V Scutellonema brachyurum S

Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla – Silverbeet Criconema mutabile S Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Helicotylenchus sp W Heterodera schachtii N, W Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita N, Q

Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, W Paratrichodorus sp S

Paratylencus sp S Pratylenchus sp W

Scutellonema brachyurum Q Xiphinema sp W

Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris – Beetroot Criconema mutabile sp Filenchus exiguus Q Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Heterodera schachtii N, W

Heterodera sp W Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita N, V

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Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris – Beetroot (Cont) Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, W Meloidogyne sp W

Paratrichodorus sp S Paratylenchus sp S

Scutellonema brachyurum Q Brassica chinensis – Chinese cabbage Heterodera schachtii W Brassica napus – Swede/rape Heterodera schachtii N Brassica napus var napobrassica – Swede Heterodera schachtii N, Q, W Meloidogyne javanica S

Meloidogyne sp N Pratylenchus penetrans W

Brassica oleracea – Cabbage group Meloidogyne hapla V Brassica oleracea var actinophylla – Queensland Umbrella Tree Meloidogyne incognita Q Brassica oleracea var botrytis – Cauliflower Heterodera schachtii S, V, W Meloidogyne sp N,W Merlinius brevidens S Pratylenchus penetrans Q, V

Pratylenchus thornei N Tylenchorhynchus latus N Tylenchorhynchus sp N Tylenchus sp N

Brassica oleracea var capitata – Cabbage Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Heterodera cruciferae S Heterodera schachtii N, Q, S, V. W Heterodera sp W Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne hapla N

Meloidogyne javanica N, Q Meloidogyne sp W Paratrichodorus minor S Paratylenchus projectus Q Pratylenchus penetrans Q, V

Brassica oleracea var gemmifera – Brussel Sprouts Meloidogyne javanica N Brassica oleracea var italica – Broccoli Pratylenchus penetrans Q Brassica rapa ssp pekinensis – Chinese Cabbage, Heading Chinese Cabbage Heterodera schachtii V Brassica rapa Heterodera schachtii V Meloidogyne sp N, T, W

Pratylenchus penetrans W

Capsicum annum – Capisicum Criconema sp S Meloidogyne hapla N, Q, V Meloidogyne incognita N Meloidogyne javanica S

Paratrichodorus sp S Paratylenchus sp S Pratylenchus sp S

Tylenchorhynchus sp W Citrullus lanatus – Water melon Meloidogyne javanica V Merlinius brevidens S Paratrichodorus sp S

Paratylenchus sp S Pratylenchus sp S

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Citrullus vulgaris syn C. lanatus – Water melon Meloidogyne javanica Q, V, W Meloidogyne sp W

Pratylenchus brachyurus Q

Colocasia esculenta – Taro Meloidogyne javanica N Cucumis anguria - Gherkin Meloidogyne sp N Cucumis melo ssp melo – Melons Meloidogyne incognita N Meloidogyne javanica NT, V Meloidogyne sp W

Pratylenchus neglectus V Radopholus vangundyi N Rotylenchulus reniformis Q

Cucumis myriocarpus – Paddy Melon Meloidogyne incognita Q Cucumis sativus – Cucumber Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne incognita N, S, V

Meloidogyne javanica N, W Paraphelenchus pseudoparietinus Q

Cucumis sativus hybrida dominus Meloidogyne incongita N Cucurbita maxima – Pumpkin Meloidogyne arenaria N, Q Meloidogyne incognita N, Q Meloidogyne javanica N, S, V Paratrichodorus minor Q

Paratrichodorus sp S Pratylenchus brachyurus Q Pratylenchus sp S Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Q

Cucurbita moschata – Butternut pumpkin Criconema sp S Meloidogyne javanica S

Paratrichodorus sp S Paratylenchus microdorus S

Cucurbita pepo – squash and zucchini Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne arenaria Q Meloidogyne incognita N Meloidogyne javanica Q, S

Meloidogyne sp W Rotylenchulus reniformis Q Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Q

Cucurbita sp Meloidogyne javanica W

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba – Cluster Bean Meloidogyne javanica Q Paratrichodorus minor Q

Scutellonema brachyurum Q

Daucus carota – Carrot Ditylenchus dipsaci S, W Helicotylenchus dihystera Q, T Hemicycliophora saueri S Hemicycliophora sp S Merlinius brevidens V, T Meloidogyne arenaria N, T Meloidogyne fallax T Meloidogyne hapla N, S, T, V Meloidogyne incognita N, W Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, S, V, W Meloidogyne thamesi N

Meloidogyne sp S Neodolichodorus adelaidensis N

Paratrichodorus lobatus S Paratrichodorus minor S Paratrichodorus renifer S

Paratrichodorus sp S Paratylenchus sp S

Pratylenchus crenatus V, T Pratylenchus neglectus V, T Pratylenchus penetrans Q, V, T, W Pratylenchus pratensis V

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Daucus carota – Carrot (Cont) Pratylenchus thornei S, T

Pratylenchus sp V Rotylenchus robustus T, V

Scutellonema sp V Tylenchorhynchus latus S Tylenchorhynchus sp S, T

Daucus glochidiatus – Native Carrot Xiphinema monohysterum S Lactuca sativa – Lettuce Filenchus exiguus Q Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne hapla N, Q, T, V Meloidogyne incognita N Meloidogyne javanica N, V, W Paratrichodorus lobatus N, W Paratrichodorus minor Q

Paratrichodorus sp V, W Paratylenchus dianthus Q Pratylenchus penetrans Q, V, W Pratylenchus zeae Q Rotylenchus robustus T Scutellonema brachyurum Q

Lycopersicum esculentum – Tomato

Aphelenchus avenae Q Ditylenchus anchilisposomus Q Ditylenchus dipsaci N Ditylenchus sp Q Filenchus exiguus Q Filenchus polyhypnus Q Helicotylenchus dihystera N, Q Helicotylenchus erythrinae Q Helicotylenchus sp W Hemicycliophora truncata Q Macroposthonia ornata Q Meloidogyne arenaria N, Q, W Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita N,NT,Q,S,T,W Meloidogyne javanica N,NT,Q,S,V,W Paraphelenchus sp Q

Paratrichodorus lobatus S Paratrichodorus minor Q, S Paurodontus apitica Q Pratylenchus brachyurus Q Pratylenchus neglectus N, S, V Pratylenchus sp W Rotylenchulus reniformis Q Rotylenchus brevicaudauts Q Rotylenchus buxophilus S Rotylenchus unisexus Q Scutellonema brachyurum N, Q, S Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Q Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Q Tylenchorhynchus sp Q Xiphinema monohysterum Q

Manihot esculenta – Cassava Paratrichodorus minor Q Pastinaca sativa – Parsnip Ditylenchus dipsaci S Meloidogyne arenaria T Melodogyne hapla N, S, T, V Meloiodynge incognita N Meloidoygne javanica N, V, W Paratrichodorus lobatus W

Paratrichodorus sp V, W Pratylenchus penetrans V, W Pratylenchus sp V, W Rotylenchus robustus T Rotylenchus sp W

Phaseolus coccineus – scarlet runner bean Meloidogyne hapla N Phaseolus vulgaris – Common bean, climbing bean Aphelenchoides sp W Aphelenchus avenae W Ditylenchus dipsaci N Ditylenchus sp W Filenchus exiguus Q Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita N, NT, S

Meloidogyne javanica N, NT, Q, S, W Meloidogyne thamesi Q Pratylenchus brachyurus Q Pratylenchus penetrans Q, W Pratylenchus vulnus Q, S Pratylenchus sp W Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus W Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Q

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Phaseolus sp Aphelenchus avenae W Ditylenchus anchilospomosus W Pisum sativum – Peas Ditylenchus dipsaci S Ditylenchus sp Q Filenchus exiguus Q Helicotylenchus dihysteraQ Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita Q, S Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, V, W

Meloidogyne sp S, T. W Paratrichodorus lobatus S Paratrichodorus minor Q Paurodontus apiticus Q Pratylenchus neglectus S Pratylenchus penetrans Q Pratylenchus thornei V

Raphanus raphanistrum – Wild Radish Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne hapla Q Raphanus sativus – Radish Helicotylenchus sp W Heterodera schachtii N, W Meloidogyne javanica W

Meloidogyne sp N, NT Pratylenchus penetrans W

Rheum rhabarbarum – Rhubarb Coslenchus costatus Q Criconemoides sp W Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Hemicycliophora typica S Hemicycliophora sp V Heterodera schachtii N, Q, V, W Meloidogyne hapla Q Meloidogyne incognita Q

Meloidogyne javanica V, W Paratrichodorus minor Q Paratrichodorus sp N, W Paratylenchus sp W Pratylenchus penetrans W Rotylenchus buxophilus N Scutellonema brachyurum Q Tylenchus sp V

Solanum aviculare – Kangaroo apple Meloidogyne hapla V Solanum esuriale – Quena

Paratrichodorus lobatus S Solanum giganteum Meloidogyne javanica W Solanum laciniatum – Kangaroo apple, large Kangaroo apple Meloidogyne javanica S Solanum mauritianum – Wild tobacco tree Meloidogyne javanica N Solanum melongea – Egg-plant Meloidogyne arenaria N Meloidogyne javanica N, S, V Solanum muricatum – Melon Pear Meloidogyne sp W Solanum nigrum – Blackberry nightshade Meloidogyne hapla N, V Meloidogyne incognita S Meloidogyne javanica N, W

Meloidogyne thamesi N Pratylenchus pratensis N

Solanum oligacanthum – Desert nightshade Globodera sp Q Tylenchorhynchus sp Q

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Solanum pseudocapsicum – Winter cherry, Jerusalem cherry Meloidogyne hapla Q Meloidogyne javanica N, Q Solanum tuberosum – Potato Ditylenchus destructor T Ditylenchus dipsaci W Globodera rostochiensis V, W Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Meloidogyne arenaria N, T, V, W Meloidogyne exigua N Meloidogyne fallax N, S, V, Meloidogyne hapla N, S, V, W Meloidogyne incognita N, T, W Meloidogyne javanica N, Q, S, V, W Paralongidorus sacchari Q Paralongidorus sp Q

Pratylenchus brachyurus Q Pratylenchus coffeae N Pratylenchus jordanensis V Pratylenchus penetrans Q, V Pratylenchus sp W Rotylenchulus parvus Q Rotylenchus brevicaudatus N, Q Rotylenchus buxophilus S Scutellonema brachyurum S Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Q

Spinancia oleracia – Spinach Heterodera schachtii V Meloidogyne sp S Vicia faba – Faba Bean or Broad Bean Ditylenchus dipsaci N, S Meloidogyne hapla N Meloidogyne incognita N Meloidogyne sp W

Merlinius brevidens N Pratylenchus crenatus T Pratylenchus thornei S Scutellonema brachyurum Q

Zea mays – Maize Criconema mutabile N Ditylenchus sp Filenchus exiguus Q Filenchus filiformis S Gracilacus mutabilis Q Helicotylenchus dihystera Q Helicotylenchus multicinctus Q Hemicycliophora sp N Hexatylus sp Q Macroposthonia ornata Q Meloidogyne javanica Q, S Merlinius brevidens N Neopsilenchus magnidens Q

Paratrichodorus lobatus S Paratrichodorus minor Q Paratylenchus microdorus S Paratylenchus sp N Pratylenchus brachyurus Q Pratylenchus neglectus S Pratylenchus zeae Q Radopholus similis Q Rotylenchulus parvus Q Tylenchorhynchus sp S Tylenchus sp N

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List 3 : Plant parasitic nematodes recorded from vegetables in Australia and occurrence within states

(see page 3 for abbreviations and list 2 for common names of plants). 1) Root Knot nematode and related genera Meloidogyne arenaria Apium graveolens : NSW – North Parramatta Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : NSW – Tumit, Grahamstown Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : NSW – Muswellbrook, Carlingford Brassica oleracea var capitata : NSW – Anna Bay Curcubita maxima : NSW – Windsor : QLD – Tiaro Curcubita pepo : QLD – Rockhampton Daucus carota : NSW – Barham : TAS – North East Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – Binnaway, Edmundsen Park, North Parramatta : QLD – Brisbane, Rockhampton : WA – Spectacles Pastinaca sativa : TAS – North, North east Phaseolus vulgaris : NSW – Baulkham Hills, Tuncurry, Sydney Solanum melongea : NSW – North Parramatta Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Windsor, Colleambally, Comalla, Numeralla, Scone, Cooma,

Gol Gol : TAS – North East : VIC – Blairgowrie : WA – Perth, Manjimup

Meloidogyne exigua Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Macksville Meloidogyne fallax Daucus carota : TAS Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Wee Waa : SA – Mt Shank, Mt Barker : VIC – Woodside : TAS – No location recorded Meloidogyne hapla Allium cepa : TAS – North : WA – Manjimup Apium graveolens : NSW – Mona Vale, Hoxton Park : QLD – Pallara : VIC – Heatherton, Shepparton Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : NSW – Woy Woy, Fairfield Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : NSW – Seaforth Brassica oleracea : VIC – Warragul Brassica oleracea var capitata : NSW – Sackville Capsicum annum : NSW – Trentham Cliffs : QLD – Jindalee, Montville, Redlands Bay Daucus carota : NSW – Griffith, East Maitland, Dural, Hurstville, Camden, Cudgell : SA – No location recorded : TAS – North East

: VIC – Warrugal, Silvan, Frankston, Heatherton, Werribee, Dalmore Lactuca sativa : NSW – Glenorie, Ingleburn, Wallacia, Mangrove Mountain : QLD – No location recorded : TAS – North, Flinders Island : VIC – Frankston Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – Widespread on tomato crops Pastinaca sativa : NSW – Griffith, Umina, Emu Plains, Glen Innes : SA – No location recorded : TAS – North, North East : VIC – Kooweerup, Frankston, Burnley

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Meloidogyne hapla cont Phaseolus coccineus : NSW – Seven Hills Phaseolus vulgaris : NSW – Gol Gol Pisum sativum : NSW – Narara Raphanus raphanistrum : QLD –Wooroolin Rheum rhabarharum : QLD – Mt Tambourine Solanum aviculare : VIC – Toolangi Solanum nigrum : NSW – Narara Calga, Guyra : VIC – Silverbank Falls Solanum pseudocapsicum : QLD – St Mary’s Falls Killarney Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Robertson, Maitland, Rydalmere, North Dorrigo, Dungowan : SA – Frequent losses reported in irrigation crops and south east : VIC – Thorpdale, Warragul, Kooweerup, Toolangi : WA – Manjimup Vicia faba : NSW – Eastwood Meloidogyne incognita Allium cepa : QLD – Tent Hill (Lockeyer Valley) Apium graveolens : NSW – Coffs Harbour, Griffith : QLD – Applethorpe, Atherton Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : NSW – Arncliffe, Clifton Gardens : QLD – Atherton Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : NSW – Griffith, Mortdale : VIC – Aigura Brassica oleracea var actinophylla : QLD – Ormiston Capsicum anuum : NSW – Gol Gol Cucumis melo ssp melo : NSW – Wollongbar Cucumis myriocarpus : QLD – Glen Aplin Cucumis sativus : NSW – Sydney, Goolmangar, Kulnura, Windsor, Beecroft, Warriwood : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Burnley Cucumis sativus hybrida dominus : Riverstone Cucurbita maxima : NSW – Windsor, Pitt Town : Qld – Gatton Cucurbita pepo : NSW – Hunters Hill Daucus carota : NSW – Sydney, MIA, Tweed Heads, Yenda, Berala : WA – Wattleup Lactuca sativa : NSW – Concord Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – common on tomato crops : NT – Darwin : QLD – Whing Creek El Arish : SA – Loxton : TAS – Tewkesbury : WA – Prison Farm Bateman Pastinaca sativa : NSW – Wentworthville Phaseolus vulgaris : NSW – Richmond, Duranbah, Seven Hills : NT – Darwin : SA – Blanchetown Pisum sativum : QLD – Millaroo, Palmwoods : SA – Blanchetown Rheum rhabarbarum : QLD – Atherton Solanum nigrum : SA – No location recorded Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Widespread : TAS – common : WA – Perth, Manjimup Vicia faba : NSW – Duranbah Meloidogyne javanica Abelmoschus esculentus : NSW – Camden : WA – Welshpool Allium cepa : NSW – Griffith : SA – No location recorded

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Meloidogyne javanica cont : WA – Coogee Allium sativum : QLD – Bowen Apium graveolens : NSW – Hoxton Park : QLD – Brisbane, Mt Isa : VIC – Mildura, Robinvale, Swan Hill, Heatherton, Burnley : WA – Osborne Park Beta vulgaris : SA – Fullarton Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : NSW – Baulkham Hills, Ashford : QLD – Stanthorpe : WA – Coogee Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : NSW – Coffs Harbour, Epping, Seaforth, Somersby Brassica napus var napobrassica : SA – No location recorded Brassica napus var napus : NSW – Pokolbin Brassica oleracea var capitata : NSW – Lorn : QLD – Applethorpe, Redland, Bay Brassica oleracea var gemmifera : NSW – Armidale Capsicum annum : SA – No location recorded Citrullus lanatus : VIC – Mildura Citrullus vulgaris : QLD – Elimbah : VIC – No location recorded : WA – Cannington Colocasia esculenta : NSW – Bronte Cucumis melo ssp melo : NT – Adelaide River : VIC – Mildura Cucumis sativus : NSW – Windsor, Warriwood, Rosehill : WA – Carnarvon Curcubita maxima : NSW – Broken Hill, Coraki : SA – Bookpuranong : VIC – Mildura Cucubita moschata : SA – No location recorded Curcubita pepo : QLD – Elimbah : SA – No location recorded Curcubita sp : WA – Forrestdale Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ; QLD – Nambour Daucus carota : NSW – Yenda, Tweed Heads, Oatley, White Rock, Bogan Gate, Cowra,

Balranald : QLD – Redland Bay, Brisbane : SA – Morgan, Purnong : VIC – Mildura, Robinvale, Euchuca, Swan Hill, Wallington : WA – Osborne Park

Latuca sativa : NSW – Coffs Harbour : VIC – Swan Hill, Robinvale, Mildura Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – common on tomato crops : NT – Darwin : QLD – Biloela, Mitchell, Mt Isa, Bowen, common on tomato crops : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Widespread in northern Victoria : WA – Heathridge, Como (Halse), Bateman, Freemantle Pastinaca sativa : NSW – Griffith : VIC – Swan Hill, Cobram

: WA – Osborne Park Phaseolus vulgaris : NSW – Baulkham Hills, Dareton, Glenfield, Taree : NT – Darwin : QLD – Kin Kin : SA – No location recorded : WA – Fremantle Pisum sativum : NSW – Wollongbar : QLD – Beerwah : VIC – No location recorded

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Meloidogyne javanica cont : WA – Bayswater Raphanus sativus : WA – No location recorded Rheum rhabarbarum : VIC – Cobram : WA – Perth Solanum giganteum : WA – Perth Solanum laciniatum : SA – No location recorded Solanum mauritianum : NSW – Baulkham Hills, Duranbah Solanum melongea : NSW – Bonnyrigg : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Robinvale Solanum nigrum : NSW – Griffith : WA – Murdoch, Spectacles, Fremantle Solanum pseudocapsicum : NSW – Merrylands : QLD – No location recorded Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Alstonville, Maitland, Muswellbrook, Grafton, Richmond : QLD – Woodstock, Atherton Tablelands : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Cobram, Red Cliffs : WA – Burekup Zea mays : QLD – Perwillowen : SA – No location recorded Meloidogyne thamesi Brassica oleracea var capitata : QLD – Brisbane Daucus carota : NSW – North Rocks Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Boulia Solanum nigrum : NSW – Wollongbar Meloidogyne sp Allium cepa : TAS – Mount Pleasant Allium porrum : NSW – Sydney Allium sp : VIC – Harris Beta vulgaris : TAS – Jetsonville Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : WA – Gosnells Brassica napus var napobrassica : NSW – Pretty Gully Brassica oleracea var botrytis : NSW – Kangaloon : WA – Spearwood Brassica oleracea var capitata : WA – Fremantle Brassica rapa : NSW – Glen Innes : TAS – common : WA – Perth Citrullis vulgaris : WA – Herne Hill Cucumis anguria : NSW – MIA Cucumis melo ssp melo : WA – Mt Lawley Curcubita pepo : WA – Perth Daucus carota : SA – Nurioopta, Blanchtown Pisum sativum : SA – Murray Bridge : TAS – North : WA – Witchcliffe Raphanus sativus : NSW – No location recorded : NT – Darwin Solanum muricatum : WA – Perth Spinancia oleracia : SA – No location recorded Vicia faba : WA – Swan Cyst nematode and related genera Globodera rostochiensis – potato cyst nematode Solanum tuberosum : VIC – Melbourne, Wandin, Gembrook, Rosebud, Wandin East – crop

damage associated and quarantine restrictions imposed. : WA – Munster – crop damage associated, quaratine restrictions imposed.

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Globodera sp Solanum oligacanthum : QLD – Birdsville Heterodera cruciferae – Brassica or cabbage cyst nematode Brassica oleracea var capitata : SA – Adelaide Heterodera schachtii – sugar beet cyst nematodes Beta vulgaris : QLD – Lawes : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Ballarat, Keilor, Werribee, Dingley Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : NSW – Milpberra, Botany : WA – Balcatta, Munster Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : NSW – Sydney, Botany, Brighton, Matraville, Milperra : WA – Busselton Brassica chinensis : WA – Myalup Brassica napus : NSW – No location recorded Brassica napus var napobrassica : NSW – Botany : QLD – Lawes : WA – Mandogalup Brassica oleracea var botrytis : SA – Campbelltown : VIC – Ballarat, Werribee : WA – Spearwood Brassica oleracea var capitata : NSW – Botany, Brighton, Mascot, Matraville : QLD – Lawes : SA – No location recorded : VIC – Ballarat, Werribee : WA – Spearwood Brassica pekinensis : VIC – Baxter Brassica rapa : VIC – Werribee Brassica sp : VIC – Boneo Raphanus sativus : NSW – No location recorded : WA – Medina Rheum rhabarbarum : NSW – No location recorded : QLD – Mt Tambourine : VIC – North west irrigation areas : WA – Spearwood Spinancia oleracia : VIC – Werribee, Keilor Heterodera sp Apium graveolens : WA – Denmark Beta vulgaris var vulgaris : Busselton Brassica oleracea var capitata : WA – Munster Root Lesion nematode and related genera Pratylenchus brachyurus Citrullus vulgaris : QLD – Coominya Curcubita maxima : QLD – Lawnton Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Charters Towers, Bamaga Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Kin Kin Solanum tuberosum : QLD – East Barron, Malanda, Tarome Zea mays : QLD – Kingaroy, Wondai, Koah Pratylenchus coffeae Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Berrigan, Finley Pratylenchus crenatus Daucus carota : VIC – Vervale, Warragul, Thorpedale : TAS – Pethybridge, Towerhill Vicia faba : TAS – Sandford Pratylenchus jordanensis Solanum tuberosum : VIC – Longford

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Pratylenchus neglectus Cucumis melo ssp melo : VIC – Nangiloc Daucus carota : VIC – Weipa : TAS – No location recorded Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW –

: SA – No location recorded : VIC – Karadoc Pisum sativum : SA – Eyre Penninsula Zea mays : SA – Loxton Pratylenchus penetrans Allium cepa : VIC – Kooweerup Apium graveolens : QLD – Amiens : VIC – Heatherton, Frankston : WA – Balcatta Beta vulgaris : VIC – Ballarat, Keilor, Werribee Brassica napus var napobrassica : WA – Mandogalup Brassica oleracea var botrytis : QLD – Amiens, Stanthorpe, Dalveen area, Wallangarra : VIC – Kyabram Brassica oleracea var capitata : QLD – Stanthorpe, Wallangarra, Dalveen area : VIC – No location recorded Brassica oleracea var italica : QLD – Stanthorpe, Wallangarra, Dalveen area Brassica rapa : WA – No location recorded Daucus carota : QLD – Amiens : VIC – Silvan, Frankston, Kooweeup, Keysborough : WA – Balcatta Lactuca sativa : QLD – Amiens : VIC – Heatherton : WA – Balcatta Pastinaca sativa : VIC – Heatherton : WA – Balcatta Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Stanthorpe, Wallangarra, Dalveen : WA – Gosnells Pisum sativum : QLD – Stanthorpe, Wallangarra, Dalveen Raphanus sativus : WA – No location recorded Rheum rhabarbarum : WA – Perth Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Severnlea : VIC : Nangiloc Pratylenchus pratensis Daucus carota : VIC – No location recorded Solanum nigrum : NSW – Griffith Pratylenchus thornei Brassica oleracea var botrytis : NSW – Bathurst Daucus carota : SA – Virginia : TAS – Pethybridge Pisum sativum : VIC – Benalla Vicia faba : SA – Isolated pockets in cropping areas of Eyre Penninsula, widespread in lower

and mid north Zea mays : NSW – Tocumwal Pratylenchus vulnus Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Victoria Point : SA – No location recorded Pratylenchus zeae Lactuca sativa : QLD – Zillmere Zea mays : QLD – Cooroy Pratylenchus sp Allium cepa : SA – Bookpuranong

: WA – Manjimup Allium sativum : VIC – Mount Waverley Apium graveolens : SA – Morgan

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Pratylenchus sp cont Apium graveloens : WA – Denmark

Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : WA – Wanneroo Capsicum annuum : SA – Morgan Citrullus lanatus : SA – Loxton Cucumis melo ssp melo : WA – West Perth Cucurbita maxima : SA – Bookpuranong Daucus carota : SA – Loxton

: VIC – Clayton Lycopersicum esculentum : WA – Perth Pastinaca sativa : VIC – Cheltenham : WA – Balcatta Phaseolus vulgaris : WA – Gosnells Solanum tuberosum : Manjimup Radopholus similis Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Hunchy Zea mays : QLD – Nambour Radopholus vangundyi Cucumis melo ssp melo : NSW –Wentworth Radopholus sp Allium cepa : WA – Kununurra Stem, leaf and bud nematodes and related genera Aphelenchoides composticola Beta vulgaris : QLD – Yeppoon Aphelenchoides sp Phaseolus vulgaris : WA – Carnarvon Ditylenchus anchilospomosus Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Yeppoon Phaseolus spp : WA – No location recorded Ditylenchus destructor Solanum tuberosum : TAS – Midlands Ditylenchus dipsaci – “oat’ and ‘lucerne’ race known to occur in Australia Allium cepa : NSW – West Maitland : SA – No location recorded : TAS – common : VIC – Bellarine Peninsula, Silvan Allium sativum : SA – Murray Bridge : VIC – Rutherglen Daucus carota : SA – No location recorded : WA – Osborne Park Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – Gosford Pastinaca sativa : SA – No location recorded Phaseolus vulgaris : NSW – Matcham Pisum sativum : SA – Widespread in mid north grain growing areas, crop damage associated Solanum tuberosum : WA – No location recorded Vicia faba : NSW – Gosford : SA – Eudunda, widespread crop damage Ditylenchus sp Apium graveolens : WA – Denmark Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Yeppoon Phaseolus vulgaris : WA – Carnarvon Pisum sativum : QLD – Yeppoon Zea mays : QLD – Coolum Ring, sheath and related genera Criconema mutabile Allium cepa : SA – Morgan

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Beta vulgaris var cicla : SA – Morgan Criconema mutabile cont Beta vulgaris var vulgaris : SA – Morgan Zea mays : NSW – Criconema sp Capsicum annuum : SA – Morgan Cucurbita moschata : SA – Loxton Criconemoides sp Rheum rhabarbarum : WA – Perth Hemcicyliophora saueri Daucus carota : SA – No location recorded Hemicycliophora truncata Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Stanthorpe (Bald Mountain) Hemicycliophora typica Rheum rhabarbanum : SA – Waterfall Gully Hemicycliophora sp Daucus carota : SA – Nuriootpa Rheum rhabarbarum : VIC – Dingley Zea mays : NSW – No location recorded Macroposthonia ornata

Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Bamage Zea mays : QLD – Koah

Spiral and related genera – Hoplolaims Helicotylenchus dihystera Abelmoschus esculentus : QLD – Belmont Allium schoenoprasum : NSW – Matraville Beta vulgaris : QLD – Yeppoon Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla : QLD – Frenchville Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : QLD – Mt Isa, Victoria Pt, Yeppoon Brassica oleracea var capitata : QLD – Eight Mile Plain Cucumis sativus : QLD – Brisbane Curcubita pepo : QLD – Kin Kin Daucus carota : QLD – Mt Ninderry : TAS – Pethybridge Lactuca sativa : QLD– Biloela, Everton Park Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – Rydalmere : QLD – Ballandean, Kabra, Yeppoon Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Frenchville, Gladstonbury Pisum sativum : QLD – Brisbane, Montville, Beerwah Raphanus raphanistrum : QLD – Esk Rheum rhabarbarum : QLD – Mt Tambourine Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Beerwah, Ravenshoe to Tumoulin Road Zea mays : QLD – Beerwah, Nambour, Koah, Cooroy Helicotylenchus erythrinae Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Coastal Queensland Helicotylenchus multicinctus Zea mays : QLD – Beerwah Helicotylenchus sp Allium cepa : NSW – Onion Beta vulgariss sp cicla : WA – Medina Lycopersicum esculentum : WA – Perth Raphanus sativus : WA – Perth Rotylenchus brevicaudatus Adelmoschus esculentus : QLD – Belmont Apium graveolens : QLD – Brisbane Cucurbita pepo : QLD – Rockhampton Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Yeppoon Solanum tuberosum : NSW – Armidale : QLD – Rockhampton

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Rotylenchus buxophilus Lycopersicum esculentum : SA – Rheum rhabarbarum : NSW – Kellyville Solanum tuberosum : SA – Rotylenchus robustus Daucus carota : TAS – Kingston : VIC – Dandenong Lactuca sativa : TAS – Kingston Pastinaca sativa : TAS – Kingston Rotylenchus unisexus Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Amiens, Stanthorpe Rotylenchus sp Pastinaca sativa : WA – Dingley Scutellonema brachyurum Beta vulgaris : SA – Beta vulgaris ssp cicla : QLD – Indooroopilly Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : QLD – Victoria Point Cyamopsis tetragonoloba : QLD – Nambour Lactuca sativa : QLD – Ipswich, Mitchelton Lycopersicum esculentum : NSW – Rydalmere

: QLD – Ipswich : SA – No location recorded

Rheum rhabarbarum : QLD – Mt Tambourine Solanum tuberosum : SA – No location recorded Vicia faba : QLD – No location recorded Scutellonema sp Daucus carota : VIC – Warragul, Thorpdale Pin and related genera – often found as fourth stage juveniles, survival stage Gracilacus mutabilis Zea mays : QLD – Beeburrum Paratylenchus dianthus Lactuca sativa : QLD – Stanthorpe Paratylenchus microdorus Cucurbita moschata : SA – Loxton Zea mays : SA – Loxton Paratylenchus projectus Brassica oleracea var capitata : QLD – Dalveen Paratylenchus sp Allium cepa : SA – Morgan Apium graveolens : SA – Morgan Beta vulgaris var vulgaris : SA – Morgan Beta vulgaris var cicla : SA – Morgan Citrullus lanatus : SA – Loxton Daucus carota : SA – Purnong Pastinaca sativa : VIC – Winnaliah Rheum rhabarbarum : WA – Balcatta Zea mays : NSW – No location recorded Stunt and related genera Merlinius brevidens Apium graveolens : SA – Underdale, Morgan Beta vulgaris : SA – No location recorded Brasica oleracea var botrytis : SA – No location recorded Citrullus lanatus : SA – Loxton Daucus carota : VIC – Robinvale : TAS – No location recorded Vicia faba : NSW – Moulamein Zea mays : NSW – Tocumwal

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Neodolichodorus adelaidensis Daucus carota : NSW - Yanco Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Boulia Phaseolus vulgaris : WA – Carnarvon Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Cucurbita maxima : QLD – Toowoomba Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Ballandean, Boulia Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Amamoor Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Toowoomba Tylenchorhynchus latus Brassica oleracea var botrytis : NSW – no location recorded Daucus carota : SA – Loxton Tylenchorhynchus sp Brassica oleracea var botrytis : NSW – Bathurst Capsicum annum : WA – Kununurra Daucus carota : TAS – No location recorded Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Quilpie Solanum oligacanthum : QLD – Birdsville Zea mays : SA – Loxton Dagger and related genera Paralongidorus sacchari Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Gatton Paralongidorus sp Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Gatton Xiphinema monohysterum Daucus glochidiatus : SA – Barytes Mine Northern Flinders Ranges Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Yelarbon Xiphinema sp Beta vulgaris ssp cicla: WA – Medina Stubby root and related genera Paratrichodorus lobatus Daucus carota : SA – Stenert Bay Lactuca sativa : NSW – Springwood : WA – Balcatta Lycopersicum esculentum : SA – No location recorded Pastinaca sativa : WA – Balcatta Pisum sativum : SA – No location recorded Solanum esuriale : SA – No location recorded Zea mays : SA – No location recorded Paratrichorodus minor Allium cepa : SA – Morgan : VIC – No location recorded Allium porrum : VIC – Keysborough Apium graveolens : VIC – Dandenong Beta vulgaris var cicla : SA – Morgan Brassica oleracea var capitata : SA – No location recorded Curcubita maxima : QLD – Gympie Cyamopsis tetragonoloba : QLD – Ayr Daucus carota : SA – Kybibolite Lactuca sativa : QLD – Zillmere Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Moggill : SA – No location recorded Manihot esculenta : QLD – Bundaberg Pisum sativum : QLD – Millaroo Rheum rhabarbarbarum : QLD – MT Tambourine Zea mays : QLD – Koah

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Paratrichodorus renifer Daucus carota : SA – Virginia Paratrichodorus sp Allium cepa : SA – Morgan

: WA – Coogee Apium graveolens : VIC – Keysborough : WA – Denmark Beta vulgaris var vulgaris : SA – Loxton Capsicum annuum : SA – Morgan Citrullus lanatus : SA – Loxton Cucurbita maxima : SA – No location recorded Cucurbita moschata : SA – Loxton Daucus carota : SA – Blanchtown, Virginia Lactuca sativa : VIC – Keysborough : WA – Wanneroo Pastinaca sativa : VIC – Keysborough : WA – Balcatta Rheum rhabarbarum : NSW – Kellyville : WA – Perth Reniform nematode and related genera Rotylenchulus parvus Solanum tuberosum : QLD – Gympie Zea mays : QLD – Wooroolin, Kingaroy Rotylenchulus reniformis Cucumis melo ssp melo : QLD – Bowen Cucumis pepo : QLD – Kin Kin Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Bowen, Rita Island, Yeppoon Fungal feeders and root hair browsers Aphelenchus avenae Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Bald Mountain, Dohles Rocks Phaseolus vulgaris : WA – Carnarvon Phaseolus spp : WA – Carnarvon Coslenchus costatus Rheum rhabarbanum : QLD – Mt Tambourine Coslenchus sp Daucus carota : TAS – No location recorded Filenchus exiguus Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris : QLD – Yeppoon Lactuca sativa : QLD – Mt Ninderry Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Yeppoon Filenchus filiformis

Phaseolus vulgaris : QLD – Manly, Ipswich Pisum sativum : QLD – Yeppoon Zea mays : QLD – Beerwah : SA – Urrbrae Filenchus polphypnus Lycopersicum exculentum : QLD – Bowen, Yeppoon Hexatylus sp Zea mays : QLD – No location recorded Neopsilenchus magnidens Zea mays : QLD – Coolum Paraphelenchus pseudoparietinus Cucumis sativus : Yeppoon Paraphelenchus sp Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Cleveland

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Paurodontus apitica Lycopersicum esculentum : QLD – Lyra Pisum sativum : QLD – Yeppoon Tylenchus sp Brassica oleracea var botrytis : NSW – Bathurst Rheum rhabarbarum : VIC – Keysborough Zea mays : NSW – Bathurst

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Index – Common and Scientific names of plants and nematodes. (List 1 = Bold and Italics (pg 6 – 9), List 2 = Italics (pg 10 – 15), List 3 = Bold (pg 16 – 26)). Name Page # Aphelenchoides composticola 4, 8, 20 Aphelenchus avenae 4,11,12,24 Beetroot – Beta vulgaris ssp vulgaris 9,14,15,16,17,18,21,22,24 Broad Bean – Phaseolus vulgaris 11,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,23,24 Broccoli – Brassica oleracea var italica 9,19 Brussel Sprouts – Brassica oleracea var gemmifera 9,16 Butternut Pumpkin – Cucurbita moschata 10,16,21,22,24 Cabbage – Brassica oleracea var capitata 9,14,16,17,18,19,21,22,23 Capsicum – Capsicum annum 9,14,15,16,20,23,24 Carrot – Daucus carota 10,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24 Cassava – Manihot esculenta 12,23 Cauliflower – Brassica oleracea var botrytis 9,17,18,19,22,23,24 Celery – Apium graveolens 9,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24 Chinese Cabbage – Brassica chinensis 9,18 Cluster bean – Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 10,16,22,23 Coslenchus costatus 4,12,24 Criconema mutabile – fringe nematode 4,9,13,20 Cucumber – Cucumis sativus 10,15,16,21,24 Ditylenchus anchilospomosus 4,11,12,20 Ditylenchus destructor 4,11,12,20 Ditylenchus dipsaci – stem nematode 4,8,10,12,13,20 Egg Plant – Solanum melongea 12,14,17 Faba Bean – Vicia faba 13,14,15,17,18,19,20,22 Filenchus exiguus 4,8,11,12,13,24 Filenchus filiformis 4,11,24 Filenchus polyphypnus 4,11,24 Garlic – Allium sativum 8,16,19,20 Globodera rostochiensis – potato cyst nematode 4,13,17 Gracilacus mutabilis – pin nematode 5,13,22 Helicotylenchus dihystera – spiral nematode 5,8,9,10,11,12,13, 21 Helicotylenchus erythrinae – spiral nematode 5,11,21 Helicotylenchus multicinctus – spiral nematode 5,13,21 Hemcicyliophora saueri – sheath nematode 5,10,21 Hemicycliophora truncata – sheath nematode 5,11,21 Hemicycliophora typica – sheath nematode 5,12,21 Heterodera cruciferae – cabbage cyst nematode 5,9,18 Heterodera schachtii – sugar beet cyst nematode 5,8,9,12,13,18 Leek – Allium porrum 8,17,23 Lettuce – Lactuca sativa 11,14,15,16,19,21,22,23,24 Macroposthonia ornata – ring nematode 5,11,13,21 Maize – Zea mays 13,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24 Meloidogyne arenaria – root knot nematode 5,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 Meloidogyne exigua – root knot nematode 5,13,14 Meloidogyne fallax – root knot nematode 5,10,13,14 Meloidogyne hapla – root knot nematode 5,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 Meloidogyne incognita – root knot nematode 5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15 Meloidogyne javanica – root knot nematode 5,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17 Meloidogyne thamesi – root knot nematode 5,10,11,12,17 Melons – Cucumis melo ssp melo 10,15,16,17,19,20,24 Merlinius brevidens – stunt nematode 5,8,9,10,13,22

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Neodolichodorus adelaidensis 10,23 Neopsilenchus magnidens 6,13,24 Okra – Abelmoschus esculentus 8,15,21 Onion – Allium cepa 8,14,15,19,20,21,22,23,24 Paralongidorus sacchari – dagger nematode 6,13,23 Paraphelenchus pseudoparietinus 6,10,24 Paratrichodorus lobatus – stubby root nematode 6,10,11,12,13,23 Paratrichodorus minor – stubby root nematode 6,8,9,10,11,12,13,22 Paratrichodorus renifer – stubby root nematode 6,10,24 Paratylenchus dianthus – pin nematode 6,11,22 Paratylenchus microdorus – pin nematode 6,10,13,18 Paratylenchus projectus – pin nematode 6,13,22 Parsnip – Pastinaca sativa 11,14,15,16,19,20,22,23,24 Paurodontus apitica 6,11,12,24 Peas – Pisum sativum 12,15,16,17,19,20,21,23,24,25 Potato – Solanum tuberosum 12,14,15,17,18,19,20,22,22,23,24 Pratylenchus brachyurus – root lesion nematode 6,10,11,13,18 Pratylenchus coffeae – root lesion nematode 6,13,18 Pratylenchus crenatus – root lesion nematode 6,10,13,18 Pratylenchus jordanensis - root lesion nematode 6,13,18 Pratylenchus neglectus – root lesion nematode 6,10,11,12,13,22 Pratylenchus penetrans – root lesion nematode 6,8,9,10,11,12,13,19 Pratylenchus pratensis – root lesion nematode 6,10,19 Pratylenchus thornei – root lesion nematode 6,9,10,12,13,19 Pratylenchus vulnus – root lesion nematode 6,11,19 Pratylenchus zeae – root lesion nematode 6,11,13,19 Pumpkin – Cucurbita maxima 10,14,15,16,18,20,23,24 Radish – Raphanus sativus 12,17,18,19,21 Radopholus similis – burrowing nematode 6,13,20 Radopholus vangundyi – burrowing nematode 6,10,20 Rhubarb – Rheum rhabarbarum 12,15,16,18,19,21,22,23,24 Rotylenchulus parvus – reniform nematode 7,13,24 Rotylenchulus reniformis – reniform nematode 7,10,11,24 Rotylenchus brevicaudatus 7,8,10,11,13,21 Rotylenchus buxophilus 7,11,12,13,22 Rotylenchus robustus 7,11,22 Rotylenchus unisexus 7,11,22 Scarlet runner bean – Phaseolus coccineus 11,15 Scutellonema brachyurum 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,22 Silverbeet – Beta vulgaris ssp cicla 8,14,15,16,18,20,21,22,24 Spinach – Spinancia oleracia 13,14,18 Squash and zucchini - Cucurbita pepo 10,14,15,16,17,21 Sugar Beet – Beta vulgaris 8,17,18,19,20,21,22 Swede – Brassica napus var napobrassica 9,16,17,19 Swede/rape – Brassica napus 9,18 Taro - Colocasia esculenta 10,16 Tomato – Lycopersicum esculentum 11,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25 Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus – stunt nematode 7,11,23 Tylenchorhynchus capitatus – stunt nematode 7,10,11,13,23 Tylenchorhynchus latus – stunt nematode 7,9,11,23 Tylenchus 7,9,12,13,25 Water Melon - Citrullus lanatus syn C. vulgaris 9,10,16,17,18,20,22,24 Xiphinema monohysterum – dagger nematode 7,11,23

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Notes and Comments: