targeting new and cleaner uses for wastes and biomass
TRANSCRIPT
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP The information in this document is the property of Energy Technologies Institute LLP and may not be copied or communicated to a third party, or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written consent of Energy Technologies Institute LLP.This information is given in good faith based upon the latest information available to Energy Technologies Institute LLP, no warranty or representation is given concerning such information, which must not be taken as establishing any contractual or other commitment binding upon Energy Technologies Institute LLP or any of its subsidiary or associated companies.
Targeting new and cleaner uses for wastes and biomass using gasificationDr Geraint Evans - Programme Manager Bioenergy 18th May 2017
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Agenda• Energy Technologies Institute• Value of bioenergy
– Wastes• We can already use combustion to get energy from waste - why do we need
something different and why gasification?• What is gasification and why is ultra-clean syngas important?• What is the current UK gasification project landscape?• The ETI’s project work
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)
• The ETI is a public-private partnership between global energy and engineering companies and the UK Government.
• Targeted development, demonstration and de-risking of new technologies for affordable and secure energy
• Shared risk
ETI programme associate
ETI members
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
ESME analysis has driven ETI’s nine key technology programme areas
6.
Innovation thinking and innovation delivery• New knowledge
o Up to £5M / 2 years• Technology development
o £5-15M / 2-4 years / TRL 3-5• Technology demonstration
• £15-30M+ / 3-5 years / TRL 5-6+
• Reduced risk
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
BioenergyA key lever – particularly with CCSRequires sustainable supplies – imports and indigenous
18.
• Major potential for creating ‘negative emissions’ via CCS
• Could support a range of conversion and utilisation routes - flexibility– Hydrogen– SNG– Heat– bioeconomy
• ETI investing in soil science, logistics and value chain models
• Informing decisions– “what do we grow ?”– “where do we grow it ?” – “how do we use it ?”
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Value of bioenergy in the energy system: transition and creditsNegative emissions provide flexibility, headroom
• Target is 105 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050• Bioenergy could deliver net negative GHG emissions of around -55 million tonnes of CO2 per
year in the 2050s (approximately half our emissions target in 2050), and meet around 10% of UK future energy demand (~130 TWh/yr in 2050).
• This extra headroom helps avoid expensive abatement actions such as in transport• Provides more flexibility on transition
Clo
ckw
ork
Patc
hwor
k
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Key insights from BVCM modelling
• Gasification technology is a key bioenergy enabler and resilient to a number of different scenarios
• The sector will need a combination of feedstocks – wastes, UK-grown and imported biomass
• Planting around 1.4 Mha of second generation bioenergy crops would make a significant contribution to the sector
• Location preferences for resource production are apparent (Miscanthus –South/East, SRC – North/West, SRF - Midlands)
• Deployment of BECCS makes a significant difference to the bioenergy sector:
• With CCS, BECCS technologies dominate, clustered around key coastal hubs
• Without CCS, more heat and bio-methane are produced and the sector is more spatially distributed
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Biomass – many sources, each with different strengths & weaknesses• Sugars, oils starches
– Wheat grain, corn, rape oil, soy• Forest derived – long rotation forestry (LRF)
– Forest sourced (residues)• Energy crops
– Miscanthus, Short Rotation Willow, Short Rotation Forestry
• Agricultural residues– Straw, rice hulls, bagasse
• Wastes– Waste wood (pallets), MSW, C&I
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
We can already use combustion to get energy from waste -why do we need an alternative and why gasification?• Need to be able to effectively use the variety of feedstocks available to the UK at the smaller scale
in the nearer term– Feedstock flexibility– Wastes, especially in the nearer term– Steam cycle efficiencies drop sharply at smaller scales – engines maintain efficiencies at
smaller scales• Resource efficiency
– Existing EFW business models focussed around waste disposal• Drives low efficiency regional scale plants – not easy to use waste heat
– Stronger focus on recycling• Integration within towns
– Lower plant impact e.g. visual– Integration with heat networks
• Future uncertainties – resilience– Wide variety of outputs, not just electricity– Product compatibility
• It is the most efficient way to generate future “negative emissions” from biomass with CCS.
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Gasification ResilienceCO2 (n/a for H2turbine)
CO2
chemicals, m
aterials & secondary
products
Methane (bioSNG)
Ethanol (fermentation)
Furnace / Boiler
Fuel cell
Fischer Tropsch
Hydrogen
Engine / Turbine
direct combustion
chemical synthesis
Gasification to yield an
ultra-clean tar free syngas
Methanol synthesis
Carbon monoxide
Mixed alcohols
Ammonia
DiMethylEther (DME)
Diesel / jet fuel
n-paraffins
Fertilisers
Acetyls
MTO / MOGDFormaldehyde
Fuels & secondary products
Heat
Power (&
heat)
CO2capture
CO2 storage for negative
emissions
Courtesy of NNFCC
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
What is gasification and why is ultra-clean syngas important?
Gasification CO
CO2
H2CH4
H2OLower HC’s
Tars
particulates
Sulfur
Halides
(N2)
How to get from CxY1.77xO0.49xN0.24x to CO, H2and some CH4 (synthesis gas) without any undesirables
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Partial combustion at high temperatures (700-1200°C)
Air/oxidant flow >100%
PyrolysisProduces mix ofgases, condensablevapours, char& ash
CombustionProduces hot gaseouscombustion products comprising mainly of CO2, N2, minor CO, minor others, ash
GasificationProduces smallermix of gases compared to pyrolysis (H2, CO, CH4, CO2, N2 if air used), minor lower hydrocarbons,some char, & ash
Products mainly contain "chemical" energy plus some heat Proportion of heat energy in
products increasing
0%
© 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Unreacted feedstock (15°C)
Drying (<100°C)
Pyrolysis (100-400°C)
Oxidation (~1000°C)
Char and gas reduction (1000-700°C)
(too) cool char and ash (<700°C)
Feed + air
flows
Hot raw syngas
Carbon + O2 = CO2 + HEAT
Carbon + CO2 + heat = 2CO
H2O + heat = H2 + O
e.g. Refuse Derived Fuel, wood chips
heat
heat
Balance “heat making” reactions against “heat using” gasification reactions
© 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
There’s a wide variety of gasifier types – but, to get the value from gasification to deliver its potential, the syngas must be delivered ultra clean and tar free
BiomassOxygenSteam
Slag Syngas
• Downdraft• Updraft• ABFB – atmospheric
bubbling fluidised bed – BC & RD
• PBFB – pressurised BFB• ACFB – atmospheric
circulating fluidised bed• PCFB – pressurised CFB• Indirect CFB (Dahlman)• Entrained flow• Plasma gasifier
Biomass Syngas
Slag
Plasma torch
Air/Oxygen
Gas
Ash
BiomassBiomass
Air/Oxygen
Ash
Gas
Den
se p
hase
(fixe
d be
d)
Biomass
Air/OxygenSteam
Syngas
Biomass
Syngas
Air/OxygenSteam
Biomass
AirSteam
Syngas
Flue gas
GasifierCombustor
Lean
pha
se(fl
uidi
sed
bed)
Oth
er
© 2015 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Market attractiveness (town scale, waste)
• Each has its own strengths and weaknesses– Each may be more or less suited to a
particular feedstock and/or application• Market attractiveness very much depends on
application and resource to be gasified– For high hazard wastes, plasma becomes
more desirable– For fuels production from torrefied
woodchips, entrained flow becomes more desirable
• Lack of gasification technologies for clean syngas in <10MWe scale
– Atmos BFB starting to emerge– Pressurised BFB not far behind– Downdraft not successfully delivered– CFB’s may be too large for town scale
high
low
Mar
ket
attra
ctiv
enes
s
strongest weakest
Technology strength / readiness
ABFB
ACFB
PBFB
PCFBplasma
EF
downdraftUp
draft
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Syngas applications from “easiest to hardest”
• Clean desirable – tars not removed– Boiler/furnace
• Power/heat• Ultra clean AND tar free
– Engine• Power + heat
– Gas turbine• Power + heat
– Biological synthesis• Ethanol
– Chemical synthesis• Hydrogen• Methane• Methanol• Jet fuel• Etc.
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Two pathways to remove tars
• High temperature treatment– >1200°C for set
residence time– Risk of soot formation– e.g. Adv. Plasma Power
• Controlled condensation & stripping
– Set of columns– Tars recycled to gasifier– e.g. Royal Dahlman
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Current gasification landscape in UK• Type 1
– No gas cleaning• Type 2
– Gas cleaning but no tar removal
– Improved steam boiler efficiency & reliability
• Type 3– Gas cleaning & tar
removal– Allows syngas use in
engines, gas turbines, chemical synthesis
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
ETI’s project work
CO2 (n/a for H2 turbine)
CO2
chemicals, m
aterials & secondary products
Methane (bioSNG)
Ethanol (fermentation)
Furnace / Boiler
Fuel cell
Fischer Tropsch
Hydrogen
Engine / Turbine
direct combustion
chemical synthesis
Gasification with syngas tar removal &
polishingType 3
Methanol synthesis
Carbon monoxide
Mixed alcohols
Ammonia
DiMethylEther (DME)
Diesel / jet fuel
n-paraffins
Fertilisers
Acetyls
MTO / MOGD
Formaldehyde
Fuels & secondary products
Heat
Power (&
heat)
Gasification with no syngas upgrading
Type 1
direct combustion
Gasification with syngas cleaning but
no tar removalType 2
Tar free & polished syngas
Corrosive / erosive componentsremoved -tars as vapours
direct combustion
Rawsyngas
CO2capture
CO2 storage for negative emissions
Courtesy of NNFCC
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
A set of steps which must all be made to work together – key risks are at the interfaces
Air
Waste / biomass
gasifier
O2
Cleaning / conditioning
Raw syngas
Ultra clean & tar free syngas
Furnace / steam
engine
Gas turbine
Chemsynthesis
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Waste Gasification Programme
MembersBP Shell Cat RR EDF E-On BEIS
ETI staff
External reviewers
Professional DD
Professional Services
e.g. MACE OSL
Projects Support
EFW projectAppraise (2009-11)
WG Phase 1Select
(2012-13)
Contract shapingDefine
(2014-16)
WG demo projectExecute
(2017-19)
Technology development
Selected Technology
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Scope (Phase 1 to Phase 2)
• Commissioned three FEED (Front End Engineering Design) studies and business plans for specific sites.
• >25% net electrical efficiency over the whole system (from MRF to electricity production)
• Availability >80% • Designs were tested through modelling and laboratory
testing to understand how performance may change using different waste feedstocks (MSW, C&I and waste wood) and at different scales.
MRF Gasifier Syngas clean up
Power
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Waste gasification demonstrator (£5M ETI investment; £10.5M total)
• Construction & demonstration of a 1.5 MWe power station incorporating gasification with syngas clean up to deliver an “ultra-clean” tar free syngas for use in a gas engine
• Project announcement 25th Apr 2017– anticipated finish Sept 2019– construction in hand
• Feed will be a mix of C&I and MSW based feedstocks.
• Uses Fluimax - pressurised fluidised bed technology with a high temperature treatment to produce a high quality, H2 rich syngas.
• Power generation via a specially adapted syngas engine.
• Site will include a unique syngas testing facility. – First use will demonstrate an innovative high
yielding methanol synthesis process
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Currently looks like…
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Going to look like…
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
Conclusions and next steps• Gasification offers a number of benefits in the UK setting
– Flexible in feedstock and outputs - resiliance– Comparable/better efficiencies compared with other technologies, especially at smaller scales:
cleaned syngas permits the use of higher efficiency generating processes such as engines– Scalable, especially down to the “town scale” of around 5-10 MWe– Ability to integrate with CCS to deliver negative emissions
• Gasification of wastes and use of syngas in an engine is technically feasible - ETI’s targets are achievable
• Potential to be cost competitive with other sources of renewable power - scope to reduce costs as experience is gained (especially procurement costs).
• To build confidence in financing and delivering, UK policies should be designed as an integrated programme of stages
• Careful and considered approach to scale up is needed• ETI’s work in gasification is now culminating in its partnership with Syntech to build a 1.5 MWe
gasification power project in Wednesbury, north west of Birmingham.• Insights paper: Targeting new and cleaner uses for biomass and wastes using gasification - Publication
Mid June from www.eti.co.uk
©2017 Energy Technologies Institute LLP - Subject to notes on page 1
For more information about the ETI visit www.eti.co.uk
For the latest ETI news and announcements email [email protected]
The ETI can also be followed on Twitter @the_ETI
Registered Office Energy Technologies InstituteHolywell BuildingHolywell ParkLoughboroughLE11 3UZ
For all general enquiries telephone the ETI on 01509 202020