*Tariff of 1828*Tariff of 1828•Signed by John Signed by John

Q. Adams Q. Adams

*Tariff of 1828*Tariff of 1828•Signed by John Signed by John

Q. Adams Q. Adams

•Supported by middle statesSupported by middle states•Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%

South upset - because they saw the US Govt. South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

•Supported by middle statesSupported by middle states•Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%Protective tariff raised rates as high as 60%

South upset - because they saw the US Govt. South upset - because they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

Slave Rebellions

• 1822- Denmark Vesey- free black led rebellion in SC- UNSUCCESSFUL- but scared whites.

• Britain abolishing slavery- international opposition to slave trade grows

Why the South Hated the Tariff

• Northeast was experiencing a booming economy

• The West was profiting from rising property values & population increases

• Southwest was expanding cotton growing• The South had hard economic times.• Tariff raised prices southerners paid for goods

bought from Europe• Tariff caused Europeans to raise tariffs

NULLIFICATION NULLIFICATION CRISISCRISIS

NULLIFICATION NULLIFICATION CRISISCRISIS

John C. Calhoun,John C. Calhoun,former VP underformer VP under

JacksonJackson““The Union, next to our The Union, next to our

liberty, most dear” liberty, most dear”

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

““Our federal Union, Our federal Union, it must beit must bePreserved”Preserved”

•John C. Calhoun, had resigned as VP because of John C. Calhoun, had resigned as VP because of the Eaton Affair and the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828

•The South calls it the “The South calls it the “Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations””

Calhoun secretly wroteCalhoun secretly wrote —The South Carolina —The South Carolina Exposition and ProtestExposition and Protest------• Advocated the “Advocated the “compact theorycompact theory”, nullification, & right ”, nullification, & right to secede for statesto secede for states•Remember the origin of the idea??Remember the origin of the idea??

“ “ an unchecked majority is despotism”- Calhounan unchecked majority is despotism”- Calhoun

The Tariff of 1832

• Meant to ease tensions• Would reduce worst parts of 1828 Tariff• Proposed to reduce tariff by 10% over 8

years.• South Carolina legislature voted to nullify

1828 Tariff & 1832 Tariff & threatened to secede if nullification was not respected.

• **SC the only state to do this! ALONE

The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing Uncle Sam’s barn of

bank and clay rats

The Cartoon from the 1832 presidential cartoon depicts Jackson as a cat with “Veto” written on his tail clearing Uncle Sam’s barn of

bank and clay rats

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to

challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank re-charter bill

earlier than necessary (1832).

• Jackson vetoed this bill• Bank may go on until 1836

• In 1832, an election year, Henry Clay decided to

challenge Jackson on the bank issue by persuading a

majority in Congress to pass a bank re-charter bill

earlier than necessary (1832).

• Jackson vetoed this bill• Bank may go on until 1836

Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional

•The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons.

•Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than

any president to that time…..12 times

•Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.

Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in

his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is

standing on it…King Andrew

• An overwhelming majority of voters

approved of Jackson’s veto

• Jackson won reelection with more

than ¾ ¾ of the electoral vote

• 1ST with a third party (Anti-Masonic)

• 1st used nominating conventions

• 1st with platforms

• An overwhelming majority of voters

approved of Jackson’s veto

• Jackson won reelection with more

than ¾ ¾ of the electoral vote

• 1ST with a third party (Anti-Masonic)

• 1st used nominating conventions

• 1st with platforms

The 1832 Election

• 1833--Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a *The Force Bill giving the

president authority to use military force to collect the tariff.

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification

and disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

• 1833--Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a *The Force Bill giving the

president authority to use military force to collect the tariff.

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification

and disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis• Compromise of 1833

– Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---to 25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification but, nullified the Force

Bill (on principle) – South lost its dominance to North and West– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

• Compromise of 1833 – Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---to 25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification but, nullified the Force

Bill (on principle) – South lost its dominance to North and West– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

state bankers state bankers feltfeltBUS restrained BUS restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

Westerners & Westerners & southerners southerners disliked itdisliked it

2ND BUS minted 2ND BUS minted gold & silver gold & silver coins; the only coins; the only safe currency.safe currency.

didn’t like any didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddle- 2Biddle- 2ndnd Bank of Bank of the U.S. Presidentthe U.S. President

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

Biddle v JacksonBiddle v Jackson•Jackson believed BUS

was too powerful because it was

privately owned.

•Considered it unconstitutional

regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch

vs. Maryland

•Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt.

•Nicholas Biddle- President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

A triumphant Jackson holds his order to

remove government deposits from the bank as the bank

crumbles and a host of demonic

characters scurry from its ruins.

Jackson killed the Bank:

1. Removed federal deposits

2. Placed FEDERAL deposits in “pet

banks”

The “Monster” Is Destroyed!

The “Monster” Is Destroyed!

““pet bankspet banks” or wildcat banks- ” or wildcat banks- pro-Jackson STATE OWNED & pro-Jackson STATE OWNED & western bankswestern banks

Effects:Effects:

1.1. Destabilizes the U.S. economyDestabilizes the U.S. economy

2.2. Contributed to Panic of 1837 Contributed to Panic of 1837 (Van Buren-President)(Van Buren-President)

3.3. Inflation in the economy Inflation in the economy rampant; “shady banks”rampant; “shady banks”

*The Specie Circular (1936) ““pet banks” pet banks” –issued lots of

paper money= money lost its value (inflation)

BUS absent= cycles of boom & bust

Jackson attempted to help the economy by issuing the *Species Circular.

a decree that required all public land to be purchased with “hard” metallic money= land boom died quickly= economic Panic of 1837

American Policy & American Policy & the Indiansthe Indians

American Policy & American Policy & the Indiansthe Indians

• Since 1790’s – obtain land from Native Americans through treaties.

• Indian & white relationships varied1.Assimilation- Society for Propagating

the Gospel Among Indians (1787).2. Some tribes adopted white ways-

Cherokee (own alphabet- Sequoyah, press, constitution, government with 3 branches, farmers)

3. Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, & Seminole)

• Georgia- revoked Indians right to rule themselves- Supreme Court sided with Cherokee (3 times)

Jackson Indian Policy• “soft” spot for Indians-moving them to

save them-Jackson had adopted an Indian!

• Most Americans favored moving them to the west (Oklahoma-appointed “Indian Territory”)

• 1830-** Indian Removal Act –Congress set aside money to remove all eastern Indians (Bureau of Indian Affairs to oversee effort)

In 1829, Andrew Jackson reflected on the condition of the Indians, and on Indian-white

relations. Jackson’s Indian Removal Act 1831.

“Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our national character….Our

ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vast regions.

By persuasion and force they have been made to retire from river to river and from mountain

to mountain, until some of the tribes have become extinct and others have left but

remnants to preserve for awhile their once terrible names.

trail 3

Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Mohegan, Narragansett, and the

Delaware is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek.

That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does

not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand

that every effort should be made to avert such a calamity.

trail 3

Indians Push Back

• 1830’s Blackhawk Indian Wars- Sauk & Fox Tribes (Ill. & Wisconsin)

• Seminoles led by Chief Osceola; chief captured but, tribe members escape to everglades.

• 3RD CASE IN FAVOR OF INDIANS•Established tribal autonomy (self-governing state,

community, or group within their boundaries), •The tribes were “distinct political communities, having

territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive (private).”

•The Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had not force within the territorial

boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. •Jackson’s reply: “Marshall has made his

decision, now let HIM enforce it”.

**Worcester v. Georgia (1832): John Marshall

•we have preaching or prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you may well imagine that under the peculiar

circumstances of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance, that

nothing could be more solemn and impressive. •And I always looked on with awe, lest their prayers which I felt...

ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty head as one of the

instruments of oppression. Lt. L.B. Webster

trail 1

•US Army forcibly removed last of eastern Indians to Indian

Territory (Oklahoma)•4,000 Indians died along the way

•116 day journey in winter•Carried out under Presidency of

Martin Van Buren

Trial of tears

Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave old nation. Women cry and make sad wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people

die very much. We bury close by Trail.

Survivor of the Trail of Tears

trail 2

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACYGrew out of the rich soil of Jeffersonian republicanism

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYPolitical world changed during the New Democracy. Two

new political parties emerge

WHIGSWHIGS1. Groups alienated by Jackson’s

policies: Clay- Webster, state’s righter's, northern industrialists

2. favored: internal improvements, public schools, prisons, market economy

3. Tried to take the mantle: party of the common man

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS1. Believed in federal restrain in

economic and social affairs.2. Liberty of the individual and

were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. Pro-slavery

3. Protected the common man….

Texas• American want more land-esp. the South!• 1821- Mexico gained independence from

Spain– opens territory for colonization• Condition- adopt Catholic religion, Mexican

citizenship, no slavery allowed• 1823- Stephen Austin- granted huge tract of

land by Mexican government if he led more to the area—30,000 by 1835!

• 1830- Mexico-freed all slaves!

Santa Anna & Conflict• Santa Anna- became dictator of Mexico-

declares no more American immigrants can enter or slaves.

• 1833- Stephen Austin went to Mexico to speak about problems- thrown in jail for 8 months.

• 1835- Santa Anna initiates martial law in Taxas

Texas Revolution 1836 • Texas declares its independence• *Battles of Alamo & Goliad– show American spirit &

Mexican cruelty. • *Battle of San Jacinto- Sam Houston & Texans capture

Santa Anna; forced to sign document saying Texas is independent.

• Texas sets southern boundary at Rio Grande River• Sam Houston chosen president of Texas Republic• Most Texans want to be annexed into US• Northerners won’t allow annexation!!• Jackson- recognizes Texas Republic on last day in office-

NOT STATEHOOD!

Andrew Jackson in Retirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844

(one year before his death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845

The Presidency ofMartin Van Buren

The 1836 Election Results

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren•11stst pres. Born pres. Born under US flagunder US flag•New YorkerNew Yorker

•““Jackson’s boy”Jackson’s boy”

V.P. Martin Van Buren wins in 1836 Panic of 1837 Causes: land speculation, species circular, wheat crop

failure, failure of 2 British banks Blamed on the Democrats “Van Ruin’s” Depression

“Divorce Bill” separating the bank from the government and storing

money in some of the vaults of the larger American cities, thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable that

advocated the independent treasury, and in 1840, it was passed.

Start of --Independent treasury (until 1913) Trail of Tears– 1838-39

The Presidency ofMartin Van Buren

Election of 1840

“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” William Henry Harrison (Whig) “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” “Van! Van! Is a Used-up Man! The Whigs’ Triumph 1ST “modern election”- 75%

voter turnout, return of two party system, rise of common man.

Harrison Presidency

Harrison died one month after election VP John Tyler become president—1st

VP to ascend this way!

Trial of tears

Trial of tears

Trial of tears