taxidermied lions at the natural history museum in al-baq'a, jerusalem, palestine

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

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The taxidermied Lions (Panthera leo

Linnaeus, 1758) at the Natural History

Museum in Al-Baq’a, Al-Quds

(Jerusalem), Palestine and a note about

the Historical Presence of the Asiatic or

Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer,

1826) in Palestine

حنطة في متحف التاريخ الطبيعي في حي األسود الم

القدس الشريف ، فلسطين الم حتلة فيالبقعة

By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-

Sakerfalke von Jaffa

The taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, Al-

Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... My daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf is sitting

on the right … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...

27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15414931788/


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On Sunday 27 July 2014, I visited accompanied with my beloved daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf and the Palestinian Researcher Mr. Daoud Al-Hali the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq‟a Suburb, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. It exhibited many taxidermied Palestinian animal specimens and also some animals which became extinct in Palestine like the Lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758). One Lion and a Lioness were presented to the City of Jerusalem by ESI-Engineering Services International Jerusalem-Kampala.

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer, 1826) is a subspecies of lion (Panthera leo). The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion, which in historical times ranged from Caucasus to Yemen and from Macedonia to India through Arabia and Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest National Park of western India. About 350 lions (August 2005) live in a 1,412 km² (558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there were only 13 lions left in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave complete protection to them (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The Asiatic lion was first described by the Austrian zoologist Johann N. Meyer under the trinomen Felis leo persicus. It is also known as the Persian lion (Wikipedia).

Persian Lion, is similar to a tiger in the length of body and tail, but differs in skin colour which is tawny overall without the appearance of dark vertical stripes. Coat is thicker than African lions, with a longer black tail tassel and a more prominent tuft of hair on the elbows. Black patches are visible at the back of the ears. However, there is little variation in colour between the sides of its body and its abdomen, and between the inner surface of the limbs and the outer surface. There is even one example of a melanistic Persian lion. The archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard reports that he saw a very big Persian lion, which was described as being "very dark brown in colour, in parts almost black." Males are larger in size than females. The size of the mane varies from race to race with the Persian race having a smaller mane than the African one. The colouration of the manes varies from lion to lion. The only rare ones are the very dark manes, which according to a research done in Africa are the ones preferred by lionesses. The young are sometimes born with an even colour overall, but often a row of patches is visible on the upper surface of the body; seeming like a horizontal stripe. Patches usually disappear after 6 months but may still be visible up two or more years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lions mostly live in large prides. These prides can sometimes have up to 3 adult males but it is always one that is the dominant leader. The males are known for their laziness and lordship like behaviour. The females do all the hunting, with the males only rarely joining in when the prey is a very large animal like an aggressive buffalo. However, once the kill is made, the males always get the first go at the meal (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gir_Forest_National_Park

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature


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Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali

Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ... 27.07.2014.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15593933582/


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The bonding among a family of lions is extremely strong with aunts and sisters helping in the bringing up of all young. Females stay with the pride all through life, whereas the males tend to set out on their own around the age of three. They mostly lead solitary lives then onwards but have been known to also roam territories in pairs and trios. These bachelors are known to be the main threats to the dominant males leading their prides. They are also known to kill cubs to try and get the females into estrus once again. These bachelors are mostly brothers that left a pride together, but individual bachelors have been known to team up with other individuals (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Lions, unlike the tiger, hunt in groups. They collectively stalk their prey and have been commonly seen applying strategies that would do any army commander proud. Very often some of the females pinpoint a particular individual prey and chase it in the direction of other lionesses waiting in ambush. The prey is mostly killed by a quick, powerful bite to the spine or with the help of a classic choke grip, with the strong jaws of the lion cutting off air supply to the lungs (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Although history shows the coexistence of lions and tigers, there is no prevalent example of this anywhere in the world at present. Lions do coexist even in the current era with leopards and cheetahs. However, they are extremely territorial and attempt to kill these leopards and cheetahs whenever their paths happen to cross. If the attempt at relocating lions to other parts of India is finally undertaken, it will also answer the question of whether it is possible for two such ferociously territorial and powerful large cats to inhabit the same jungle. Unlike the tiger, which prefers dense forests with adequate cover, the lion inhabits the scrub-type deciduous forests. Asiatic lions seldom come into contact with Indian tigers, which don‟t live in the Gir region as this forest is hotter and more arid than the habitat preferred by the tiger (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic Lion has been declared the most endangered large cat species in the world. Their numbers ranging between 250 – 350, all concentrated in the same area, they are under the constant threat of being wiped out by some deadly epidemic. It is hoped by all conservationists that the governing authorities settle their differences of opinion on the best possible plan and take some action before it's too late to save one of the most magnificent beasts to roam the planet (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Fact Sheet: Weight: Male 150-250 Kg; Female 120-180 Kg. Length (head and body): Male 170-250 cm; Female 140-175 cm. Length (tail): 70-105 cm. Shoulder height: Male 100-123 cm; Female 80-107 cm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger


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Sexual Maturity: Male 5 years; Female 4 years. Mating season: All year round. Gestation period: 100-119 days. Number of young: 1 to 6. Birth interval: 18-26 months. Typical diet: Deer, antelope, wild boar, buffalo. Lifespan: 16-18 years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Historical Range:

The Historic and Present Distribution of the Lion (Panthera leo).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#mediaviewer/File:Lion_distribution.png

Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedonia in 480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed


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to have died out within the borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100 (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lions were probably found in the Azerbaijan area up to the 10th century A.D. Their disappearance from the reed thickets and pistachio and juniper forests is primarily associated with an increase in human population and a change in environmental conditions, which in turn led to the decline of ungulates in the region (Heptner and Sludskii 1972; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The thickets of the Jordan River in Palestine were a preferred habitat. Lions could still be found in the vicinity of Samaria, Lejun (near Megiddo), Ramla, the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja and the coastal forests in the early 14th century (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2001, 2006). The last recorded Palestinian Lion was in 1630 at Al-Shari‟a area (Jordan River) to the east of Jericho.

The Lions disappeared from the Moroccan coast by the mid-1800s. They may have survived in the High Atlas Mountains up to the 1940s; and the last known lion in Algeria was killed in 1893 near Batna, 97 km south of Constantine; and the last known lion killed in Tunisia was in 1891 near Babouch, between Tabarka and Ain-Draham; and Lions were extirpated from Tripolitania, western Libya as early as 1700 (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Last known lion in Turkey was killed in 1870 near Birecik on the Eurphrates (Üstay 1990); and Sir Alfred Pease reported that lions still existed west of Aleppo, Syria, in 1891 (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The Lions occurred in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq in the 1850s. The Turkish governor's bag of two in 1914 is the last report of them from the area (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The Lions were reported to be numerous in the reedy swamps bordering the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the early 1870s. The last known lion in Iraq was killed in 1918 on the lower Tigris (Hatt 1959; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The valley of Dashtiarjan, 57 km west of Shiraz in Iran, was famous for its lions in the late 1800s. The last known report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near Dizful, by American engineers building a railway (Heaney 1943; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

There are no confirmed records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, nor Afghanistan or Baluchistan (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The last known lion in Pakistan was killed near Kot Deji in Sind province in 1810. However, a British admiral travelling by train reported seeing a maneless lion near Quetta, north-western Pakistan in 1935, eating a goat: "It was a large lion,


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very stocky, light tawny in colour, and I may say that no one of us three had the slightest doubt of what we had seen until, on our arrival at Quetta. Many officers expressed doubts as to its identity, or the possibility of there being a lion in the district" (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The lion's range may have extended as far east as Bihar and Orissa states in India: a lion was reportedly killed in the district of Palamau (Bihar) in 1814; and the last lion recorded from the southern end of its Indian range was killed at Rhyl in Damoh district, near the Narmada River, in the cold season of 1847-1848 (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Fifty lions were killed in the district of Delhi, India between 1856 - 1858. Twenty-five years later Blanford (1891) wrote that "in India the lion is verging on extinction" (Guggisberg 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).


Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine … My daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf is sitting

on the right … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...



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Asiatic Lions in Europe:

The Asiatic lion used to live also in Europe. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedon in 480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed to have died out within the borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100. And also there was a population in the Caucasus that became extinct in the 10th century. It remained widespread elsewhere until the mid 1800‟s when the advent of firearms led to its extinction over large areas (Guggisberg, 1961). By the late 1800s the lion had disappeared from Turkey (Üstay, 1990).

A Replica Painting of “Louis Moullin” (1817-1876) seen in the Emirates Mall, Dubai in

July 2006, which shows Arabian lion hunters killing two Arabian lions and taking the

two cups. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 21 July 2006.


North African relative (The Barbary or Atlas Lion): The Barbary Lion, Atlas lion or Nubian lion Panthera leo leo is a subspecies of lion that has become extinct at least in the wild. It was believed to be extinct in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction


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captivity. However, stray possible Barbary lion individuals or descendants were located in zoos and circus populations within the last three decades. It is often considered to be the largest of the lion subspecies with males weighing between 400-650 lb (181 to 295 kg) and females 270-400 lb (120 to 181 kg), approximately the size of Bengal tigers. However, more recent research suggests that they were only slightly larger than today's African lion, which weighs approximately 420 lbs on average. The Barbary Lion also called the Atlas or Nubian lion, formerly ranged in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and in territory from Morocco to Egypt. The last known Barbary Lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Unlike most African lions, the Barbary Lion was a mountain predator, preferring woodlands. The two other primary Atlas Mountain predators, the Barbary leopard and Atlas bear, are also now extinct, with no known individuals in the wild (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

There are several dozen individuals in captivity believed to be Barbary Lions; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent (England) has twelve specimens descended from animals owned by the King of Morocco; one of the lions is named Suliman. In addition, 11 animals believed to be Barbary Lions were found in Addis Ababa zoo, descendants of animals owned by the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

In the past, scientists believed that the "distinct" sub-specific status of the Barbary lion could be justified by their seemingly fixed external morphology. This morphology was used to identify them. However, now it is known that various extrinsic factors influence the colour and size of a lion‟s mane, like the ambient temperature. The cooler ambient temperature in e.g. European and North American zoos can result in heavy mane. Therefore, the heavy mane is an inappropriate marker for identifying Barbary lines (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Mitochondrial DNA research published in 2006 did support the "distinctness" of the Barbary lion. The results showed an mtDNA haplotype that is unique to the Barbary lion. This could be a good molecular marker for identifying Barbary lions. They revealed that five tested samples of lions from the famous collection of the King of Morocco are not maternally Barbary (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

In 1968, a study on the skulls of the extinct Barbary (North African), extinct Cape, Asiatic, and African lions showed that the same skull characteristics - the very narrow postorbital bar - existed in only the Barbary and the Asiatic lion skulls. This shows that there may have been a close relationship between the lions from Northernmost Africa and Asia. It is also believed that the South European lion that became extinct at the beginning in A.D. 80-100 could have represented the connecting link between the North African and Asiatic lions. It is believed that

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_leopard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_leopard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_bear

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lympne_Zoo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lympne_Zoo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Morocco

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliman

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Lion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European


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Barbary lions possess the same belly fold (hidden under that entire mane) that appears in the Asian lions today. The mane of "Scar," the villain of Disney's “The Lion King”, was based on a Barbary Lion (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The sign infront of the taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural

History in Al-Baq'a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... The Lions were

presented to the City of Jerusalem by ESI-Engineering Services International Jerusalem-

Kampala … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...


The former popularity of the Barbary Lion as a zoo animal provides the only hope to ever see it again in the wild in North Africa. After years of research into the science of the Barbary Lion and stories of surviving examples, WildLink International, in collaboration with Oxford University, launched their ambitious International Barbary Lion Project. They are using the very latest DNA techniques to identify the DNA 'fingerprint' of the Barbary Lion subspecies. WildLink International has taken bone samples from remains of Barbary Lions in Museums across Europe, like those in Brussels, Paris, Turin and others. These samples are returned to Oxford University where the science team is extracting the DNA sequence that identifies the Barbary as a separate subspecies. Although the Barbary is officially extinct, WildLink International had identified a handful of lions in captivity around the world that is descended from the original Barbary Lion, like the royal lions in Temara Zoo in Rabat, Morocco. These descendants will be tested against the DNA fingerprint and the degree of any hybridization (from crossbreeding) can then be determined. The best candidates will then enter a selective breeding Programme that will 'breed back' the Barbary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_%28The_Lion_King%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WildLink_International&action=edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temara_Zoo&action=edit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat%2C_Morocco

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco


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Lion. The final phase of the project will see the lions released into a National Park in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Prophet Daniel in the Lions’ den. Painted by Peter Paul Rubens. ca. 1615. National

Gallery of Art in Washington. www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienD/Daniel.htm

The Arabian Lion by the early Arabic and Islamic Zoologists:

Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri Al-Jahez (776-869), one of the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, described in his Reference Book “Kitab Al-Haywan” (The Animal Book), the lions‟ General appearance and uniform colour and the different body parts; and he wrote about the lions‟ behaviour. Al-Jahez wrote about “Sayed Alsiba‟” (Master of the Predators) and how they came around the villages in Iraq to attack and devour the wild boars, and the domesticated sheep, donkeys, cows and dogs. The lions came also to the water ponds and river banks to feed on crabs, toads, terrapins and turtles. The lion also attacks and feeds on cheetahs; and they feed on carrions too. The Iraqi lion can also attack and feed on domesticated Indian elephants, but wild elephants are strong and can defend themselves. Lions also attacks and feed on camels. Al-Jahez writes that old lions attacks and devour humans, because the old ones are weak and cannot hunt animals. He wrote also that the lion eats salt, because their body needs it; and they can bear hunger and thirst for a long time. Al-Jahez writes that the Indian Lions are weaker than Iraqi Lions; and he adds that the



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lion is weak inside the deep water; even a boy can ride on his back and grasp his ears, pushing him under the water. Lions fear fire, and loud noises; and they can live peacefully (coexistence) with tigers, but their enemies are the leopards. Lions and Leopards can fight each other for a long period of time during the day, without killing each other. Lions and Tigers can even help each other, fighting the Leopard. Al-Jahez adds that wild boar may kill a lion with its tusks, and the buffalo can kill a lion with its horns (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Abi „Othman Al-Jahez wrote about the wide distribution of the lion in Iraq especially in Mosul, Alkufa, Siwad Al-Iraq and the banks of the Euphrates River. He adds that lions can live for many long years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin Khalaweh bin Hamdan (died 980), a famous Arabic Linguist, mentioned in his Reference booklet “Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The Names of the Lion), about 500 names and descriptions for the lion, and some names for the lioness, the cubs and lion places. The Arabic Linguist “Ali bin Qassem bin Ja‟far Al-Laghawi” added another 130 names and descriptions in his booklet “Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The missing Names of the Lion). The two booklets were revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-Darwish in 1989 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Note: The two booklets (in Arabic) are published at the end of this article (pp. 33-35).

Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud Al-Qazwini (1203-1283), one of the Greatest Islamic Zoologists, mentioned in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat” (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing), the presence of the lion in Qurna, on Naher (River) Ja‟far (in Iraq), and described how the lions were attacking the men (cane cutters) who killed a young lion, and how they (the men) defended themselves by cutting the tail of one lion, then this lion attacked the other lions, and then all the lions flew into the desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Al-Qazwini in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat” writes about the lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the different lion body parts in curing different diseases (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali Al-Dumairi (1341-1405), one of the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, wrote in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra” (The Great Animal Life), that the lion has more than 630 names and descriptions in Arabic, like: Alasad , Usama, Albayhas, Alnaaj, Aljakhdub, Alharth, Haydara, Aldawas, Alri‟ebal, Zafar, Alsabe‟e, Alsa‟eb, Aldurgham, Aldaygham, Altaythar, Ala‟nbas, Alghadanfar, Alfarafisa, Qaswara [this name was mentioned in the Holy Qur‟an], Kahmas, Allaith, Almutaanes, Almutahayeb, Alhirmas, Alward, Abu Alabtal, Abu Hafs, Abu


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Alakhyaf, Abu Alza‟faran, Abu Shibel, Abu Ala‟bas, Abu Alhareth. Al-Dumairi mentioned also that Hamza bin Abd Almutaleb (Uncle of Prophet Mohammed Peace Be Upon Him) was named “Asadu Allah” (Allah‟s Lion) [because he was a brave man and a fierce warrior and a lion hunter in Mecca; and he was known wearing his famous lion coat] (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

According to Al-Dumairi the lion was living around Mecca, Arabia in the time of Hamza and Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) in the 7th Century, and he mentions that a man („Utba bin Abi Lahab) was devoured by a lion in Al-Zarqa‟a, Ard Al-Sham (in Jordan); and tells about a story between safeena (Mawla [servant] of Prophet Mohammed [PBUH]) and a lion in Ard Al-Roum [Byzantine Empire] (in Turkey); Al-Dumairi also tells the story of Prophet Daniel in the lions‟ den in Babel [Babylon] (in Iraq), under the reign of the Persian King Darius (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). Al-Dumairi in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra” writes also about the lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the different lion body parts in curing different diseases. He goes further and writes about the interpretation of dreams; when somebody dreams about a lion or a young lion in a certain situation (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine:

العظيم . فزت من قسورة . صدق الله مستنفزة كأنهم حمزبسم الله الزحمن الزحيم . فما لهم عن التذكزة معزضين . “Then what is wrong with them that they turn away from receiving admonition. As if they were frightened Wild Asses. Fleeing from a lion (Qaswara)." (The Holy Qur‟an, Suret Al-Muddather, Aya 49-51).

Lions are the most powerful of all carnivorous animals. Although not now found in Palestine, they must have been in ancient times very numerous there. They had their lairs in the forests (The Bible: Jeremiah 5:6; Jeremiah 12:8; Amos 3:4), in the caves of the mountains (Song of Solomon 4:8; Nahum 2:12), and in the canebrakes on the banks of the Jordan (Jeremiah 49:19; Jeremiah 50:44; Zechariah 11:3) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). "Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: everyone who goes out of them shall be torn in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 5:6). "Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; she has lifted up her voice against me: therefore have I hated it." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 12:8). "Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? Will a young lion cry out of his den, if he has taken nothing?" (The Bible, Amos, 3:4) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). "Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the


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top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards." (The Bible, Song of Solomon, 4:8). "The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin." (The Bible, Nahum, 2:12) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

"Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man that I may appoint over her? For who is like me? And who will appoint me the time? And who is that shepherd that will stand before me?" (The Bible, Jeremiah, 49:19 and 50:44) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The taxidermied Lioness (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a,

Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali



"There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled." (The Bible, Zechariah, 11:3) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).


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"And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the sun went down, what is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? And he said unto them, if ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle." (The Bible, Judges, 14:18) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Felis leo persica), this proud symbol of strength and courage, must have been abundant in Biblical times. According to the Bible, in which it appears under several different names, the lion must have been quite common at that time. The species appears often on mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The thickets of the Jordan River were a preferred habitat. It became extinct after the time of the Crusaders. The last mention of them being by Arab writers of the 13th and 14th century, when lions still existed near Samaria and other areas. One specimen has been hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in the thirteenth century. Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of Ramla, wrote that he saw eleven dead lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of Safad (1304-1307), killed in the coastal forests 15 lions. At this time, lions certainly roamed over parts of Syria and Arabia and along the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient times lions figured prominently in the great royal hunts in Assyria. It is clear that lions survived in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth century, and there are several references to them by travellers of that period (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The last recorded Palestinian Lion was in 1630 at Al-Shari‟a area (Jordan River) to the east of Jericho.

In Al-Jaleel (Galilee) there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion Hill in Arabic), and there is a village nearby called Deir el Assad (Monastery of the Lion), that may refer to a quite late occurrence of this species. Bie‟r Al-Sabe‟e (Well of the Lion) is a famous Palestinian city in the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Persian Lions in Persia:

The Persian lion is now extinct in Iran, and there are no confirmed modern records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, or Baluchistan, but it's believed that lions that still live in India are the same as lions that once were living in Iran. According to one story, the last Iranian lion was killed by Zelolsoltan, the son of Naseredin Shah (before 1919); but on the other hand, the last reliable report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near Dezful, by American engineers building a railway (Heaney 1943, Harrington 1977, Khalaf-von Jaffa 2006). The lion motif dates from ancient times in Iran, and it is found on innumerable objects of daily use such as seals, vessels, horse equipment, weapons, and in the decoration of palaces, tombs, and temples as far back as the 3rd millennium B.C. The lion was well known to the Achaemenians (6th-4th century B.C.) as it is


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testified by numerous examples at Persepolis, showing bas-reliefs of a lion attacking a bull, and by lion headed stone capitals. The Sassanian kings visualized themselves in rock reliefs as fighting with the lion. The lion motif has been one of the most persistent in Iranian art and religion, albeit with changing connotations (Tanavoli, 1985; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). In literature, art, stories, and the social life of the Iranians, lions have always been thought of as a symbol of power, courage and greatness. Kings and noblemen have demonstrated their greatness and glory through illustrations of lions on coins and swords (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The symbol of the old flag of Iran (Shahanshah time), is a lion holding a sword in his hand and with a half of the sun behind him. It is interesting to know that the Iranian series of Chieftain Tanks built by the UK during the 1970s for the Imperial Iranian Army was named: "Shire-Iran" (Iranian lion) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lion was in the game category for royalty or they were just hunted for pleasure; and that's one of the main extinction reasons of this animal. Many miniatures show Kings going in lion-hunt trips, alone or with troops. As late as the 19th century, lion hunting was one of the favorite pastimes of the Iranian nomad Khans too (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Persian lion, once lived in the valley of Dasht-e Arzhan (57 km west of Shiraz), as well as the "Kam-Firuze" and "Gourab" hunting ground, south of Hamedan (in the late 1800s). It used to roam the oak forests of the Zagros Mountains and the riverine areas of Khuzistan (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

References and Internet Websites :

Al-Dumairi, Al-„Alama Al-Sheikh Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali (born in 1341 [742 H.] in Cairo and died in 1405 [808 H.] in Cairo, Egypt). Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra (The Great Animal Life). Two Parts. Muasaset Al-A‟lami Lilmatbua‟t, Beirut, Lebanon, 2003, 1424 H. Part 1: pp. 464; Part 2: pp. 512. (in Arabic). Al-Jahez, Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri (born ca. 776 [160 H.] in Basra and died in 869 [255 H.] in Basra, Iraq). Kitab Al-Haywan (The Animal Book). Eight Parts. Explained by Abd Al-Salam Muhammed Haroun. Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, Lebanon, 1996, 1416 H. Part1: 428; Part2: 383; Part 3: 548; Part 4: 503; Part 5: 611; Part 6: 515; Part 7: 516; Part 8: 331. (in Arabic). Al-Qazwini, Al-Imam Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud (born in 1203 [600 H.] in Qazwin, Persia and died in 1283 [682 H.]). „Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing). Introduced by Farouq Saad. Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadida, Beirut,


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Lebanon, 1978. pp. 526. (in Arabic). Aristotle (Aristoteles) (350 B.C.E.). Tiba‟o Al-Haywan (The History of Animals). Translated from Greek into Arabic by Yohanna bin Al-Batriq. Explained by Dr. Abd Al-Rahman Badawi. Wakalet Al-Matbua‟t, Kuwait, 1977. pp. 563. (in Arabic). Asiatic Lion Information Centre. www.asiatic-lion.org/ Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826). References. http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/asaleorf.htm Baidaba (Indian Philosopher) (Fourth Century A.D.). Kitab Kalila wa Dimna (Kalila and Dimna). Originally written in Sanskrit. Translated from Pehlavi (Old Persian) into Arabic by Abi Mohammed Abdullah Rawzeh bin Dathweh bin Al-Muqaffa‟ (724 [106 H.] – 761 [144 H.]). Revised by Mustafa Lutfi Al-Manfaluti (1876-1924). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon. 1984, 1404 H. pp. 397. (in Arabic). Barnett, R., Yamaguchi, N., Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. )2006(. The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion Panthera leo. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, 2119-2125. Blanford, W.T. (1891). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia. London. Burger, J., Rosendahl, W., Loreille, O., Hemmer, H., Eriksson, T., Götherström, A., Hiller, J., Collins, M. J., Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. )2004(. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30, 841-849. Charles, R. & Jacobi, R. M. )1994(. The Lateglacial fauna from Robin Hood Cave, Cresswell: a re-assessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13, 1-32. Chavan, S. (1993). Life history information on P.l. persica. Estimating the carrying capacity of lions in Gir. In: Asiatic lion PHVA and GASP briefing book, Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota. De Grossi Mazzorin, J. )1995(. La fauna rinvenuta nell‟area della Meta Sudans nel quadro evolutivo degli animali domestici in Italia. Padusa Quaderni 1, 309-318. Diyab, Kawkab Deeb (1995). Qamus Al-Haywan, „Arabi/‟Arabi (Animal Dictionary, Arabic/Arabic). Jarous Press, Tripoli, Lebanon. 1995, 1415 H. pp. 638. (in Arabic). Extinct European Leopard Remains Discovered. http://dalje.com/en-croatia/extinct-european-leopard-remains-discovered/80169 Felid Taxon Advisory Group regional collection plan and IUCN Captive Breeding Specialist Group global felid action plan. National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia. Fouraker, M. and Wildt, D. (1992). Genetic and reproductive studies of Asiatic lions at the Sakkarbaug Zoo and in the Gir Forest Sanctuary. pp. 38-40. in: D.E. Wildt, J.D. Mellen, and U.S. Seal, eds. Felid action plan, 1991 and 1992: AAZPA. Freudenberg, W. (1914). Die Säugetiere des älteren Quartärs von Mitteleuropa. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 16 (N. F. 12), 455-670, Jena.

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Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali




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Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1961). Simba: The Life of the Lion. Publisher: Howard Timmins, Cape Town. Harrington, F.A. (1977). Fauna of the Touran Protected Area. Unpublished report. DOE, Tehran, Iran. Hatt, R.T. (1959). The Mammals of Iraq. Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Heaney, G.F. (1943). Occurrence of lions in Persia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 44: 467. Heaney, G.F. (1952). The Survey India since the Second World War. Geographical journal. 118:280-296. Hemmer, H. (1974). Untersuchungen zur stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil III. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758). Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 17, 167-280. Hemmer, H. (1979). Fossil history of living Felidae. Carnivore. 2: 58-61. Heptner , V.H. and Sludskii, A.A. (1972). [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol III: Carnivores (Felidea).] Vyssha Shkola, Moscow (in Russian). Engl. transl. edited by R.S. Hoffmann, Smithsonian Inst. and the Natl. Science Fndn., Washington DC, 1992. Ja‟far Al-Laghawi, Ali bin Qassem bin (date unknown). Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad (The missing Names of the Lion). Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Ravi Chellam (1991). Asiatic lions. pp. 92-93. in: J. Seidensticker and S. Lumpkin, eds. Great Cats. London, Merehurst. Joslin, P. (1973). The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Joslin, P. (1984). The evironmental limitations and future of the Asiatic lion. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81:648-664. Kappeler, Markus (1998). Asiatischer Löwe, Panthera leo persica. Groth AG (erschienen in der WWF Conservation Stamp Collection, Groth AG, Unteraegeri). www.markuskappeler.ch/tex/texs/asiatischerloewe.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). Al-Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp.18 -19. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September 1985. pp. 1-22. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal


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Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. December 1986. pp. 1-9. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11. January 1987. pp. 1-10. Khalaf, Norman (1987). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (The Leopards in Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12-13. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 12. February 1987. pp.1-9. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year, Number 13, Ramadan 1407 AH, April 1987 AD. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 - 71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year, December 1989. pp. 1-2. (in Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year, January 1991. pp. 1-4. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (in Arabic). Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2001). The Asiatic or Persian


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Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288). http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.

http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1-9. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen-freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah,

http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html

http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html

http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html

http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html

http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/

http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/

http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/

http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/

http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm

http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm

http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/


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United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali (Co-Author) (2005, 2006). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1-5. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.today/1Qih2 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messages/36 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messages/37 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messages/43 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian

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Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147-149.

https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics/357 Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine: Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth Year, August 2006. pp. 8-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo-%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the% 20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-% 20Sharjah-%20UAE Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20.

http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo-%25

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Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian%20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert-%20State%20of%20Kuwait Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. p. 21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7% D9%88%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Qatar_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 1-13. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8% AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Felidae). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Karakal

http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian%25

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oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN-13: 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle:

http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html

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The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6. English article Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html & Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of% 20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

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Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/White_Tiger_Amneville.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher. Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist: The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396 pps. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messages/95

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &

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Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013. Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion-panthera-leo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe & http://issuu.com/dr-normanalibassamkhalaf/docs/mosbacher_l__we_european_cave_lion_ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. Pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/dr-normanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. 456 Pages (English Part 378 Pages and the Arabic Part 78 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm

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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-leopard-wadi-noaman Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1-20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016). The taxidermied Lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) at the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq‟a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine and a note about the Historical Presence of the Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer, 1826) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 136, April 2016. pp. 1-35. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://carnivores-of-palestine.webs.com/lion-natural-history-baqa Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]). Asma‟ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). Revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-Darwish. Muasaset Al-Risala, Beirut, Lebanon. 1989, 1409 H. (in Arabic). Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]). Asma‟ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). [& Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad (The missing Names of the Lion) by Ali bin Qassem bin Ja‟far Al-Laghawi]. Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml Khan, J.A., Rodgers, W.A., Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Mathur, P.K. (1990). Gir lion project: Ungulate habitat ecology in Gir. Unpubl. report, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun. Kinnear, N.B. (1920). The past and present distribution of the lion in south-eastern Asia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27:33-39. Kretzoi, M. (1938). Die Raubtiere von Gombaszög nebst einer Übersicht der Gesamt-fauna. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Pars miner. Geol. Paläont., 31, 88-157, Budapest. Layard, Sir Austen Henry (2003). Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, Including a Residence among the Bakhtiyari and other wild Tribes before the Discovery of Nineveh. Gorgias Press, February 2003. pp. 512.

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Mazak, V. (1970). On a supposed prehistoric representation of the Pleistocene scimitar cat, Homotherium Farbrini, 1890 (Mammalia; Machairodontinae). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 35, 359-362. Miththapala, S., Seidensticker, J. & O‟Brien, S. J. (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology 10, 1115-1132.

Nagel, Doris (1997). Panthera pardus und Panthera spelea (Felidae) aus der Höhle von Merkenstein/Niederösterreich. Wiss. Mitt. Niederösterr. Landesmuseum 10, 215-224, Wien 1997. www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/WM_10_0215-0224.pdf Naish, Darren (2008). Europe, where the sabre-tooths, lions and leopards are. March 12, 2008. http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/03/12/european-cats-part-i/ Oakley, K. (1980). Relative dating of the fossil hominids of Europe. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 34, 1-63.

O‟Brien, S.J., Joslin, P., Smith, G.L. III, Wolfe, R., Schaffer, N., Heath, E., Ott-Joslin, J., Rawal, P.P., Bhattacharjee, K.K., and Martenson, J.S. (1987). Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan. Zoo Biology 6:99-116. O‟Brien, S.J., Martenson, J.S., Packer, C., Herbst, L., de Vos, V., Joslin, P., Ott-Joslin, J., Wildt, D.E. and Bush, M. (1987). Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions. Nat. Geo. Res. 3(1):114-124. Owen, R. (1846). A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds. 560 S., London (John Van Voorst). Patterson, B. D., Yamaguchi, N., Dubach, J. M. & York, D. (2005). Molecular genetics and morphological variation of lions (Panthera leo). African Lion News 6, 17-23. Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica): Shir (in Persian). http://iranzoo.tripod.com/lion/lion.html Pocock, R.I. (1939). The fauna of British India, Mammalia, I. Primates and Carnivora, 2d edn. London: Taylor and Francis. Prehistoric Cats & Cats like Creatures Pictorial. http://carnivoraforum.com/topic/9381944/1/ Probst, Ernst. In Deutschland jagten einst riesige Löwen. http://www.artikelweb.de/db/artikel_in_deutschland_jagten_einst_riesige_loewen.html Probst, Ernst. Vor mehr als 500000 Jahren lebten in Deutschland etliche Großkatzen. http://www.helloarticle.com/de/print76.htm Probst, Ernst (1999). Deutschland in der Urzeit. Orbis Verlag. ISBN 3-572-01057-8 Probst, Ernst (2009). Höhlenlöwen: Raubkatzen im Eiszeitalter. Grin Verlag. 340 pages. Probst, Ernst (2010). Der Mosbacher Löwe. Die riesige Raubkatze aus Wiesbaden. 120 Seiten. GRIN Verlag, München, 2010. ISBN 978-3-640-62372-3

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Probst, Ernst (2011). Eiszeitliche Raubkatzen in Deutschland. Mit Zeichnungen von Shuhei Tamura. 160 Seiten. GRIN Verlag GmbH. www.amazon.com/Eiszeitliche-Raubkatzen-Deutschland-German-Edition/dp/3640928547 Probst, Ernst (2011). Löwenfunde in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Mit Zeichnungen von Shuhei Tamura. GRIN Verlag, Sep 28, 2011. 151 pages. http://books.google.ae/books/about/L%C3%B6wenfunde_in_Deutschland_%C3%96sterreich_u.html?id=bDQixd6FBpUC&redir_esc=y Rashid, M.A. (1984). Notes on conservation of the Asiatic lion. Pp 111-114 in: The plight of the cats: proceedings of the meeting and workshop of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group at Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India, 9-12 April 1984. Unpubl. report, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Bougy-Villars, Switzerland. Rashid, M.A. (1991). Asiatic lion population up. Cat News 13:12, Bougy-Villars, Switzerland. Ravi Chellam (1987). Asiatic lion study. Cat News 6:31. Bougy-Villars, Switzerland. Ravi Chellam (1993). Ecology of the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). Ph.D.thesis, Saurashtra Univ., Rajkot. Ravi Chellam and Johnsingh, A.J.T. (1993). Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India. In: N. Dunstone and M.L. Gorman, eds. Mammals as predators. Proc. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 65. Clarendon, Oxford. Reumer, J. W. F., Rook, L., Van Der Borg, K., Post, K., Mol, D. & De Vos, J. (2003). Late Pleistocene survival of the saber-toothed cat Homotherium in northwestern Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 260-262. Schmid, E. (1940). Variationsstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiß pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden. Z. Säugetierkde., 15, 1-179, Berlin. Schmitgen, O. (1922). Felis pardus spec. L. Aus dem Mosbacher Sand. Jb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 74, 51-58, Wiesbaden. Schütt, Gerda (1969). Panthera pardus sickenbergi n. subsp. aus den Mauerer Sanden. Neues Jahrbuch fu r Geologie und Pala ontologie. Monatshefte, Jahrgang 1969, Heft 5, S. 299-310, Stuugart, Mai 1969. Schütt, Gerda (1969). Untersuchungen am Gebiß von Panthera leo fossilis (V. Reichenau 1906) und Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810). Neues Jahrbuch fu r

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Geologie und Pala ontologie. Band 134, Heft 2, 192-220, Stuttgart, November 1969. Sinha, S.P. (1987). Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (Panthera leo persica) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat. Ph.D. thesis, Saurashtra Univ., Rajkot. Sommer, R. S. & Benecke, N. (2006). Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review. Journal of Zoology 269, 7-19. Sotnikova, M. & Nikolskiy, P. (2006). Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters. Quaternary International 142-143 (2006) 218-228. Tanavoli, Parviz (1985). Lion Rugs: The Lion in the Art and Culture of Iran. Wepf & Co, Basel. The Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica). http://wildlywise.com/asiatic_lions.htm Thenius, E. (1957). Zur Kenntnis jungpleistozäner Feliden Mitteleuropas. Säugetier-kdl. Mitt., 5, 1-4, Stuttgart. Thenius, E. (1965). Die Carnivoren-Reste aus dem Altpleistozän von Voigtstedt bei Sangerhausen in Thüringen. Paläont. Abh., Abt. A, 2, 539-564, Berlin. Thenius, E. und Hofer, H. (1960). Stammesgeschichte der Säugetiere. 322 S., Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg (Springer). Turner, Alan & Anton, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives. An illustrated guide to their evolution and natural history. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-10229-1. Üstay, A.H. (1990). Hunting in Turkey. BBA, Istanbul. United Networker Magazine (2011). Wissenswertes über Säbelzahnkatzen und Dolchzahnkatzen. Der Wiesbadener Wissenschaftsautor Ernst Probst schrieb zahlreiche Werke über Raubkatzen aus der Urzeit. http://www.unitednetworker.com/2011/03/27/wissenswertes-ber-s-belzahnkatzen-und-dolchzahnkatzen/ Uphyrkina, O., Johnson, W. E., Quigley, H., Miquelle, D., Marker, L., Bush, M. & O‟Brien, S. J. (2001). Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus. Molecular Ecology 10, 2617-2633. Uphyrkina, O., Miquelle, d., Quigley, H., Driscoll, C. & O‟Brien, S. J. (2002). Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). The Journal of Heredity 93, 303-311. Von Buol, P. (2000). „Buffalo‟ lions. A feline missing link? Swara: the Magazine of the East African Wildlife Society 23 (2), 20-25. Walker, S. (1990). The king retreats: from his sub-continental hunting grounds the Asiatic lion has been pushed into the restricted environs of the Gir. Illustrated Weekly of India, 2 September 1990. Wikipedia. Asiatic Lion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion Wikipedia. Barbary Lion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion Wikipedia. Lion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion Wikipedia. Mosbacher Löwe. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosbacher_L%C3%B6we Wikipedia. Panthera leo fossilis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_fossilis Yalden, D. W. (1999). The History of British Mammals. Poyster Natural History, London.

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http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosbacher_L%C3%B6we

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_fossilis


33

أسنبء األسد

هجرية( 073أبي عبد اهلل الحسيه به أحند به خبلويه به حنداه )النثوفي سوة

: هط ف جيق نالى اهلصة نخة اهوغج ي أظيبء األظس ئال يب كس نختخ هم، ضبء زيطكبل ات زبه يبئج اظى ؼفج، فبكصف شهم:

: اهؾصؾى، األظس لبل ه .ط، هوؾزى اهغسس، غت تبألظساهؾصؾى، اهستزط، لبل: صجل ستزط، جيل ستزصث، األفؾخ، ظبكسثاهستزط. ص، اهلظ ؼصث، اهلظ ؼص، اهبؼصث، اه ؼص، اهيبؼص، اهي ، اه

صيبط، ص، األغؾف، األغوة، اهفصبط، اهلصكط، اهؾيؾى، اهؾتبصى، اهؾتبصيج، اه اهتظتط، األظجص، يط، اهل اهلبتط، اهتبظل، اهيزسص، اهزبشص، اهزشص، دتل تصاح، اهؼوسى، اهغخى، اهسه

، اهلضاى، اهيضكفص، اهغص تد، اهغؾة، اهغغى، اهلغصث، اهغغيغى، اهليػ، اهليلبى، اهلبسى، ؾبى، اهغسكى، اهيسهف، اهل ، اه ص، اهدؿبى، اهلؿة، اهنص ص، اهت ى، اهدبى، اهت اهج

اط، اهسصتبط، اهؾؿص، األغجق، اهسا، اهيخ ؿص، اهسصاط، اهس جص، اهلظلط، اهيؾتص، اهؾ ضؼى، اهغجلى، األغ يض، اهفسغى، اهؼيل، اه يض، اهصتبل، تال اهلفص، ى، اهلغيغى، اهصئتبل، تبه

د اهود، ؾتبد، األؼتخ ، ه د كفص ضى، اهؼيح، اهلفصج، اهفصج، اهلفصح، اهفصح، ه ، األاط ض، اهؾصغبى، اهؾصغبيج، اهغؾفص، اهل ضا ، اهؾيص، اهيؼوزس، اهؼوزبس، اهلفصط، اه

تبع، اه ضاتص، اه ضتص، اهلؼلػ، اهلؼبكػ، اهلؼبكؼج، اهيلصفػ، اه صبص، اهفصافص، اهيؾغى، اهبد، ديضث، اهضتص، اهضتص لى، اهفؼفبػ، اهفؼبفؼج، اهينخبى، اه تظج، اهلؼػ، اهظص، اه ، اهل

ص، فصاط، كؼلبػ ح، اهينف . اهي سهف، اهظصدب أؾب: اهشئة. ، اهي اهللص، اهظتؿص، اهظصدبح، اهصؼس، اهشايص اه خ تبص، اهي بى، اهيضسهف، اه ى، اه ي يى، اه يبى، اه شفص، اهلظلط، اه

ؼف، اهيؿ ى، اهيلص فػ، اهغ ذبص، اهجاهق أؾب، اهلذيذى، اهيلص دص، اهغخ، اهؿبص، اهغساكى، اهؿس، اهظصؿى، تفخخ اهظ اهلصؾبة، اهظف أؾب. اهسهبد، ف اهبكج أؾب. اهجيل أؾب، اهف

ل، األغس .اهظصؿى: فبهزؿة اهفؼخاهؿبء، فؤيب بط، اهزل اهيفصفص، األغصط، األد نة، اه ق، األصس، اهلفصص، اهلصيؼبيج، اهظف أؾب. اهؼاهيصفبع. غى، أظبيج. اهزبتط، اه ط، اهؾ

صح، اهيصأ اط، اظى هػ أؾب. اه. صحث اهيفؾبث أؾب، اهاه ، اهلب، ش اهوتسث، اهيضتصا، اهزتلذج. اهلوة، اهديصث أؾب. اهغسس اهلوة، اهشئة أؾب. اهيلساى، اهؾيؾبى، اهزتلذ

خص، س، األ ؼل، تبهؼبس، فؤيب انشهم اهظ ع.اه ؾل، تبهؾبس: فبهج يص أؾب. اهلستط، اهنخوج ي اهخ ه أؾب. اهدبسص، تبهدبء غ. غيغيج، اهيلخضىاه سة. اهص يلجيج، اهظي ل اهيصضى، اه

ة، اهية، اهزذلى، أؾب كتوج. . األف أؾب ي اهصجبلؽ األزذى، اهلص تؿ، اهيص اهجو


34

ة، اهيؼيغس، اهصاظة، اهلبصح، اهجص، اهيغ ط، اهصئبط. اهي هجزسة، اهجصاس اتل، اهيس، اهظ يل أؾب.لجط، اهجاهأؾب. خ، اهيص أؾب.اهظت سث اهديصث أؾب. اهغؾة، غ ت

ؤط، اهغسس ي نل غء، كبل اهلل خلبه ط، األصكة، اهيغة، اهزتط، " . تلشاة تئط ": اهت اهييط، اهبس، اهودى، اهغصط، يط، اه ط، اهتصتص، اهبة، اهن ؾى، اهسغفص، اهنص األغتط، اهج

خلص، اهنوة، اهظتق، اهظت سصث، اهز ف، اهد ذل، اهضأص. اضى، اهلؾى، اهل ذ، األغسق، اهليسذ. اهغسر، ط، اهديبصط، اهدوتولبى، اهجصبى. اهؼبط، اهجصبط، اهلفصاط. اهغيذ، اهسصاهغ

افؼج أدس اهلويبء اهلتبس. اهفصافؽ، اهدجبر ت اهفصاهلؾبكؽ، اهدالتط، اهدوتط. ، اهس ، تبزط، اهفصاط، اهلغبصى، اهغغبصة، اهلبتط، اهضئتص، اهلغصة، اهغغصةاهؾيبؾى، اهفصاظ

يط. ااهصضاى، اهغصاتد. يط يذل اهسه ة، ف، اهسهل اهدبشق أؾب. اهيزغهس س، األديص، األغ األظصق، األسصف. األؼد ، ظيص، األ األسصف: اهلؿ ة، اهيضكى، اهيسيسى، تشهم أل كخل أظسا. ات األك

ى، اهآح، اهيجصجص، اهيصخجض، اهيضيضى، اهضكبف، اهلض ي ى، اهي ص، اف، اهيدغصر، اهيت ضغى، أتب اهيدبصة، أتب صضاح، . ي اهدبصدن أتب اهدبصد، اظأؾب صئط اهلظنص. ، أتب اهؾ أتب اهضكفصا

، أتب اهلتبط، أتب بء أؾب: ي األظياهخؤيصث، أتب اهيدصاة. أتب فصاط، أتب يدؿى، أتب األغتبل، أتب اهلصهلصكع، يب أؾب اهبكج. اهفصاط، جصافط، جصفبط، جصائؽ، جصاؽ، زصاك، اهلصكع، ا

، ق، اهجص س.هس: اهغتل، اهدفػ، اهغ ـ اهفص : اهل ذ : اهلند.لبل هص ه ألظس: لبل ألذ ا صى. هتصث، اهلذيج، اهللذيج جج، اهتب ث، اهوتبءث، اهودبظج، األظسث، اهب ث، اهوت ث، اهوت ، اهدؼبء، اهيغغبة، هل

: غبتج، يزسص، يدصاة، كضض، لب هدبء اهوتإث: اهوفح.لبل اهيصاء، أى اهلتبط. ظتلج، ل هيؾلل، اهزط، األجيج، اهضأصث، اهخؤيص، اهخؤيصث، اهلضصال، اهلضصال أؾب يؾق اهدجص، اهذص، اهغ

يض. يؾق اهبؿص. اهضج ظس أؾب، أظيبئ أؾب: اهيؼسص، اهيزخد، ي ؼفبح األبجج، اهظتج، تال ضاف، اهينخل، اهلنيع، اهلنبيع، اهيدصة، اهغ ضف، اهي ذبة، اهليػ، اهي صذيج، اه ، بسز

جف، اهلظبط، اهيز ، اه اص، اهظبفس، اهؿدبص، اهغبل، اهيؼم، اهيؼبيػ، اهللفب ط، اهظاخيج، األصط، اهغساذ، اهسهبذج. ة، ش هتس، اهسهبى، اه ؿص، األ أؾب: شنص اهظودفبث. اهل

ط. اهصيخ، ، هد اهغبة، أظس ضر، أزصى، اهغبتم، ش اهلفصث، ش اهز ، هد زفب هد اهلص، أؾب: يوم ديص اهش ال ، اهيسالر.األكفص تذب ظم، األتغد، األغذ، . تصح ظصص اهي اهس

ذص، اهغذبغد، اهي ف، اهجبفاهغذد، اهغذ ص، األضأص، األج ، ضكفص، اهغبس، اهيفصفص، اهزغبف، األضنط. فص، جفص أؾب: يدسد ص فؾبئلاهجبل، اهيلو اهيبؾ، أل اهتح، كوى أفؾل اهظالى. اهج

، اهؼتص، اهؼلة، اهيدخجض، اهلؼلؼج، اهؾبص، اه اهظف أؾب. لصق اهش ال لؿق سيؾيج، األغصف، اهلؾؽ، اهؾتبؾة، اهلصؾى، اهصضى، جبط، اهيلؼيل. اهيسل، اه خاه صط: اهل

يب :ت ضتسر: األظس، كبل أاهغ األظس، اهبكج أؾب. كس أزشا أزالف غز ويبء اهجغق صس ففيب كضيج اه

أظيبء األظس إلت زبه فبئح أظيبء األظس . اهفظؿبؿ : اهيجوج اهخبصزج . النصدر :

www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml


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فبئت أسنبء األسداللغوي علي به قبسم به جعفر

سة. اهجؤة. اهيفبجئ. خصئ.اهجصء اهيج . اهجبئة ااهيجصة. ج اهضأصث. اهيخدصة. هل اهيسصة. يصضتبة. اهلغضة، اهلغضة. ، اهيلتلة. اهلصغة. اهلظصة. اهلؿة. اهلة، ااهيغة. األؼ ، اهللبة. ةاهللهلتب

ة: يزوة األظساهيلة، اهلبة ا تد، صخب: ضتصث األظس. اهلبئح. اهنفبح. اهزة. اهنلة، اهنلب .هل اهغاهير. سح. اهؼيبسح. اهؿدؿبح.األؼ، اهلبد. اهآر. اهيتخ. اهيجبهخ. اهلبئد، اهلداهيؾؿتد. اهغبتد.

س. اهيلس. ااهغسس. ش اهضائس. ألصتس اهيخصتس. يصذس. اهصاؼس. ااهضى. األتس س.هيؼيلس. األؼس. اهيؾؿ اه

صس. ظس. اهيتصتصااهاصس، اهيخ . اه. اهيتؼص. اهتبكص. ه سص تص. اهظتص. اهظ ظص. اهشيص. اهض يدخؼص. اهزتص. اهسص. اهيضص. ط نؤ اهيينص: األظس اهيخوؿر تسيبء اهفصائاهيخغشص. اهيغصغص. اهؾيضص. اهلشافص. اهلبص. اهغؾ

ص: هينص. تب ؼتغ اط. اهلؾيضاألظس اهدبشق تبالفخصاط. اهؾصض. اهؾغض. اهؾيصض. اهيخي . اهج تضص . اهط. اهزبفط. نط. اهاألزط، اهز ط. اهسدبستدط، نبهستزط. اهسصبط. اهس اهيؾصط: . اهصدبيطيط. اهس

نط. األظس يؾغ هدى سط. اهليبط. اهفس سط. اهلن هفصاط.اط اهفصط اهفبصفصظخ ال تخول. اهلص

ى جص ـو اهغؿيع: األظس، أل اهصاط.ظج األظس. بيط: كصاههيبط: األظس اهيختزخص. ااهلسادط. األهط. ؽتبؽ: األظس اهذلل اهلـى. اهلصلبػ: األظس لخل ظصلب. اهصاتؽ اهصتبؽ. اهلنظص يب به. : األظس اهغ

ؾج. لضض ف ظس اهل، اهاهييخق: األضهى اهجشف. اهظيق. اهلصذق. األ: األظس اهيظخلس هوذة. اهيخلتؽأهف اهغ األظس. فج: كص تق. اهيزظف. اهز . اهيخسهف: األفظ. اهيصاف. اه خ ف اهضبف. اهضائظس اهيبغ كو

. هظتدول: هس األظسااهؾتبصم. اهؾصام. اهيختول. اهيصيل، اهيصيل. اهفصاق.اهغسف. األظس، اهلنبضل: تصاذ. اهؼبصى. اهغاألظس. اهلفؼل. اهزغبى. اهلظيل: هس)اهس يق األؼبتق(. ـي ـى، اهغ هؾتذى،ابى. اهؼو

ذى. ى، اهلاهلصضاى، اهلصضى. اهلصضى، اهلصاضى، اهؾتبذى. اهؾ ى. األكسى. اهلغلى.صاهلصا ى، اهلص : اهلاذ . ج . اهيج . اهيس يس. األسهى. اإلذاس. اهيضسص. اهيخلس. اهيس. اهبس. اهصاألظس اهنذص اهغلص. اهلبص

يبى. اهؼى. اهؼيج. ش كلبفق. اهلوبى. اهنصسط. اهيوت صذ : اهغجبف، ؼف ت األظس. اهلؿبؿس. اه يج: اه .اهظتصيغ ظيلح هيفبؼو كلللج. اهزضصر: األظس هغسخ. اهتغ. ش كلبكق: األظس ئشا األظس، أف زؿي.

أظيبء األظس إلت زبه فبئح أظيبء األظس . اهفظؿبؿ : اهيجوج اهخبصزج . النصدر :

www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml

Reference: Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in

Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]).

Asma’ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). [& Fae’t Asma’ Al-Asad (The missing Names

of the Lion) by Ali bin Qassem bin Ja’far Al-Laghawi]. Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine

Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml

taxidermied lions at the natural history museum in al-baq'a, jerusalem, palestine

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