taste & smell · taste & smell rory attwood mbchb,frcs division of otorhinolaryngology...
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MBChB 3 MBChB 3 -- 20052005
Taste & SmellTaste & Smell
Rory AttwoodRory AttwoodMBChB,FRCSMBChB,FRCS
Division of Division of OtorhinolaryngologyOtorhinolaryngologyFaculty of Health SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences
TygerbergTygerberg Campus, University of StellenboschCampus, University of Stellenbosch
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TasteTaste
Basic sensationsBasic sensations-- bitterbitter-- soursour-- saltysalty-- sweetsweet
Pure sensory (touch) fibres of tongue may also be stimulated Pure sensory (touch) fibres of tongue may also be stimulated by sour and spiceby sour and spice
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TasteTaste
All other tastes are mixed sensations in All other tastes are mixed sensations in which sense of smell also integratedwhich sense of smell also integrated
Many foods are Many foods are ““tastedtasted”” by CN I (olfactory)by CN I (olfactory)
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TasteTaste
Sensory organsSensory organs -- taste budstaste buds
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TasteTasteTaste budsTaste buds
-- found in found in -- papillae of tonguepapillae of tongue
-- hard palatehard palate
-- anterior tonsillar pillaranterior tonsillar pillar
-- tonsiltonsil
-- posterior pharyngeal wallposterior pharyngeal wall
-- buccal mucosabuccal mucosa
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TasteTaste
Fine hair cells of the papillae must be Fine hair cells of the papillae must be bathed in saliva or other fluids to allow bathed in saliva or other fluids to allow sense of taste to be evokedsense of taste to be evoked
Topical arrangementTopical arrangementof different tasteof different tastequalities on tonguequalities on tongue
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply-- chorda tympanichorda tympani ( ~ VII )( ~ VII )
-- lingual nervelingual nerve ( ~ V( ~ V33 ))
-- GlossopharyngealGlossopharyngeal ( IX )( IX )
-- VagusVagus ( X )( X )
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply
-- taste pathwaystaste pathways
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply
-- chorda tympani ( ~ VII )chorda tympani ( ~ VII )
-- anterior anterior ⅔⅔ tonguetongue
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply
-- lingual nervelingual nerve ( ~ V( ~ V₃₃ ))
runs with chorda tympani runs with chorda tympani and supplies anterior tongueand supplies anterior tongue
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply-- GlossopharyngealGlossopharyngeal ( IX )( IX )
-- posterior posterior ⅓⅓ tonguetongue-- walls of oropharynxwalls of oropharynx
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TasteTaste
Nerve supplyNerve supply-- VagusVagus ( X )( X )
-- epiglottisepiglottis
-- laryngeal laryngeal ““inletinlet””
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of taste
HypogeusiaHypogeusia-- reduced sensitivityreduced sensitivity
-- radiotherapyradiotherapy-- mechanical damage mechanical damage -- denturesdentures-- age (presbygeusia)age (presbygeusia)-- mucosal atrophymucosal atrophy -- glossitisglossitis
-- thrushthrush-- SjSjöögrensgrens
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of taste
HypergeusiaHypergeusia-- increased sensitivityincreased sensitivity
-- Glossopharyngeal neuralgiaGlossopharyngeal neuralgia
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of tasteAgeusiaAgeusia
-- absence of tasteabsence of taste
-- chorda tympani or VII lesionchorda tympani or VII lesion-- BellBell’’s palsys palsy-- otitis mediaotitis media-- ear surgeryear surgery-- V & IX tumours andV & IX tumours and
skull base lesionsskull base lesions-- toxinstoxins
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of tasteAgeusiaAgeusia
-- absence of tasteabsence of taste
-- chorda tympani or VII lesionchorda tympani or VII lesion
-- toxinstoxins-- alcoholalcohol-- nicotinenicotine-- mouthwashesmouthwashes-- acids & alkalisacids & alkalis-- drugsdrugs
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of tasteAgeusiaAgeusia
-- absence of tasteabsence of taste
-- chorda tympani or VII lesionchorda tympani or VII lesion
-- toxinstoxins-- drugsdrugs -- aspirinaspirin
-- carbamazepinecarbamazepine-- levodopalevodopa-- ethambutalethambutal-- lithiumlithium-- penicillaminepenicillamine
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Disorders of tasteDisorders of taste
ParageusiaParageusia-- altered / faulty sensitivityaltered / faulty sensitivity
-- virus infectionsvirus infections-- carbon monoxide poisoningcarbon monoxide poisoning-- cerebral cortical diseasecerebral cortical disease-- pregnancypregnancy-- diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitus-- hypothyroidismhypothyroidism
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Examination of tasteExamination of taste
Extend tongueExtend tongue
Test solutions placed on anterior Test solutions placed on anterior ⅔⅔ of tongueof tongue
Gives quantifiable reading of taste threshold Gives quantifiable reading of taste threshold
No information concerning No information concerning qualityquality of tasteof taste
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SmellSmell
The process by which an odorous The process by which an odorous substance stimulates the olfactory endsubstance stimulates the olfactory end--organ is not entirely knownorgan is not entirely known
Recent evidence indicates that the odour of Recent evidence indicates that the odour of a substance is related to the shape of its a substance is related to the shape of its molecules and to some extent its molecular molecules and to some extent its molecular vibrationsvibrations
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
‘‘PrimaryPrimary’’ odours odours –– receptors for eachreceptors for eachetherealetherealcamphoraceouscamphoraceousmustymustyfloralfloralpungentpungentputridputrid
All smells accounted for by permutations of these receptorsstimulated to varying degrees
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
‘‘PrimaryPrimary’’ odours odours –– receptorreceptor
…… theory has not been substantiatedtheory has not been substantiated
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
Receptor site configurationReceptor site configuration
insufficient variation in site shape forinsufficient variation in site shape forwide variation of odourswide variation of odours
? structural similarity between? structural similarity betweensubstances that smell similarsubstances that smell similar
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
Molecular vibrationMolecular vibration
marked similarity in smell betweenmarked similarity in smell betweensubstances with a closesubstances with a closefrequency of vibrationfrequency of vibration
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
AdsorptionAdsorption
molecule is adsorbed on to receptormolecule is adsorbed on to receptormembrane which it then penetratesmembrane which it then penetrates
penetration causes local depolarisationpenetration causes local depolarisationof rate, amplitude & duration peculiarof rate, amplitude & duration peculiarto molecular structure of to molecular structure of ‘‘triggertrigger’’
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
Smell is a complex process starting with Smell is a complex process starting with stimulation of olfactory epithelium by stimulation of olfactory epithelium by airair--borne aromaticsborne aromatics
Results in transmitted electrophysiological Results in transmitted electrophysiological impulse along olfactory pathwaysimpulse along olfactory pathways
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Theories of smellTheories of smell
No wholly acceptable single theory has No wholly acceptable single theory has emergedemerged
Most probably combinationMost probably combination
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Olfactory mucosa Olfactory mucosa –– Schneiderian membraneSchneiderian membrane
The Schneiderian membrane lines:The Schneiderian membrane lines:-- upper upper ⅓⅓ of the nasal septum,of the nasal septum,-- roof of the nose and roof of the nose and -- lateral wall, lateral wall,
……above and including superior turbinateabove and including superior turbinate
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Smell Smell -- anatomyanatomyCribriform plate
Cribriform plate
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Olfactory mucosa Olfactory mucosa –– Schneiderian membraneSchneiderian membrane
This Schneiderian membrane is:This Schneiderian membrane is:
…… nonnon--ciliated columnar epithelium with:ciliated columnar epithelium with:-- serous glands of Bowmanserous glands of Bowman-- olfactory cells olfactory cells –– terminate interminate in
olfactory hairs / ciliaolfactory hairs / cilia-- supporting cellssupporting cells-- basal cellsbasal cells
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Smell Smell -- anatomyanatomy
Olfactory epithelium
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Olfactory nerve Olfactory nerve –– CN ICN I
Central axons form Olfactory nerve,Central axons form Olfactory nerve,which pass through the cribriform plate to which pass through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb which is in the anterior the olfactory bulb which is in the anterior cranial fossacranial fossa
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
AnosmiaAnosmia-- complete loss of sense of smellcomplete loss of sense of smell
-- must be bilateral before notedmust be bilateral before noted-- often described as loss of often described as loss of ‘‘tastetaste’’
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- partial loss of sense of smellpartial loss of sense of smell
-- may be qualitative or quantitativemay be qualitative or quantitative-- causes:causes: obstructionobstruction
rhinitisrhinitisneuritisneuritistraumatraumaintracranial lesionsintracranial lesions
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- causes:causes: obstructionobstruction
nasal polypsnasal polypsenlarged turbinatesenlarged turbinatessevere septal deviationssevere septal deviationscommon cold common cold –– oedema oedema -- temporarytemporary
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Obstruction Obstruction -- polypspolyps
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Obstruction Obstruction -- turbinateturbinate
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Obstruction Obstruction –– septal deviationseptal deviation
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- causes:causes: rhinitisrhinitis
‘‘vasomotor rhinitisvasomotor rhinitis’’ -- damageddamagedolfactory fibresolfactory fibres
atrophic rhinitisatrophic rhinitis -- degeneration ofdegeneration ofmucosamucosa
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- causes:causes: neuritisneuritis
peripheral rhinitis after peripheral rhinitis after ‘‘flu flu usually permanent usually permanent
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- causes:causes: traumatrauma
skull base fractures involvingskull base fractures involvinganterior cranial fossaanterior cranial fossa
tearing of olfactory filamentstearing of olfactory filaments
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
HyposmiaHyposmia-- causes:causes: intracranial lesionsintracranial lesions
abscessesabscessestumourstumoursmeningitismeningitis
…… compression ofcompression ofolfactory tractsolfactory tracts
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smell
CacosmiaCacosmia-- perception of a bad smellperception of a bad smell
maxillary sinusitis maxillary sinusitis –– dental origindental originforeign body in the noseforeign body in the nosefoetid pus in chronic otitis mediafoetid pus in chronic otitis media
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Disturbances of smellDisturbances of smellParosmiaParosmia
-- perversion of smellperversion of smell-- subjective sensation of nonsubjective sensation of non--existent smellexistent smell
functional / psychogenicfunctional / psychogenicorganicorganic -- influenza neuritisinfluenza neuritis
-- epileptic auraepileptic aura-- temporal lobe lesionstemporal lobe lesions-- drugs (e.g. streptomycin)drugs (e.g. streptomycin)
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Tests of smellTests of smell
-- tests of smell are medicolegally importanttests of smell are medicolegally important
-- being subjective, tests are difficult tobeing subjective, tests are difficult tointerpretinterpret
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Tests of smellTests of smellTest solutions:Test solutions:
-- lemonlemon-- peppermintpeppermint-- clovescloves-- rose waterrose water-- coffeecoffee-- coal tarcoal tar
-- Ammonia (stimulates CN V)Ammonia (stimulates CN V)used if psychogenic cause suspectedused if psychogenic cause suspected
Scratch cards Scratch cards –– emit odour when scratched emit odour when scratched –– commerciallycommerciallyavailableavailable
“smell bottles” of fresh solutions
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Tests of smellTests of smell
being subjective, tests are difficult to interpretbeing subjective, tests are difficult to interpret
‘‘olfactory spectometryolfactory spectometry’’ &&’’cortical evoked response olfactometrycortical evoked response olfactometry’’
-- to quantify smellto quantify smell
…… are being developed but as yetare being developed but as yetnot clinically practicalnot clinically practical
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Conclusion Conclusion
Human sense of smell is poorly developed Human sense of smell is poorly developed compared to most mammals and insects but compared to most mammals and insects but is very sensitive in the human and almost is very sensitive in the human and almost indispensable for the individualindispensable for the individual
Taste buds only recognize sweet, sour, salt Taste buds only recognize sweet, sour, salt & bitter & bitter –– all other sensory impressions all other sensory impressions caused by food (e.g. aroma & bouquet) are caused by food (e.g. aroma & bouquet) are mediated by olfactionmediated by olfaction
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Smell can Smell can stimulatestimulate appetiteappetiteand also and also depressdepress itit
Smell is more sensitive in state of hungerSmell is more sensitive in state of hungerSmell provides warning of rotten food,Smell provides warning of rotten food,
poisonous & toxic substances (e.g. gas)poisonous & toxic substances (e.g. gas)
Good sense of smell is important for chefs, Good sense of smell is important for chefs, wine, coffee & tea merchants, perfumers wine, coffee & tea merchants, perfumers and chemists and the physician often needs and chemists and the physician often needs a good a good ‘‘nosenose’’ to aid diagnosisto aid diagnosis
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Finally Finally ……
The sense of smell demonstrates the The sense of smell demonstrates the phenomenon of phenomenon of adaptation adaptation ……
…… those of you who have shared a room those of you who have shared a room with a group of adolescent boys will know with a group of adolescent boys will know how useful this is to cope with their how useful this is to cope with their apparently constant flatulence!apparently constant flatulence!
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Finally Finally ……
The sense of smell demonstrates the The sense of smell demonstrates the phenomenon of phenomenon of adaptation adaptation ……
…… those of you who have shared a room those of you who have shared a room with a group of adolescent boys will know with a group of adolescent boys will know how useful this is to cope with their how useful this is to cope with their apparently constant flatulence!apparently constant flatulence!
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