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Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World ÅSA HANSSON

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Page 1: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World 

ÅSA HANSSON

Page 2: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

The current tax system is under pressure! 

Globalized world              ‐‐‐‐ National tax systems

New technologies & business models  ‐‐‐‐ Old tax systems 

Many requests on the tax system  Finance our welfareSave the climateDecrease inequality 

How do we design a sustainable tax system in this environment?

Page 3: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Require the tax system to …

• generate revenues• be efficient – immobile tax bases– local specific rents

• be “fair”– benefit principle– value  creation 

• be simple and transparent

Not an easy task!

Page 4: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Paradigm shift? 

• Tax principle today: Tax net profit where value is created (production chain)

• Have moved from double taxation to double non‐taxation and now back to double taxation 

• Globalization = > mobility of tax bases increases => a move towards less mobile tax bases => a move from direct to indirect taxation 

Page 5: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Paradigm shift? 

• Destination Based Cash Flow Tax (DBCFT) 

• Partial allocation of taxing rights (split profits) – how? – Based on efficiency and/or “fairness”

• Only tax corporate income at owner level

Page 6: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Digital Tax  Two aims• Allocate taxing rights between jurisdictions (fair and efficient)  • Benefit principle?• Value creation?

– Consumer base– Economic presence– User base– Investment base

• Reduce tax avoidance and harmful tax competition• Consumer based (turnover)   

What are the consequences of these changes?  

Page 7: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Page 8: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Coordinate tax policies or compete?

• Today both increased tax competition and increased coordination 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percen

t

Year

Corporate tax rates

Sweden EU OECD UK US Germany Denmark

Page 9: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Coordinate tax policies or compete?

• What are the gains of coordination?– Gains unevenly spread• Small countries tend to lose from coordination 

– Gains from regional coordination are limited– Give up fiscal policies – Competition move to something else – Good intentions can lead to unintended effects – Competition is good, or? 

Page 10: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Coordinate tax policies or compete?

• According to the principle of subsidiarity, taxes should be legislated on the lowest level which is effective and sometimes this level is international…

• but what if this is does not gain legitimacy everywhere?

Page 11: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Optimal vs uniform taxation?• Traditionally, we suggest 

uniform rates except in areas with large externalities

• Move towards optimal taxation? Tax mobile tax bases with lower rates –patent boxes? 

• Revenues from corporate income modest, lions part come from labor income taxation  0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

S&P 500

Share material assets Share immaterial assets

Page 12: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Distributional effects of a “new tax system”

• Tax incidence discussion basically absent– Who is really carrying the tax burden of mobile tax bases? 

• What is a “fair” tax system?– Benefit principle (digital companies use less public infrastructure) 

– Value creation? (consumer based, user based, investment) A new tax system will have large distributional effects – Cross countries– Cross industries (R&D intensive) – Cross income and wealth distributions  – Sweden, a net exporting country with a large R&D sector, will likely lose

Page 13: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Distributional effects of a “new tax system”

• How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do?

• How will the digital tax affect tax competition?– Competition is hard to tame – “losers” likely to react 

• How will the digital tax affect firm localization? • How will it affect R&D and innovations?• Increase administration and compliancy cost, cost of capital? 

• Who will pay? Sweden likely to lose – raise some other tax?

Page 14: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect

Conclusions

• Lots of questions need answers• The principle of subsidiarity should be kept – Coordination should focus on the ability to conduct independent tax policies rather than harmonizing 

• Tax reform in Sweden needs to focus on more than going back to 90/91 tax reform –What should the tax system do? 

Page 15: Tax Sovereignty in a Globalized and Digitalized World · system” • How will increased coordination affect tax competition? What will UK do? • How will the digital tax affect