task3-water env maintenance in jabar - copy

8/8/2019 TASK3-Water Env Maintenance in Jabar - Copy

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I. OVERVIEW OF JAWA BARAT PROVINCEJawa Barat Province is geographically situated between 50 50 7050 south latitude and 1040 48

1040 48. The total area of West Java Province West is 34816.96 km2, consists of 16 districts and 9

cities. The administrative boundaries of the Jawa Barat Province are as follows: North: Java Sea,

East: Central Java, South: Indian Ocean, Western: DKI Jakarta and Banten Province.

Most of the districts in Jawa Barat are adjacent to the sea, so that the region of Jawa Barat has a

long coastline, which is 755,83 km. Jawa Barat has a tropical climate, the lowest temperature

recorded at the summit of Pangrango Mount is 9oC and highest recorded temperature is 34oC in

the north beach area. West Java is an area that almost wet with average of annual rainfall in Jawa

Barat up to 2,000 mm/year, but in some mountain areas can reach 3000-5000 mm/year with the

exception of coastal areas become dry during the dry season. In southern and central areas, rainfall

intensity is higher than in the north.

There are 40 watershed areas in West Java, as shown in the figure below.The group that has the

largest area is the Citarum river basin, followed later by a group Cimandiri-Cisadane. As for the

watershed, the northern part is the estuary for several rivers such as the Citarum, Cimanuk,

Ciliwung and Cisadane. Meanwhile, in the south there are fewer large river that flows towards the

Indian Ocean, namely Citanduy and Cimandiri. Different circumstance is also found in marine

waters that

restrict West

Java.Northern

region

bordering the

Java Sea with

shallow

waters while

in the south

adjacent to

the Indian

Ocean that

have deep

water.

Picture 1. Watershed Areas in Jawa Barat Province (Source : BPLHD Jawa Barat)


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8. In Ciliwung watershed, ranging from the upstream rivers to downstream rivers, the water quality

does not meetthe criteria for class twoof water quality standard due tothe high contentof faecal

coliforms. Other parameters that do not meetthe criteria are the levels of BOD.

9. Atthe Citanduy watershed, from alllocations to be monitored which are Taruman, Tunggilis and

Panumbangan, no single location that meets the water quality criteria for water quality class two

due tothe high contentof faecal coliforms. Other parameter that does not meetthe general criteria

is BOD.

10. At the Cilamaya watershed, no one location that the water quality criteria are met class two of

water quality standard, because the high contentof faecal coliforms and do not meetthe criteria of

DO, BOD and COD, except atlocations upstream (

anayasa).

One of the industries that contributed greatly to changes in water quality is the textile

industry. The spread of the textile industry is mostly located in central and western regions of

West Java: Bandung, Bekasi, Karawang andPurwakarta.


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Table 1. Estimated Potential of Industrial Sludge

No. District/MunicipalWater Need(L/seconds)

Estimated Wastewater (L/seconds)

Estimated Sludge(ton/days)

1. Kota Bandung 180,48 126 11

2. Kabupaten Bandung 8.083,74 5.659 489

3. Kabupaten Bandung Barat 211,22 148 13

4. Kota Cimahi 159,49 112 10

5. Kabupaten Sumedang 408,99 286 25

6. Kabupaten Purwakarta 8.684,31 6.079 525

2.2 Decreasein Ground aterLevelSoil water uptake that is increased from year to year has implications for ground water level

lowering. The lowering of ground water drastically mainlyoccurred in Bandung Basin that reached

a decline of about25 m per year (ASER2008, BP

HD).

2.3 DamagesofCoastal Areas

Damages of coastal area in Jawa BaratProvince are other environmental issues must be faced. In

the northern coastal region of Jawa Barat, the damage area is characterized by destruction of

mangrove forests, coastal erosion, and siltation of the river estuary which affects the activity of

boattraffic. Levelof abrasion that occurredon the southern coast is approximately 35,35ha/year

and on the north coast about 370,3 ha/year with water marine pollutant index between 7.391 to9.843 which shows alreadyheavily polluted(ASER2008, BPLHD).

2.4

aterNeedsand Availability

Current water demand for domestic, industrial consumption, and agricultural irrigation is

estimated to 17,5 billion m3/year, and is expected continue to rise about one percent per year.

Demand for irrigation water is about 80% of the total water demand, although this figure is

expectedto be reduced in the long time, considering the needs of domestic, urban and industry

that grow faster.This need is obtained from such sources: surface water from rivers in the region ofJawa BaratProvince and ground water.

Analysis of forty watershed in Jawa BaratProvince indicatedthatthe hydrological function ofthe

watershedhas been declining, fourteen ofthe watershedthat flow tothe north are already in the

category of very critical and the remainder categorized as critical. Based on the availability of

steady water, five watersheds are not available, while fourteen watersheds are having steady water


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supply.Judging from the levelofland erosion, then fifteen ofthe twentytwo watersheds included

in the critical categoryto very critical. From the three of regional rivers that flow intothe northern

coast, the most important as a supplier of water is the Citarum, butthe condition of flow stability

is already increasingly degenerate as do almost allother watersheds.

The main problem in west Java in the management of water resources both surface water and

ground water is the declining quality and availability of water imbalance.Water availability is

determinedlargely by interactions between climate, rainfall and ground contours through a stream

of water. The availability of water in West Java in the rainy season is about 81,4 billion m3/year,

whereas in the dry season to stay around 8,1 billion m3/year. This resulted in the potential for

flooding during the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season (ASER2008, BPLHD).

2.5 Flood

The frequencyof floods in Jawa Barat seems to be increased. The most extensive flooded areas are

district regions in the lowlands and coastal areas, particularly Indramayu, Karawang, its

tributaries, and the Cirebon region that located in the downstream of Cisanggarung - Cimanuk

river.

Throughout the rainy season floods are increasingly serious and widespread, the level of

infiltration and retention-related decline because of deforestation and erosion, and result in the

total area and duration of drought.Drought and water shortage is a problem that is felt in some

highland regions, butthe most extensive is along the north coast(ASER2008, BPLHD).

Basedon data from BPLHD Jabar, Bandung basin flooding caused by population pressure, changes

in the function ofland cover upstream and downstream, inadequate waste management, erosion in

the upstream and downstream sedimentation, development in border rivers or bodies of water,

inadequate water control systems, inadequate drainage , the influence of geophysical river, stream

or bodyof water capacities are inadequate, the decline in soil(soil water uptake), andthe building

across the upper river. These are indicators of landuse that increasingly worse from year toyear

(Pikiran Rakyat, December 30, 2009).

2.6 ReservoirCondition

In Jawa BaratProvince, there are four reservoirs whichhave a very important role for the survival

which are Cirata Reservoir, Saguling Reservoir, Jatiluhur Reservoir andDarma Reservoir. In 2004

the Research and Development Center of Water Resources-Department of Public Works

undertook a study on the management of lakes and reservoirs in Indonesia. From the results of

these studies, some reservoirs in West Java have veryheavy pollutions. Saguling hadhigher levels


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ofoxygen in the hypolimnion layer which is verylow at < 3 mg/l. In addition, the water quality did

not meet quality standards as a source for raw water, water, fisheries, industrial water and

irrigation water. In addition to chemical contamination, physical contamination also occurred,

namelythe heavy sedimentation tothe reservoir. Reservoir sedimentation is high, caused byhigh

levels of erosion in watershed area due tothe encroachmentof forests, agricultural systems with

less attention to the principle of water and soil conservation, landuse changes and pressures of

poverty population and population density(Pusat Litbang SDA, 2009).

Cirata Reservoir thatlocated aboutthirty-five miles from Saguling hadthe same condition. Cirata

Reservoir Management Agencyhas done research with Jatiluhur Laboratory andthe Laboratoryof

Industrial Hygiene and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung. From a few

samples of carp and tilapia taken from the floating net farmers in the reservoir area of 6.200

hectares, was discovered four heavy metal content which are lead(Pb) about 0,6 ppm, zinc (Zn)

22,45 ppm, chromium (Cr) 0,1 ppm, and mercury (Hg) 179,13 particles per body weight (ppb).

Water in Cirata and Saguling Reservoir are nolonger feasible due to normalquality standards for

drinking water have been exceeded(Tempo, September 27, 2004).

Water conditions in Jatiluhur better because it is located in the downstream, so the dirty water

from upstream naturally accommodated first by Saguling and Cirata. However, the physical

condition of yellow water is turbid, especially visible in several locations cage, as in block of

Tanggul Usman, Pasir Laya, andPasir Jangkung. Whereas in 1994 the condition of water in the

reservoir is still clear blue. The color of turbid water occurred since the emergence of a floating

cage nets belonging to the farmers. In the reservoir area of 83 square kilometers spread cages

owned by 3.083 farmers. The owner ofthe pond spread about 10 tons of fish food every day. Not

only makes the water so murky, the fish food also causes the water reservoir smelled fishy. In fact,

this artificial lake is a source of irrigation for about 240 thousand hectares of rice field in the

Jakarta area, Districtof Bekasi, Karawang, Subang, and Indramayu.

As a fact, those three hydropower in the Citarum River are producing fuel oil energy that

equivalentof 16 million tons/year. However, there are about 4 million cubic meters of sludge into

the Saguling Reservoir. Then, the average annual waste that filtered by Saguling is 250,000 m3/year.

Some wastes are filtered in order notto get intothe turbine power plants that require expensive

cost(Greenersmagz, February2, 2010).

III. WATERPOLLUTIONCONTROLCoordination and Facilitation of Air Pollution Control by Regency / Municipality and relevant

stakeholders conductedto formulate a step / strategy in efforts to manage water quality and water

pollution control andto promote activities / water pollution control program thathas been and is


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eing implemented by the provincial government as well as by district/municipal, and plan

programs that will be implemented nextyear.

3.1 GovernmentRegulations

Based on Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 on the Management of Water Quality andWater Pollution Control, the ProvincialGovernment should coordinate the managementof water

quality and controlling water pollution in water sources inter-regency/city. Therefore, the

management and controlof water pollution on water resources across districts / cities is necessary

to coordinate with district/ city as well as cooperation with various other related sectors. Basedon

the classification and regulation of water quality criteria are divided into 4 classes namely:

a. Class 1: water that can be used for raw materials drinking water or other designation that

requires the same water quality.

b. Class2: water that can be used for infrastructure / water recreation, freshwater fish farming,

animalhusbandry, and agriculture.c. Class3: water that can be used for freshwater fish farming, animalhusbandry and agriculture.

d. Class4: water that can be usedto irrigate crops / agriculture

Some ofthe parameters usedto determine water quality include the following:

a. DO (DissolvedOxygen) is the dissolvedoxygen contained in the water, comes from the air

and the water plant photosynthesis process. Oxygen is needed by all creatures that live in

water like fish, shrimp, clams andother animals, including microorganisms such as bacteria. In

order for fish to live, the water must contain oxygen at least 5 mg/liter or 5 ppm (parts per

million). If the oxygen content of less than 5 ppm, fish will die, but the bacteria that needoxygen terlarutnya lower than 5 ppm will develop.

b. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is the biochemical oxygen demand indicates the

amountof oxygen used in oxidation by bacteria. Sothat more organic material in water the

greater its BOD, while the DO will be increasingly low. Clean water is a BOD of less than 1

mg/lor 1ppm, if its BOD above 4 ppm, the water is said polluted.

c. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is equal to the BOD, which indicates the amount of

oxygen used in chemical reactions by bacteria. Testing of COD in waste water has several

advantages over BODtest is:

- Able totest the toxic industrial waste water that can not be tested by BOD because thebacteria will die,

- Testing a shorter time, approximatelyonly 3 hours

d. DissolvedSolidSubstances. Natural water contains dissolved solids that come from minerals

and salts which are dissolved when water flow is below or above ground. Ifthe water polluted

by industrial waste from mining and agriculture, the solids content will increase. The amount


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of dissolved solids can be used as an indicator of water pollution. Besides the number, type of

contaminant also determines the level of pollution. Clean water can be obtained if dissolved

oxygen levels is high, while the BOD and dissolved solidlevel are low.

3.2 ActionPlanforReducingTheImpactofWaterPollution

Waste is rubbish that generated from all activities of human life, both from each household,

agricultural, industrial and mining that cannot be avoided. Hopefully we can prevent or at least

reduce the impact of the waste, so as not to damage the environment that willultimatelyharm

humans.

Activity monitoring, retrieval and analysis of samples of river water in the Watershedof Jawa

Barat on a regular basis are part of the activities of Water Pollution Control in Jawa Barat. The

results of water quality monitoring data in the area of the river can be used as a reference to

determine the pollution level, so the government can take effort and action to reduce pollutionlevels in the watershed. Here is the sample results of monitoring data on water quality in

catchment areas of Jawa Barat:

In order to control water pollution, some programs have been conducted such as activities of clean

river that have been routinely carried out since several years. Some industrial development

program have been implementedthrough an innovative action that involved 74 leading industriesin West Java as efforts to controlthe sources of pollution, particularlyon industrial waste water.

The development of integrated Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) in several clusters

industry is an effort to minimize the waste or converted into a more environmentally friendly

waste. Each factory/industrial activity should have the WWTP, to process the resulting waste


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before move it intothe environment. Bojongsoang WWTP is one example ofurban domestic waste

water treatment plant in Jawa

Barat which is managed by

Bandung City Government.

Compared withthe population and

area of the city of Bandung, the

WWTP service of Bojongsoang

still fairly minimal, but from the

point of domestic waste

management efforts, this is a

positive thing. Bojongsoang

WWTP quite able to reduce some

of the parameters of pollutants

such as detergent and bacteria.

The government also attempts some efforts in order to generate more friendly waste such as: every

household should use enough detergent and garbage sorting organic from inorganic waste to

prevent or at least reduce any consequences caused by hazardous waste. Organic waste can be

composted, while inorganic waste can be recycled. Government in collaboration withthe World

Bank, currently preparing for the provision of incentives in the form of subsidies for people who do

municipal waste composting. Some ofthe benefits of composting include: reducing waste at source,

reducing the volume load on the landfill, reduce management costs, creating employment

opportunities, improve the environment, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, use of compost to

support organic products (Green Consumerism and more sustained land use). The use of

fertilizers/pesticides as needed or choose fertilizers and pesticides that contain ingredients that

quickly unraveled, not accumulate in the food chain, can also decimate the impact of water

pollution. Reducing touse hazardous materials in mining activities or replace them with materials

which are more environmentally friendlyor build a mining Waste Water TreatmentPlant, sothat

waste can be processed firstly to become more environmentally friendly waste, before disposal

move out from the mining area.

References:

- Buku Status Lingkungan Tahunan (ASER), 2009, Local Agency of Environment Protection

(BPLHD Jawa Barat)

- Greenersmagz Magazine, 2 Februari 2010Jawa Barat dalam Angka 2008, BPS Jawa Barat

- Local Agency of Water Management (Dinas Pengelolaan Air Provinsi Jawa Barat), 2009

- Pengelolaan Danau dan Waduk di Indonesia, 2009, Research and Development Center of Water

Resources, Ministry of Public Works


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- Pikiran Rakyat Newspaper, 30 Desember 2009

- Programof Coordination and Management Unit (PCMU), 2009, Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum,

Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works

- PusKom Publik, Maret 4, 2010, Ministry of Public Works (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum)

- Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit (RCMU), 2009, Directorate of Water Resources and

Irrigation, BAPPENAS/National Development Planning Agency

- Tempointeraktif Magazine, September 11, 2009

task3-water env maintenance in jabar - copy

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