targeted rural initiatives for poverty termination and ... · targeted rural initiatives for...

Environmental Assessment Study

Of

Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and

Infrastructure (ORISSA RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION MISSION)

Submitted To

Director (TRIPTI) – cum - Addl. Secy. to Government

Govt. Of Orissa, SIRD Building,

Unit-VIII, Bhubaneswar

Submitted By

Varun Techno Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. N-3/429, IRC Village, Bhubaneswar –751015

Ph/Fax-0674-2559555, [email protected]

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Acknowledgement

We are privileged to record our hearty thanks and deep gratitude to Mr. Saswat Mishra IAS, Additional Secretary cum Project Director TRIPTI of Panchayati Raj Department. and Mr. Jayanta Narayan Sarangee, OAS, Under Secretary Cum Assistant Project Director TRIPTI, Panchayati Raj Department for entrusting the task of “Integrated Social And Environmental Assessment Study” to us.

Note worthy technical guidance, keen interest & sincere co-operation extended by Ms.Phalguni Sahoo, Capacity Building Expert, Mr.Sibabrata Choudhury, Livelihood Expert and Mr.P.K.Dash M&E Expert through out the course of the study are gratefully acknowledged. Our appreciation and thanks are due to Mr.Parimal Sadafal & Mr.Benjamin Powis World Bank Consultant for their valuable advice.

We are thankful to our Team Leader Prof (Dr) Madhab Chandra Dash, former Vice Chancellor, Sambalpur University and Chairman Orissa Pollution Control Board for his valuable professional support during field survey, full co-operation & commitment during report preparation. He has done a commendable job within a stipulated time. It also note worthy to appreciate the contribution of Dr.Umesh Mishra Expert,

We wish to convey our thanks to the Collectors of Nayagarh, Angul & Jagatsinghpur for providing support to the field team.

We wish to convey out thanks to the PD DRDA’s of Nayagarh, Angul & Jagatsingpur and their field staff for providing tremendous support to our field team during Key informants interviews and Focus group Discussions.

We also thank, to Mr. B.K.Pursti, Mr. Amajit Parida, our computer programmers and Mr.K Sarangi, secondary data analysts & their team, for pain-taking efforts in data entry, analysis & computerization of manuscript.

This study would not have been possible without the help of field team comprising of, Ms. Kaplana Mohanty, Mr. Somanath Chand, Mr. Satyajit Jena, Ms. Anu Dash, Ms. Laxmipriya Dash, Mr Jitendra SAhoo , and Mr. Jayanta Kumar Behera. We appreciate their efforts.

Last but not the least the credit are also due to PRI Members, Key Informats and Villagers of Sample village’s, who willfully co-operated in conducting field exercise and provided deep insight to the assessment of ground realties. We pay our profound regards and thanks to them.

Date:02.12.2007 Satya Bhusan Rath

Bhubaneswar Managing Director

List of Figures

Figure-1 Seasonal natural rain fall in Orissa (in MM). Figure-2 Seasonal monthly mean temperature in Orissa (in Centigrade) Figure-3 Seasonal Relative Humidity (in MM) Figure-4 Occurrence of Natural Disaster from 1999-2006 in Orissa. Figure-5 Surface and ground water of Orissa(in Billion cubic meter) Figure-6 Break up of Industries of Orissa. Figure-7 Break up of large scale industries. Figure-8 Forest area in Orissa(%). Figure-9 Distribution of main workers (Census 2001) Figure-10 Distribution of marginal workers (Census 2001) Figure-11 Location map of blocks under project districts. Figure-12 Land use classification of Puri district. Figure-13 Land use classification of Jagatsinghpur district. Figure-14 Land use classification of Khurda district. Figure-15 Land use classification of Kendrapara district. Figure-16 Land use classification of Bhadrak district. Figure-17 Land use classification of Balasore district. Figure-18 Land use classification of Cuttack district. Figure-19 Land use classification of Jajpur district. Figure-20 Land use classification of Angul district. Figure-21 Land use classification of Nayagarh district. Figure-22 Orissa map showing forest area. Figure-23 Orissa Natural park & Wild life sanctuaries. Figure-24 Management frame work. Figure-25 A box model linking the livelihood options to the Environmental issues through Energy Scenario in Orissa Figure-26 Annual rain fall in project districts. Figure-27 Annual average rain fall of Orissa (in MM). Figure-28 Average annual relative humidity in different seasons of districts. Figure-29 Distribution of rural families in Orissa (in %) Figure-30 Land use pattern. Figure-31 Croping pattern of principal crops in Orissa. Figure-32 Forest coverage in different districts. Figure-33 Mineral map of Orissa. Figure-34 Soil types in Orissa (%) Figure-35 Rivers and their catchments & drainage areas. Figure-36 Industrial map of Orissa. Figure-37 Surface and ground water of Orissa. Figure-38 Energy scenario in Orissa. Figure-39 Power generation and consumption scenario of Orissa (in MW) Figure-40 Potential power in MW from different sources. Figure-41 Rural energy scenario (in MW). Figure-42 Acute respiratory infection due to air pollution. Figure-43 Water borne disease reported in Orissa within five year (1999-2003) Figure-44 Annual hazardous waste generation in Orissa.

List of Tables

Table-1 District wise Monthly Normal Rainfall (in M.M.) Table-2 Ten Years Mean Relative Humidity (%) at different places of Orissa. Table-3 Occurrence of Natural Disaster in Orissa Table-4 Occupational Pattern in Orissa Table-5 District-wise Distribution of Rural Families (%) in Orissa . Table-6 Operational holdings and % of Area Operated by Different Categories of Land Holder. Table-7 Human Development Indices for 15 major Provinces of the Country. Table-8 Cropping Pattern of Principal Crops in Orissa Table-9(A) Area, Production and Yield Rate of different Fruits in Orissa during 2005-06 Table-9(B) Area, Production & Yield Rate of different Vegetables Table-9(C) Area and Production of different Floricultural Crops. (In thousand M.T.) Table-10(A) Production of Fish and Crab in Orissa (In MT) Table-11 Fresh Water Fish Production from different Sources in Orissa (in thousand M.T.) Table-12 Disposition of Fish Produced in Orissa (In thousand M.T.) Table-13 Livestock Population in Orissa (in Lakhs) Table-14 Forest coverage of Orissa based on satellite data. (in Sq.Km.) Table-15 District wise Forest area in Orissa. (in Sq.Km.) Table-16 Mineral Resources of Orissa Table-17 Percentage of Gross Cropped Area under different crops Table-18 Food grain Production in Orissa Table-19 Agro Climatic Zones and Land Quality of the State Table-20 Classification of Soil Types of Orissa Table-21(A) Fertilizer Consumption in Orissa(000’MT) Table-21(B) Consumption of Fertilizers in some selected States. Table-22 Consumption of Pesticides in Orissa Table-23 Production of Milk Products, Meat, Eggs over the years Table-24 Surface and Ground Water of India and Orissa (Billion Cubic Meter). Table-25 Water Demand for (Mill.Cu.M) Orissa Table-26 Surface and Ground Water Table-27 District Wise Stone Crushers in Orissa Table-28 District Wise Brick Kilns in Orissa Table-29 Acute Respiratory Infections Table-30 Impact of Air Pollution on Mining Worker’s Health(Data in numbers and %) Table-31 Water Borne Disease reported in Orissa from 1999-2003 Table-32 Solid waste generation Table-33 The average solid waste composition in Orissa is given below. Table-34 Industrial solid waste generated in Orissa in 2004 Table-35 District wise Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa*. Table-36 The Pattern of Occurrence of Saline Aquifers in Orissa Table-37 Exposure of Rural Housewives to pollutants generated from Chulha Table-38 Summary of livelihood options in the coastal and non-costal project districts.

Table-39 Administrative Structure of the project districts Table-40(A) Area, Density and Decadal Growth Rate of Population) Table-40(B) Population with ST & SC and their Percentage to the total population Table-41 Land Utilisation Pattern (area in ‘000 Hect.) Table-42 Source wise Irrigated Area (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-43(A) Area under different Crops (Cereals) (in ‘000 Hect.). Table-43(B) Area under different Crops (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-43(C) Area under different Crops (Oil seed) (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-43(D) Area under different Crops (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-43(E) Area under different Crops (Fibres) (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-44(A) Production of different Crops (Cereals) (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-44(B) Production of different Crops (Pulses) (in ‘000 Hect.). Table-44(C) Production of different Crops (Oil seeds) (in ‘000 Hect.) Table-44(D) Production of different Crops (in ‘000 M.T.) Table-44(E) Production of different Crops (in ‘000 M.T.) Table-45(A) Average yield of different crops ( in Qtls/Hect.) Table-45(B) Average yield of different crops (in Qtls/Hect.) Table-45(C) Average yield of different crops (in Qtls/Hect.) Table-46 Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers in Orissa. Table-47 Fish Production in Orissa. Table-48 Number of livestock and poultry .

Content Content .................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................8 Chapter-I .............................................................................................................................13 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................13

1.1 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................. 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 1.3 Preparing TEG and EMF..........................................................................................

2. Introduction .................................................................................................................15 2.1 Goal.......................................................................................................................15 2.2 Key Features of “TRIPTI” ......................................................................................15 2.3 Project Coverage ...............................................................................................16 2.4 Project Components ..........................................................................................16 2.5 The activities and resources of the project ....................................................16

3. General Environmental Scenario in Orissa .............................................................22 3.1 Climate .................................................................................................................22 3.2 Rainfall: ..................................................................................................................... 3.3 Temperature: ........................................................................................................... 3.4 Humidity: ................................................................................................................... 3.5 Wind Pattern: ........................................................................................................... 3.6 Natural Calamities: ................................................................................................. 3.7 Water Resources & Utilization:...........................................................................24 3.8 Industrial scene....................................................................................................25 3.9 Forest Cover .........................................................................................................26 3.10 Environmental Issues ...........................................................................................26 3.11 General Socio Economic Scenarios in Orissa .................................................27

3.11.1 Demographic Profile ...................................................................................27 3.11.2 Human Resource & Employment..............................................................27 3.11.3 Poverty Line ..................................................................................................27 3.11.4 Major Source of Livelihood (Agricultural Production)............................28 3.11.5 Environmental Issues and Socioeconomic Scenario ............................28 3.11.1 Summary of Important Environmental Issues ..........................................30

3.12 Details of Possible Livelihood Activities ............................................................31 3.13 Regulatory agencies & Legal framework: ......................................................43

3.13.1 Environmental Governance: (State of environment, Orissa, 2006) .....43 3.13.2 Environmental Laws, Regulations and Notifications ..............................44

3.13.3 The summary of legislations and regulations ..........................................44 4. Likely livelihood activities to be financed under the ORLP..................................50 4.1 List of activities / sub-projects that can not be supported under ORLP ........52 4.2 List of Existing Protected Areas in Orissa..............................................................55 5. Technical Environmental Guidelines .......................................................................57 5.1 TEG Formulation ......................................................................................................57 5.2 TEGs for Sub-projects ..............................................................................................58 5.3 Assessment Criteria for determining extent of pressure on environment ......58 5.4 Generic TEGs ...........................................................................................................59 6. Management Frame Work........................................................................................60 6.1 Background .............................................................................................................60 6.2 The Environment Management Framework.......................................................61 6.3 Environmental Scrutiny and Approval Process ..................................................62 6.3.1 Project Institutional Structure .............................................................................62 6.3.2 Environmental Approval ....................................................................................63 6.3.3 Environmental Approval related Information on MIS ....................................65 6.3.3.1 GP level.................................................................................................................65 6.3.3.2 Block level.............................................................................................................65 6.3.3.3 District level ..........................................................................................................66 6.3.3.4 State level.............................................................................................................66 6.3.4 Institutional plan for environmental screening, approval ............................67 6.3.5 Environmental approval for sub-projects not included ...............................68 6.3.6 Internal Environmental Audit .............................................................................68 6.3.7 External Environmental Audit ............................................................................69 6.3.8 Capacity Building Plan.......................................................................................69 6.4 Environmental Risk Management ........................................................................71 6.5 Budget ......................................................................................................................73 6.6 Reference: ...............................................................................................................73

Executive Summary Background The Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure (TRIPTI) project to be implemented in 10 districts of the coastal Orissa under the Orissa Rural Poverty Reduction Mission with support from the World Bank. The need for ISEA study emerged, as the project investments are likely to be associated with various social, tribal and environmental issues in the operational areas in very critical ways. Therefore this study was conducted with the objectives of:

i. Developing a deeper understanding of the key social issues and dynamics in the project area especially in respect of the micro-dynamics of poverty and livelihood, institutions, social exclusion, the self-help groups (SHGs), gender, tribal development and environment as well as their implications for this project.

ii. Using this understanding in the design of the project plan for community-driven poverty eradication and an inclusive development on a sustainable basis.

The Project Management Unit of TRIPTI assigned this study to M/s. Varun Techno Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar through competitive biding.

Methodology This study covers the ten districts of the coastal Orissa. Its empirical part focuses more in-depth on the three sample districts of Angul, Jagatsinghpur and Nayagarh.

In each sample district one sample block identified with four sample villages from each block.

The informations on key issues derived from FGD held with various community groups, stakeholder interactions, and interviews with key informants. The data’s compiled and analyzed for further interpretations.

Environmental Assessment An environmental assessment of the proposed ORLP has been carried out. The methodology for the study involved analysis of secondary data, discussions with project officials, study of the proposed implementation mechanism and institutional structure of ORLP, focused group discussions with a sample of intended beneficiaries and discussions with / study of other similar projects. Examining the nature of activities that are likely to be undertaken under this project, it was observed that most envisaged activities are small occupations likely to be taken up by project beneficiaries which pose no major risk to the environment per se provided simple mitigation measures are kept in mind and built into the implementation mechanism of the project. In view of this, this project has been categorized as category B project as per World Bank environmental norms.

Envisaged activities and their categorization Based on an extensive reconnaissance of earlier micro-credit projects in the state as also the mix of currently prevailing occupations in the state, the study has identified and listed out about 75 kinds of activities and occupations covering about ten livelihood sectors that are likely to be encountered during implementation of this project. Further, a list of prohibited projects which will not be supported under the ORLP under any circumstances has also been prepared.

All the envisaged activities have been classified according to the extent of strain they are likely to exert on the environment. Three categories have been defined for purposes of this classification as below:

Extent of strain on environment

Criteria Remarks / Examples

Low

• All products as well as by-products are bio-degradable

• The process does not involve extensive or unsustainable use of natural resources such as groundwater, forest, biomass, etc.

• Non-biodegradable substances could be produced, but they are readily re-usable and easily recyclable.

Tailoring, small tea stalls, etc.

Activities in which only woody biomass based fuels are used

Medium

• Non-biodegradable and non-hazardous substances are produced in small or insignificant quantities. Re-cycling of these is possible - at least a major part

• Bio-degradable substances with high organic loading are produced

• Natural resources, if used in significant quantities, are replenish-able

• Fossil fuels could be used albeit in small quantities

Plastic materials or Ground water containing fluoride, iron, etc. but these are treatable

BOD1 of the effluent not exceeding 100 mg/litres2

Tractors, diesel irrigation pumps used seasonally

High

• Non-biodegradable, hazardous and toxic substances that create severe and adverse environmental impacts are produced in significant quantities

• Sustainable re-cycling or disposal of these is not easily possible

• Natural resources are used in significant quantities which are not sustainable

• Fossil fuels are the routinely used energy source

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Large brick kilns

Furnaces & boilers using coal

1 BOD = Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand 2 As per CPCB standards for the effluents discharged on to land

Given below, is the list of livelihood activities classified as per the criteria listed above:

SL.# Sector/ Sub Projects Conditions / Remarks Assessment level

A. AGRICULTURE A.1 Betel Leaves Production Low A.2 Fodder Production Low A.3 Sugarcane Production Water required in substantial quantity Medium A.4 Sun Flower & Floriculture Low A.5 Paddy cultivation Water required in substantial quantity Medium A.6 Pulses cultivation Low A.7 Turmeric cultivation Low B. HORTICULTURE

B.1 Orchards (Manago/cashew/sapota/jackfruit/pinaple/Guava/Lemon/Orange/ber/pomegranate)

Low

B.2 Mushroom production Due to use of plastics and some by-products Medium

B.3 Vegetable Farming Low C. FOREST

C.1 Leaf Plate Stitching License required from competent authorities Low

C.2 Bamboo and Bamboo product License required from competent authorities Low

C.3 Cane and cane product License required from competent authorities Low

C.4 Jhuna-Collection of NTFP License required from competent authorities Low

C.5 Medicinal Plant License required from competent authorities Low

C.6 Collection of seeds and fire wood from multiple tree species

License required from competent authorities Low

D. FOOD, HOTEL & RESTAURANT D.1 Arisa & kakara Pitha Preparation Low D.2 Canning (juice, sauce, jelly, jam) Low

Raw cashews Low D.3 Cashew processing Roasted cashews (requires heat source) Medium

D.4 Dry fish preparation Low D.5 Dry Prawn Processing Low D.6 Chips from Potato/ banana/rice/sagu Low

D.7 Milk Products (Milk, Paneer, cheese and Butter) Most Orissa milk products are curd / cheese based Low

D.8 Pickle production Low D.9 Bakery/Biscuit Medium D.10 Road side eateries Medium D.11 Tamarind processing Low

E. LIVESTOCK E.1 Bee keeping Low

Stall fed animals, animals grazed on private pasture Low

E.2 Dairy Animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land Medium


E.3 Goat and sheep rearing Animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land Medium

E.4 Slaughtering/Meat processing Medium E.5 Poultry Below 500 birds Low


Above 500 birds Medium E.6 Piggery Low F. AQUACULTURE

F.1 Freshwater Fishery In privately owned ponds Low

F.2 Freshwater Fishery In River / Streams / lake or community water bodies Medium

F.3 Marine Fishery Subject to provisions of OMFRA Low F.4 Prawn culture sweet/salt water Subject to provisions of OMFRA Medium G. COTTAGE AND SMALL INDUSTRY G.1 Agarbatti Low G.2 Aluminum Utensil Making Low G.3 Bell Metal Handy craft Low G.4 Candle Making Chemicals are involved Medium G.5 Carpet weaving Low G.6 Chandua and Cloth Handicraft Preparation Low G.7 Cloth Appliqué Low G.8 Coal washer Medium G.9 Coal briquette Medium

G.10 Coir Rope and Mattresses Low G.11 Cycle/Vehicle (two wheeler) repair shop Low G.12 Cow Dung cake making and selling Low G.13 Rice/Flour Huller Medium G.14 Lime kiln Medium G.15 Phenyl preparation Low G.16 Pottery & Terracotta Low G.17 Stone and carving handicraft Low G.18 Wood carving Low G.19 Oil expelling Low G.20 Tire Retreating Medium G.21 Furniture making Medium G.22 DTP & Printing press Low G.23 Electronic and Electric Repair workshop Low

G.24 Chemical (Detergent and soaps, Cleaning Powder, Ink making, Paints, Slant Chemicals, Varnishes, Sprit making)

Low

G.25 Pesticide Storage and formulation Medium H. REFUSE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING H.1 Card Board production Medium H.2 Glass recycle Medium H.3 Paper Carry bag Low I. HEALTH

I.1 Activated Carbon Medium I.2 Distill Water Low I.3 Sprit Making Medium J. MISCELLANEOUS AND SERVICES J.1 Bore Well Medium J.2 Dug Well Medium J.3 Vermi Composting Low J.4 Vending of Vegetable Low J.5 Vending Trolley Low J.6 Stationery Shop Low J.7 Tailoring Low 7.8 Soft Toys Low

10 Sectors, Total Sub projects 76

As can be seen from the above list, about 14 from a list of 75 activities, which means a little below 20%, are classified as medium. None of the envisaged activities fall in the ‘High’ category.

Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) The study has prepared Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) specific to each of the activities or groups of activities listed above. The TEGs provide information on measures that will reduce the threat to the environment. They also suggest best practices that could be adopted in order to minimize the threat to the environment. The TEGs are expected to be used as a reference tool during sanctioning of sub-projects in making the intended project beneficiaries agree to implement the measures suggested. Besides, a generic TEG has been prepared which will help in identifying mitigation measures for activities which may not have been envisaged.

The Environment Management Framework (EMF) An extensive Environment Management Framework (EMF) consisting of a number of components has been prepared. The EMF consists of the following:

1. An Environmental Scrutiny and Approval Process along with an Institutional Plan that indicates duties and responsibilities as well as authorities of various project personnel as well as CBOs in granting the environmental approval. A tool-kit consisting of various kinds of forms and proformas to help document the scrutiny and approval stages has been prepared.

2. A component of the MIS which maintains data on environmental approvals and rejections. A set of formats and process for recording and maintaining MIS data has been prepared.

3. A plan for internal and external environmental audits. External agencies will be used to provide support to these functions

4. A capacity building plan for training and sensitizing beneficiary groups, CBOs and project personnel.

5. A budget for the implementation of the EMF has been also prepared.

Considering the institutional structure envisaged for this project, the environmental approvals are envisaged to be granted at the GP Federation level. Personnel from the block and district levels will have supporting and facilitative roles to play in the process. MIS will be maintained in cumulative form till the state level. It is expected that in due course, the entire function will be completely taken over by the project CBOs.

Chapter-I 1. Introduction

Orissa is a south-eastern state of India and has 47% of its population living under poverty. Since 85% of Orissa’s populations live in villages, poverty is pervasive in rural Orissa.

The Government of Orissa has initiated Orissa Rural Poverty Reduction mission with the support of World Bank to enable to the poorest of poor to articulate their needs, access and influence quality of the services and create their own opportunities to improve their livelihoods in a sustainable manner.

The state of Orissa is the second poorest among the states in India. The Government of Orissa has launched a number of programmes for alleviating poverty in rural areas. Although the state allocates a substantial portions of planned budget towards rural development programmes but the projects have not delivered expected results so far. The objectives of this Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure (TRIPTI) project under Orissa Poverty Reduction Mission programme to improve the livelihood of the rural poor in the State, particularly women, socially excluded and tribal groups. GoO is in dialogue with World Bank for funding of TRIPTI project.

As a part of the process of formulation, and as per World Bank requirements the Integrated Social and Environmental assessment study has been commissioned. This environmental assessment is a part of the study.

This project has been classified as category ‘B’ by the World Bank. The project is expected to have low environmental impact. The environmental-social impacts will mainly be associated with the investments in sub-project leading to the creation of rural productive infrastructure for commodity/value chain improvements. Most of the adverse environmental impacts associated with these sub-projects are expected to be reversible, small-scale and self-contained, and therefore can be adequately addressed through a simple Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF). Social risks to be assessed include potential exclusion of vulnerable groups from project benefits and lack of voice in decision-making.

Furthermore, it is important that in a natural resources-based economy like that of Orissa, opportunities be identified to move beyond addressing the adverse impacts, and to focus actively on promoting innovative sub-projects that sustain and nurture the environmental resources in the process of enhancing livelihoods. The ISEA (Environmental Assessment) study is to provide the basis for designing this positive livelihoods development approach.

1.1 Scope of the Study:

a) Environmental Overview (EO), for understanding the current state of the environment in Orissa in the context of the livelihoods of the poor, for identifying the environment-livelihood linkages and the environmental issues currently impacting or likely to impact the sector.

b) Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs), for addressing the environmental issues in the investments expected to be promoted under this project.

c) Social Assessment including strategies for participation and tribal development to ensure the inclusion, accountability and social cohesion needed to deliver results to vulnerable groups.

d) Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF), as a system of simple procedures for ensuring environmental and social risk management during planning and implementation of all activities supported by the project.

1.2 Methodology:

A large portion of this study is based on secondary published data from Government and other sources. The environmental overview attempts to highlight environmental issues of the state in general taking most of the important aspects of the environment of the State associated with livelihood options. The livelihood activities envisaged under this project and their environmental implications over the ten project districts (six coastal and four non costal) have been assessed on basis of criteria developed for this study, inherent characteristics of each activity, interactions with key stakeholders as well as from personal experience of project personnel and Varun Techno Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.

Another major source of information and analytical inputs for this study has been interaction and consultation meetings involving governmental officials, academicians, NGOs and SHG members. Experts of the World Bank were also consulted during the study process.

1.3 Preparing TEG and EMF:

Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) have been prepared in matrix format so as to facilitate the decision-making process and ensure that the sub projects being considered for financing have adequate built-in environmental safeguards. The level of assessment of various sub projects has been also indicated in the TEGs. The details pertaining to the basis for deciding the level of assessment is described in the TEG chapter (chapter-4).

The management framework ensures that adequate environment safeguards are built into the appraisal process developed for scrutinizing and approving sub-projects through the institutional structure envisaged for implementing and managing the project. It further ensures adequate capacity amongst the officials and community organizations involved in the implementation of the project. Thus, it is expected that environmental safeguards will get built into the mainstream project procedures themselves thereby mitigating any potential threat to the environment.

Chapter-II Overview of Project TRIPTI

2. Introduction “Targeted Rural Initiatives for Poverty Termination and Infrastructure” (TRIPTI) is an IDA (World Bank) assisted livelihood project to be implemented in the State of Orissa. This project has been planned to be taken up in 38 blocks of 10 coastal districts of Orissa i.e. Puri, Khurda, Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Bhadrak, Jajpur, Angul, Bhadrak and Balasore. The project recognizes the progress under the Mission Shakti movement in Orissa that has demonstrated considerable achievement in the field of social mobilization of the poor women into 3 lakh Self Help Groups with credit mobilization from Banks. But, the economic benefit that was envisaged has not been realized under the movement in the poverty pockets of the identified project area. It can be attributed to the fact that the credit linkage has not been tied up with livelihood promotion activities.

This project hence gives importance to providing credit linkage along with livelihood support for enhancing the income of poor families. TRIPTI emphasizes on strengthening and creation of organizations of the poor – SHGs and Federations at Panchayat, Block and District levels with distinct roles and responsibilities. Focus will be on Micro Finance through provision of financial services to poor and under-served communities with avenues for stimulating rural economic development through local enterprise.

2.1 Goal “The poor will form and participate in economic organizations based on market-driven livelihood activities through which they increase their ability to access markets, inputs, technology, leverage credit from public and private financial institutions, acquire productive assets and ultimately increase their incomes”.

2.2 Key Features of “TRIPTI” The World Bank has agreed to provide loan amount of $70 million over a period of 5

years.

Women empowerment through development of sustainable institutions of women.

SHGs and its federations at Panchayat and block level as strategic intervention.

Funds for Institutional building and capital investments.

TRIPTI will play a catalytic role and leverage funds from Banks and other financial institutions to provide multiple doses of credit to fulfill the individual rural household requirements both for productive as well as consumptive needs.

2.3 Project Coverage • 10 Districts

• 38 Blocks

• 1020 GPs

• 8,369 villages

• Total rural families : 12,54,607

• ST : 6.22% • SC : 20.19% • OBC : 52.90% • Others : 20.69%

2.4 Project Components The primary focus of the project is to provide equitable and enabling opportunities to the rural poor and vulnerable of Orissa for ensuring better livelihoods. The Programme will be demand driven focusing on identifying crucial elements in the livelihood approach applicable to the community. The demand driven approaches will aim to establish livelihood interventions and up scaling key sectors through better service delivery and better interface between producers and facilitating agencies.

Finally, the exercise of poverty alleviation requires to be integrated into the micro context of its existence. In its existing form, while one initiative attempts to address a specific requirement, there is always another variable that pulls the BPL person back into the poverty trap. Identification of the crucial element that would uplift a person from his circumstances would be direct and automatic if the programme itself is demand driven, rather than being allocation driven or policy maker driven. A demand driven approach covering wage labour, self-employment, placement employment or any viable means of livelihood will lead to the better deployment of resources A demand driven strategy, ultimately will also accord greater respect to social choice.

2.5 The activities and resources of the project are structured around the following four components

Components Sub Components I. Institution and Capacity

Building ♦ Capacity Building to Communities ♦ Capacity Building to Project Staff

II. Community Investment Fund

♦ MIP to GP & Block Federations ♦ Startup Capital to GP & Block Federations ♦ Social and Tribal Inclusion

III. Livelihood Fund ♦ Sub-Project: Value Chain ♦ Sub-Project: Innovations

IV. Project Management ♦ Project Management ♦ Monitoring and Evaluation

I. Institution and Capacity Building Institution building is a gradual empowerment process. The project will facilitate phase wise institutional growth in the following manner:

The first phase will involve building and strengthening vibrant and self managed primary institutions of the poor including SHGs based on internal thrift and credit.

During the second phase, the SHGs will be federated at the panchayat level into Panchayat level federations (PLFs), which will receive project investments for various activities through a participatory micro planning process.

The third phase would involve forming federation of PLFs as higher level apex Block level Federations (BLFs) for taking up livelihood enhancement and income generating activities and developing linkages with market institutions at a larger scale.

Sub-components This component will have sub-components:

Community level institution building which deals with capacitating members of SHGs, its Federations and other stakeholders for empowering the community organizations to manage their livelihood affairs by themselves; and

Developing project staff capacity with focus on capacity building of Federation Office bearers, Federation staff, Cluster Coordinators (CCs) and Community Resource Persons (CRPs). Project staff capacity will be developed at state, district, block and cluster level. This sub-component basically aims at identifying and developing local resource persons as para-professionals who will be able to provide a variety of support services to the village community on sustainable basis even after withdrawal of the project.

The purpose of the Institution Building process will be to:

Build up and strengthen client owned, managed and controlled sustainable community based institutions of poor for ensuring sustainable livelihoods and enhanced quality of life.

Promote social capital in terms of promoting and nurturing a large cadre of activists and leaders from the grassroots for providing support services to the institutions of the poor on a sustainable basis

Empower CBOs to participate actively in the development programs of relevant local institutions viz., PRIs and other line departments

Enhance the knowledge base, skills and influence the attitudes of all project stakeholders including staffs at different levels of project implementation, so as to enable them to work as effective teams.

II. Community Investment Fund The objective of Community Investment Fund (CIF) is to improve existing sources of livelihoods and diversify sources of livelihoods and quality of life of the poor. The CIF will act as a catalyst in capital formation at all levels including SHG, GP Federations and Block Federations and offer leverage for raising funds from Banks and other supporting agencies. The project would support access to funds through the Community Investment Fund (CF) for those

activities that cannot be funded through existing sources in the short run. The project would also facilitate links between groups/households and public sector banks, regional rural banks, and NGOs providing micro- finance services. The project recognizes that each individual has separate needs and distinct capabilities that have to be harnessed in proper manner in order to come out of poverty. It is known fact that the poor depend on multiple livelihood sources and may access credit from the SHG for various purposes. The SHG members may take loan for individual based livelihoods which may be further congregated at higher levels for collective benefits.

Components of CIF CIF will be available for the following components:

Micro Investment Plan support to GP Federation and Block Federation - Fund for SHG Micro plan that includes money required for consumption needs, Income Generation (IG) Activities, Marketing (Working capital), etc. This fund will be disbursed to the GP/Block Federation as a Revolving Loan Fund for on-lending to SHGs.

Inclusion of Non Federation Members for Social and Tribal Inclusion – In this project there will be special emphasis on drawing strategies and activities in order to include the most vulnerable and tribal in the development process

Skill building of Rural Youth - A strategy to raise huge numbers above the poverty line has to necessarily be a multi-component one. Apart from the ongoing wage and self-employment schemes, a well directed placement oriented training scheme for the unemployed BPL youth acquires significance. The pattern of economic growth throws up immense potential for absorption of lower to medium level skills. The objective of the programme would be to equip the rural youth with marketable skills that would ensure their guaranteed employment through a pre-designed placement avenue.

The purpose of the Community Investment Fund will be to:

Act as a catalytic fund for addressing livelihood issues of members of Self-Help Groups To demonstrate credit worthiness and investment worthiness of poor SHG members Capacity Building and initial support for SHG Federations Financial Product development suited to rural poor Broaden and deepen the range of financial services Test market-led innovative products and delivery systems to serve the poor Livelihood Fund

Strategic support is essential for productivity enhancement, scaling up of activities, to achieve better returns and to minimize the risk. TRIPTI project would address the existing livelihoods of the poor first with an aim to revive/improve the existing livelihoods and optimize resource use. The effort would be to make the least cost interventions first, especially upgrading skills. For this purpose common livelihood activities of the poor will be selected and supported. It seeks to address the entire value chain of these activities and identify interventions to address the most critical part of the chain.

The purpose of the Livelihood Fund will be to:

Develop Enterprises (farm, non-farm, fisheries) of existing livelihood interventions. Support innovative Livelihood Projects.

The Livelihood Fund (LF) aims to deliver a longer-term, strategic commitment for supporting community development through financing of potential value chain sectors. The Livelihood Fund is designed to transfer financial and technical resources to the community based organizations (SHGs and Federations) on a demand driven basis through a participatory micro planning process for use as a catalyst to improve their livelihoods and build their institutions. TRIPTI project will provide targeted investment for providing the necessary push for livelihood enhancement of the poor in the project area.

For cluster based activities where elaborate arrangements for strategic supports like training, infrastructure and market linkages are assured, a banking plan approach may be adopted for supporting household and community level investments in a comprehensive manner. Banks may examine the techno-economic feasibility of the project and extend concurrent financial assistance for undertaking specific individual/household based activities through their respective Self Help Groups based on updated/supplementary Micro Investment Plan. Wherever considered necessary financial assistance may also be extended to GPLF/BLFs for meeting working capital needs of community level initiative after due scrutiny of credit requirements.

Common livelihood activities of the poor are wage labor, cultivation, cattle rearing, forest produce, weaving, fishing, petty shop etc. These livelihood activities of the poor at the village and the block may be identified by sample surveys. Those livelihood activities that have larger impact on the poor will be selected and strengthened and efforts will be made for their expansion. Value chain of these activities will be analyzed to address the gaps.

The livelihood plan prepared by the members of SHGs and Federations will include the following components:

Components for productive infrastructure and plan for skill building Jobs and skill based intervention for the rural youth Social Development (SD) subprojects Income Generating activities for destitute / physically challenged Inclusion of poor into SHG fold

The Livelihood Fund (LF) aims to deliver a longer-term, strategic commitment for supporting community development through financing of potential value chain sectors. The Livelihood Fund is designed to transfer financial and technical resources to the community based organizations (SHGs and Federations) on a demand driven basis through a participatory micro planning process for use as a catalyst to improve their livelihoods and build their institutions. TRIPTI project will provide targeted investment for providing the necessary push for livelihood enhancement of the poor in the project area.

The livelihood plan prepared by the members of SHGs and Federations will include the following components:

Components for productive infrastructure and plan for skill building Jobs and skill based intervention for the rural youth

Social Development (SD) subprojects Income Generating activities for destitute / physically challenged Inclusion of poor into SHG fold

Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation: The Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (ME&L) system would consist of the following components, namely

(i) Progress monitoring of project inputs and outputs (ii) Performance monitoring of community institutions, (iii) Process monitoring, (iv) Thematic studies, (v) Social accountability and transparency, (vi) Internal Learning system, and (vi) Baseline and Impact assessment.

The following paragraphs describe each of these components and sub-components in detail.

Progress monitoring of project inputs and outputs:

This sub-component would cover inputs and outputs of the project to assess the resource accountability. The progress monitoring would track mainly quantitative indicators for each of the project components and sub-components. Quantitative information would be collected at regular intervals of monthly, quarterly and six monthly basis as appropriate.

A Computerized Management Information System (CMIS) will be the main instrument for tracking physical progress against the annual and cumulative targets/activities of the project. The CMIS would capture information related to activities (and its immediate results or outputs) that are conducted under each of the four project components. Efforts would be made to integrate the financial information with the physical progress to get a comprehensive view for easy analysis. The CMIS would process the data and make it available to all levels of project management in the analyzed form and also in aggregated and disaggregated form by operational units. The data would be collected on monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis depending upon the nature of inputs and its maturity.

Performance monitoring of community institutions:

Under this component the performances of the various project induced CBOs (SHGs, GPF, BLF, Producers’ organisation, etc.) shall be assessed against a set of Institutional Maturity Indicators. The institutional performance tracking would be undertaken annually for all types of CBOs, would be used as triggers for project assistance, and also be used for developing capacity building strategy.

Process monitoring:

The Process monitoring would be undertaken to help the project management and others involved in the project to understand factors responsible for deviation in the implementation process and actions necessary to increase management effectiveness. CM would, therefore, verify the quality of the project implementation on a continuous basis and give inputs for correction.

The monitor able processes on which project needs qualitative assessment can be broadly divided into two categories i.e.

(i) Field implementation related processes; and

(ii) Project management related processes.

The processes would be identified on the basis of their critical importance in the project.

Chapter – III

Environmental and Social Overview

3. General Environmental Scenario in Orissa 3.1 Climate The state experiences four seasons. These are: Winter (December to February), Pre-monsoon (March to May), Monsoon (June to September), Post-monsoon (October to November).

Winter Season:

Occasional rains with average 40mm rainfall is received during this period, the average minimum temperature goes to 5°C or below in interior districts and in coastal areas it remains around 12-15°C. Normally the winter brings a clear sky, light winds and abundant sunrays during the daytime.

Summer Season:

The average temperature in the coastal districts remains 30-35°C and in interior districts remained around 35-42°C. There are some hot pockets in the western belt, where the temperature goes as high as 45-50°C. During March to May often a high-pressure area created over the Bay of Bengal, forcing moisture-laden wind to the coastal districts of the State. This situation brings thunderstorm, hail storm, dust storm and light rains to the area. Often, Orissa is affected by severe weather phenomenon during this period also.

Monsoon Season:

The period mid June to end of September or early October is considered as monsoon season. Southwest monsoon sets in over the State by the mid June brining rain. About 80% of the total rainfall (average more than 1480mm) falls during this period.

Post-monsoon Season:

The monsoon usually continues up to the end of September and to the early part of October. Then the sky becomes clear and the day temperature starts decreasing and the night temperature drops sharply. During the post-monsoon period, the interior parts of the State receive about 75-150mm rainfall and the coastal districts receive about 200-220mm rainfall. Another feature of this period is occurrence of intense low-pressure system over the Bay of Bengal creating cyclonic storm, often striking Orissa coast.

3.2 Rainfall: About 80-83% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period. The average number of rainy days remains around 72. The rainfall is largely due to southwest monsoon. Rainfall is erratic & unreliable every alternate year. (see Table-1)

Seasonal Natural Rainfall in Orissa (in MM)

23 28

243

185

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Winter (DJF) Summer (MAM) Mansoon (JJAS) Post Monsoon (ON)

3.3 Temperature: The mean monthly maximum temperature occurs in May and it is about 37.1°C. The mean monthly minimum temperature occurs in December and it is 13.8°C. The mean monthly temperature of the State is 26.2°C. The summer temperature can be as high as 47-51°C in mining areas. In coastal districts, the maximum summer temperature goes about 42°C with high humidity conditions due to the effect of Bay of Bengal.

Fig. 2 Seasonal Monthly Mean Temperature ( in o C)

05

101520253035

Winter (DJF) Summer(MAM)

Mansoon(JJAS)

PostMonsoon

(ON)

Winter (DJF)

3.4 Humidity: The mean monthly morning RH in the State varies from 63% in April-May to 84% in August. The afternoon mean monthly RH varies from 54% in January to 81% in August. The RH reaches as high as 93% and often above 80% in monsoon period. (Table-2)

Fig. 3 Seasonal Relative Humidity (in MM)

84 76

6069

0

20

40

60

80

100

Winter (DJF) Summer (MAM) Mansoon (JJAS) Post Monsoon (ON)

3.5 Wind Pattern: The pre dominant wind pattern in the state from June to October is from South-West direction bringing monsoon rains. The rest of the period experiences a wind pattern, which is either from N and NE or S and SE direction. Many low-pressure depressions occur during the transition

3.6 Natural Calamities: Orissa faces flood, drought and occasionally cyclone almost every alternate year and these natural disasters break the economic backbone of the people.

Fig.4 : Occurence of Natural Disaster from 1999-2006 in Orissa

1

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5

Super Cyclone

Drought and severe summer hit

Flood and Severe Flood

Nat

ural

Dis

aste

r

No. of Years

3.7 Water Resources & Utilization: Orissa is in comfortable situation with regard to both surface and ground water resources in comparison to other States of the country. The State receives 231 Billon Cubic Meter (BCM) of rainfall of which, 70 BCM of surface water and 21 BCM of ground water are available for use in projects. Balance 140 BCM (61%) flows down to sea as unutilized runoff. This can be put to use through in-situ conservation technique.

231

91

140

0

50

100

150

200

250

Received Utilisable inproject

Run off

Fig.5 : Surface & Ground Water of Orissa (in Billion Cubic Meter)

3.8 Industrial scene Orissa is rich in mineral resources. In view of this, the industrial development during the last 60 years has centered on mining activities and industries dealing with mineral processing and manufacturing goods based on minerals are being set up. The major industries that have come up in Orissa are the iron and steel, sponge iron plants, aluminum industries, thermal power and other related industries. They have created the problem of air pollution by fly ash and red mud and water pollution by release of effluent into the rivers.

Fig. 6: Break up of Industries in Orissa

111395

1895

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Large Medium Small

in N

umbe

rs

Fig. 7 Break up of Large Scale Industries

60

10

41

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

M e t a lM a nuf a c ur i ng&

mi ne r a lpr oc e ssi ngI ndust r i e s

Coa l ba se dt he r ma l powe r

ge ne r a t i on uni t s

Ot he r s

3.9 Forest Cover The total forest cover accounts for 48,838 Sq. km, which is about 31% of the total geographic area of the state. Forest with canopy density more than 40% comprises 18% and the open forests with canopy density less than 40% accounts for about 13% of the total forest area. (Table -14).

Fig.8: Forest Area in Orissa (%)

47%

27%

6%

20%

RF

DPF

UDPF

Others (underRevenue Deptt.)

3.10 Environmental Issues 3.10.1 Air Pollution There is a serious problem of Fly Ash, Red Mud and Hazardous Waste disposal in Orissa Some 13 million tonnes of fly ash and 1-3 million tonnes of red mud are generated per year. Besides, some 81,000 tonnes of Hazardous Wastes are also generated. (Table-35).

3.10.2 Water Pollution The two major rivers of the State namely Brahmani and Mahanadi are polluted due to industrial and municipal effluents. Just before the mouth, measured at Paradeep, the Mahanadi river system receives 5,280 KLD of effluent per day with BOD load of 15 Kg/day, COD load of 35 Kg/day and Oil and Grease of 75 Kg/day.

Orissa has 103 Urban Local Bodies. None of these urban and small town centers have municipal solid waste treatment and management facilities. (Source: State of Environment Orissa, 2006).

3.10.3 Salinity Hazard A considerable area of about 5 Lakh hectares of the coastal alluvial tract is beset with salinity hazard. (Table 36).

3.11 General Socio Economic Scenario in Orissa 3.11.1 Demographic Profile The population of the State as per 2001 census is about 37 million, which is about 4% of population of the country. It is significant to note that the decennial growth rate has shown a decreasing trend. Orissa’s population was about 32 million as per 1991 census. Thus, the decennial growth rate during 1991- 2001 was about 16% as against about 20% from 1981-1991.

The population density has increased from 203 persons per Sq. km. in 1991 to 236 persons per Sq. km. in 2001.

The schedule caste and schedule tribe population comprises respectively about 16% and 22% of the total population of the State. (Source: Census report 1991 & 2001)

3.11.2 Human Resource & Employment In Orissa, about 65% of the total working population comprise of agricultural workers and cultivators. About 30% are engaged in miscellaneous services (other workers) and the Household industry employs about 4% of the workers.

In another classification, marginal workers and main workers in the State constitute about 67% and about 33% respectively (see fig 9). As per definition, persons obtaining employment for more than 180 days in a year are classified as main workers whereas those obtaining employment for lesser duration are classified as marginal workers. As can be seen from the figures, while majority of the main workers are engaged either in agriculture or miscellaneous occupations, bulk of the marginal workers are engaged in agricultural labour.

3.11.3 Poverty Poverty is very much prevalent in the State. Presence of about 38% SCs & STs with poor income background and high percentage of economically weaker sections in higher castes with about 67% marginal workers exhibit average low per capita income for the State (Table 5).

Fig.10 : Distribution of marginal workers, Census 2001 (67.07% of total workers)

17%

63%

6%14%

CultivatorAgril. LabourerHousehold industries (workers)Other workers

Fig.9 : Distribution of main workers (Census 2001)(32.93% of total workers)

36%

22% 4%

38%

Cultivator Agril. Labourer Household industries (workers)Other workers

As per human development indices (in the scale of 0 to 1) mentioned in National Human Development report for major states of India Orissa’s position was 11th in 1981 is maintained as such 20 years later (Table-7)

3.11.4 Area under Agriculture Out of the total geographical area of 1,55,707 Sq. km., the non-forest area account for about 97,571 Sq. km., about 63 percent of the total area. It includes agricultural land, both irrigated and non-irrigated, fallows, unutilized land etc (Table-41)

More than 76 percent of the cultivated area is covered under paddy crops. More than 90% of the gross cropped areas are involved in food grain production. There is no significant change in bringing more gross cropped area to cash crop. Productivity wise, however, Orissa features at the bottom of the list reported by Government of India (Table-17)

3.11.5 Environmental Issues and Socioeconomic Scenario in Project Districts

The project area includes 38 blocks of 10 districts i.e. 6 coastal districts like- Puri, Khurda, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Bhadrak, Balasore and the 4 non-coastal districts: Nayagarh, Angul, Cuttack and Jajpur. Figure 11 gives the location of these districts in Orissa. The subsequent sub-section lists out various issues pertaining to these districts.

Fig. 11 : Location map of blocks under project districts

3.11.1 Summary of Important Environmental Issues Pertaining to Livelihoods Project Districts Important Livelihoods Important environmental issues

pertaining to livelihoods Other major

environmental issues Coastal : 1. Puri 1. Fish and Fisheries

2. Tourism 3. Cottage Industry (Pipli Chandua, Artisan

Wood, Stone Carving & Patta Painting) 4. Agriculture 5. Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew nut, Betel

leaf, Mango & Banana)

1. Fishing in Chilika area and coast 2. Prawn gheries 3. Fish & prawn processing 4. Effluents and sewage waste

discharged to sea 5. Salinity in groundwater 6. Presence of cultural heritage sites

-

2. Khurda 6. Forest based cottage industry (Wood and Bamboo)

7. Fish and fisheries 8. Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew, Mango

& Banana) 9. Agriculture

1. Fishing in Chilika area and coast 2. Prawn gheries 3. Fish & prawn processing 4. Salinity in groundwater 5. Quarry mining 6. Presence of cultural heritage sites

-

3. Jagatsinghpur 10. Fish and fisheries 11. Agriculture 12. Horticulture (Betel leaf, Bamboo,

Mango, Cashew & Banana) 13. Industry

1. Fishing on coast 2. Prawn gheries 3. Fish & prawn processing 4. Salinity in groundwater

Industrial pollution at Paradeep

4. Kendrapara 14. Fish and fisheries 15. Agriculture 16. Mangrove based livelihood 17. Horticulture (Betel leaf, Banana)

1. Fishing on coast and Bhitarkanika coast

2. Extraction of forest produce from Bhitarkanika

3. Prawn gheries 4. Salinity in groundwater

-

5. Bhadrak 18. Fish and fisheries 19. Industrial Mining 20. Mangrove based livelihood 21. Betel leaf, banana, mango 22. Agriculture

1. Fishing in Chilika area and coast 2. Prawn gheries 3. Fish & prawn processing 4. Intrusion in habitat of salt water

crocodiles 5. Salinity in groundwater 6. Chromite mining

-

6. Balasore

23. Fish and fisheries 24. Tourism 25. Industrial 26. Horticulture (betel leaf, cashew,

mangrove, coconut) 27. Agriculture

1. Fishing in Chilika area and coast 2. Prawn gheries 3. Fish & prawn processing 4. Salinity in groundwater

Industrial pollution source at Balasore Town.

Non Costal 1. Cuttack 28. Cottage industries (Silver filigree,

Textile) 29. Fish and fisheries, Aquaculture 30. Agriculture, livestock

1. Fishing in rivers, Ansupa lake 2. Pressure on forest bamboo 3. municipal effluents discharged to

rivers

-

2. Jajpur 31. Industrial 32. Fish and fisheries 33. Agricultural, livestock

1. Presence of cultural heritage sites 2. Industrial effluents and emissions 3. Chromite mining

Chromite mining pollution and industrial discharges.

3. Angul 34. Forest based cottage industries. 35. Horticulture (litchi, mango, orange) 36. Agriculture 37. Coal based industries

1. Industrial effluents and emissions 2. Coal mining 3. Fly ash 4. Fishing in Satkosia gorge

protected natural habitat 5. Reserve forests – extraction of

forest produce

Fluoride pollution in ground water

4. Nayagarh 38. Forest based cottage industry 39. Horticulture (mango, coconut, cashew) 40. Agriculture 41. Livestock

1. Fishing in Satkosia gorge protected natural habitat

2. Reserve forests – extraction of forest produce

3. Presence of cultural heritage sites

In some block fluoride pollution due to soil and industry

Source: Compiled from Economic survey, 2006-07, GoO and State of Environment, Orissa, 2006

3.12 A Profile of the Project Districts in context of this study 3.12.1 Coastal District: Puri Puri district has a 3,051 Sq. km. of Geographical Area (about 2% of state’s total area) and with a total population of 15,02,682 and with a density of 432 persons per Sq. km. of the total population about 86% live in 1,715 villages of the district. The total population of the district forms about 4% of the states population with about 19% of SC & ST population. The literacy rate is about 78%.

The district includes Puri town with famous Shri Jagannath Temple and Sandy Beaches, the Sun Temple Konark and the village areas of Raghurajpur, Sakhigopal, Pipili, which are famous for Cottage Industries like, Patta Paintings, Wood and Soft Stone Carving, Pipili Chandua, etc. The land use data indicate 47% of land is under paddy cultivation. Next to that 15% land under miscellaneous tree and mangroves.

3.12.1.1 Livelihood Resource Base The land use pattern of Puri district is given in Fig. 12 (Table–41). The district includes 137 Sq. km. of forest and forest based livelihood is not significant for the rural people of Puri.

Common occupations are largely agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), coast-based livelihood like, tourism and selling wood and stone handicrafts and religious functions. (Economic Review, 2006-07)

The agricultural activities largely involve growing of paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is partly irrigated by the river delta system.

Supply of water through canals tapers towards the tail, thereby creating two distinct zones i.e. head end with relatively abundant water availability and the tail end, with substantial water stress. The latter is a deprived zone reducing agriculture to subsistence level. A very viable livelihood options is to lift water from surface drains and shallow sub-soil layers (limited to 10 m.) so as to augment tail end scarcity.

Rain Water Management techniques can be a good option to mitigate drought conditions and thereby protect agricultural production in rain fed areas. The same can also provide for Rabi irrigation in up to 30% of the Kharif area

The horticulture practices are largely coconut, mango, cashew nut, banana and betel leaves. Besides, people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea

Fig. 12 : Land use classification of Puri District

5%8%

4%

7%

15%

2%2%10%

47%

Forest Area

Misc. trees &grooves

Permanentpasture

Cultural waste

Land put to nonagl. land

Barren & un-cultivable land

Current fallow

Other fallow

Net area sown

Key Livelihood Activities: Fish and Fisheries Tourism Cottage Industry (Pipli Chandua, Artisan

Wood, Stone Carving & Patta Painting) Agriculture Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew nut, Betel leaf,

Mango & Banana)

Key Environmental Issues: Fishing in Chilika area and coast Prawn gheries Fish & prawn processing Effluents and sewage waste discharged to sea Salinity in groundwater Presence of cultural heritage sites

fish and brackish water fish from Chillika Lake. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

The tourism Industry and cottage industry are very important for Puri and attracts large number of home tourist as well as foreign tourists. In 2005-06 about 47 lakh tourists (about 1% foreign) visited Orissa. In view of this the hotels, lodges and restaurants have grown up in large numbers in Puri town, Konark area and some other areas. Two hundred small-scale industries operated in the district in 2005-06.

Livelihood activities under ORLP are planned based on the potential mentioned above.

3.12.1.2 Environmental Issues The environmental issue is largely based on water pollution from organic source in village ponds, fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutant in Puri town area. Besides the coconut coir industry in Sakhigopal village area generate some solid wastes. About 19 thousand metric tonnes of fertilizer were used in the district in 2005-06. Since the fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low, the pollution threat to ground water and surface water from NO3 and PO4 in the district is minimal.

Rain water management techniques are also an affective means to dilute sub surface water to keep pollution within safe levels.

3.12.2 Coastal District : Jagatsinghpur Jagatsinghpur has a total 1,973 Sq. km. (about 1% of State’s geographical area) geographical area including 132.92 Sq. km. of forest area. The land use pattern (Table 41) is given in Fig.13.

The district has a total population of 10,57,629 (about 3% of State’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 634. The important areas are the Paradeep Port area, Jagatsinghpur and adjacent areas. The Statistical data on the area, population, land use pattern, cropping pattern are given in table

Fig.13: Land use classification of Jagatsinghpur District

7%2%

4%

9%

18%

2%5%3%

50%

Forest Area

Misc. trees &groovesPermanentpastureCultural waste

Land put to nonagl. landBarren & un-cultivable landCurrent fallow

Other fallow

Net area sown

Key Livelihood Activities: Fish and fisheries Agriculture Horticulture (Betel leaf, Bamboo,

Mango, Cashew & Banana) Industry

Key Environmental Issues: Fishing on coast Prawn gheries Fish & prawn processing Salinity in groundwater

40(A)-45(C). . The literacy rate is about 79% and about 89% people live in villages. In Jagatsinghpur 50% land are under paddy and other croup cultivation, next to that 18% land are under miscellaneous tree and mangroves.

3.12.2.1 Livelihood Resource Base The common occupations are largely agriculture, coast based aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), coast based livelihood like betel leaf, coconut, cashew plantations, religious functions. Forest based livelihood is not significant for the rural people of Jagatsinghpur district.

Agriculture based livelihood activities are centered on growing paddy, other cereals, pulses and sugarcane. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system. Irrigation conditions are similar to to those in Puri district.

The horticulture practices are largely coconut, cashew nut and betel leaves. Besides people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea fish and brackish water fish from Mahanadi break water. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district, industrial activity at Paradeep is intense due to Paradeep Port, Petrol & Diesel and Kerosene, large-scale storage facilities, two large chemical industries (fertilizer production), one brewery, Paradeep Carbon, Fish and Prawn processing plants etc. Due to industrial Activities Hotels, Lodges, and Restaurants on the side of the highways and at Paradeep have come up.

3.12.2.2 Environmental issues The environmental issue is largely connected to water pollution from organic sources in village ponds, Taladanda Canal and Rivers, which form the main water source for the people. Fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutant in Jagatsinghpur district are also significant. There is a problem of seawater ingression in part of the costal areas of Jagatsinghpur district. A small patch of Mangroves forest provides some livelihood support to the village people of the adjacent areas. The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The pollution threat from these sources has not arisen.

Key Livelihood Issues: Forest based cottage industry

(Wood and Bamboo) Fish and fisheries Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew,

Mango & Banana) Agriculture

3.12.3 Coastal District: Khurda Khurda has a total 2,889 Sq. km. (about 2% of State’s geographical area) geographical area including about 619 Sq. km. of forest area. The land use pattern (Table-41) is given in Fig.14.

The total population of 18,77,395 (about 5% of State’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 667. The literacy rate is about 80% and about 60% people live in villages. Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa is located in this district. In Khurdha 45% are under various cultivation and around 21% are forest area.

3.12.3.1 Livelihood Resource Base Common economic activities are largely agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery in adjacent areas of Chillika lake) and religious functions. Forest based livelihood is not significant for the rural people of Khurda.

The Agriculture based livelihood activities consist mostly of growing paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system.

The horticulture practices are largely coconut, cashew nut, mango and betel leaves. Besides, people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea fish and brackish water fish from Chillika. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district, 356 small-scale industries operate dealing with stone, woodcarving, furniture, bell metal, rice and oil mills etc. there is also forest based livelihood activities. Restaurants, Dhabas, Tea stalls on the side of the highways have been developed.

3.12.3.2 Environmental Issues The environmental issue is largely with respect to water pollution from organic source in village ponds. There is a problem of conversion of agricultural land to salt pans and brackish water prawn gheries and culture ponds. The fertilizer

Key environmental issues: Fishing in Chilika area and coast Prawn gheries Fish & prawn processing Salinity in groundwater Quarry mining

Presence of cultural heritage sites

Fig.14: Land use classification of Khurda District

21%

5%

2%4%

12%5%4%2%

45%

Forest Area


Permanentpasture

Cultural waste



Current fallow

Other fallow

Net area sown

Key livelihood activities: Fish and fisheries Agriculture Mangrove based livelihood Horticulture (Betle leaf,

Banana)

and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The water pollution threat from agriculture is insignificant.

3.12.4 Coastal District: Kendrapara Jagatsinghpur has a total 2,548 Sq. km. (about 2% of States geographical area) geographical area including 248 Sq. km. of forest area (mainly mangroves forest). .The land use pattern is given in Fig.15.

The district has the total population of 11,49,501 (about 4% of State’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 492. The important areas are the Kendrapara town, mangroves. The literacy rate is about 77% and about 95% people live in villages in the district. In Kendhrapada district around 56% land are under various croup cultivation. Next to that 16% are under miscellaneous tree and mangroves.

3.12.4.1 Livelihood Resource Base Agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), mangrove forest base livelihood, and religious functions constitute the most prevalent occupations. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system.

The forest area is 248 Sq. km. and largely mangroves.

Agricultural are largely centered on growing paddy, other cereals, pulses and sugarcane. The horticulture practices are largely coconut, cashew nut and betel leaves. Besides people largely depend upon rivers, village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea fish and brackish water fish from Mahanadi back water. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

There is not much industrial activity in the district. However 102 small-scale industries operate there.

3.12.4.2 Environmental Issues The environmental issue largely comprises of water pollution from organic source in village ponds and river systems, which form the main water source for the people. Fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutant in Kendrapara district are also significant. There is a problem of seawater ingression in part of the costal areas of Kendrapara district. A patch of Mangroves

Fig.15: Land use classification of Kendrapara District

10%2%

3%3%

16%

0%5%

5%

56%

Forest Area



Other fallow

Net area sown

Key environmental issues: Fishing on coast and Bhitarkanika

coast Extraction of forest produce from

Bhitarkanika Prawn gheries Salinity in groundwater

forest provides some livelihood support to the village people of the adjacent areas. Prawn gheries have come up in coastal areas. The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low.

3.12.5 Coastal District: Bhadrak Bhadrak has a total 2,677 Sq. km. (about 2% of States geographical area) geographical area including 97 Sq. km. of forest area (largely mangroves). The land use pattern is given in Fig.16 and the district has a total population of 13,33,749 (about 4% of State’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 532. The literacy rate is about 74% and about 90% of people live in village in this district. The district has 62% of land under cultivation of various crops.

3.12.5.1 Livelihood Resource Base Common occupations are agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), mangrove based livelihood support and religious functions. Mangrove forest based livelihood is important for the rural people of Bhadrak.

The Agriculture base livelihood is centered on growing paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system.

The horticulture practices are largely coconut, cashew nut and betel leaves. Besides people largely depend upon rivers, village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea fish and prawn gheries and brackish water fish from Brahmani River break water. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district, industrial activity is fish & prawn

Key livelihood activities: Fish and fisheries Industrial Mining Mangrove based livelihood Betel leaf, banana, mango

Agriculture

Fig.16: Land use classification of Bhadrak District

4% 6%5%

4%

8%

1%

5%

5%

62%

Forest Area


Permanent pasture

Cultural waste

Land put to non agl.land


Current fallow

Other fallow

Key environmental issues: Fishing in coast Prawn gheries Fish & prawn processing Intrusion in habitat of salt water

crocodiles Salinity in groundwater Chromite mining

processing units and 190 small-scale industries operate in the district. Chromite mining and chrome are processing units also operate in the district. Due to industrial activities hotels, lodges, and restaurants on the side of the highways and at Bhadrak town have come up.

3.12.5.2 Environmental Issues The environmental issue is largely associated with water pollution from organic sources in village ponds and mining discharge to river Brahmani. Fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutant in Bhadrak district are also significant. There is a problem of seawater ingression in part of the costal areas of Bhadrak district. The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is high compared to other districts in the state.

3.12.6 Coastal District : Balasore Balasore has a total 3,634 Sq. km. (about 2% of the State’s Geog. area) geographical area including about 332 Sq. km. of forest area. The land use pattern is given in fig.17. The district has a total population of 20,24,508 (about 5% of State’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 532. The important areas are Balasore, Chandipur, Jaleswar areas. The literacy is about 71%. The district Balasore has 64% of land under cultivation of various croups including paddy, next to that 12% land under miscellaneous tree and grooves coverage.

3.12.6.1 Livelihood Resource Base The prominent occupations are agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), coast based livelihood support like tourism, weaving and religious functions. Forest based livelihood is not significant for the village people of Balasore district.

Fig.17: Land use classification of Balasore District

9%2%

3%2%

12%

1%4%

3%

64%

Forest Area



Other fallow

Net area sown

Key environmental issues: Fishing in coast Prawn gheries Fish & prawn processing Salinity in groundwater

Major agricultural crops grown are paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system.

The horticulture practices largely involve betel leaves and cashew nut. Besides people largely depend upon river and village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, sea fish and prawn gheries and brackish water fish from Chandipur break water. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district, industrial activity is intense due to presence of eminent names such as Emami paper mill, Iron & Steel factory and other industries. Besides 303 small scale industries operate in the district. Fish and Prawn processing plants also exist in the district. Hotels, Lodges, and Restaurants on the side of the highways and at Balasore and Chandipur have come up due to Industrial development, defense and space R&D activities.

3.12.6.2 Environmental Issues The environmental issue largely comprises of water pollution from organic sources in village ponds and industrial pollutant in Budhabalanga River, which form the main water source for the people. Fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutant in Balasore district are also significant. There is a problem of seawater ingression in part of the costal areas of Balasore district.

The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is high compared to other district of the state. However, the pollution load to ground and surface water is within limits. The statistical data on Land use pattern, the administrative structure, population, and agricultural productivity etc. are given in the tables.

3.12.7 Non-Coastal District : Cuttack Cuttack district has a total geographical area of about 3,733 Sq. km. (about 2% of state’s total area) including about 788 Sq. km. of forest area. The land use pattern is given in Fig. 18. The district has a total population of 2,34,194 (about 3% of state’s population). The population density per Sq. km. is 595. The important areas are the Cuttack, Choudwar, Athgarh & Banki. The literacy percentage is about 77% and about 74% people live in villages.

Key livelihood activities Fish and fisheries Tourism Industrial Horticulture (betel leaf, cashew,

mangrove, coconut) Agriculture

Fig.18: Land use classification of Cuttack District

21%

1%

3%

3%

16%

2%1%6%

47%

Forest Area

Misc. trees & grooves

Permanent pasture

Cultural waste



Current fallow

Key livelihood activities: Cottage industries (Silver filigree,

Textile) Fish and fisheries, Aquaculture

Agriculture, livestock

Key environmental issues: Fishing in rivers, Ansupa lake Pressure on forest bamboo Municipal effluents discharged to

rivers

3.12.7.1 Livelihood Resource Base Common livelihood activities in Cuttack district are agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), and silver filigree work, and textile, and religious functions. Forest based livelihood is not very significant for the rural people of Cuttack. Rural inhabitants in Athagarh area are known for weaving. Fishery is an important activity due to the presence of the Mahanadi River system in the district.

Agricultural activities are centered on growing of paddy, other cereals, pulses and sugar cane. The district is partly irrigated by the delta system.

The horticulture practices are largely coconut, and betel leaves. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district, industrial activity centers on filigree work, textile paper mill and 317 nos. small-scale industries. Hotels, Lodges, and Restaurants on the side of the highways and at Cuttack have come up as Cuttack is the commercial center of Orissa.

3.12.7.2 Environmental Issues Prominent environmental issues are water pollution from organic sources in village ponds, Taladanda Canal and Mahanadi River, which form the main water source for the people. Fish processing pollutants and sewerage pollutants in Cuttack district are also significant.

The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The statistical data on Land use pattern, the administrative structure, population, and agricultural productivity etc. are given in tables.

3.12.8 Non-Coastal District : Jajpur Jajpur has a total 2,888 Sq. km. (about 2% of state’s geographical area) geographical area including about 726 Sq. km. of forest area The land use patter is given in Fig. 19 the district has a total population of 16,24,341 (about 4% of state’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 560. The important areas are the Jajpur, Duburi (Industrial region) etc. The literacy is about 71%. About 95% people live in village. In Jajpur district 52% of land are under agriculture use and 24% are under forest coverage.

Key livelihood activities: Industrial Fish and fisheries

Agricultural, livestock

Key environmental issues: Presence of cultural heritage sites Industrial effluents and emissions Chromite mining

3.12.8.1 Livelihood Resource Base Typical livelihood activities in this district are agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), and mining (Chromite, Iron ore) and religious functions.

Common agricultural crops grown here are paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is largely non-irrigated. Agriculture is rain fed. Monsoon rain being uncertain drought is a frequent feature. The horticulture practices are largely coconut and betel leaves. Besides, people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support. Mining activity provides livelihood support of rural people.

In the district, industrial activity at Duburi is intense due to Integrated Iron Steel Plants, Ferrochrome Plants, large-scale storage facilities for Petrol / Diesel, etc. Due to industrial activities Hotels, Lodges and Restaurants on the side of the highways and at Jajpur and Duburi have come up.

3.12.8.2 Environmental Issues Key environmental issues are water pollution from organic source in village ponds and from industrial activity of Duburi. The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The statistical data on Land use pattern, the administrative structure, population, and agricultural productivity etc. are given in the tables 39-48.

Fig.19: Land use classification of Jajpur District

25%

1%1%1%

7%

2%6%

5%

52%

Forest Area


Permanentpasture

Cultural waste



Current fallow

Other fallow

Key livelihood activities: Forest based cottage industries. Horticulture (litchi, mango, orange) Agriculture Coal based industries

Key environmental issues: Industrial effluents and emissions Coal mining Fly ash Fishing in Satkosia gorge protected

natural habitat

Fig.20: Land use classification of Angul District

44%

4%2%2%6%5%

6%

2%

29%

Forest Area


Permanent pasture

Cultural w aste



Current fallow

3.12.9 Non-Coastal District : Angul Angul has a total 6,232 Sq. km (4% of state’s geographical area) geographical area including about 2717 Sq. km. of forest area the land use pattern is given in Fig.20. The district has a total population of 11,40,003 (3.10% of state’s population). The population density per Sq. km. is 179. The literacy is about 69% and about 85% people live in village. In Angul 44% land covered by forest whereas only 29% are under agriculture.

3.12.9.1 Livelihood Resource Base If we take a look at the economic activity profile, we will find that the livelihood activities largely comprise of agriculture, aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), forests and coal mining and religious functions. Forest based livelihood is significant for the rural people of Angul.

Major agricultural activities consist of growing paddy, other cereals and pulses. The district is largely non-irrigated. The district is largely non-irrigated. Agriculture is rain fed. Monsoon rain being uncertain drought is a frequent feature.

The horticulture crops prevalent in the region are orange, litchi, mango and cashew nut. Besides people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds for growing fish and prawns, and river Brahmini and her tributaries. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support. Forest based woodwork, Bamboo work, Ayurvedic medicine etc. are also important.

In the district, industrial activity at Angul, Talcher and Kanika is intense due to Coal mining and Thermal power generation. Due to industrial Activities Hotels, Lodges, and Restaurants on the side of the highways and at Angul and Talcher have come up and provide livelihood support to both rural and urban people.

3.12.9.2 Environmental Issues As in other districts, the environmental issues comprise of water and air pollution from industrial source fluoride population from soil and industry. The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The statistical data on Land use pattern, the administrative structure, population, and agricultural productivity etc. are given in the table 39-48.

Key livelihood activities: Forest based cottage industry Horticulture (mango, coconut,

cashew) Agriculture Livestock

Key environmental issues: Fishing in Satkosia gorge protected

natural habitat Reserve forests – extraction of forest

produce Presence of cultural heritage sites

3.12.10 Non-Coastal District: Nayagarh Nayagarh has a total 4,242 Sq. km (about 3% of total area) geographical area including about 133 Sq. km. of forest area. The land use pattern is given in fig.21. The district has a total population of 8,64,516 (about 2% of state’s population). The density per Sq. km. is 222. The literacy is about 71% and about 95% of the people of the district live in village. In Nayagarh 49% area are under forest coverage

3.12.10.1 Livelihood Resource Base Common economic activities comprise of agriculture, forest and aquaculture (capture and culture fishery), and religious functions. Forest based livelihood is significant for the rural people of Nayagarh. Agriculture is centered mostly on growing paddy other cereals and pulses. The district is largely non-irrigated. The district is largely non-irrigated. Agriculture is rain fed. Monsoon rain being uncertain drought is a frequent feature.

The horticulture crops are largely coconut and mango. Besides, people largely depend upon village fresh water ponds and Mahanadi river systems for growing fish and prawns. They also depend upon cattle, goatery and poultry as additional livelihood support.

In the district has 97 SSI units and sugar mill. Restaurants on the roadsides have come up.

3.12.10.2 Environmental Issues Prominent environmental issues in Nayagarh are water pollution from organic source in village ponds, and rivers systems, which form the main water source for the people.

The fertilizer and pesticide used for enhancing agricultural productivity is low. The statistical data on Land use pattern, the administrative structure, population, and agricultural productivity etc. are given in the table 39-48.

Fig.21: Land use classification of Nayagarh District

49%

5%3%3%6%

3%0%0%

31%

Forest Area


Permanent pasture

Cultural waste



Current fallow

Other fallow

Net area sown

3.13 Regulatory agencies & Legal framework:

3.13.1 Environmental Governance: (State of environment, Orissa, 2006) Environment Department of Government acts as the nodal agency for environmental management in the State. The mandate of the Department includes protection of ecologically fragile sites, naturally living resources and endangered species and fragile ecosystems including land, wasteland, green land and mangroves and promotion of environmental awareness and environmental education. For promoting awareness on environmental protection and conservation, 30 District Environmental Societies have been constituted under Chairmanship of District Collectors. The government have instituted ‘Prakruti Mitra’ and ‘Prakruti Bandhu’ awards to encourage voluntary organizations/ villages/ institutions/ individuals to work on protection of environment.

• State Pollution Control Board The State Pollution Control Board was constituted in 1983 under the provision of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Subsequently the scope of the Board was extended to include enforcement of certain provisions of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. The Board has its headquarter at Bhubaneswar and eight Regional Offices at Cuttack, Sambalpur, Berhampur, Rourkela, Angul, Balasore, Rayagada and Keonjhar.

• Orissa State Coastal Management Authority In exercise of powers conferred under section-3 of Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, (CRZ Regulations,1991) Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, have constituted the Orissa State Coastal Zone Management Authority to deal with environmental issues relating to the Coastal Zone Management of the State.

• Chilika Development Authority The Chillika Development Authority was constituted as an autonomous body in 1992, with the objective of conservation and management of Chillika Lake, which is a Ramsar site. State of Environment Report Orissa

• Regional Plant Resources Centre The Regional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC) was established in 1985 at Bhubaneswar as an autonomous organization with the objective to preserve and develop plant genetic resources of the state. It has been working in the field of introduction, conservation, propagation and genetic upgradation of plants of non-agricultural important in the state and in the country.

• Centre for Environmental Studies The Centre for Environmental Studies was formed in 2000 as an autonomous registered society, primarily to carryout environmental awareness programmes, disseminates environmental information and undertakes other consultancy services.

• Environment Appellate Authority The State Government have constituted three Appellate Authorities under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and

Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 to hear appeals preferred against orders made by State Pollution Control Board, Orissa, under Section 28 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Section 31 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 ad Rule 13 of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. The said Appellate Authorities have been functioning in the premises of the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa at Bhubaneswar, November 2005.

3.13.2 Environmental Laws, Regulations and Notifications in India and State Conventions:

Environmental department of government act as nodal agency for environmental management in the state including rural areas. The mandate of the government department includes protection of ecologically fragile eco systems, natural living resources and endangered species, and promotion of environmental awareness and environmental education. The state pollution control board is the regulatory agency per implementing the water act, 1974, The Air Act 1981 and the EPA Act 1986 for control of industrial pollution and some other environmental protection aspects. The state costal management authority, the Chillika development authority, the regional plant resource centre and the centre of environmental studies of govt. of Orissa have been established to look after specific issues of the environment. However no major or medium level industries have been established in village areas. In view of this the roll of state pollution control board is limited with respect to emissions and effluent generations from small scale industries. Since many stone crushers and brick kilns are located adjacent to rural areas, the rules framed by the governments for these industries are implemented at district level officials with advice of state pollution control board.

3.13.3 Summary of legislations The summary of legislations and regulations is given in the following matrix:

Name of regulations/ Legislation

Aim of the regulation

Main provisions Penalties/punishment on event of

contravention

Enforcing authority

Relevance in context of

OPRLP The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981, amended in 1987.

• To prevent and control air pollution in India

• To set air quality standards

• To monitor air quality in industry and other places and take appropriate actions to regulate it

• To prosecute the offenders under the provisions of the act

• 7 chapters with 54 provisions to prevent and control air pollution in the country

• Provision 19- power to declare air pollution control areas.

• Power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission from Automobiles

• Provision 11 – restriction on use certain industrials plants

• Provision 22- persons carrying on industry, etc. to allow emission of air pollutants as per law.

• Provision 22 A- Power of pollution control board to make application to court for restraining persons for causing air pollutions.

• Provision 24- Power of Entry and Inspection to industries.

• Provision 25 – power to obtain information • Provision 26- power to take sample of air or

emission and procedure to be followed in connection their with

• Provision 131A- power to give directions

• Provisions from 37 - 43 deal with penalties.

• The offender fails to comply with the provisions of section 21/22/direction under 31 (A) shall be punished with imprisonment extending from 1 and ½ year to 6 year with fine.

• Closer up of the industry

Orissa Pollution Control Board

• Limited applicability since there is no significant air pollution threat from activities proposed under ORLP.




contravention

Enforcing authority


OPRLP The Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1972 amended in 1988.

• To prevent and control water pollution in the country.

• Managing water quality and effluent standards.

• To monitor water quality and prosecute offenders

• 8 Chapters with 64 provisions • Provision 16 & 17 deals with powers and

functions of Boards • Provision 18: Power to give directions • Chapter 5 includes provisions from 19 -33A

dealing with to restricts the application of the act to certain areas, power to obtain information, power to take samples of a fluent or power of entry and inspection, prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of pollution matter etc. restriction of new outlets, refusal or withdrawn of consent of operation of industry, power to take emergence measures, power to make application to courts for restraining apprehended pollution of water in streams and wells power to give directions., publications of names of offenders , cognizance of offences etc.

• Under provision 41- the offender if found guilty by the court likely to be punishable with imprisonment from 1& ½ year to 6 year and with fine.



• ORLP projects are not likely to cause any significant pollution in water thereby attracting the provisions of this Act.

Environment Protection (EP) Act, 1986

• To prevent and control pollution of the environment which are not covered under air and water Act and giving power to government to take appropriate action

• 4 chapters dealing with 26 provisions and number of notifications

• Power of central government to take measures to protect an improve environment, to give directions , to frame rules to regulate environmental pollution .

• Prevention , control and abatement of environmental pollution – hazardous substances, power of entry and inspection, to take samples, to recognize environmental laboratories, to deal with provision of penalty for contravention of the provisions of the Act, delegate power to State government and other authority, power to make rules etc.

• Setting up central board ground water authority, setting up aquaculture authority, water quality assessment authority and other authority.

• Setting up coastal zone management authorities etc.

• To set environmental standards for different activities causing pollution.

• Penalty for contravention of the provisions of the Act and the rules, orders and directions – whoever fails to comply is punishable with imprisonment for a term up to 5 years with fine up to Rs. 1 lakh.


Government of Orissa in the Ministry of Forests and Environment and Orissa Pollution Control Board

Envisaged ORLP sub-projects are subject to the provisions of this Act. Particularly CRZ, Municipal Solid Waste Disposal and Management, Plastic waste Disposal and Management, Hazardous waste, toxic chemicals, etc.

The Insecticides Act, 1968

• To prevent and regulate pollution from insecticides handling

• For disposal of outdated insecticides

• To deal with distribution of insecticides to Agl. Officers of the districts

• Defining the rules and safeguards for handling insecticides by the users.

- Government of Orissa in Agriculture Department

Limited applicability envisaged in case of ORLP sub-projects particularly during handling and disposal.

The Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 and Wild life Protection Rules (Orissa) 1974

• To prevent and regulate hunting of wild animals.

• To deal with trade or commerce in wild animals, animal articles and trophies

• To protect wild life species in general, critically endangered and threaten species in particular.

• To declare areas to be protected for wild life conservation

• To make survey of wildlife • To declared sanctuaries, national parks,

game reserves and closed areas etc. • To take other conservation such as

prevention and detection on offences measures.

• Issuing licenses

Any person who contravenes any provision of this act or any rule or order made their under or who commits a breach of any of the conditions of any license or permit granted under this act liability to be punished un conviction with imprisonment up to 2 years with fine up to Rs. 2000/-

Govt. of Orissa, Wild Life Wing, MoEF

The act is applicable to any proposed sub-projects in protected areas, such as Bhitarkanika, Nalabana inside Chilika, Chandka-Dampada in Khurda distt., etc.




contravention

Enforcing authority


OPRLP Forest Act 1927, The Forest (Conservation)Act 1980, amended in 1988

• To conserve forest • To deal with cases of

diversions of forest area and falling of road side plantations

• Depending on the size of the tract to be cleared, clearances are applied for at the following levels of government:

• �If the area of forests to be cleared or diverted exceeds 20ha (or, 10ha in hilly area) then prior permission of Central Government is required;

• �If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is between 5 to 20ha, the Regional Office of Chief Conservator of Forests is empowered to approve;

• �If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is below or equal to 5ha, the State

• Government can give permission; and, • If the area to be clear-felled has a forest

density of more than 40%, permission to undertake any work is needed from the Central Government, irrespective of the area to be cleared.

• Restrictions and clearance procedure proposed in the Forest (Conservation) Act applies wholly to the natural forest areas, even in case the protected/designated forest area does not have any vegetation cover

• Contraventions of the provisions of the Act has provisions of imprisonment and fine on conviction

Govt. of Orissa, MOEF

Applicable in general for any intended activities in reserve forest or protected areas. As per draft notification dated… relaxations have been given for 69 NTFP related activities

THE ORISSA FOREST ACT, 1972.

To protect and manage forests in the state To consolidate and amend laws relating to the protection and management of forests in the state

1. Reserve and de-reserve forest areas (declare an area as a reserve forest or vice versa) 2. Prevent

Fresh clearing Felling of trees Trespassing Quarrying stones etc.

3. Constitute (declare) village forest 4. Constitute (declare) protected forest 5. Protection of forest land / waste land for special purpose 6. Regulate transit of forest produce 7. Power to acquire and assume management of forests, prohibiting cutting of fruit trees, etc. 8. Protection of (private) forests at request of owners 9. Special provision for sandalwood and drift & stranded timber

Maximum penalty for: 1. fresh clearing, setting fire, Trespassing, pasturing cattle is is Rs.1000 plus cost of making good the damage 2.Peeling,loping,girdling,burning trees,, quarrying stones, burning lime or charcoal and clearing patches for cultivation is two years imprisonment plus Rs. 5000 fine

Chief Conservator of forest /officers authorized by him

Some ORLP sub-projects are expected to be forest dependant. Hence the provisions of this ACT will be applicable.

The Ancient Monuments and Archeological sites and remains Act, 1958.

• Provide for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects.

• To restore the damaged monuments and materials and areas of archeological importance.

-

• Contraventions of the provisions of the Act has provisions of imprisonment which may extend to three months, -or with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees, or with both.

Govt. of Orissa, Dept of Culture

If any ORLP sub-projects are located adjacent or close to National Monuments like Konark temple in Puri district, several temples in Bhubaneswar in Khurda distt. provisions of this Act may be attracted.




contravention

Enforcing authority


OPRLP • Supreme Court

directions for Noise Control 2005

• Orissa fire crackers and loud speakers Act 1958 and the Noise pollution (regulation and control) Rules 2000

• Prevention of environmental sound pollution

• Creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution.

• Motivating young children of impressionable age to desist from playing with fire crackers, use of high sound producing equipments and instruments on festival, religious and social function, family get-together and celebrations etc.

• Restricting use of loud speakers and amplifiers etc.

• Under article 21, 19 (1) (a) of the Indian Constitution – Right to life- includes freedom from noise pollution, the apex court has given direction to prevent sound pollution in the country in general and restricted zone in particular.

• Orissa fire crackers and loud speakers Act 1958 and the Noise pollution (regulation and control) Rules 2000 stipulate restriction of use of fire crackers and loud speakers in sensitive areas like hospital, schools, colleges, religious places etc. also stipulates night (beyond 10 PM) time use of loud speaker, crackers etc.

• As per provisions of the Air pollution Act

Orissa Pollution Control Board, Home Department

Limited applicability envisaged in case of most ORLP proposed sub-projects

Govt. of Orissa Notification No. 8775 26th Oct 1987 (for siting criteria for establishment of stone crusher and brick kilns, lime kilns and coal briquetting

• To prevent and control pollution arising out of stone crushing, brick kilns, lime kilns and coal brequetting

• No stone crusher should be allowed within 1 km of a town or a village

• No stone crusher will be located within ½ k.m from National and state high ways

• Distance between two stone crusher units should be at least ½ k.m apart.

• The stone crusher units, however are required to take No Objection certificate of SPCB before their establishment with fixing pollution standards. The Board would inspect the units, if necessary, for implantation of guidelines and may review the above guidelines.

Brick kilns, Lime kilns and Coal Briquetting units : • Such industries should not be established

on prime agricultural lands and forest lands • They must be located at least ½ k.m away

from the railway lines, national & state highways, high tide line, flood plains, villages and small settlements and 2 k.ms away from the outskirts of small towns and population of 50,000 or less and 5 k.ms away from the outskirts of large towns of population more than 50,000.

• Each unit should be at least 1 k.m away from another such unit.

• As under Air Act and Water Act.


• Relevant to brick kilns, lime kilns and coal briquetting. However, these livelihood options except lime kilns are not expected to be taken up under ORLP




contravention

Enforcing authority


OPRLP Orissa Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy 2006

• to ensure sustained development through a participatory and transparent process

• to avoid displacement wherever possible and minimize it exercising available options otherwise,

• to recognize voices of displaced communities emphasizing the needs of the indigenous communities and vulnerable sections,

• to ensure environmental sustainability through participatory and transparent process; and

• to help guiding the process of developing institutional mechanism for implementation, monitoring, conflict resolution and grievance redressal.

- Govt. of Orissa, Revenue Dept.-District Collector

• No relevance for ORLP since no re-location or re-settlement is envisaged in any ORLP related activity.

The Orissa Marine Fishing regulation Act 1982

Regulates and restricts fishing by fishing vessels along the coastline of the state and lakes connected to the sea.

Specifies 1. Areas where fishing is allowed 2. Type / class of fishing vessels 3. Allowable number of fishing vessels 4. Species that are allowed and 5. Periods when fishing of certain species is

allowed / not allowed 6. Special provision for conservation of

Chilika fieheries dealing with fishing in Palur canal, capturing different sizes of fish and prawn and complete prohibition of fishing in outer channel

Vessel will be seized on contravention and fine imposed will be as follows:

* Rs.5000 if value of catch is less than Rs1000 * 5 times the value of catch if it is more than Rs.1000. * Rs. 5000 in case of no catch

Directorate of Fisheries, Government of Orissa through the District Fisheries Officer

Applicable to all proposed marine fishing related sub-projects envisaged under ORLP

3.13.4 Laws and Safeguard policies

Law / policy Reasons Remarks OP/BP 4.01 Env Assessment

Air, water and land are likely to be impacted

EA protocol will have to be prepared as per requirements of ‘B’ category projects

OP/BP 4.36 Forests

No conversion or degradation of critical forest areas No commercial scale industrial harvesting of timber

Suggest mitigation measures to enable sustainable use of forest resources

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary displacement

No involuntary displacement of people involved

Orissa Government has a RR policy 2006 emphasises on sustainability

OP/BP 4.10 Indiginous Peoples

- -

OP/BP 4.37 Dams

No dams in the project area are affected -

OP 4.09 Pesticides

Sub-projects involving agriculture, horticulture are involved Purchase of pesticide application equipment is involved

Consumption of pesticides in Orissa is much below the national average A Pest Management Plan (PMP) is not required since significant pest management issues are not involved

OP/BP 4.11 Cultural Heritage

Cultural heritage sites exist in a part of the project area

The cultural heritage sites are confined to Puri and Khurda districts. However, in Khurda district, these sites are only in urban centres. Therefore, this policy is relevant only to Puri district. Even in Puri, the envisaged sub-projects are not expected to affect the cultural heritage sites in any manner

OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats

In some coastal districts, two RAMSAR sites namely, Chillika Lake and Bhittarkanika mangroves are located. The peripheral areas of Similipal Biosphere is adjacent to Bhadrak district Human activities are linked to use of animals and plants and their products including some native species

The project does not involve significant conversion or degradation of these critical natural habitats. The project does not envisage changing the nature of the natural habitats or their inherent bio-diversity.

OP/BP 7.60 Disputed areas

No part of the project area lies in a disputed territory

-

OP 7.50 International Waterways

No international waterway is involved or affected

-

The tick mark ( ) indicates applicability to tis project

Chapter-IV

Livelihood Activities

4. Likely livelihood activities to be financed under the ORLP Since the project is still in planning stage, no sub-project activities have started as of now. For purpose of EA, however, about 76 likely kinds of sub-projects encompassing about ten livelihood sectors have been identified on basis of information gained from earlier livelihood interventions in the state as well as through a consultative process with various stakeholders in the project such as officials from the TRIPTI management office, focused group discussions in a few villages, district level DRDA officials, etc. A comprehensive list developed in this manner and categorized according to the livelihood sectors is listed below.

List of Livelihood Activities Likely to be supported under ORLP


A. AGRICULTURE A.1 Betel Leaves Production Low A.2 Fodder Production Low A.3 Sugarcane Production Water required in substantial quantity Medium A.4 Sun Flower & Floriculture Low A.5 Paddy cultivation Water required in substantial quantity Medium A.6 Pulses cultivation Low A.7 Turmeric cultivation Low B. HORTICULTURE

B.1 Orchards (Manago/cashew/sapota/jackfruit/pinaple/Guava/Lemon/Orange/ber/pomegranate)

Low

B.2 Mushroom production Due to use of plastics and some by-products Medium

B.3 Vegetable Farming Low C. FOREST

C.1 Leaf Plate Stitching License required from competent authorities Low

C.2 Bamboo and Bamboo product License required from competent authorities Low

C.3 Cane and cane product License required from competent authorities Low

C.4 Jhuna-Collection of NTFP License required from competent authorities Low

C.5 Medicinal Plant License required from competent authorities Low

C.6 Collection of seeds and fire wood from multiple tree species

License required from competent authorities Low


D. FOOD, HOTEL & RESTAURANT D.1 Arisa & kakara Pitha Preparation Low D.2 Canning (juice, sauce, jelly, jam) Low

Raw cashews Low D.3 Cashew processing Roasted cashews (requires heat

source) Medium

D.4 Dry fish preparation Low D.5 Dry Prawn Processing Low D.6 Chips from Potato/ banana/rice/sagu Low

D.7 Milk Products (Milk, Paneer, cheese and Butter)

Most Orissa milk products are curd / cheese based Low

D.8 Pickle production Low D.9 Bakery/Biscuit Medium

D.10 Road side eateries Medium D.11 Tamarind processing Low

E. LIVESTOCK E.1 Bee keeping Low


E.2 Dairy Animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land Medium


E.3 Goat and sheep rearing Animals grazed randomly or in nearby forest land Medium

E.4 Slaughtering/Meat processing Medium Below 500 birds Low E.5 Poultry Above 500 birds Medium

E.6 Piggery Low F. AQUACULTURE

F.1 Freshwater Fishery In privately owned ponds Low

F.2 Freshwater Fishery In River / Streams / lake or community water bodies Medium

F.3 Marine Fishery Subject to provisions of OMFRA Low F.4 Prawn culture sweet/salt water Subject to provisions of OMFRA Medium G. COTTAGE AND SMALL INDUSTRY

G.1 Agarbatti Low G.2 Aluminum Utensil Making Low G.3 Bell Metal Handy craft Low G.4 Candle Making Chemicals are involved Medium G.5 Carpet weaving Low G.6 Chandua and Cloth Handicraft Preparation Low G.7 Cloth Appliqué Low G.8 Coal washer Medium G.9 Coal briquette Medium

G.10 Coir Rope and Mattresses Low G.11 Cycle/Vehicle (two wheeler) repair shop Low G.12 Cow Dung cake making and selling Low G.13 Rice/Flour Huller Medium


G.14 Lime kiln Medium G.15 Phenyl preparation Low G.16 Pottery & Terracotta Low G.17 Stone and carving handicraft Low G.18 Wood carving Low G.19 Oil expelling Low G.20 Tire Retreating Medium G.21 Furniture making Medium G.22 DTP & Printing press Low G.23 Electronic and Electric Repair workshop Low

G.24 Chemical (Detergent and soaps, Cleaning Powder, Ink making, Paints, Slant Chemicals, Varnishes, Sprit making)

Low

G.25 Pesticide Storage and formulation Medium

H. REFUSE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING

H.1 Card Board production Medium H.2 Glass recycle Medium H.3 Paper Carry bag Low I. HEALTH

I.1 Activated Carbon Medium I.2 Distill Water Low I.3 Sprit Making Medium J. MISCELLANEOUS AND SERVICES

J.1 Bore Well Medium J.2 Dug Well Medium J.3 Vermi Composting Low J.4 Vending of Vegetable Low J.5 Vending Trolley Low J.6 Stationery Shop Low J.7 Tailoring Low 7.8 Soft Toys Low

10 Sectors, Total Sub projects 76 4.1 List of activities / sub-projects that can not be supported under ORLP There are certain kinds of livelihood activities which, if taken up, would contravene the laws and regulations of the State Government of Orissa, Government of India as well as certain Safeguard Polices of the World Bank. Such activities will not be supported under the ORLP under any circumstances. In order to leave no room for ambiguity in identifying such sub-projects, it was decided to clearly identify such activities or sub-projects up front. Given below is a list of attributes that would disqualify any given activity from being considered under ORLP.

Sector Activities that can not be supported under ORLP

Forest

• Any Sub project that involves destruction, exploitation or removal of any wildlife • Any activity located in or requiring raw materials from a sanctuary, national park or

protected natural habitat. • Cause any damage, either willfully or negligently in felling or cutting any trees or

dragging any timber. • Collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, of any forest produce without

license or permission • Brick making or extraction of soil in the forest area. • Charcoal production, or burning of charcoal • Felling of “ prohibited tree”/ “ reserved tree” as per forest act or manual.

Livestock

• Any sub project involving procurement of livestock in or within five Km of a sanctuary without immunization of the animals against communicable diseases.

• Any sub project that involves grazing of animals in plantation area in a sanctuary. • Rearing of poultry birds in more than thousand nos within three km of a human habitat

or residential colony. • Trespass, pasture cattle or allow cattle to trespass in the plantation area, grazing of goats

Agriculture/ Aquaculture

• Agriculture involving chemical pesticide use without any IPM approach • Any agriculture project that intend to use banned pesticides agrochemicals in WHO

class IA,IB and II • Manufacturing or sales insecticides without license • Any sub –project involving intensive aquaculture involving harvest of fish/shrimp seed

from the wild, pumping of saline water. • Conversion of prime agricultural land in to aquaculture ponds

Water

• Any sub project that involves sinking of any well in the vicinity of a public drinking water sources

• Any activities that involves polluting pond water, community tank

Land • Any sub project that involves quarry stone, crushing of stone, Transportation large

volume of soil/ sand

Infrastructure

• Any infrastructure activities without the permission of the respective department • Any activities that damage, alter or remove any wall, ditch embankment, fence, hedge • Large clay brick kiln of captive burning unit

Coastal area

• Conversion of natural wetlands in to aquaculture ponds • Use of chemical inputs in wetlands and in costal habitats • Any Sub-project that intent to set up within the Costal Regulation Zone. • Any Sub project That involves expansion of fish processing including warehousing

(excluding hatchery & natural fish draying) Cultural, Heritage,

tourist spot National property

• Any sub project within the vicinity of tourist spot, religious place cultural heritage that adds or affects the site.

Specific sub-projects and activities, which will not be allowed under ORLP, are as follows:

1. Brick Kilns

2. Stone crushers

3. Production of fire crackers

Fig. 22

4.2 List of Existing Protected Areas in Orissa Sl. No.

Name of PAs. Area sq. km.

Contact Officer

National Parks 1 Bhitarkanika*

145.00

Rajnagar: D.F.O: Mangrove Forest Division (WL), Rajnagar, FAX/Phone-06729-72460(O), 72464®

2 Similipal

845.70 Baripada : Field Director, Similipal Tiger Reserve, Phone-52593 (O),60773 (R), FAX-06792-56705 D.F.O.-51613(O),52532® Joshipur: Asst. Conservator of Forests(Wildlife), Phone-52240

Sanctuaries 1. Bhitarkanika* 672.00 Same as National-Park 2. Satakosia Gorge* 795.52 Angul, D.F.O.(WL) Satkosia

Phone:06762-30218(O)30219® 3. Nandankanan* 4.37 Director, Nandakanan, Zoological Park, Phone-515840 (O),

436573 ® 4. Baisipalli

168.35 Nayagarh, D.F.O.(T) Phone:06753-52226(O),52227®

5. Chandaka-Dampada* 193.39 Bhubaneswar, D.F.O. Chandaka(W.L), Phone:472040 (O),440168®

6. Balukhand-Konark* 71.72

Khurda, D.F.O., Puri (T), Phone:06755-20539(O), FAX/Phone: 20540®

7. Chilika (Nalaban)*

15.53

Bhubaneswar, D.F.O. Chilika (WL), Phone: 0674 –470149 (O), or Balugaon (R.O)

8. Badrama

304.03

Bamara, D.F.O. (T), Bamra, D.F.O.06642- 79211(O),79204 ®.

9. Gahirmatha (Marine)* 1435.00 Same as Bhitarkanika

Fig.23

1. TEG NO

LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY CATEGORY

LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE

OVERALL ASSESSMENT LEVEL

Elements affected

Extent of impact Reason Specific guidelines Best practices

Air

Water

Land

Ecology

Others, if any

Chapter-V Technical Environmental Guidelines

5. Technical Environmental Guidelines Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs) have been formulated to facilitate mainstreaming of environmental safeguards at all levels of project implementation. The guidelines provide specific instructions on do’s and don’ts for undertaking the activity in question in an environment friendly manner. They also recommend best practices that could be adopted to undertake these activities in a manner that causes minimal harm to the environment. Each TEG pertains to a specific livelihood activity likely to be undertaken in the ORLP as per the list in section 3.0. For activities that may not figure in the list of likely activities, a Generic TEG has been prepared to provide guidance to the implementing team on determining the level of assessment.

5.1 TEG Format The TEG format was prepared such that important information pertaining to each activity is available at a glance. Given below is a typical TEG format designed for this study. As can be

observed, each TEG has a unique number and pertains to a particular livelihood activity. The left hand side section analyzes the likely impact on elements such as land, water, air and ecology. The box on the top right corner gives the overall classification of the activity in terms of the level of its likely impact on the environment. The central box provides specific guidelines and legal conditions, if any, that should be adhered to while undertaking the activity in order to minimize and / or mitigate its environmental impacts. The box on the right of this suggests best practices that could be adopted to further enhance their benefit not only to the environment but also the user.

Displays estimated level of impact on environment

This section summarizes assesses the likely impact of this activity on various elements that constitute the environment

Space for additional comments, remarks, etc.

5.2 TEGs for Envisaged Sub-projects TEGs have been developed or all categories of sub-projects viz. Agriculture, Horticulture, Forest, Food, Livestock, Aquaculture, Cottage, Recycling activity and Miscellaneous. All TEGs have been compiled in Annexure-2. Section 5.4 gives a generic TEG for reference in case of evaluating an activity that is not included in the list of likely activities.

5.3 Assessment Criteria for determining extent of pressure on environment

Extent of strain on environment

Criteria Remarks / Examples

Low

• All products as well as by-products are bio-degradable

• The process does not involve extensive or unsustainable use of natural resources such as groundwater, forest, biomass, etc.

• Non-biodegradable substances could be produced, but they are readily re-usable and easily recyclable.

Tailoring, small tea stalls, etc. Activities in which only woody biomass based fuels are used

Medium

• Non-biodegradable and non-hazardous substances are produced in small or insignificant quantities. Re-cycling of these is possible - at least a major part

• Bio-degradable substances with high organic loading are produced

• Natural resources, if used in significant quantities, are replenish-able

• Fossil fuels could be used albeit in small quantities

- Eg. Plastic materials or Groundwater containing fluoride, iron, etc. but these are treatable BOD3 of the effluent not exceeding 100 mg/litres4 Eg - Tractors, diesel irrigation pumps used seasonally

High

• Non-biodegradable, hazardous and toxic substances that create severe and adverse environmental impacts are produced in significant quantities

• Sustainable re-cycling or disposal of these is not easily possible

• Natural resources are used in significant quantities which are not sustainable

• Fossil fuels are the routinely used energy source

Eg - Chemical fertilizers and pesticides Eg - Large brick kilns Eg - Furnaces & boilers using coal

3 BOD = Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand 4 As per CPCB standards for the effluents discharged on to land

5.4 Generic TEG

Attribute Guidelines

Air

• Store loose materials either indoors or under protective cover • Make sure that equipment lids fit tightly • Tanks should be covered. • Use dust suppression techniques such as water sprays on areas of the site that

will give rise to dust clouds. • Dust containment cum suppression system for the equipment. • Construction of wind breaking walls. • Construction of the metalled roads within the unit’s premises. • Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within the premises. • Growing of a green belt along the periphery of unit.

Water

• Protect surface water drains to prevent water pollution. • Only clean, uncontaminated surface water should be discharged to the surface

water drainage system. • All surface water runoff from refueling areas should be isolated from general

yard drainage and drained to an oil separator. • Store all chemicals in an areas where spillages will be contained viz-

impermeable bund. • Inspect the bund regularly and remove any accumulated rainwater. • Ensure that adequate measures are taken to prevent polluting run-off from the

site of wash-out from entering drains and/or watercourses. • Label containers holding liquid wastes and store them securely on site while

they await disposal so that they cannot escape into drains, watercourses or surrounding ground. Any accidental spills must be properly and effectively contained and cleaned up.

Solid Waste/Agro

waste

• Separate out contaminated materials from clean ones and store them safely. • Identify the waste types and quantities that the activity is likely to produce. • Organic and inorganic waste collection procedure must be maintained. • Solid waste like plastic and tire must not be allowed to burn. • Leachate collection and treatment system must be provided. • Segregate the different types of waste that arise from activities. • Do not burn the agro residue, incase un-collectable then burn it on the farm

field it self. • Storage of all potentially polluting substances should be located on

impermeable surfaces with controlled drainage. • Waste reduction by:

Ensuring adequate storage space for materials. Having a dedicated stores compound to reduce the amount of materials

damaged of wasted. • Label all waste containers. • Do not dispose empty containers, containing residues of the original contents. • Maintain a high standard of housekeeping on site.

Chapter-VI

Management Frame Work

6. Management Frame Work 6.1 Background There are always three distinct development interests in any community-economic development, community development, and ecological development. Each of these processes has its own distinct imperatives. The model given below shows the interelationships between community development, economic development and ecological (environmental) development which needs to be recognized and understood in order to achieve sustainable development.

Fig.- 24

Economic Development

Sustainable Development

Ecological Development Community Development

Imperatives: • Sustain economic growth • Maximize private profit • Expand markets • Externalize costs

Community Economic Development

Conservationism

Imperatives: • Respect carrying capacity • Conserve and recycle resources • Reduce waste • Sustained use of Biodiversity

Imperatives: • Increase local self-reliance • Satisfy basic human needs • Increase equity • Guarantee participation and

accountability • Use appropriate technology

It can be seen from the above figure that, quite evidently, all three need to be addressed adequately in order to achieve all round sustainable development. Clearly, in conditions such those in rural India, the challenge is quite imposing. The figure below illustrates how peer pressures arising from different components constituting the complex village communities in Indian villages could act together to ultimately reduce or even arrest environmental degradation that might result as a consequence livelihoods project.

Fig.25 A box model linking the livelihood options to the Environmental issues through Driving force-Pressure-State-Impacts and Response

6.2 The Environment Management Framework The objective of the Orissa rural livelihood project (ORLP) is to generate more and more opportunities for sustainable employment or livelihoods options for the poorest sections of the population in the targeted villages. The project will accomplish this objective through a participatory and community-driven process. In order to ensure that the environment is not compromised in the process of livelihood generation, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for the project. The framework approach has been adopted so that the environmental aspects can be addressed with clarity and simplicity for the vast range of sub project activities that could be potentially proposed by the communities and supported by the ORLP.

The EMF lays out the procedures pertaining to conducting environmental assessment of the sub-project proposals submitted under the ORLP, which are to be sanctioned during the implementing phase. Considering the ‘B’ category environmental status of the ORLP, grant of environmental approval is deemed mandatory for all sub-projects sanctioned under this project.

Evolutionary & Natural Processes

Trends of change (Pressure) on village ecosystems due to human

activities affecting productive assets, Environmental Quality, life

support system

Driving Forces: Basic Sectoral trends

affecting system structure & function

Societal Response for restoration & to address environmental problems

linking to livelihood options for sustainable development

Present State of the Environmental Set Up

(State) due to the change

Impacts of the pressure leading to system change

CAUSE EFFECT

Therefore environmental approval becomes a pre-condition for grant of approval to any sub-project loan application considered for sanction under the ORLP. The EMF provides appropriate procedures and assessment tools for use during proposing, scrutinizing, approving, implementing and monitoring the different sub-projects.

The specific objectives of this EMF are:

• To mitigate adverse environmental impacts of proposed sub-projects.

• To enhance the environmental benefits of sub-projects and promote livelihood activities those are environment enhancing.

• To ensure the long term sustainability of benefits from sub-projects by securing natural resource base on which they are dependant

In case the proposed certain sub-project proposals contain ideas that do not figure in the list of likely sub-projects included in this report (consequently, no TEG being available for the same), the EMF defines a procedure to assess the same from the environmental point of view and grant or reject environmental approval for the same.

6.3 Environmental Scrutiny and Approval Process 6.3.1 Project Institutional Structure The ORLP is taking the SHG approach towards implementing its agenda. An institutional structure has been constituted for managing the project activities, appraisal of project proposals and disbursal of funds. The detailed institutional structure proposed for the project is given in annexure 5. In interest of expeditiousness, cost control and future sustainability of the project, it is recommended to build in environmental appraisal procedures and requisite capacities in the planned project institutional structure itself.

As can be seen from the diagram at the end of this section, individual SHG members are expected to propose plans for the livelihood activities they wish to undertake and seek loan. At the SHG level, all proposed individual activity plans from various members of any particular SHG are expected to be consolidated into a Micro Investment Plan (MIP). The MIP is the basic document that is submitted to the approving authority for approval.

At the individual level, a Community Resource Person (CRP) – who will be stationed at the village level, shall facilitate the individual SHG members in preparing their individual proposals. The Cluster Coordinator (CC), who is stationed as at the Block level, will be the next level of project staffs and will have the responsibility of providing backstopping and guidance to the CRP. They will also have the responsibility of compiling the individual proposals emanating from individual members of a particular SHG into a consolidated Micro Investment Plan (MIP) as described earlier.

The SHGs existing in a particular Gram Panchayat (GP) area are to be formed into a GP Federation comprising of elected members from each constituent SHG. Two elected members will represent their respective SHGs on the Federation (see annexure 5) The GP Federation will constitute an Appraisal Committee which will be deemed as the approving authority for each MIP. The approval will be accorded in a monthly meeting of the Appraisal Committee which is also attended by the concerned CC and representative(s) from the Block office of the ORLP (see next para for details).

The project further plans to moot Block Level Federations which will have members drawn in from the GP level Federations in a particular block. Further, there will be project offices at the block level as well as district level. These will be known as the Block Project Facilitation Team (BPFT) and District Level Project Monitoring Unit (DPMU). The BPFT will consist of the following staff:

• TEAM Leader

• Institution Building

• Livelihoods

• Financial Management & MIS

The DPMU structure is expected to be lean with only the following staff:

• District Project Manager (DPM)

• Accounts

• MIS

However, subject matter specialists will be added as and when felt necessary. Finally at the state level there is an extensive State Project Monitoring Unit (SPMU), which takes care of overall coordination and management.

As can clearly be seen from the above, representatives from the BPFT will attend monthly meetings of GP level Federations to facilitate their decision-making.

The approved MIPs from various SHGs are consolidated at the GP Federation level and forwarded to the Block level Federation. At the block level, the loan requirements coming in from various GP level Federations will be consolidated and forward to the DPMU. Similarly, the loan requirements from various districts will be consolidated at the State Level. The disbursement will be directly from state level to the GP Federation level.

6.3.2 Environmental Approval The Environmental Appraisal process is designed such that the existing institutional structure is able to handle the function independently. Please refer to section 6.3.4 for a diagrammatic representation of the process and institutional structure. The process begins at the sub-project level with each sub-project appraised against a screening format given in annexure-8. The screening format is the first level of EA screening and its purpose is to check whether the proposed sub-project happens to contravene any basic condition such as Natural Habitat, cultural property, etc. There are two distinct sections in the format – the first section contains conditions which, if met, could lead to summary rejection of the proposal while the second section deals with conditions that if highlighted, require closer examination of the proposal before environmental approval is granted.

Clearly, for each sub-project, one screening format will filled in for each sub-project jointly by the Community Resource Person (CRP) and the borrower. These individual livelihood activity proposals along with their respective completed screening formats will be consolidated together at the SHG level by the Cluster Coordinator into the MIP.

Once the MIP is prepared and complete, the Cluster Coordinator (CC) will prepare it for presentation to the GP Level Federation by attaching the EA01 form (see annexure 8) to the same. The CC shall fill in the first six columns of the Environmental Approval Form EA01 based on the information available from the screening formats as well as by selecting the applicable TEG from the set of TEGs, which shall be available with him/her. The last column will be left vacant pending the decision of the GP Level Federation Appraisal Sub-Committee.

Thus with each MIP there will be one unique EA01 form attached to it. Appraisal of the sub-projects will be done by the Appraisal Committee of the GP Level Federation in their monthly meetings. The GP Level Federation shall be facilitated and guided by representatives of the BPFT, who will be present during each monthly meeting. The process for granting environmental approval by the GP Level Federation will be as follows:

1. For activities, which are categorized as ‘Low’ in the TEG, environmental approval is granted without any further assessment.

2. For activities categorized as ‘Medium’ the GP Appraisal Committee shall follow the guidelines described in the TEGs, and verify conformity with applicable legislation for the activity in question and grant / reject approval accordingly after discussing the same within the committee as well as after considering recommendation of the BPFT representative.

Once approved, the borrower shall be made to sign an Agreement Form selected from annexure 6 in default of which, the MIP will not be sent to higher levels for disbursal. The BPFT Team Leader and other officials above his/her rank shall have the authority to cross-check randomly whether the agreement forms have been signed and maintained in the GP Federation records. Further, during internal environmental audits, the auditor shall cross-check whether the borrower is implementing the agreed terms.

PROCESS FOR GRANTING ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL TO SUB-PROJECTS

1. Take each sub-project plan in a MIP one by one.

2. For each sub-project, examine the screening format and assess if any of the ticked items pose a significant threat to the environment. Reject in case it happens to be in a Natural Habitat, Cultural Heritage site or on the banned activity list.

3. Examine the EA01 form prepared by the CC and refer to the TEG to determine assessment level – low, medium or high.

4. If the assessment level is ‘low’, re-examine the screening format and verify that the issues highlighted, if any, are not significant.

5. In case significant threat is perceived, refer to external agency.

6. In case, ‘medium’ level of assessment is mentioned in the TEG, verify whether the proposed sub-project is in accordance with the applicable legislation. In case approval is accorded, the borrower should be given the agreement document to sign as another pre-condition to approval.

The Appraisal Committee of the GP Level Federation is designated with the role of according environmental approval in addition to financial and social approvals. For purpose of according environmental approval, the GP Level Federation Appraisal Committee shall take up each activity mentioned in the EA01 one by one. The signing authority would be with the Chairperson of the GP Federation Appraisal Committee or his / her nominee. The monthly meeting of this committee will be attended by a representative from the BPFT. All the persons involved, namely the CRP, CC, all BPFT personnel, all DPMU and SPMU personnel will be trained in carrying out the environmental appraisal. Adequate training will also be imparted to the SHG members as well as the GP level Federations.

A diagrammatic representation of the entire approval process can be seen in section 6.3.4 (Institutional Plan). Needless to say, a dedicated capacity building plan has been prepared and described later in the chapter to build the capacity of all officials as well as Community Based Organizations involved in the process of according environmental approval.

6.3.3 Environmental Approval related Information on MIS It is strongly recommended that even though environmental approval is granted at the GP federation level, information on environmental approvals be maintained on the project MIS. This shall help achieve the following dual objectives:

1. Make available data on the environmental approvals obtained as well as rejections accorded to enable project managers make appropriate decisions on improving environmental compliance.

2. Facilitate external environment auditors to get a bird’s eye view of the prevailing situation and assist them in determining the location and composition of the sample selected for purposes of their audit.

It is envisaged that the data on environmental approvals and rejections would be maintained at all levels in the project viz. block level, district level and state level. As in the case of financial information, the environmental approval data at various successive levels will also be clubbed together. Given in annexure 8 is a set of formats (EA02 to EA05) which are suggested for maintaining records of data at various levels. The actual procedure for continuously updating this data at various levels will be developed in conjunction with the MIS staff and specialists. Described below in brief is the suggested process for maintaining and updating MIS data pertaining to environmental approvals.

6.3.3.1 GP level A list of all projects that have been accorded environmental approval as well as those who have been denied environmental approval will be prepared at the GP level. A dedicated format (EA02 - see annexure - 8) has been designed for the same. The information compiled on an EA02 form after each monthly meeting of the GP shall be sent to the respective block level project officials immediately after the meeting. A copy of each EA02 format shall be maintained at the GP level.

6.3.3.2 Block level At the block level, the information obtained from each GP will be compiled and computerized by the MIS official. A consolidated list will be generated at the block level consisting of information from various GPs comprising the block for onward transmission to the district level. The format

of this is given in the form EA03. As in case of GP level, the EA03 database shall also be maintained at the block level.

6.3.3.3 District level At the district level, the information (on form EA03) coming from various constituent blocks in the district will be further consolidated and compiled in the format EA04. As in case of blocks, the EA04 information will be maintained at the district level.

6.3.3.4 State level Information on EA04 from all 10-project districts will be obtained at the district level and further consolidated as per form EA05 at the state level. Thus, at the state level, there would be complete consolidated information available on the total number of sub-projects accorded or rejected environmental approval.

It is envisaged that at all administrative levels in the project, appropriate MIS information on the nature of project proposals coming in and the trends in terms of environmental approvals or rejections will be available. This will help in the following two ways:

1. Get an idea of the types and trends in types and number of sub-projects coming in for funding under ORLP so as to predict cumulative environmental impacts, if any.

2. Provide a basis for sample selection in case of planning of an environmental audit

6.3.4 Institutional plan for environmental screening, approval and database maintenance

Functions and duties TRIPTI Project Staff Stages in

Environmental Approval and

Monitoring

CBOs established

under TRIPTI (ORLP)

Functions and duties

Conduct routine internal environmental audits Consolidate all EA04 from the blocks into an EA05 and maintains data at state level External agency to provide advisory support and conduct external environmental audits

SPMU Staff

And

External Environmental Monitoring Agency

Environmental monitoring and data

consolidation

Conduct routine internal environmental audits Consolidate all EA03 from the blocks into an EA04 and forwards to MIS officer at the SPMU

DPMU Staff 1. Project

Manager 2. Regional OPCB 3. NGO rep 4. FM & MIS

Environmental monitoring and data

consolidation District Level Federation

Attend GP Federation meetings and advice and facilitate them in making decisions on according environmental approval Conduct routine internal environmental audits Consolidates all EA02 from the blocks into an EA03 form and forwards to MIS officer at the DPMU

BPFT Staff

1. Team Leader 2. Institution Bldg 3. Livelihoods 4. FM and MIS

Support to GP Federations and MIS data consolidation

Block Level Federation

Environmental Appraisal

And According of

environmental approval to each MIP

GP Federation

Conducts appraisal of the MIP based on screening proforma, the EA01 form, advice of block level staff and even the external monitoring agency, if required. Grants approval to MIPs found satisfactory and in event of the borrower undertaking to abide by the guidelines Consolidates of EA01 data from all GPs into an EA02 MIS data form and forwards the same to MIS officer at block level

Consolidates sub-projects desired by members of each SHG into a MIP: One MIP for each SHG Environmentally categorizes each activity constituting the MIP in the EA01 form

Cluster Coordinator (CC)

Pre-environmental appraisal

documentation (EA01) of MIP

Assists in conceiving sub-projects and putting together of the MIP Fills up screening tool format for each proposed activity

Community Resource Person (CRP)

Initial environmental scanning of sub-

projects SHG and SHG

members Proposes sub projects and applies for loan

6.3.5 Environmental approval for sub-projects not included in the sub-project list

It is possible that occasionally there may be applications for livelihood activities, which have not been envisaged and hence not included in the list o sub-projects. Consequently, no TEG may be available for such activities. In such cases, the following procedure is advised:

1. The GP level body shall consult the generic TEG and try to assess if any substantial environmental impact is predictable and accordingly accord sanction.

2. The block level representatives from the project team shall assist the GP Federation members in making the assessment.

3. In case of inability of the body to arrive at a conclusion, advice from the external environment agency shall be requested and the approval suspended till their view and advice is obtained.

6.3.6 Internal Environmental Audit The project staffs at the district and block level are encouraged to conduct environmental audit of sanctioned sub-projects that they may visit or review from time to time. The following form is recommended for this purpose:

No specific targets are being recommended for conducting internal environmental audits.

However, it is advised that all audit reports should be filed in a specific file at the district level and should be available for reference to anyone who would like to examine them. The external environmental auditing agency may refer to internal audits conducted for getting an idea of the prevailing situation vis-à-vis environmental compliance.

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT FORM EA-A1 Name of borrower: SHG Name: Amount borrowed: Village, Block & district: Purpose of loan (Livelihood activity) Any perceived detrimental effect on Air Water Land Comments, if any Is the person following any of the guidelines committed by him / her Has the person adopted any of the recommended best practices?

Name, designation and signature of Auditor

6.3.7 External Environmental Audit External environmental audit of the project shall be conducted initially at the end of the first year and thereafter after every two years. The work shall be entrusted to an independent external agency. Ideally, the audit should be completed within a maximum period of 3 months from the date of issue of the sanction letter or as directed by the Director. The total sample size will be worked out on basis of nature of sub-projects sanctioned, environmental sensitivity of different regions and trends in environmental approvals as well as rejections as apparent from the MIS. The agency will also be expected to point out lacunae in the approval process as well as capacity gaps, which need to be addressed. A suggested TOR for this external agency is given in annexure-9.

6.3.8 Capacity Building Plan In order to ensure that all the personnel at various levels of the TRIPTI management structure are well oriented towards the importance of undertaking mitigation measures for conserving the environment and the beneficiaries are well aware of the same, an extensive capacity building plan has been drawn up.

The following matrix gives the details of the capacity building activities envisaged:

Trainee Segment

Goal of capacity building activity

Capacity building strategy Course content Training to be

imparted by Supervision

SHG Members

Sensitization towards environment and sustainability

T1 Short plays / mono acts and / or audio-visuals to be organized during SHG meetings or on special occasions. To be organized in all GPs at least once in two years from second year onwards

Examples on how day to day activities can adversely affect the environment Sensitization towards climate change and related issues

Hired groups of rural artists CC and CRPs

BPFT

CCs and CRPs

Sensitization towards environment issues Basic knowledge on environment issues with respect to different livelihood activities Procedure for environmental appraisal and familiarizing with the relevant forms and documentation

T2 One half day workshop at block level immediately on start of project T3 One half day workshop, 3 months from date of sanction T4 One full day workshop at block lever

Information on how human activities affect the environment Environment - livelihood linkages and issues involved Familiarity with formats and their roles and responsibilities

SPMU staff or hired expert SPMU staff or hired expert BPMU / DPMU staff

DPMU

Trainee Segment

Goal of capacity building activity

Capacity building strategy Course content Training to be

imparted by Supervision

GP Federation Members

Sensitization towards environment issues Basic knowledge on environment issues with respect to different livelihood activities

T4 One half day workshop at block level immediately on start of project T5 One half day workshop at block level

Information on how human activities affect the environment Environment - livelihood linkages and issues involved

SPMU staff or hired expert SPMU staff or hired expert

BPFT

GP Federation Appraisal Committee members

Procedure for environmental appraisal and familiarizing with the relevant forms and documentation

T6 One full day workshop at block level 3 months from date of start of implementation

Familiarity with formats and their roles and responsibilities

BPMU / DPMU staff DPMU

BPFT staff

Procedure for environmental appraisal and familiarizing with the relevant forms and documentation Familiarization with goals and procedures of internal environmental audit

T7 One full day workshop at district level 2 months from date of start of implementation

Familiarity with formats and their roles and responsibilities Familiarization with internal environmental audit procedures

External expert with SPMU and DPMU staff

SPMU

DPMU staff


T8 One half day workshop at district level 1 month from date of start of implementation


External expert with SPMU staff

SPMU

SPMU staff


T9 One half day workshop at district level 10 days from date of start of implementation


External Expert SPMU

6.4 Environmental Risk Management The following matrix gives the risks and various suggested mitigation measures that could help in offsetting the potential threats to the environment.

Se

ctor

Activities likely to affect environment

Environmental Issues and Risks

Mitigation Measures Applicable Legislations

Agr

icul

ture

• Irrigation • Crop Residue

Burning • Pesticide usage • Fertilizer usage • Use of plastics

• Ground water depletion • Methane emissions

(due to crop surplus residue)

• Groundwater contamination due to pesticide and fertilizer usage

• Promote drip / sprinkler irrigation methods

• Spread awareness about proper plastic disposal

• Use permissible classes of pesticides • Dispose off crop residue as fuel or

manure • Residue recycling and composting

The EP act 1986


The Plastic sale and usage rules 1999

Hor

ticul

ture

• Irrigation • Crop Residue

Burning • Pesticide usage • Fertilizer usage

• Ground water depletion • Groundwater

contamination due to pesticide and fertilizer usage

• Decomposed organic waste from plant and animal sources in mushroom cultivation

• Promote drip / sprinkler irrigation methods

• Spread awareness about proper plastic disposal

• Dispose off crop residue as fuel or manure

• Residue recycling and composting • Mushroom culture rooms should be

disinfected • Promote use of hand gloves • Mushroom waste should be converted to

manure

The EP act 1986


The Plastic sale and usage rules 1999

Fore

st

• Extraction of NTFP

• Plucking of leaves from selected species

• Cutting of bamboos & cane, broom, etc.

• Plucking of medicinal plants

• Grazing of domestic animals

• Stunted growth of selected species

• Resource depletion and effect on bio-diversity

• Encourage multi-species use for leaf plate making and similar activities

• Advice against plucking very young leaves

• Promote setting up of herbal gardens consisting of medicinal plants

• NTFP extraction should not be beyond permitted 69 minor forest products as permitted

• Random grazing of cattle on public land or forest areas should be permitted only in exceptional cases and that too, subject to permitted numbers in permitted areas as allowed by the local DFO at different times of the year

The Indian Forest Act 1927, The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, amended in 1988.

The Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 (forest)

The Orissa Forest Act, 1972

Food

, Hot

el &

R

esta

uran

t

• Fruit processing wastes

• Use of preservatives

• Use of plastics

• Methane emissions • Bad odour • Soil contamination • Plastic waste disposal

issues • Release of salt in

effluent

• Use anaerobic digester and use gas for heating

• Use settling tank, separators and proper dosing before releasing preservatives to the outside

• Plastics should be disposed as per the plastic disposal rules, 2000

The EP act 1986

Aqu

acul

ture

• Fishing in forests and natural habitats

• Periodic changing of water.

• Use of salt water from the sea for prawn culture

• Effluent water may be contaminated with left over food and dead living material

• Land becomes saline and unfit for cultivation


• Prawn culture to be allowed only within 2 kilometer from the sea shore

The Orissa Marine Fishing Regulation Act (OMFRA), 1982

Se

ctor

Activities likely to affect environment

Environmental Issues and Risks

Mitigation Measures Applicable Legislations

Liv

e St

ock

• Grazing of domestic animals

• Construction of animal shelters

• Fodder residue wastes

• Animal wastes

• Proximity of animal shelter to human habitats

• Methane emissions • Epidemics from

diseased animals

• Disinfect animal shelters periodically • Animal shelters should be at least 100 m

away from human habitats • Use anaerobic digester and use gas for

heating • Promote use of hand gloves and masks • Periodically monitor animal health and

undertake immunization measures • Promote stall feeding • Grazing as per guidelines issued by DFO

The Indian Forest Act 1927, The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, amended in 1988.

The Orissa Forest Act, 1972

Cot

tage

& S

mal

l In

dust

ry

• Electronic component manufacture

• Cotton, wool, coir work

• Use of chemicals • Use of plastic

storage material

• Accumulation of electronic waste

• Cotton and wool dust generated during weaving

• Contamination of land / soil

• Dispose electronic goods wastes as per hazardous waste management rules.


• Plastics should be disposed as per the plastic disposal rules, 2000

The EP act 1986

Hea

lth • Burning of carbon

source • CO and SO2 emissions • Use masks • The EP act 1986

Mis

cella

neou

s an

d Se

rvic

es • Bore well and dug

well construction • Groundwater depletion • Borewell / Dugwell location planning

with inputs from groundwater board officials

• The EP act 1986

It is also observed that certain social factors may give rise to conflicting situations where there could be impact on the environment. Given below are typical situations, which could occur:

Livelihood Sector

Potential issues, risks and conflicting situations that could arise during

project implementation and have an impact on environmental compliance

Suggested Mitigation Measures

FOREST

Buyers of fuel wood may patronize able-bodied and strong individuals to obtain fuel wood for them from the forest thus depriving weaker persons from their source of livelihood

Capacity of the Panchayat could be built to intervene in such situations and ensure not only equitable opportunities to all but also protect the forest from excessive pressure

AQUACULTURE

Issuing loans for fishing may create a conflicting situation wherein fishermen compete over common property resources (lakes and ponds in this case)

Loans may be given either to persons owning their own ponds or to village Panchayat who would be facilitated to use the common property resources judiciously and ensure equitable distribution of the proceeds amongst the stakeholders. The Panchayat would also be responsible to maintain cleanliness of the pond – another added environmental benefit.

LIVESTOCK

Persons availing of project loan to start livestock activity may face confrontation with already existing dominant groups who have control over grazing land and pastures

Persons desirous of starting fresh livestock activity should be advised to practice stall-feeding. The business plan must have a suitable component for stall feeding

6.5 Budget No Particulars Amount (Mill Rs.) Amount (Mill $.)

Segment Level 1 SHG T1 4.00 0.10

T2 1.50 0.04 T3 1.75 0.05

2 CC and CRP’s

T4 1.75 0.05 T4 1.50 0.04 3 GP Federation Member T5 1.25 0.03

4 GP Federation Appraisal Committee Member

T6 0.75 0.02

5 BPFT Staff T7 0.65 0.02 6 DPMU Staff T8 0.25 0.01 7 SPMU Staff T9 0.25 0.01 8 Audit and Monitoring by External

agency 6.50 0.17

9. Contingency 1.03 0.03 Grand total 21.18 0.55

6.6 Reference:

1. Ambient Air Quality Status of some selected towns of Orissa, 2006, OSPC, Board, Orissa, Bhubaneswar.

2. Dash , MC and CS Kar , 1990, The Turtle Paradise – Gahirmatha ( An ecological analysis and conservation strategy) Inter print, New Delhi.-293 Pg.

3. Dash, M.C., 2006 (Eds), State of Environment Orissa, 2006, Orissa State Pollution Control Board, A/118, Nilakantha Nagar, Unit-8, Bhubaneswar-12. (Dash, M.C.-Chief Resource person and Editor). 287 pages.

4. Dash, M.C., S. Padhi and S. Meher, 2002. Natural Resources Assessment: Endowment, Utilisation and Degradation in “Orissa Development Report”, Planning Commission, Government of India, 9-53 pages.

5. Economic Survey, 2006-07, Government of Orissa, Planning & Coordination Department, Bhubaneswar.

6. Orissa Agricultural Statistics, 2002-03, Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Orissa, Bhubaneswar- 62 pages.

7. Publications of Chillika Development Authority (CDA), Bhubaneswar.

8. Statistical Abstract of Orissa – 2005, Govt. of Orissa.

9. Website of Ministry of Power, Government of India – Performance during the year 2003-04.

10. Wild Orissa, 2004, State Wildlife Organization, Forest Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar – 82 pages.

11. Water Quality of Major Rivers of Orissa, 2007, OSPC, Board, Orissa, Bhubaneswar.

5. Annexure-1(A)

Detail Over view of State and Project Districts

1. Rainfall: About 80-83% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period. The average number of rainy days remains around 72. The rainfall is largely due to southwest monsoon. The northeast monsoon does not bring much rain to Orissa. Usually, months of December and January are rain free or occasional light rain occurs. Eratic rainfall is prevalent every alternative year and in the recent times, the monsoon has become unreliable. Mayurbhanj and Sundargarh district receives maximum rainfall of around 1648mm followed by Phulbani and Boudh. Ganjam district receives minimum rainfall of 1296mm per year, in comparison to other districts. Ganjam & Gajapati districts may be considered rain shadow district (table-1).

Fig.26: Annual Rainfall of Project Districts of Orissa

Fig.- 27 Annual Avg. Rain fall in MM of Orissa

1506

1468

1494

1440

1450

1460

1470

1480

1490

1500

1510

Project Costal District

Project Non District

Other District

The coastal districts received higher rainfall then non-coastal districts. The project non-coastal districts received an annual average of 1468 mm, less in comparison to other non-coastal districts and to coastal district.

1.1 Temperature: The mean monthly maximum temperature occurs in May and it is about 37.1oC. The mean monthly minimum temperature occurs in December and it is 13.8oC. The mean monthly temperature of the State is 26.2oC. The summer temperature can be as high as 47-51oC in places like Talcher (coal mining and industrial area), Titilagarh in Bolangir district, Bhawanipatna (significant loss of forest cover in Bolangir and Kalahandi district). In coastal districts, the maximum summer temperature goes about 42oC with high humidity conditions due to the effect of Bay of Bengal, making living conditions harsh in the daytime. In comparison the interior and western parts experience comparatively low humidity and dry heat conditions.

1.2 Humidity: The mean monthly morning RH in the State varies from 63% in April-May to 84% in August. The afternoon mean monthly RH varies from 54% in January to 81% in August. The RH reaches as high as 93% and often above 80% in monsoon period as well as in some days of pre-monsoon period in coastal districts. The data on rainfall, RH are given in table- 1 & 2.

The average annual RH in different seasons in the districts is presented in the following histogram shows that in the coastal districts the average RH is much higher than non costal and other districts. Other districts experience very dry condition with low RH and high temperature whereas the coastal districts experience high RH and medium level temperature.

Figure- 28 Average Annual Relative Humidity in defferent seasons in

the districts. (In %)

84 72 7679

70 67

84 70

54

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rainy W inter Summer

Seasons

Project Coastal

Project Non-Coastal

Other Districts

1.3 Wind Pattern: The pre dominant wind pattern in the state from June to October is from South-West direction bringing monsoon rains. The rest of the period experiences a wind pattern, which is either from N and NE or S & SE direction. In the early part of the October the south east monsoon begin to retreat and the retreat which is completed usually in November/early December. Then northerly winds developed and extend as SW current towards the South. During this transition, depression develops in the zone between retreating SE monsoon and developing NE current and brings many low pressure depressions to Orissa, especially to project district. 1.4 Natural Calamities: Orissa faces flood, drought and occasionally cyclone almost every alternate year and these natural disasters break the economic backbone of the province. Table-3 provides information on the occurrence of rainfall and occurrence of natural disaster in Orissa.

The Super Cyclone of October 1999 brought disasters in 14 districts out of 30 districts with wind speed on an average of about 250 to 300 km/hour and rainfall of 400-867 mm in some areas. Some 9885 human deaths (official) occurred although many people believe that the number of death is much higher reaching almost 30,000. The Super Cyclone destroyed about 1 million hectare of agricultural land and damaged about 2 million houses fully or partially and about 13 million people were affected. In the white paper on Super Cyclone published by the Government of Orissa indicated that, 9 million trees were uprooted, destroyed the environmental set up of the city of Bhubaneswar and many districts. The loss was irreparable. This state experienced more than five low-pressure periods with heavy rain during the monsoon period in 2005 to 2007. Unless long-term plans are made to tackle the natural disaster and irrigation facilities provided to the people, the State will not be able to develop economically.

1.5 Demographic Profile: The population of the State as per 2001 census is about 37 million, about 4% of population of the country. Orissa’s population was about 32 million as per 1991 census. Thus, the decennial

growth rate during 1991- 2001 was about 16% as against about 20% from 1981-1991. The decline in the population growth rate is attributed to the implementation of effective family planning awareness programme and benefits of small family and access to family planning measure, high infant mortality and increasing literacy rate of the total population of the State nearly 85% live in villages and 15% in urban centres. The male to female ratio (no. of females per 1000 males) is 972 as comparing to 933 in the country.

The population density has increased from 203 persons per Sq.km. in 1991 to 236 persons per Sq.km. in 2001. The corresponding population density in the country is 267 and 324 respectively. The total literacy rate was about 49% in 1991 and has increased to about 64% in 2001 census. The female literacy rate has increased from about 35% to 60% during the same period. The male literacy rate has increased from about 63% to 76% during the same period.

The schedule caste and schedule tribe population comprises respectively about 16% and 22% of the total population of the State. There has not been any perceptible change in the population of schedule caste and schedule tribes over the 1991 census data.

The State experiences a high death rate indicating that the health care should improve. The death rate was about 22 per 1000 persons in 1951. However, this has decreased to about 10 persons per 1000 persons in 2005. The infant mortality rate is one of the highest in the country. The infant mortality rate in 1997 was 97 per 1000 live birth, which has been reduced to 75 in 2005. But it is still one of the highest in the country.

1.5.1 Socio Economic Scenario 1.5.1.1 Human Resource and Employment Table-4 provides information on the occupational pattern in Orissa.

Out of the total workers, about 65% are agricultural workers and cultivators. About 30% are engaged in miscellaneous services (other worker) and the Household industry employs about 4 % of the workers. The marginal workers and main workers in the State are respectively about 33 % & about 67 %. In 2002, about 8 lakh job seekers registered their names in employment exchanges and as per the statistics available in 2003-2004, about 5000 professionals have registered their names in employment exchanges. Thus the opportunity for workers and educated people are limited. There is not much scope of employment, neither in the public sector nor in the private sector organizations. The youth after getting education looked for opportunity of employment outside the State. This situation has improved during the last 5 years.

Poverty is very much prevalent in the State. Presence of about 38 % SCs & STs with poor income background and high percentage of economically weaker sections in higher castes with about 67 % marginal workers exhibit average low per capita income for the State. In spite of having rich natural resources, Orissa is considered as one of the poorest State in the country. Planning Commission has calculated Below Poverty Line (BPL) population of the State at about 47 %, highest in the country. Orissa’s poverty is much higher than the national average of about 26 %. The Southern and Northern districts of Orissa have high concentration of poverty, higher in comparison to coastal districts. This is largely due to higher concentration of STs population in Southern and Northern regions.

Table-5 shows district-wise distribution of rural BPL families annual income of Rs.11, 000/- on the basis of different income groups as per 1992 survey.

The distribution of rural families on the basis of annual income in all the 30 districts of Orissa are given in the figure- 8 The destitute, very very poor, very poor and poor (below 11000 rupees) account for about 79% of the population. However on the basis of the annual income below Rs. 11000, 71% and 78% of the people in coastal districts and non-coastal districts of the project area respectively come under below poverty line.

Fig.- 29

Distribution of Rural families in Orissa (%)

30

2616

7

Destitute

Very very poor

very poor

poor

1.5.1.2 Poverty As per the data given in the Table-5, the percentage of poor varies from about 54 % in Jharsuguda district to about 93% in Phulbani district. But districts of Phulbani, Bolangir, Malkangiri, Gajapati, Mayurbhanj, Nabarangpur have more than 90% rural families classified as destitute to poor. The districts of Keonjhar, Koraput, Boudh, Dhenkanal, Nuapara, Nayagarh, Rayagada, and Sundargarh have more than 80% of rural families and are classified from destitute to poor. The rural poor are mostly agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers and rural artisans. From the Table-4, it appears that, about 65% of the workers in Orissa belong to agriculture labour and cultivators. Most of them are poor. There is no significant change in work force engaged in agriculture since independence, although the contribution of agriculture to Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) declined from 67% in 1951to about 30% in 2000 A.D.

Table-6 provides information on the distribution of operational holdings and percent of area operated by different categories of landholders. [Some 82% of the total holdings belong to marginal and small farmers having less than 5 acres of land and they operate less than 50% of their holdings]. Another 14% of the total holdings belong to farmers having less than 10 acres of land and they operate about 28% of their holdings. [Since irrigation facilities are not available to more than 50% of the agricultural land holding areas, the agricultural productivity is poor]. Since the State depended mostly on agriculture, the major cause of poverty has been due to large dependence on traditional agriculture-based economy. The agriculture in Orissa is primarily subsistence agriculture.

1.5.1.3 Human Development Indices The human development indices (in the scale of 0 to 1) as per National Human Development report for major provinces of India are presented in Table-7. Figure indicate that Orissa’s position was 11th in 1981 is maintained as such 20 years later. Compare to Kerala, which

maintains the highest index amongst the 15 listed provinces, both in 1981 and 2001 has increased the index by 27.6%. Orissa has registered an increase of 51.3%. Orissa is on its way up at a relatively faster rate.

1.6 Land Use Pattern In Orissa, land is classified into three categories i.e. (i) Low Land comprising 26 percent (ii) Medium land comprising 34 percent and (iii) Up lands comprising 40 percent of the total land area. There is not much change in the land use pattern considering the fact that about 76% of the cultivated area is paddy based.

1.6.1 Non-Forest Out of the total geographical area of 155707 sqkm., the non forest area account for about 97571 Sq.Km., about 63 percent of the total area. It includes agricultural land, both irrigated and non-irrigated, fallows, unutilized land etc.

1.6.1.1 Cultivation More than 76 percent of the cultivated area is covered under paddy crops. Table -8 gives the cropping pattern of principal crops in Orissa.

Fig. 31

Cropping Pattern of Principal Crops in Orissa

All Cereals79.80%

Total Pulses11.20% Fibers

1.40%

Oil Seeds5.60%

Other Crops2.00%

All Cereals Oil Seeds Other Crops Total Pulses Fibers

1.6.1.2 Orchards Table 9(A) gives area, production and yield rate of different fruits in the orchards of the state. The total area under the orchards is about 289 thousand hectare. Mango and coconut contribute 43 percent and 18 percent, respectively of the total orchard area. Besides about 625 ha. and 243 ha. are used for vegetable and flower production respectively.

Figure- 30 Land Use Pattern

26%

34%

40%

Low Land Medium Land Up Land

Among the vegetables cultivation of brinjal, tomato, sweet potato and cauliflower are commonly cultivated.

1.6.1.3 Aquaculture and Fisheries Although, Orissa has 480 km of coastline and 24000 Sq.Km. of continental shelf but the amount of fish production is much below than some of the other coastal States. However total fish production in the state is improving. Between 1999-00 to 2004-5 the overall rise in fish production has been 21.07% (table –10). Besides the Chillika, a brackish water lake with water spread of 790 Sq. Km. forms an important source of brackish water fishery. Because of the selective fishing of prawns (Penaeus monodon, Pindicus) and crabs (Scylla serrata), the catch of these species have declined during the years and requires special conservation measures. Besides Chillika lake harvours many brackish water weeds specially, Gracillaria species, which has commercial importance, being the resources for agar preparation and source of human food. Fresh water fish production in Orissa accounts for 53.79% (table – 11.)and among all fresh water sources tanks contribute 82.30%. It is relevant to mention that 75% of the catch is marketed in raw form (table-12)

The fresh water fish culture is mainly confined to carp culture. There is scope for diversifying polyculture to increase the quantity of fish production. Besides sewerage water can be utilize for developing sewage fed fishery development.

Large-scale Shrimp culture, construction of Shrimp pond around the Chillika lake and in coastal areas, and use of feed material rich in Nitrogen and Phosphorus have brought algal blooms and depletion of oxygen in Chillika lake. The lake water is receiving large amount of annual feed waste, other organic waste and dissolve metabolites, which cause pollution. Long retention of saline water in intensive Shrimp pond affects the sub soil water causing loss of land productivity. These processes require good management practices.

Leasing of areas for Shrimp culture has increased economic activities and large number of net enclosure called Shrimp gheries has reduced the Shrimp stock, as fish seeding are not cultured in Shrimp gheries. The gheries bring obstacles for free flow of water and migration of Shrimp and fish juveniles. Since free flow of water is checked, it brings siltation of the lake. Besides, the environmental effects, the commercial Shrimp exploitation through Shrimp gheries has brought the division between the traditional fishermen who have depended for their livelihood on the Chillika Lake and the modern profit seeking entrepreneurs. The Shrimp gheries near the Sea mouth have affected the livelihood of thousands of families of fishermen creating social stress. However, the recent restoration mechanism adopted by the Chillika Development Authority has saved the flora and fauna of this Ramsar site and intervention of the judiciary and the Assembly House Committee has eased the problem.

The fishery promises great income source and employment source for the people. Although there is a great threat to environmental pollution but proper monitoring and planning should solve the problem. About 83 % of the fish catch is marketed in raw form and 17% are used for freezing, drying, canning and salting for use in later period or for export. (table -12)

1.6.1.4 Grazing Table 13 gives data on livestock population in Orissa. Although the state produced about 3493 metric tonnes of green fodder in 2005-06 but the grazing pressure is heavy, specially in village areas (3 - 4 cattle per ha.). A more favourable situation would be grazing of 2 or less than 2 cattle

per hectare. About 80 percent of the rural household in Orissa own livestock and about 19 million poultry. The stall-feeding is not affordable by villagers. Besides sheep & Goats requires few hours of out side grazing as per their behavioral nature. In view of this situation of grazing pressure is heavy and has led to deterioration of grazing lands in village areas.

1.6.1.5 Forests Forests provided livelihood to a large number of people, specially unemployed people who live in and around these resources.

The forest covers [Fig-32] in Orissa are classified under six groups namely Tropical Semi-evergreen forests, Tropical moist Deciduous forest, Tropical dry Deciduous forest, Sub-tropical Broad Leaved Hill forest, Littoral forest, Mangrove forest. Orissa rank 4th in terms of area under forest cover in the country and the total forest area under various categories is given below.

Reserved Forest - 26,329 Sq.km. ... about 45%

Protected Forest - 15,524 Sq.km. … about 27%

Un Classed Forest - 16,282 Sq.km. … about 28%

Total……………….. 58,135 Sq.km The districts of Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Kandhamal, Ganjam, Rayagada, and Gajapati have more forest area than other districts. However, the total forest cover accounts for 48838 Sq.km, which is about 31% of the total geographic area. The dense forest with canopy density more than 40% accounts for 18% and the open forests with canopy density less than 40% accounts for about 13% of the total area of the State.

1972-1975, the total forest area in the State was 48383 Sq.km and in 1995-97 the area was reduced to 46941 Sq.km. with a loss of 1442 Sq.km. During this period, some 23 Sq.km. of mangrove forest were also lost. However, the situation has improved after 1997 (table-14 & table-15). The reasons of deforestations are logging, conversion of forestland to agriculture, fuel wood collection, natural and man-made forest fire and loss forest due to developmental projects. The State is gifted with Similipal Biosphere forest ranges in Northern Orissa, Mangrove forest in Bhittarkanika and deep forests in part of Western Orissa, Central tableland and Northern Plateau. The flora and fauna diversity is very rich. There are number of endemic plants specially orchids, and non-domesticated paddy species.

Shifting cultivation practice, commonly known “Podu” is prevalent in some tribal districts of the State and the Shifting cultivation is putting pressure not only on forest cover and bio-diversity but also on soil, water and flora & fauna. The Shifting or Podu or Jhumu cultivation among some of the major tribes like Kutia-Kondhs, Dongaria Kondhs of Koraput, Nabarangpur, Malkanagiri, Rayagada and Phulbani districts and the Koya, Bonda and Pingo Kondhs of Kalahandi district and Juang and Paudi Bhuyan of Keonjhar district practice this type of cultivation. It has been estimated that, more than 4 million hectare of land in Orissa is used for shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation disturbs the eco system services. Forest fire used to clear the ground for cultivation and this leads to soil erosion and destruction of natural vegetation. This process is also responsible for low water retaining capacity of soil, ultimately leading to silting of nearby water bodies. Although, shifting cultivation is not encouraged at present and this practice is discouraged in the tribal development programmes but the acute poverty among the tribals has forced them to adopt shifting cultivation. One of the important

forest product is the Kendu Leaf (Diospyros sp), which provides a major source of income to large number of poor people and good revenue to the State Government as Kendu leaf is used for manufacturing “Bidi”, a type of smoking material (Cigarette). It has been estimated that, some 1 million people were engaged in plucking Kendu leaf in 2002-2003 and about 0.46 million quintals of Kendu leaf were produced. This is generated revenue of 75 crores for Government of Orissa.

The Kendu leaf is plucked from bushes and the plant is not allowed to grow taller. This threatens the forest canopy coverage’s. The value added product is smoking material, which brings health hazard. Some 2,00,000 Bidi workers and about 10,00,000 Kendu leaf pluckers get their livelihood for few months from this work. However, this creates health hazard, and loss of forest cover. Besides, Leaf plucking from Sal (Shorea robusta) and other broad leaf trees is common in rural Orissa for making Leaf plates, which are commonly used in all functions and festivals.

Fig.32 : Forest Coverage of Project districts of Orissa

1.6.2 Mining: Table – 16 and Fig.- 33 provide data on the mineral resources, number of operating mines and the quantity of minerals extracted in 2003-2004.

Source : Geology and mineral Resources of Orissa 2006, SGAT, Bhubaneswar

The State has rich resources with regard to Bauxite, Chromite, Coal, Iron ore, Manganese and Nickel ores, which are respectively about 70%, 98%, 25%, 24%, 35%, 27% and 91% of the total resources of the country. Besides, there is possibility of occurrence of Diamond in Western Orissa, Gold in Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Platinum in Jajpur and Keonjhar and Lead & Zinc in Western Orissa. These huge deposits of minerals can be scientifically exploited in a planned manner for the development of the State.

2. Fig

The state produced less than 140 million tonnes of minerals worth of Rs. 6605 crore in 2005-06. The mining revenue earned by Orissa government was Rs. 691 crore in the same year and it was 3 percent more than the previous year.

Out of 336 operating mines, only 172 mines are monitored by the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa. Even from these 172 mines, 18 mines are closed and there are 154 operating mines. As per the official record, the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa has given consent for operation to 154 mines. Mining activities involve in excavation of land, loss of top soil, loss of forest cover and biodiversity due to the degradation of surface area. It also affects the natural drainage system and ground water table.

There is reported lowering of water table in some mining areas. Mining drainage water causes pollution of water. Air pollution especially due to extension dust generation at the time of mining operation occurs. Since chromite mining and coal mining started in large scale in Sukinda Valley and Angul-Talcher region respectively and is continuing for many years, these areas have been affected badly.

Some measures have been taken for reclamation, rehabilitation and afforestation in these regions. But these restoration processes have not brought back normal situation for sustaining the local ecosystem. There is no mechanism to monitor the restoration process. Satellite imagery may help periodical assessment and future planning. This is an area, which requires policy intervention by the Government for restoration of the ecosystem.

Since, number of thermal power plants and metal-based industries are coming up in the province, there will be pressure on coal mines and iron ore mines. There will be threat to the environment due to the new mining activities.

In view of this, utmost care must be taken so that the environmental impact assessment is scientifically done and action be taken for environmental management plan so that the damage to the environment will be minimum.

1.7 Agriculture & Food Production: The total gross cropped area under different crops during 2000-2003 is presented in Table – 18. The Paddy cultivation occupies more than 75% of the gross cropped area in the State. More than 90% of the gross cropped areas are involved in food grain production. There is no significant change in bringing more gross cropped area to cash crop. Although, food grain production is the most important occupation in rural Orissa but the food grain production has not changed significantly over the years (table-18). The compound annual growth rate of the yield and production is one of the lowest in the country.

This requires serious thinking and policy intervention in the agricultural sector. This also requires long-term investment strategy, intensive education and awareness programme among the farmers for adopting different cropping pattern. This is now time to diversify the agricultural production in the State.

Orissa is comfortably placed having good water resources. The irrigation potential for agriculture is about 9 million hectare, which is less than 0.5 hectare per capita. It has been estimated by the Planning Commission that, if the irrigation potential is fully utilized it can irrigate about 90% of the total cultivable area in the State and food production can increase substantially.

In the process of crop diversification, the State has encouraged to some extent for plantation crops like Coffee, Tea, Black Peeper, Cardmum, Rubber, Cashew nut, Sabai, Betel, Coconut etc. and agro forestry. But nothing significant has been achieved.

1.7.1 Agro Climatic Zones, Land Quality of the State: Orissa exhibits wide variation in physiographic and demographic situation. This situation brings problem for agriculture. Table-19 provides information on agro climatic zones of Orissa.

The coastal districts experience hot and humid climate and non-coastal districts experience hot and dry sub humid climate. This climate is favourable for rice growth and growth of vegetables and some selected fruits like banana, mango, coconut etc.

1.7.2 Soil types: The soil is primarily red loam, mix red and yellow soil, both accounting about 81% of the total area. The black soil accounts for only about 6%. The red and yellow soil usually become hard in summer and water holding capacity is low and soils are easily erodable. Unless irrigation manure and fertilizer are timely provided, the agriculture productivity can not increase in these soil types significantly. The rice yield rate was 1210kg per ha in 1998-99 and during the same period the rice yield in West Bengal was about 2260kg per ha and in Punjab it was about 3150 kg per ha.

Fig.34 : SoilTypes in Orissa (%)

05

101520253035404550

Red loamand redsandysoils

Mixedred andyellowsoils

Blacksoils

Lateriteand

lateriticsoils

Deltaicalluvialsoils

Coastalsalineand

sandysoils

Brownforestsoils

Mixedred andblacksoils

1.7.3 Fertiliser Use: Fertilizer consumption averaged about 27kg/ha in the districts of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundargarh, about 49kg/ha in the district of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Jharsuguda, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Angul, Bolangir and Sonepur, about 26 kg/ha in the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Malkanagiri, Kandhamal. Boudh, Kalahandi and Nuapara, about 45kg/ha in the 11 coastal districts including Gajapati and Nayagarh.

The average fertilizer consumption was about 41 kg/ha in 2001-2002, in comparison to the average consumption of about 36 kg/ha in 1998-1999. The average fertilizer consumption has increased to about 47 kg/ha in 2006. During 2001-2002, the fertilizer consumption was about

143 kg/ha (more than 3 times ) in Andhra Pradesh, about 127 kg/ha (about 3 times more) in West Bengal, about 173 kg/ha (more than 4 times) in Punjab.

Since, Orissa has about 24 million livestock, cattle dung production is high and part of this cattle dung and slurry from bio gas plant could be used as manure in agricultural field. Besides, the use of green manure like Azolla, Blue green Algae, Farmyard manure, and Earthworm casts and vermin-compost should be used to increase productivity. Farmers may be encouraged to use organic pest control substances like Neem product avoiding pesticides pollution.

1.7.4 Pesticide Use Pesticide use in Orissa is one of the lowest in the country. In 2005-06 the pesticides used was 122 gm. per hectare, which was 4gms higher than the previous year. Due to lower use of chemical fertilizer as well as pesticides, the soil and ground water pollution has not created problem in Orissa except in some pockets. However, the nitrate content in ground water in some areas of Puri town and adjacent area, and Cuttack and some other coastal areas is very high, around 100 mg/l beyond prescribed safe limit (<45mg/l). It might be due to sewerage percolation.

1.8 Livestock Animal husbandry is an important income generating activity in rural households. The total livestock in Orissa as per 2001census is about 24 million excluding dogs. Out of the total livestock population, cattle population account for about 59% (about 14 million), Buffaloes account for about 6 % (more than 1million), Goats and Sheep account for about 33 % (about 8 million) and Pigs account for about 3% (about 1million). Besides, the population of other useful animal like Horses and Dogs are about 1 million. The percentage of genetically cross breed animals in Orissa account for about 6 % for cattle, about 2 % for Buffaloes and less than 1% and Goats and Sheep. The concentration of the livestock is the maximum in the coastal districts. The production of milk in 2002-2003 was about 1million tonnes with per capita availability of about 70 grams per day only. The amount of production of milk, meat, egg and per capita availability is given in table –23. The production of meat, milk and eggs are very low in comparison to other States of the country.

Farmers with having milch cows and buffaloes are to take up large-scale fodder cultivation and the concerned departments of the Government may provide the necessary inputs at subsidized rates. Farmers training to raise green fodder and manage small diary is important. The poultry and duck population in Orissa are about 18 million. The State has 9 poultry and duck breeding farms. In 2002-2003, about 1100 million eggs were produced and this amounts to about 30 eggs per person per annum, one of the lowest in the country. There are about 71 poultry producer’s cooperative societies affiliated to the State Poultry Producers Cooperative Marketing Federation (OPOLFED), which provide with technical know-how, and health care training to poultry farmers to increase the socio economic standard of rural people. A center for promotion of livestock and for providing technical knows how to the rural people is required.

1.9 Water Resources: (Fig.35) Orissa is in comfortable situation with regard to both surface and ground water resources in comparison to other States of the country. The State receives 231 BCM of rainfall of which, 70 BCM of surface water and 21 BCM of ground water are suitable for human use. The average annual rainfall in Orissa is more than 1482 mm and 80% of this rainfall occurs in June to

September. Most of the rainfall in Orissa is due to Southwest monsoon. Orissa experiences not less than 72 rainy days during monsoon. The rainfall is the source of water for all purposes and about 80% of the rainfall is carried to the ocean as surface run off as adequate storage facilities have not been developed.

Orissa has 11 river basins. Mahanadi is the biggest river system of Orissa. On the banks of Mahanadi river system, the Paper Mill at Brajaraj Nagar, the newly constructed integrated Steel Plant, Bhusan at Jharsuguda, the Thermal Power Plant in Ib Valley, INDAL at Sambalpur and some other industries and coal mines are situated. The Paper Mill at Choudwar, the Charge Chrome & Ferro Chrome Plant at Choudwar, Cos Board Industries are also located on the banks of Mahanadi. Many towns i.e. Jharsuguda and Brajaraj Nagar, Sambalpur, Sonepur, Choudwar, Cuttack, Paradeep and the industries located at Paradeep have been developed on the bank of river Mahanadi. The river receives industrial effluents as well as municipal sewerage and wastewater at different points.

Brahmani is the 2nd largest river of Orissa. Many industries i.e. Rourkela Steel Plant and other industries at Rourkela, the Super Thermal Power Plants at Kaniha and Talcher, NALCO Smelter & CPP, Angul have developed on the bank of river Brahmani. Besides, river Brahmani receives municipal sewerage and wastewater at Rourkela, Bonai, Angul-Talcher, Duburi at Jajpur and small towns in the down stream. The other rivers i.e. Baitarani, Subarnarekha, Rushikulya, Budhabalanga, Vansadhara, Nagavali, Bahuda, Indravati, Kolab are important rivers and many towns and industries have also developed on their banks.

The average flow of water in these river basins amounts to 82841 BCM (Billion Cubic Metre) annually and this includes the dependable water flow of 65679 BCM. The total average inflow amounts to 1, 20,397 BCM if the inflow of water from outside the State in interstate rivers are taken into account. Replenishment of ground water resources in the State is also good. Orissa has ground water of 21,01,128 (Hectare Meter) HM and it has been estimated that, 1,12,272 HM of ground water can be utilized by industries and households for the coming 25 years. The average utilization of ground water is about 15% of the total requirement of Orissa.

On the average 55% of the available water resources is used for irrigation purposes. The domestic requirement amounts to 798 BCM of surface water and 1198 BCM of ground water. The industrial requirement in 2005-06 amounted to 606 BCM surface water and 100 BCM of ground water and it has increased considerably considering the fact that more iron and steel industries and expansion of metal based industries have been set up and are in the pipeline.

Fig.35 : Rivers & their Catchments & Drainage areas.

1.10 Industries: Orissa is one of the least industrially developed States in our country contributing only about 3% of countries total industrial out put. The industrial sector has provided employment to about 5 lakh persons. Three agencies i.e. Industrial Promotion and Investment Corporation Limited (IPICOL), Industrial Development Corporation Limited (IDCOL) and Orissa State Electronics Development Corporation (OSEDC) promote the industrialization process in the State.

Fig.36

1.10.1 Annual Industrial Production and Resource Consumption: Orissa is rich in mineral resources. In view of this, the industrial development during the last 60 years has centered around mining activities and industries dealing with mineral processing and manufacturing goods based on minerals. The major industries that have come up in Orissa are the iron and steel, sponge iron plants, aluminium industries, thermal power and some other industries. This section deals with industries other than mining. Details have been incorporated in a tabular format given below.

Annual Production and Resource Consumption

Resource consumption Type of Industries Aggregate Annual capacity Raw material Fresh water

Iron & steel 7mT Iron ore-11mT Coke & Coal-9mT

20-40 mKL

Aluminium 0.4 mT Buxite-2 mT 4 mKL Ferro Alloys 0.5 mT NA NA Thermal Power plants 5440 MW Coal- 31mT NA Cement 3 mT Lime Stone& Gypsum-5 mT NA Fertilizer 1mT Sulphur-5mT

Gypsum-1mT NA

Paper Industries 1mT Wood & Bamboo-1mT Straw- 15000 T

36 mT

Stone crushers (900 nos) 10 mT 10 mT NA Brick kilns (127) NA NA NA

Many of them have been concentrated in the district of Jajpur, Khurda, Dhenkanal, Angul, Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Balasore, Bolangir and Ganjam. The environmental issues centre around emissions, especially suspended particulate matter including the respiratory particulate matter with potentiality for causing silicosis and respiratory diseases also in village areas. Besides the resource usage are to be planned for sustainable development. The industrial development during the recent decade has created the problem of fly ash and red mud problems in Angul and some other districts. The effluents release to Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers have caused water pollution problems in the district of Angul, Cuttack, Jajpur, Kendrapara and Jagatsinghpur districts.

1.11 Tourism & Cultural Heritage: The tourist attraction to Orissa centres around of Orissa’s rich natural ecosystems like Chilika lake, sandy sea beaches, Bhittarakanika mangroves, Similipal national park, and temples and monuments

The handicrafts like Bell metals, Patta Chitra (Palm Leaf Painting), Silver filigree work, Stone carving work, Terracotta, Textile designs and products also attract tourists.

1.12 Natural Resource Utilization: The livelihood options involves collection of forest produce, intensification of agriculture, in-situ conservation of rainwater , rearing of livestock etc. Management options in respect of forest include measures for regeneration of degraded forest, community mobilsation for guarding the

main plant and sharing the renewable part (branches leaves etc). Rainwater management by insitu conservation through enhanced time of concentration could be a viable technique for intensification of agriculture, which could generate a variety of livelihood options subserving the requisites of intense cropping including value addition to agricultural produce and subsequent marketing. Supply of inputs like fertilizer, seeds, organizing pumping from conserved sources could be viable service enterprise for some. Live stock rearing could be dovetailed with an enterprise for providing watch and ward against wild grazing. This would provide the much needed social fencing which becomes a necessity under intensified cropping program.and therefore could become a viable engagement for some. In coastal districts mangroves are in important natural resource for protecting the soil from erosion and acting as a natural wind break for coastal villages and providing livelihood options in coastal villages. The importances of mangroves for coastal areas are described below.

1.13 Forests and mangroves:

These aspects are discussed in section 2.4.2. The importance of mangroves is narrated below:

• Mangroves mitigate the adverse impact of storms and cyclones in coastal areas as a natural wind break and reduce coastal erosion by the root systems.

• The root system of mangrove along with the sea grass provides the ideal spawning grounds and nursery to the juveniles for a gamut of species.

• They serve as ideal habitat for important fish and shellfish, crustaceans and molluscs. They enhance the productivity of fish in adjoining coastal waters by providing them with large quantities of organic and inorganic nutrients.

• They buffer coastal waters from undesirable land-based influences, such as sediment, contaminant or nutrient run-off.

• They provide the critical habitats for diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna ranging from migratory birds to estuarine crocodiles and sea turtles.

• They are a source of wood products - timber, poles and posts, firewood, charcoal; non-wood products such as fodder, honey, wax, tannin, dye and materials for hatching; as well as aquatic products such as fish, prawns, crabs, clams, oysters and mussels.

1.14 Surface Water These aspects are discussed in section 2.7. The following histogram gives data on surface water resource. Orissa receives about 6 % of the total rainfall and about 17 % of the usable surface water respectively of India. Resource wise the state is conveniently placed compared to many other states in India. However the level of irrigation development in the state is far behind.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Rainfall Usable surfacewater

Ground water

Fig.37 Surface & Ground Water of Orissa (Billion Cubic Metre)

Source : Orissa University of Agriculture And Technology

In addition to the water resource the state has a rich tradition for Rain water management, which is sustaining the villages at least in kharif season. The low utilizable figure quoted in the histogram above is on the basis of what could be used for building reservoir projects. This figure does not reflect the part the farmers are traditionally using. Therefore there is a vast scope for supporting the tradition of rainwater management by inducting the modern conservation technique. Since rain falls in everybody’ field it would prove to be an excellent way to elicit mass benefit.

1.14.1 Ground water: These aspects are discussed in section 2.7 The water demand for agriculture was about 26 % in2001 of the total available surface water. The ground water demand in 2001 for agriculture was about 22 % from the total ground water available. The water resources department of government of Orissa has estimated that the demand for agriculture will be about 57% and 45% respectively from the existing water resource available in 2051. The industrial demand will also increase.

1.14.2 Coastal Resources and estuaries: Wetlands are “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water bodies whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing; fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide doesn’t exceed six meters” There are two wetlands of international important in Orissa – Chilika lake and Bhitarakanika mangrove. Besides the state has large water reservoirs of various hydel projects. There are numerous springs, waterfalls, rivulets, fresh water ponds, fresh water swamp forest, saltpans etc. These wetlands from lifeline for the people because of various reasons. The ecosystem services of wetland and there contribution to provide livelihood to the people is enormous. The Chillika Lake alone supports the livelihood of nearly 200,000 fisher folk.

Orissa has a coastline of 480 kms. The deltaic region comprises numbers of rivulets and the branches of the main rivers. In coastal belt, the area of confluence of the rivers and Bay of Bengal from a fascinating ecosystem and harbour mangroves and provide breeding and spawning grounds of fishes, prawns, crabs etc. These are very productive ecosystems.

Chillika is the largest brackish water lake of Asia and has a water spread area of about 900 sq. km. The Chillika lagoon has been facing considerable ecological and anthropogenic pressure leading to a decline in biodiversity and productivity and thus adversely affecting the livelihood of the local community. Factor responsible for the degradation of the lagoon ecology were identified as siltation, shifting of the lake channel and shoal formation along the outer channel, fall in salinity, proliferation of fresh water weed and other invasive species, poor discharge of flood water leading to water logging in the peripheral, cropland, unauthorised shrimp culture etc. The lagoon was included in the Montreux (threatened list of Ramsar site) by the Ramsar Bureau in 1993. However, due to appropriate intervention by the Chillika development Authority (CDA) and the state government, the situation has improved considerably. The measures taken include opening of a new mouth into a sea and increasing salinity of water, integrated watershed management with active participation of local community, clearing of weeds, restricting prawn gheries and declaring Nalabana and Dolphin occurrence areas as protective zone etc.

Four turtle species are found in the coastal waters of Orissa. The Olive Ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea are the only species which nest along with Orissa coast, in Bhitakanika coast (Gahirmatha), Devi river-Bay of Bengal conference and Rusikulya river conference. The nesting is usually done in sand pits in a particular stretch of the beach with specific ecological conditions. The turtles come in large congressions called ‘Arribada’ and lay egg during let December through early February and again during March through mid April. The nesting sides are closely associated with the estuary and mangroves swamps. These turtle are endangered species. Mangrove forest protection and sea beach protection from erosion and from human activity are very important for conservation of turtles. The turtle eggs are consumed by human beings and some predators. In recent time the fishing activities in the costal water of Bhitarkanika region using different types of fishing nest, light flooding of sea beach for eco tourism purpose and other purposes and deforestation of mangroves have affected the population of these species. In view of this government of Orissa has banned fishing activities in this area and declared the Gahirmatha beach as a marine sanctuary.

1.14.2.1 Sea Grass: Sea grasses are valuable and overlooked habitats, providing important coastal ecosystems worldwide. They are all flowering plants, which grow underwater in coastal marine and estuarine environments and are often found associated with mangroves. Sea grasses tend to grow in shallow, well-lit water in the sheltered bays and inlets and often form dense meadows and are commonly found in shallow coastal marine locations, salt marshes and estuaries. The relatively high rate of primary production of sea grasses drives detritus-based food chains, which help to support many of these organisms. Sea grasses offer many important goods and services.

i) They are biologically productive and serve as food to species such as dugongs, manatees, sea turtles and certain waterfowl.

ii) ii) Seagrass beds function as nurseries for some commercially exploited fish. iii) They protect coastlines from erosion by slowing wave movements and stabilize bottom sediment, which keeps the water clear. Seagrass ecosystems provide habitats for a wide variety of organisms, both plant and animal; these include meiofauna and flora, benthic flora and fauna, epiphytic organisms, plankton and fish, not to mention microbial and parasitic organisms.

Sea grass meadows are important breeding and feeding grounds for large numbers of fish and invertebrate species, and provide critical habitat for dugongs and turtles. They also play an important role in the food web of inshore coastal areas. Through their dense rhizome/root system, they also act to stabilize the sediment, reducing potential sediment erosion in shallow waters. Sea grasses are a functional group of about 60 species of underwater marine flowering plants. Fourteen species of sea grasses belonging to seven genera are so far recorded in India, out of which three genera encompassing six species are recorded from Chillika lagoon (Pattnaik etal. 2004). The sea grass meadows of Chillika are considered healthy as the biomass is measured to be 141gm dry.wt/sq mts (CDA-2004). After the restoration of the Chillika by way of opening of the new mouth due to improvement of the lagoon ecosystem the sea grass meadows are expanding and the total area of seagrass meadows is now found to be 87 sq km (CDA-2004). Three new species sea grasses are recorded from Chillika after the hydrological intervention by CDA.

Sea grasses are very sensitive to some human impacts and are important indicators of the health of the marine environment. Increase in sediment and nutrient runoff due to change in the land use pattern pose major threat to the sea grasses. Runoff of nutrients and sediments from human activities on land has major impacts in the coastal regions where sea grasses thrive; these indirect human impacts, while difficult to measure, are probably the greatest threat to sea grasses. Direct harm to sea grass beds occurs from intensive netting, trawling, land reclamation and other construction activities in the coastal zone. In Chillika the major threat to the sea grass meadows is from the unauthorised shrimp culture, juvenile poaching and operation of dragnet.

These measures have largely restored the ecological integrity of wetland and have contributed significantly towards the improvements of the livelihood of the local community due to increasing in productivity. Chillika has been removed from the Montreaux record with effect from November 2003.

There are considerable industrial and urban activities in the coast, which are expected to affect the coastal water quality. The coastal waters are monitored along the selected regions of the coastline under the coastal Ocean Monitoring and prediction Systems (COMAPS) programme of the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It has been concluded that the coastal water of Orissa are not under stress and below their carrying capacity. The only concern is with rising pathogen population, which is required to be controlled by checking the untreated / semi treated sewage discharge from the settlements along the coast and waterways. Other aspects of aquaculture and fisheries are discussed in 2.3.1.3

1.14.3 Energy Scenario in Orissa

The energy sector in the state primarily depend up on Hydro & thermal resources. The state has four major hydropower-generating unit and three thermal power units. Besides as many as six captive power sources. The current power generation capacity of states from various conventional sources is 4462 MW. The above capacity could not achieved, the present power generation and consumption depicted in the chart bellow. The chart 15 shows a surplus of 650 MW supplied to National Grid.

Fig. 38 :Energy Scenario in Orissa (in MW)

1919

880

1663

Hydro Thermal Total CPP

Sources: Department of Energy Govt. Of Orissa

Fig. 39 Power Generation and Consumption Scenario of Orissa (in MW)

2000

1650 1697

1350

650

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Maximumpower

generation

Averagegeneration

Peak Demand AverageDemand

Surplus


During mid nineties the state took a major reform programme in the energy sector and been a pioneer among States in India in embarking on a comprehensive reform of the electricity industry of the State. The aim of the reform is to address the fundamental issues underlying poor performance of the Orissa State Electricity Board and restructure the power sector. The objective to make power supply more efficient, meet the needs of a growing economy and develop an economically viable power industry which will enable Orissa to attract private capital while safeguarding the interests of the consumers. The reform programme was announced in November 1993,On April 20, 1995, the government issued a formal statement of its power policy.

The State Electricity Board, which was a monolithic organization, looking after generation, transmission and distribution of power was unbundled. The Grid Corporation of Orissa Limited (GRIDCO) was entrusted with the responsibility of Transmission and Distribution Systems,

where as Orissa Hydro Power Corporation owned and operated all hydro power generation stations in the State from 1st April'1996. private sector investment. Subsequently in April'1999, the distribution business of GRIDCO was privatized when GRIDCO disinvested 51% of its share of its equity holding in Distribution Companies to Private Investors with financial and technical capabilities. Dis-investment in power distribution sector is a major step in the power sector reform initiative, which is now being replicated in other States of the Country.

5.1 1.14.3.1 Rural Energy Scenario In the country Orissa stands at the top in generating surplus power. In contrast to this achievement Orissa has the highest nos. of village un-electrified. This is mostly due to hilly terrains and dense forest. Several efforts have been made to reach out to the far-flung areas. The bellow chart shows southern region of the state having highest nos of villages of 1512 nos followed by the central region of 1253.

Fig.40 Potential Power in MW from different Sources

0.2%1%2% 2%

95%

Solar PV powerSmall HydroWind EnergyBio mass powerWaste to Energy


The Govt. has two broad plans, which involves providing power to village through central Govt and stating Govt. plan. These will be provided through conventional sources. The villages, which are remote not reachable most of the time of a year, will be addressed through non-conventional source. The State Government have decided to formulate a Scheme for electrification of villages /habitations which are not scheduled to be covered under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) as The “Biju Gram Jyoti” – Rural Electrification Programme of the State Government. The Ministry of Power, Government of India have decided that only those habitations having population of 300 and above are to be covered under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY). Such stipulation will result in exclusion of a large number of habitations/ villages of the State. Subsequently, It was decided that all habitations having population of more than 100 should be included for implementation under Rajiv Gandhi Grameen VidyutikaranYojana (RGGVY)”. The above effort could reach out to those 4000 habitation located under remote and inaccessible conditions. The state has also massive programme in using renewable sources like Solar, Biomass and bio oil to generate electric energy.

Fig.41 : Rural Energy Scenario (in MW)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

CESSCO NESCO SOUTHCO WESCO

1st Phase 2nd Phase Total

(Sources: Department of Energy Govt. Of Orissa) 1.14.3.2 Renewable Energy Power Projects

The renewable resources have the potential to provide grid quality power of about 4500 Mw. There is a considerable scope of using them for eco-friendly production of energy from biomass and bio-oil like Karanj, Mahua, and Simoruba. Besides that the energy conservation in the project like smokeless improved Chula, biogas has been initiated in the rural Orissa.The extend such programme is depicted in the table:- The state has used various renewable energy applications for power generation the state.

Resource Potentials

Achievements

Biogas Plants 6,05,500 1,59,078 Improved chullah 54,85,000 16,66,716 Solar PV power 14,000 MW 0.668 MW Small Hydro 156.76 MW 1.30 MW Wind Energy 236 MW Nil Bio mass power 350MW 3MW Waste to Energy 28.5 MW Nil

In spite of having such huge potential for renewable energy power, rich reserves of major hydro and coal, harnessing power from renewable has not been very much in the focus. The growing consciousness towards environment, the need for sustainable development, the Kyoto protocol and other recent developments are gradually shifting focus towards Renewable Energy Power. In a bid to make fresh beginning, the state has enacted renewable energy policy, Biofuel policy that would create a conducive environment for both public as well as private investment in the sector. In order to establish Biomass-based Power Generation Projects in Orissa, A state level

Biomass Atlas has been developed. The Village Energy Security Programme supported by the central Govt, has been initiated and 13 villages has been powered through biomass and vegetable oil based decentralized power generating system.

The below matrix reflects the application of the various non- conventional energy for conservation of energy in the rural Orissa.

5.2 Progress of Different Renewable Energy Schemes Implemented in The State

Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Unit Cumulative Achievement

Up to Oct. 2007 1 N.P.B.D. Nos. 1,51,001 2 N.P.I.C. Nos. 15,92,517 3 C.B.P./I.B.P. Nos. 38 4 Biogas (F.T) Nos. 1,97,733 5 Improved Chulla (FT)- Nos. 21,01,600 6 Street Lighting System Nos. 6,655 7 Home Lighting System Nos. 4823 8 Solar Lantern Nos. 9,719 9 SPV Power Plant Nos. 63 10 Solar Cooker Nos. 3495 11 Solar water Heating System Nos. 141300 LPD 12 Solar Distillation System Nos. 1192.50 Lpd per day 13 Solar Photo Voltaic - a) Street Lighting system Nos. 5,182 - b) Home Lighting System Nos. 4,333 - c) Solar Lantern Nos. 9,402 - d) SPV Operated TV Nos. 58 - e) SPV Pumping Systems. Nos. 51 - f) SPV Power Plant KWp 36.515 Kwp g) SPV power plant for village Electrification 24 nos

14 Solar Thermal Extension Program - a) S.W.D.S. LPD 1,35,300 - b) S.D.S. LPD 1,192.5 - c) Solar Cooker Nos. 3,472

15 Village Energy Security Programme 14 nos 20kw x 14

16 Village Electrification Programme .6

17 Research programme for bio fuel programme 01 20kw

1.15 Environmental Issues 1.15.1 Air Pollution The air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, automobiles and other sources. The Talcher-Angul region receives about 83 tonnes per day of Suspended Particulate matter (SPM) and 534 Tonnes/day of Sulphur dioxide and assuming 2500 Sq.km. as the dispersion area, the concentration of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) amount to 1848 Kg per Sq.km from industrial areas. In comparison, the Rourkela, Rajgangpur area receives about 30.2 Tonnes/day of TSP and 45 Tonnes/day of Sulphur dioxide and assuming 1000 Sq.km of dispersion area, the concentration of TSP amounts to 302 Kg/Sq.km. In most of the other industrial areas, the concentration varies from 14-20 Kg of TSP/Sq.km. In Sambalpur, Hirakud area Fluoride concentration is about 2 Kg/Sq.km. These values do not take pollutants generated by automobiles, stone crusher, brick kilns etc. However, the Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) in most of the towns of Orissa does not indicate significant pollution load w.r.t. Sulphur dioxide or Oxides of Nitrogen. However, the SPM load is very high indicating dust pollution with potentiality of creating health problems related to respiratory disease.

There is however significant potentiality of generation of Green House Gas, especially Carbon dioxide by the Thermal Power Plants and threat of generation of high amounts of Sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen leading to acid rain formation. Another two important aspects of industrial pollution in the State is the fly ash generation, red mud generation. Some 13 million tonnes of fly ash and 1-3 million tonnes of red mud are generated per year. Besides, some 81000 Tonnes of Hazardous Wastes are generated.

There is a serious problem of Fly Ash, Red Mud and Hazardous Waste disposal in Orissa. As per Thumb rule, 1acre of land is required for disposal of fly ash generated from 1 MW of electricity production in case of dry disposal of ash. Besides, the fly ash and red mud become air borne especially in summer season and cause health hazard and environmental pollution problem.

Besides, filling of abandoned mines with fly ash is another option. Green belt development and aforestation policy are to be strictly followed to abate industrial pollution. The policy intervention may be required in the reclamation of mining dumpsites and waste lands generated by the industries etc. Strengthening of the regulatory agencies with regard to scientific human resources and with equipments is also very important. Govt. policy intervention is required in using the benefits of Zoning Atlas scheme and the policy of carrying capacity studies and preparation of Regional Environmental Management Plan (REMP). Since, the State promotes industrialization for generating jobs and for better living standard of the people, maximum care should be taken for protecting the environment and preventing occurrence of environmental problems leading health hazards.

1.15.1.1 Air Pollution and Disease: Rapid increase in the number of automobile in the State has resulted in emissions of toxic chemicals and carbon monoxides, oxides of nitrogen, benzene, lead particles etc. Inhalation of these exhaust gases is dangerous for human health.

The stone crushers and Brick kilns add to the problem (Table-27 & 28). These substances also trap temperature and factors of global warming. Environmental pollutants are source of human health hazards. Table-29 provides information on the acute respiratory inflammation and number of deaths in Orissa. Table-30 provides information on the air pollution and its effect on mining workers in Barbil-Joda. The major air pollution related diseases in Orissa are i) respiratory disease, ii) Asthma, iii) Pulmonary disease, iv) Cancer, particularly lung cancer, v) Tuberculosis, vi) Cardiovascular disease, vii) blindness etc.

1.15.2 Water Pollution: The two major rivers of the State namely Brahmani and Mahanadi are polluted due to industrial and municipal discharges at Rourkela, Angul, Duburi in Jajpur district, Sambalpur, Chaudwar in cuttack district and Jagatsinghpur district. Besides, the river Nagavali, Rushikulya and Budhabalang also receive large amount of pollutants from the industries. The total effluent release to river Brahmani at Rourkela amounts to 1,59,840 KLD containing 3950 Kg/day of BOD load, 10,000 Kg/day of COD load and 582 Kg/day of oil and grease. The Brahmani river receives about 54,000 KLD of industrial effluents at Angul-Talcher per day. These effluents have 440 Kg/day of BOD, 1375 Kg/day of COD and 145 Kg/day of Oil and Grease respectively. Besides, there is quite significant amount of Suspended Solid (SS) load to water at Angul-Talcher region.

The pollution load in the river Mahanadi at Sambalpur amounts to 736 KLD of effluent with 22 Kg/day of BOD load. Mahanadi river system also receives 2780 KLD of effluent at Cuttack with 30 Kg/day of BOD load and 250 Kg/day of COD load. At Paradeep, the Mahanadi river system receives 5280 KLD of effluent per day with BOD load of 15 Kg/day, COD load of 35 Kg/day and Oil and Grease of 75 Kg/day. Nagavali river receives 35,000 KLD of effluent at Raygada per day and with 1000 Kg/day of BOD load and 8750 Kg/day of COD load.

Brahmani river receives 24 times higher pollution load than Mahanadi river system. The BOD load and COD load to river Brahmani is about 66 times and 40 times respectively more than river Mahanadi. Although in general, the pollution concentration levels at discharge point into

Fig. 42 Acute Respiratory Infections due to air pollution

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

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the rivers are within the permissible levels but the cumulative effect makes the water non portable and in some places not fit for human use. Nagavali river also receives large amount of effluent, which is higher load than Mahanadi river system. The Total Coliform count and Feacal Coliform count are also very high in many stretches of these rivers. The water monitoring data of BOD and COD in the down stream in some stretches of these rivers done by the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa shows high values indicating the water is not suitable for human use without treatment.

1.15.2.1 Water Pollution & Disease: Since, the river water is polluted; Village people largely depend on ground water drawn through surface wells and bore wells for drinking purposes. Thus, there is lot of pressure in some areas of the State on ground water resources. The water borne diseases are Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhoea, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Schistosomiasis, Guinea worm. Although, there is no authentic record of persons suffering from these water borne disease and the number of deaths occurred in Orissa, but it is the general belief that, large number of people in rural Orissa suffer from these diseases and many people die every year. The data available in the Health Department is reported in the proposed State of Environment publications of the Orissa State Pollution Control Board and is given in Table-31.

Some half million people suffer from Malaria every year in Orissa and some 400-500 deaths from malaria occur every year. Recently, the death toll due to cerebral malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) is in the increasing trend. The economic burden on the people and maintaining Government Hospitals is very high. Besides, loss of productive human hours due to suffering from disease is high.

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There are also Government of India projects like Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme and Special Packages for providing safe drinking water to Koraput, Bolangir & Kalahandi (KBK) districts of Orissa. In all these projects, some two and half lakhs tube wells and few thousands wells and some 130 spring based water supply systems have been made.

1.15.3 Land Pollution

1.15.3.1 Municipal Solid Wastes

Orissa has 103 Municipalities and Notified Area Councils. None of these urban and small town centres have municipal solid waste treatment and management facilities. However recently Government of Orissa have taken steps to create MSW collection, segregation, disposal and management plans and trying to implement in municipalities and NACs. This project requires urgent strengthening.

The solid waste generation in selected areas of Orissa is given in Table-34.

The municipality & NAC staffs collect wastes from bins and transport to low lying areas for disposal. The sweeping wastes are burnt by road side and the ash is periodically transported by garbage transport vehicles.

However recently the regulatory agencies and the state governments have taken steps to implement the municipal solid waste (Management & handling) Rules, 2000 and the Recycled plastics manufacture and usage Rules, 1999. The Puri municipality has developed facilities for collection segregation and disposal of MSWs and another 24 municipalities have submitted plans for approval for MSW management. The 103 municipalities and notified area councils in Orissa are to take effective steps for collection, segregation of biodegradable from non-biodegradable wastes (especially plastics, metals and glasses etc.)

1.15.3.2 Industrial solid wastes:

The industrial solid waste disposal is one of the major environmental issues in Orissa. The following table gives data on industrial solid waste generation in Orissa, in 2004.

1.15.4 Hazardous Wastes: The data on hazardous waste generation is given in Table-35. The districts of Angul, Jagatsingpur, Sudergarh, Jharsuguda, Keonjhar, Sambalpur generate huge amount of hazardous wastes requiring scientific land filling. Some of the wastes are recyclable and incinerable. Landfill sites are to be developed.

Fig.44: Annual Hazardous Wastes in Orissa (in Tonnes)

66319

14303

367

Recyclable Incinerable Land disposal

1.15.5 Sea Water Ingression: A considerable area of about 5 Lakh hectares of the coastal alluvial tract is beset with salinity hazard. In a narrow track it starts from Chandaneswar in Balasore district in the north-east and extends upto Brahmagiri in Puri district in the south-west. The Saline aquifers occur in different depths. The salinity zone and pattern of occurrence of fresh and saline aquifers are presented in Table - 36. The presence of saline aquifers in Balasore and Bhadrak districts in different depths have created problems of supply of adequate drinking water in village areas. This requires proper planning of tube wells to draw usable water from different depths.

1.15.6 Public Health and Sanitation Health hazards due to environmental pollutants include industrial and agricultural pollution of air, water, soil and food materials. Hazards of poor sanitation and shelter can also be included under this category. Many industrial accidents have occurred in India bringing serious health problems. The traffic density in Orissa has increased manifold. The stone and mineral crushers generate SPM and RPM and workers working in these units inhale these particulate matters and become subjected to respiratory disease and other diseases. The water pollution brings Cholera and other water related gastro intestinal disease and worm infections. Village people in general do not have access to safe drinking water. People are exposed to ambient levels of SPM, sulphur dioxide and some other gases, which exceed recommended level. Food adulteration causes diseases. Since, most of the people in rural Orissa use wood, sawdust, cow dung and coal as cooking material, the housewives suffer from various diseases due to indoor pollution. Agricultural chemicals, pests & pesticides use are not much in Orissa but their handling and spraying are potential source of pollution and causing diseases. Deficiency of Iodine brings disorder leading to development of goiter in the neck, mental retardation, dwarfism etc. Goiter is rampant in Orissa. In some parts of Orissa like Karlapat in Kalahandi district, the fluoride content in the ground water is very high. For decades, people are using this water and have suffered from severe bone deformities and flourosis. These are some of the examples of effect of environmental pollutants on human health. Fluoride problem also exists in part of Angul, Nayagarh and Sambalpur districts.

1.15.7 Occupational Health: Occupational health hazards due to pollution in industry, working places is a common thing in many parts of the world including Orissa. Since, Orissa is in the process on rapid industrialization and urbanization, large number of workers in industries, sponge iron and metal crushing units, construction jobs and local Cigarette (Bidi) manufacturing units are subjected to severe pollution from different types of dust and gases.

Noise pollution is in the increasing trend in Orissa. Constant subject to noise brings impairment in hearing, damage to nervous system and brain. Noise pollution reduces working efficiency, cause fatigue, interfere in verbal communication and create many physiological problems including mental irritation, chronic headache, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and auditory damage.

Some policy interventions have been made to control noise in residential areas, but the implementation of the law is to improve.

Since, the housewives in rural India ordinarily use Chulha for cooking purposes, they suffer from indoor pollution. Table-37 provides data on the pollutants generated by household Chulha.

ANNEXURE 1-B Table – 1 : District wise Monthly Normal Rainfall (in M.M.)

(Source:- Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Sl. No.

Name of the District

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Project Districts 1. Puri 14 26 20 27 67 207 311 300 245 167 58 7 1449 2. Khurda 14 26 20 27 67 207 311 300 245 167 58 7 1449 3. Nayagarh 14 26 20 27 67 207 311 300 245 167 58 7 1449 4. Balasore 17 31 34 53 105 218 333 314 243 171 42 7 1568 5. Bhadrak 17 31 34 53 105 218 333 314 243 171 42 7 1568 6. Angul 16 31 19 29 60 209 382 333 221 94 25 5 1421 7. Cuttack 14 28 21 34 87 222 352 316 229 147 47 5 1501 8. Jagatsinghpur 14 28 21 34 87 222 352 316 229 147 47 5 1501 9. Jajpur 14 28 21 34 87 222 352 316 229 147 47 5 1501 10. Kendrapara 14 28 21 34 87 222 352 316 229 147 47 5 1501

Other Districts 11. Ganjam 11 22 21 42 77 169 222 242 230 180 69 11 1296 12. Gajapati 11 22 21 42 77 169 222 242 230 180 69 11 1296 13. Bolangir 14 18 14 19 29 234 392 407 232 66 16 4 1444 14. Sonepur 14 18 14 19 29 234 392 407 232 66 16 4 1444 15. Dhenkanal 16 31 19 29 60 209 382 333 221 94 25 5 1421 16. Sambalpur 14 24 16 18 31 219 470 431 224 62 15 4 1527 17. Bargarh 14 24 16 18 31 219 470 431 224 62 15 4 1527 18. Jharsuguda 14 24 16 18 31 219 470 431 224 62 15 4 1527 19. Keonjhar 22 38 23 43 89 210 392 335 233 113 32 5 1535 20. Mayurbhanj 22 36 30 47 97 235 426 376 232 114 27 7 1648 21. Deogarh 14 24 16 18 31 219 470 431 224 62 15 4 1527 22. Sundargarh 20 37 19 20 41 251 480 458 224 76 16 5 1648 23. Kalahandi 12 15 14 24 34 228 344 385 221 82 18 3 1378 24. Nuapara 12 15 14 24 34 228 344 385 221 82 18 3 1378 25. Koraput 7 11 16 53 75 206 351 380 262 117 36 8 1522 26. Malkangiri 7 11 16 53 75 206 351 380 262 117 36 8 1522 27. Nawarangpur 7 11 16 53 75 206 351 380 262 117 36 8 1522 28. Rayagada 7 11 16 53 75 206 351 380 262 117 36 8 1522 29. Phulbani

(Kandhamal) 13 28 25 36 66 239 391 374 260 127 32 7 1597

30. Boudh 13 28 25 36 66 239 391 374 260 127 32 7 1597 ORISSA (Average) 14 14 26 21 36 71 213 352 336 237 132 40 6

Table – 2 : Ten Years Mean Relative Humidity (%) at different places of Orissa Month

Place

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Angul 70 75 58 65 52 70 78 84 64 78 74 47

Balasore 66 70 55 68 68 84 83 85 82 75 67 60

Bolangir 64 66 45 47 46 76 86 85 83 82 81 70

Baripada 71 71 56 70 72 87 88 87 85 80 73 71

Bhubaneswar 71 73 70 70 71 82 84 89 87 83 75 66

Chandabali 77 78 73 73 74 81 86 88 83 77 78 73

Cuttack 71 75 70 72 73 77 85 85 85 73 73 76

Gopalpur 78 75 75 78 83 82 86 84 84 88 84 76

Jharsuguda 62 54 46 47 40 76 88 89 88 87 73 70

Keonjhar 62 63 47 46 53 77 85 90 85 77 73 65

Paradeep 80 78 75 76 81 84 87 93 86 83 80 75

Phulbani 83 71 56 53 44 81 89 90 86 82 83 84

Puri 73 77 74 77 85 87 87 86 82 78 77 77

Sambalpur 52 61 50 56 40 71 86 87 84 46 74 71

Sundargarh 64 52 32 39 41 74 78 86 82 63 68 68

Titilagarh 65 57 52 37 43 76 84 93 80 77 76 63

(Source:- State of Environment Orissa, 2006)

Table-3 : Occurrence of Natural Disaster in Orissa 6. Year Actual Rainfall (mm) Natural Disaster

1961 1263 - 1962 1170 - 1963 1467 - 1964 1414 - 1965 997 Severe Drought 1966 1135 Drought 1967 1327 Cyclone, Flood 1968 1296 Cyclone, Flood 1969 1802 Flood 1970 1660 Flood 1971 1792 Severe Cyclone, Flood 1972 1177 Flood, Drought 1973 1360 Flood 1974 951 Severe Drought, Flood 1975 1326 Flood 1976 1013 Severe Drought, Flood 1977 1327 Flood 1978 1261 Hailstorm, Cyclone 1979 951 Severe Drought 1980 1322 Flood, Drought 1981 1187 Whirlwind, Tornado,

Flood, Drought 1982 1180 Severe Flood &

Drought, Cyclone 1983 1374 - 1984 1303 Drought 1985 1607 Flood 1986 1566 - 1987 1041 Severe Drought 1988 1271 - 1989 1284 - 1990 1866 Flood 1991 1466 - 1992 1344 Flood & Drought 1993 1422 - 1994 1700 Flood 1995 1739 Flood 1996 1042 Drought 1997 1493 - 1998 1278 - 1999 1440 Super Cyclone 2000 1040 Drought in some areas 2001 1616 Severe Flood 2002 1008 Severe Summer Heat 2003 1473 Drought in some areas 2004 1620 Flood in some district 2005 1345 Flood in some district 2006 1810 Severe Flood (Source:- Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table-4 : Occupational Pattern in Orissa Census Year 2001

Total No. of Workers

Cultivator Agricultural Labour

Household, Industry

and Small business

Other workers

Main Workers

Marginal Workers

In Nos. 14272761

4238347

5001075

689173

4344169

9572940

4699824

In % 30 35 5 30 67 33

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa Table-5 : District-wise Distribution of Rural Families (%) in Orissa Below Poverty Line of Rs.11, 000 on the basis of different Income Groups Orissa as per 1992 Survey :Annual Income (Rs.)

Sl. No.

Name of the District Rs. 0-4000 (Destitute)

Rs. 4001-6000 (Very Very

Poor)

Rs. 6001-8500 (Very poor)

Rs. 88501-11000 (Poor)

Total

Project Districts 1. Puri 23 26 17 8 75 2. Khurda 21 35 14 6 76 3. Nayagarh 25 38 15 5 84 4. Cuttack 18 28 16 11 72 5. Angul 33 32 15 5 84 6. Baleswar 25 26 10 4 65 7. Bhadrak 20 29 15 7 71 8. Jagatsinghpur 22 21 15 12 70 9. Jajpur 22 24 16 10 72

10. Kendrapara 17 25 16 11 69 Other Districts

11. Bargarh 21 28 14 7 70 12. Bolangir 26 34 22 9 92 13. Dhenkanal 29 35 15 6 84 14. Gajapati 33 35 18 5 92 15. Ganjam 29 25 14 7 75 16. Kalahandi 28 36 17 7 87 17. Kendujhar 28 30 18 8 83 18. Koraput 24 36 18 8 87 19. Malkangiri 31 37 17 8 92 20. Mayurbhanj 35 36 15 5 91 21. Nuapada 25 33 21 8 86 22. Nabarangpur 34 33 17 7 91 23. Rayagada 29 29 17 6 82 24. Sonepur 29 25 10 5 67 25. Sundargarh 23 31 18 9 81 26. Phulbani 42 34 13 4 93 27. Boudh 20 37 20 8 85 28. Sambalpur 24 25 12 5 66 29. Deogarh 30 30 12 6 78 30. Jharsuguda 15 22 13 4 54

Orissa Total 26 30 16 7 79 (Source:- Govt of Orissa, Rural Development Survey)

Table-6 :Operational holdings and % of Area Operated by Different Categories of Land Holder. (Source: Orissa Development Report, Planning Commission, 2002, Govt. of India, and Economic Survey, 2002-2003 Government of Orissa.)

Table-7 :Human Development Indices for 15 major Provinces of the Country States/UTS 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 0.298 0.377 0.416 Assam 0.272 0.348 0.386 Bihar 0.237 0.308 0.367 Gujarat 0.360 0.431 0.479 Haryana 0.360 0.443 0.509 Karnataka 0.346 0.412 0.478 Kerala 0.500 0.591 0.638 Madhya Pradesh 0.245 0.328 0.394 Maharashtra 0.363 0.452 0.523 Orissa* 0.267 0.345 0.404 Punjab 0.411 0.475 0.537 Rajasthan 0.256 0.347 0.424 Tamilnadu 0.343 0.466 0.531 Utter Pradesh 0.255 0.314 0.388 West Bengal 0.305 0.404 0.472 All India 0.302 0.381 0.472

* Note : Orissa’s Position is 11th in descending order among the 15 major states given in the table. (Source: Planning Commission, Government of India, National Human Development Report, 2001, March 2002 p.15)

Table –8: Cropping Pattern of Principal Crops in Orissa Principal Crop 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Paddy 78 76 78 76 77 All Cereals 81 80 81 79 80 Total Pulses 10 11 11 12 11 Total Food Grains 91 91 92 92 91 Oil Seeds 6 6 5 5 6 Fibers 1 2 1 1 1 Other Crops (Sugarcane, Potato, tobacco, chilly and ginger)

2 2 2 2 2

All Crops 100 100 100 100 100 Total Area (thousand hectare) 5720 5907 5499 5891 5840

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa , Directorate of Horticulture, Bhubaneswar)

Percent of Operational Holdings Percent of Operated Area Size Class of Operational Holding (in Acre) 1981-82 1995-1996 1981-82 1995-1996

Less than ≤2.55 34 54 17 21 >2.55-≤5 26 28 26 30 >5-≤10 14 14 26 28 >10-≤25 5 4 18 17

>25 1 0 13 4 All sizes 100 100 100 100

Table–9(A) : Area, Production and Yield Rate of different Fruits in Orissa during 2005-06 Area Production Yield rate Name of the fruits

(‘000 ha.) (000’ MT) (Qtl/ha) Mango 125 429 34 Banana 21 270 126 Citrus 27 205 77 Pine apple 1 7 111 Papaya 1 14 182 Coconut 51 2750 5409(nuts) Other Fruits 63 478 76 Total 289 1403 & 2750 lakh nuts 59 & 5409 nuts per

hectare

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa)

Table – 9 (B) : Area, Production & Yield Rate of different Vegetables Name of the Vegetables

Area (‘000 Hect.)

Production (‘000 M.T.)

Yield rate (Qtls./Hect.)

Brinjal 128 1854 145 Tomato 100 1332 133 Cabbage 34 932 276 Cauliflower 45 639 142 Pea 5 42 87 Okra 71 620 87 Sweet Potato 47 394 84 Potato 8 75 90 Others 187 1832 98

Total 625 7720 123 (Source : Directorate of Horticulture, Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table – 9 (C) : Area and Production of different Floricultural Crops. (In thousand M.T.)

Marigold Rose Gladioli Tube rose Year

Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2003-04 195 14581 42 92 11 11 34 540

2004-05 221 16599 46 99 12 12 35 555

2005-06 243 17514 112 246 130 130 108 1515

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa

Table – 10 : Production of Fish and Crab in Orissa (In MT)

Inland fish Production Year Fresh Water Brackish

Water

Marine fish Total Per capita consumption of fish (kg.)

Crab Production

1999-00 125 10 126 261 7 1 2000-01 125 13 121 260 8 1 2001-02 147 21 114 282 8 1 2002-03 154 20 115 289 8 2 2003-04 166 25 117 307 8 2 2004-05 170 24 122 316 8 2

(Directorate of Fisheries , Orissa, Cuttack)

Table–11 : Fresh Water Fish Production from different Sources in Orissa (000 M.T.) Year Tanks/ Ponds Reservoirs Lakes/ Swamps/

Jheels Rivers/ Canals

Total

1999-00 88 14 2 21 125 2000-01 92 8 3 22 125 2001-02 113 7 4 23 147 2002-03 120 9 3 23 154 2003-04 134 10 3 19 166 2004-05 140 12 2 16 170

(Source: Hand Book on Fisheries Statistics, Government of India)

Table –12: Disposition of Fish Produced in Orissa (In thousand M.T.)

Year Marketed in raw form

Freezing Drying Salting Canning Total

1999-00 208 15 33 5 - 261 2000-01 207 16 28 9 0 260 2001-02 229 16 27 10 0 282 2002-03 246 17 18 9 - 289 2003-04 263 17 13 14 - 307 2004-05 276 13 13 13 - 316

(Source: Hand Book on Fisheries Statistics, Government of India)

6.1

Table 13 : Livestock Population in Orissa (in Lakhs) Cattle Census

year Total Cross bred Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs Total

1982 129 N.A. 13 49 20 4 216 1991 136 6 15 48 18 6 223 1995 148 7 17 54 19 6 243 2001 140 9 14 59 18 6 237 2003 143 10 14 60 18 6 240

(Source:-Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Orissa, Cuttack)

Table-14 : Forest coverage of Orissa based on satellite data. (in Sq.Km.)

Closed Forest Open Degraded Forest Mangrove Forest Year Cover Percentage(%) Cover Percentage(%) Cover Percentage(%)

1972-75 37320 77.13 10829 22.38 234 0.48 1980-82 28812 73.08 10386 26.34 227 0.58 1980-82 27349 57.94 19661 41.65 195 0.41 1991-95 27163 57.66 19749 41.92 195 0.41 1995-97 26101 55.60 20629 43.95 211 0.45 2001 27972 57.01 20,886 42.57 219 0.42

Note: 1. Closed forest refers to 40 % crown density forest. Open and degraded forest refers to less than 40 % crown density. 2. Figures in brackets indicate percentage of total forest area.Source: Quoted from Table-1.7, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, Orissa Development Report, 2002.

Table-15 : District wise Forest area in Orissa. (in Sq.Km.) Sl. No

District Geog Area

R.F. U.F. D.P.F U.D.P.F Others (Rev. Deptt

Control)

Total Private Ownership

Project Districts

1 Puri 3051 16 1 86 0 35 137 0 2 Khurda 2889 299 1 210 0 109 619 4 3 Nayagarh 4242 1302 0 188 140 455 2081 8 4 Cuttack 3733 522 0 101 0 164 788 0 5 Angul 6232 1761 1 273 12 670 2717 1 6 Balasore 3634 203 0 22 0 108 332 0 7 Bhadrak 2677 0 0 4 33 60 97 0 8 Jagatsinghpur 1973 1 0 5 83 44 133 0 9 Jajpur 2888 6 0 299 0 420 725 0

10 Kendrapara 2548 14 5 128 62 39 248 0 Other Districts

11 Bargarh 5834 0 45 0 181 1216 0 0 12 Bolangir 6569 0 4 0 434 1544 0 0 13 Boudh 3444 1 44 0 249 1277 0 0 14 Deogarh 2784 0 244 0 738 1560 0 0 15 Dhenkanal 4595 0 14 0 583 1738 0 0 16 Gajapati 3850 0 108 1149 79 2469 0 0 17 Ganjam 8706 1 144 1167 352 3150 0 0 18 Jharsuguda 2200 0 110 0 37 202 0 0 19 Kalahandi 8364 1 489 313 287 2538 0 0 20 Kandhamal 7650 2 1783 0 1914 5710 0 0 21 Keonjhar 8303 0 274 23 768 3097 0 0 22 Koraput 7897 1 985 0 415 1880 0 0 23 Malkangiri 6190 0 941 662 1401 3356 0 0 24 Mayurbhanj 10418 2 245 0 815 4392 0 0 25 Nuapara 3408 0 1504 0 345 1850 0 0 26 Nawarangpur 5294 0 686 0 1242 2462 0 0 27 Rayagada 7580 1 1147 0 893 2812 0 0 28 Sambalpur 6698 1 363 0 1116 3632 0 0 29 Sundargarh 9712 2 837 0 1467 4957 0 0 30 Sonepur 2344 0 0 0 106 416 0 0

TOTAL 155707 26329 21 11280 3645 15526 58135 12

(Source: Report submitted by the District Level committees constituted vide Government of Orissa Resolution No. 10F (Legal)1/97-10750/F&E dated 05th July, 1997.)

(Note- R.F-Reserve Forest, DPF-Demarcated Projected Forest, UDPF--Un-Demarcated Projected Forest, UF-Unclassified Forest)

Table – 16: Mineral Resources of Orissa

Sl. No.

Mineral Location Resources in Million Tonnes

No. of operating

mines

Production in Million

Tonnes 2003-2004

1. Bauxite Koraput, Rayagada, Kalahandi, Bolangir and small deposits in Phulbani, Nuapara, Sundargarh

1733

5 5

2. Coal Angul-Talcher, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda

60987

245692 26

60

3. Iron Ore Kendujhar, Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Jajpur

4177

91 35

4. Beach Sand Ganjam & Puri 82

1

0

5. China Clay Mayurbhanj, Malkanagiri 314

8 0

6. Fire Clay Cuttack, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda 177

11 0

7. Chromite Kendujhar, Jajpur 183

18 3

8. Dolomite Sundargarh 882

2 1

9. Limiestone Sundargarh, Bargarh, Koraput, Malkangiri

2224

25 2

10. Graphite Bargarh, Sambalpur, Bolangiri, Kalahandi, Phulbani and Rayagada

5 57

0

11. Manganese Sundargarh, Kendujhar, Rayagada 116

19

1

12. Nickel Jajpur & Kendujhar 174 - - 13. Soap Stone - - 4 - 14. Pyrophyllite - - 4 0 15. Quartz & Quartzite - - 56 0

{Source : As per the latest figures of Ministry of Coal (SOE-2006)}

(Note: Some of the project districts where mineral resources are located are made bold.)

Table – 17: Percentage of Gross Cropped Area under different crops Sl. No. Principal Crops 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003

1. Paddy 78 76 78 2. Total Cereals 81 80 81 3. Total Pulses 10 11 11 4. Total Food grains 91 91 92 5. Total Oilseeds 6 6 5 6. Total Fibres 1 2 1 7. Other Crops 2 2 2 8. All Crops 100 100 100 9. Total area in 000 ha 5720 5907 5499

Source: Compiled from Government of Orissa, Economic Survey, 1999-2000, 2003-2004.

Agricultural statistics of Orissa at a glance, Government of Orissa, 1996) Table-18: Food grain Production in Orissa

(Qnty. in Million Metric tonnes per year) Year Average Food grain

Production

Range of Production

1973-1978 4917 (3971-5561) 1978-1983 5168 (3872-5977) 1983-1988 6203 (5058-7001) 1988-1993 7436 (6898-8273) 1993-1998 7357 (5347-8216) 1998-2003 5592 (3555-7540)

*Calculated from data given in Economic Survey, Agriculture Statistics and other sources

Table-19 : Agro Climatic Zones and Land Quality of the State Sl. No.

Agro-climatic Zones

Place Climate Soil Group

1. North western plateau

Sundargarh, Kuchinda Subdivision, Sambalpur

Hot and moist Red and yellow

2. North central plateau

Keonjhar except Anandpur, Baripada, Karanjia

Hot and moist Red loam

3. North eastern coastal plateau

Balasore, Bhadrak, Anandpur, Jajpur except Sukinda

Hot and moist sub-humid

Alluvial

4. East and south eastern coastal plain

Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Khurdha, Kendrapara, Aska, Phulbani

Hot and humid Coastal alluvial saline (near the coast

line) 5. North eastern ghat Gajapati, Rayagada Hot and moist sub

humid Laterite and brown

6. Eastern ghat high land

Koraput, Nawarangpur Warm and humid Red

7. South eastern ghat Jeypore, Malkangiri

Warm and humid Red, mixed red and yellow

8. Western undulating Bhawanipatna, Khariar, Dabugaon block of Nawarangpur

Warm and humid Black, mixed red and black

9. West central table land

Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur, Bolangir

Hot and moist Red, heavy textured colourous

10. Mid central table land

Angul, Dhenkanal, Athagarh, Sukinda

Hot and dry sub-humid

Red loamy, laterite mixed red and black

Source : Based on Economic Survey, 2003-2004, Government of Orissa

Table-20: Classification of Soil Types of Orissa

1. Red loam and red sandy soils 7050 2. Mixed red and yellow soils 5440 3. Black soils 960 4. Laterite and lateritic soils 700 5. Deltaic alluvial soils 670 6. Coastal saline and sandy soils 390 7. Brown forest soils 170 8. Mixed red and black soils 100

Total Area 15480

(Source: Agriculture in Orissa; Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Orissa)

Table – 21 (A): Fertilizer Consumption in Orissa(000’MT) Year Nitrogen (N) Phosphates (P) Potash (K) Total Kg./ hect. 1961-62 4 0 - 5 1 1971-72 37 8 4 50 7 1981-82 54 18 10 82 10 1991-92 126 42 28 196 20 2001-02 221 72 52 345 41 2002-03 185 63 42 291 39 2003-04 210 67 41 326 39 2004-05 224 78 54 355 43

(Source : Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Orissa)

Table – 21B: Consumption of Fertilizers in some selected States. Name of the State 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Andhra Pradesh 160 143 128 145 156 Assam 36 39 43 48 42 Bihar 97 87 87 81 86 Gujarat 70 86 78 95 107 Haryana 147 156 153 162 166

Karnataka 110 101 91 79 111 Kerala 59 61 68 64 67 Madhya Pradesh 38 40 36 52 56 Maharashtra 74 78 74 64 78 Orissa 41 41 39 39 43 Punjab 167 173 175 190 193 Tamil Nadu 145 142 114 115 153 Uttar Pradesh 111 130 127 126 126 West Bengal 114 127 122 114 129 Rajasthan 31 39 29 67 37 All India 86 90 85 88 97

(Source : Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Orissa)

Table-22: Consumption of Pesticides in Orissa

(Source: Economic Survey, Govt. of Orissa,2006-07)

Table –23: Production of Milk Products, Meat, Eggs over the years

(Source : Economic Survey 2006-2007, Govt. of Orissa)

Table-24 : Surface and Ground Water of India and Orissa (Billion Cubic Meter). India Orissa Total water available

including outside state Rainfall 4000 231 - Usable surface water 690 70* 120 Ground water 432 21 21 Total 1122 91 141 * Does not include water resources available from outside state

Year Total Consumption (in M.T.)

Consumption per hectare (kg./hect.)

2000-01 994 2001-02 1018 2002-03 682 2003-04 1029 2004-05 987 118 2005-06 1039 122

Year Production of Milk (million

tonnes)

Availability of Milk per head

per day (g)

Meat Production

(C,000t)

Availability of Meat per

head (kg/year)

Egg Production

million number

Availability per head per year (number)

2000-01 1 67 38 1 730 20 2001-02 1 70 43 1 858 29 2002-03 1 67 45 1 1088 30

( Source:- State of Environment Orissa, 2006)

Table-25 : Water Demand for (Mill.Cu.M) Orissa Surface Water Ground Water

2001 2051 (Estimated)

2001 2051 (Estimated)

Agriculture 18,000 40,000 4.688 9,408 Industry 606 1,7508 100 200 Domestic 798 1,2028 1,198 1,803 Environment 21,000 21,000 8,400 8,400 Others 100 200 100 200 Water availability 70,000 70,000 21,000 21,000 * May increase depending upon industrialization /urbanization

( Source: SOE, 2006, SPCB, Bhubaneswar)

Table-26 : Surface and Ground Water 2001 2051 I. Surface Water Used 58% 92% Surplus 42% 08% II. Ground Water Used 69% 95% Surplus 31% 5% *Water Harvesting is a Priority Area

(Source:- Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa)

Table-27: District Wise Stone Crushers in Orissa Sl. Name of the District Total nos. of stone crushing units 1 7. Angul 45 2 Balasore 37 3 Bargarh 24 4 Bhadrak 03 5 Bolangir 32 6 Boudh 05 7 Cuttack 13 8 Deogarh 12 9 Dhenkanal 90

10 Gajapati 02 11 Ganjam 42 12 Jajpur 225 13 Jharsuguda 12 14 Kalahandi 23 15 Kandhamal 01 16 Kendrapara 01 17 Kendujhar 21

18 Khurda 156 19 Koraput 11 20 Malkangiri 02 21 Mayurbhanj 41 22 Nawarangpur 04 23 Nayagarh 06 24 Nuapada 18 25 Rayagada 10 26 Sambalpur 51 27 Sonepur 02 28 Sundargarh 35

Total 924


Table-:28 District Wise Brick Kilns in Orissa Sl No. Name of the District Numbers

1 Balasore 52 2 Mayurbhanj 24 3 Khurda 33 4 Cuttack (Undivided) 78 5 Sundargarh 18 6 Sambalpur 08 7 Jharsuguda 05 8 Bargarh 06 9 Dhenkanal 04 10 Kendujhar 01 11 Bhadrak 02 Total 231


Table-29: Acute Respiratory Infections

OPD & Indoor Deaths Year Male Female Male Female

1999 738387 536110 28 119 2000 684655 653507 148 102 2001 456349 287151 84 48 2002 575421 445265 134 66 2003 560997 379001 36 18

(Source: Department of Health, Government of Orissa 2003 & State Pollution Control Board, Orissa)

Table-30: Impact of Air Pollution on Mining Worker’s Health(Data in numbers and %)

Sam

ple

Chr

. B

ronc

hitis

Perc

enta

ge

(%)

ulm

onar

y

Perc

enta

ge (

%)

Abn

orm

al

Pulm

onar

y Fu

nctio

n T

est

Perc

enta

ge

(%)

Pneu

moc

oni

osis

Perc

enta

ge

(%)

? L

ung

Can

cer

Perc

enta

ge

(%)

4590 232

5

57

1.24 520 11.32 10

0.21 15 0.32

(Source: DGMS Statuary Medical Examinations of Barbil-Joda-Koira Sector 2000-2003 & State Pollution Control Board, Orissa)

Table-31: Water Borne Disease reported in Orissa from 1999-2003

Diarrhoeal Diseases including Gastroenteritis and Cholera Year No. of Patients in OPD & Indoor No. of Deaths

Male Female Male Female 1999 455795 306863 138 70 2000 365915 245064 112 73 2001 230791 149917 70 38 2002 305374 205456 76 41 2003 250867 170998 57 45

8. Typhoid 1999 22279 13905 46 19 2000 19780 12299 17 06 2001 13086 9271 10 08 2002 15346 9401 06 04 2003 9873 8488 24 18

9. Viral Hepatitis 1999 6586 3752 91 55 2000 9307 4694 70 37 2001 4865 2652 28 11 2002 471 244 35 12 2003 1546 941 27 12

(Source: State Pollution Control Board, Orissa 2005 (State of Environment, Orissa report)

Table: 32 : Solid waste generation* Sl no

Town Population (2001 census)

Solid waste generation in MT./day

Per capita generation gm/day

1 Bhubaneswar 647302 425 657 2 Cuttack 535139 430 803 3 Puri 157610 68 430 4 Berhampur 241267 225 930 5 Sambalpur 154164 109 707

* This has increased considerably during the last 6 years.

Table- 33 : The average solid waste composition in Orissa is given below. Sl. No Constituents Percentage by weight Bhubaneswar Cuttack Puri Sambalpur

1 Paper 2 3 2 6 2 Polythene, plastics 7 2 3 4 3 Inert ash 8 2 15 6 4 Metals 1 2 0 9 5 Glass 1 1 0 2 6 Leaves, grass, coir, vegetables 43 37 29 33 7 Cow dung - 7 - - 8 Debrish & sand 34 - 44 28 9 Leather & rubber Negligible 1 0 1

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa) Table-34 : Industrial solid waste generated in Orissa in 2004

Sl no Unit Million tonne per year

Disposing/storing

1 Thermal power plants 9 Ash pond (~ 2500 acre land) 2 Red mud (Alumina Plant) 3 Red mud pond (~ 800 acres) 3 Iron & steel plants 2 Dumping 4 Sponge iron plants (char & kiln dusts) 6 Dumping 5 Ferro alloyes-slag 1 Dumping 6 Phosphatic fertilizers (sulphur muck) etc 5 Dumping


Table- 35 : District wise Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa*. Hazardous Waste (TPA) SI.

No Name of the

District Recyclable Incinerable Land disposable

Total

1 Angul 1341 31 12945 14316 2 Balasore 1823 66 82 1971 3 Bargarh 58 - 2 59 4 Bhadrak 213 - 1 214 5 Bolangir 5 4 93 102 6 Cuttack 40 173 511 723 7 Dhenkanal 323 4 62 389 8 Ganjam 14 1 1675 1690 9 Jagatsinghpur 111 - 19273 19381

10 Jajpur 132 - 722 853 11 Jharsuguda 432 7 6626 7064 12 Kalahandi 2 - 12 14 13 Keonjhar 102 - 7054 7157 14 Khurda 10 0 8 18 15 Koraput 78 2 23 102 16 Mayurbhanj 44 - 82 126 17 Nabarangpur 2 - 6 8 18 Puri - - 2 2 19 Rayagada 944 - - 944 20 Sambalpur 183 2 2540 2725 21 Sundargarh 8451 78 14603 23132

TOTAL 14303 367 66319 80989

Table- 36 : The Pattern of Occurrence of Saline Aquifers in Orissa District Block

Full Part Balasore - Bahanaga, Balasore, Baliapal, Basta, Bhograi, Remuna Bhadrak Chandbali Basudevpur, Tihidi, Dhamnagar Ganjam - Chatrapur, Chikiti, Ganjam, Khalikote, Rangeilunda

Jagatsingpur Ersama Balikuda, Kujanga, Nuagaon Jajpur - Bari, Binharpur, Dashrathpur

Kendrapara Mahakalpara, Marshaghai, Rajkanika,

Rajnagar

Aul, Derabish, Kendrapara, Pattamundai

Puri - Astarng, Brahmagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushna Prasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri, Satyabadi

Total 6 Blocks 35 Blocks A number of district present complex salinity profiles as follows:

9.1.1.1.1.1 Pattern of Salinity 9.1.1.1.1.2 District Saline water overlying fresh water Conspicuously occurs in Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara,

Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur District. Fresh water overlying fresh water Prominent in Puri, parts of Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara District Alternating fresh water zones Prominent in parts of Kendrapara District Saline water at all depths unto 600m Conspicuous in Puri, parts of Jagatsinghpur , Kendrapara

District.

(Source: G.W.S & I Directorate)

Table- 37: Exposure of Rural Housewives to pollutants generated from Chulha

Pollutants generated from consumption of wood in Chulah 9.1.1.1.1.3 Effect on man

Rural housewives inhaling the pollutant

Carbon monoxide (mg/kg) of wood i) Reduce oxygen to body tissue ii) Impairment of central nerves

system

40 mg

Total Suspended Particulate (gram/kg) Reduced i) Visibility, irritation of eye ii) Impairment in respiratory

system

2

Benzopyrene (mg/kg) Precursor to cancer 1 Formal Dehide (gram/kg) i) Irritant of eyes, nose, upper,

respiratory tract ii) Possible cancer precursor

0.4

{Note: Housewives in rural Orissa face this type of hazard, Source: Dash (2004)}

Table 38 : Summary of livelihood options in the coastal and non-costal project districts.

Sl District Important Livelihoods Important environmental issues pertaining to livelihoods

Other major environmental issues

Coastal 1 Puri Fish and Fisheries,Tourism,Cottage Industry

(Pipli Chandua, Artisan Wood, Stone Carving & Patta Painting) Agriculture,Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew nut, Beetle leaf, Mango & Banana)

2 Khurda Forest based cottage industry (Wood and Bamboo)

Fish and fisheries Horticulture (Coconut, Cashew, Mango & Banana)

Low

• Jagatsinghpur Fish and fisheries,Agriculture,Horticulture (Beetle leaf, Bamboo, Mango, Cashew & Banana),Industry

Medium Industrial pollution at Paradeep

• Kendrapara Fish and fisheries, Agriculture,Mangrove based livelihood

Horticulture (Beetle leaf, Banana)

Low

• Bhadrak Fish and fisheries,Industrial Mining,Mangrove based livelihood,Beetle leaf, banana, mango

Low

• Balasore

Fish and fisheries,Tourism,Industrial

Horticulture (beetle leaf, cashew, mangrove, coconut)

Medium Industrial pollution source at Balasore Town.

• Non Costal 1 Cuttack Cottage industries (Silver filigree, Textile)

Fish and fisheries, Aquaculture

Agriculture, livestock

Low

2 Jajpur Industrial

Fish and fisheries

Agricultural, livestock

Medium Chromite mining pollution and industrial discharges.

3 Angul Forest based cottage industries.

Horticulture (litchi, mango, orange)

Coal based industries

Medium Fluoride pollution in ground water

4 Nayagarh Forest based cottage industry

Horticulture (mango, coconut, cashew)

Agriculture

Livestock

Low In some block fluoride pollution due to soil and industry

Table –39 Administrative Structure of the project districts Sl

. No.

Nam

e of

the

Dis

tric

ts

No.

of

Subd

ivis

ions

No.

of

Tah

asil

No.

of P

S

No.

of C

D

Blo

ck

No.

of G

P

No.

M

unic

ipal

ity

/Cor

p.

No.

of N

AC

s

No.

of O

G

No.

of t

own

with

CT

Costal districts 1 Puri 1 7 16 11 230 1 3 0 0 2 Khurda 2 7 24 10 168 3 2 11 2 3 Jagatsinghpur 1 4 8 8 194 1 1 0 0 4 Kendrapara 1 7 7 9 230 1 1 0 0 5 Bhadrak 1 6 12 7 193 1 1 0 0 6 Balasore 2 7 21 12 289 1 3 21 0

Total 8 38 88 57 1304 8 11 32 2 Non-Coastal District

1 Cuttack 3 11 35 14 342 2 2 11 4 2 Jajpur 1 6 12 10 280 2 - 1 - 3 Angul 4 5 20 8 209 1 2 - 6 4 Nayagarh 1 4 9 8 179 - 2 - 2

Total 9 26 76 40 1010 5 6 12 12 (OG : Out Growth, CT : Census Town)

Table –40 (A) Area, Density and Decadal Growth Rate of Population)

Sl. N

o.

Nam

e of

th

e D

istr

icts

Geo

grap

hic

al A

rea

(Sq.

Km

.)

Tot

al

Popu

latio

n 19

91

Cen

sus

Tot

al

Popu

latio

n 20

01

Cen

sus

Dec

adal

gr

owth

rat

e 19

91-2

000

Den

sity

per

Sq

.K.M

. 20

01 c

ensu

s

Tot

al

Popu

latio

n 20

01

Cen

sus

Mal

e 20

01

Cen

sus

Fem

ale

2001

C

ensu

s

Sex

Rat

io

(fem

ale

per

1000

mal

es)


Total 16772 7693086 9097968 107 107 9097968 4647747 4450221 5792 Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack 3733 2053192 2341094 14 595 2341094 1207781 1133313 938 2 Jajpur 2888 1386177 1624341 17 560 1624341 823747 800594 973 3 Angul 6232 961037 1140003 19 179 1140003 587234 552769 941 4 Nayagarh 4242 782647 864516 10 222 864516 446177 418339 938

Total 17095 5183053 5969954 60 1556 5969954 3064939 2905015 3790 (Source : Census of India)

Table –40 (B) Population with ST & SC and their Percentage to the total population

Sl. No.

Name of the Districts

Total Population ST Population % of ST Population

SC Population % of SC Population

Costal districts 1 Puri 1502682 4482 0 273917 18 2 Khurda 1877395 97186 5 254251 14 3 Jagatsinghpur 1057629 8640 1 222634 21 4 Kendrapara 1302005 6822 1 267186 21 5 Bhadrak 1333749 25141 2 286723 22 6 Balasore 2024508 228454 11 381422 19

Total 9097968 370725 1686133 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 2341094 83591 4 446789 19 2 Jajpur 1624341 125989 8 373513 23 3 Angul 1140003 132994 12 196109 17 4 Nayagarh 864516 50836 6 121409 14

Total 5969954 393410 1137820 (Source : Census of India)

Table –41: Land Utilisation Pattern (area in ‘000 Hect.)

Sl. N

o.

Nam

e of

th

e D

istr

icts

Geo

grap

hic

al A

rea

Fore

st

Are

a

Mis

c. tr

ees

& g

roov

es

Perm

anen

t pa

stur

e

Cul

tura

l w

aste

Lan

d pu

t to

non

agl

. la

nd

Bar

ren

&

un-

culti

vabl

e la

ndC

urre

nt

fallo

w

Oth

er

fallo

w

Net

are

a so

wn

Costal districts 1 Puri 305 14 25 11 22 46 5 5 32 145 2 Khurda 289 62 15 6 13 34 14 12 5 128 3 Jagatsinghpur 197 13 4 7 17 38 3 10 5 100 4 Kendrapara 255 25 6 8 7 42 1 12 14 140 5 Bhadrak 268 10 17 14 11 21 4 14 13 164 6 Balasore 363 33 9 12 9 43 3 16 10 228 Total 1677 157 76 58 79 224 30 69 79 905 Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack 373 79 5 10 11 60 8 3 23 174 2 Jajpur 289 72 4 4 4 20 5 16 14 150 3 Angul 623 272 28 11 11 35 32 37 15 182 4 Nayagarh 424 208 22 12 11 24 12 2 2 163 Total 1709 631 59 37 37 139 57 58 54 669

(Source : Directorate of Agriculture & Food Production, Orissa)

Table –42 : Source wise Irrigated Area (in ‘000 Hect.)

Major & Medium Irrigation Project Minor(Flow) Irrigation Project

Minor (Lift) Irrigation Project

Sl. No.


Kharif 9.1.1.1.1.4 Rabi

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Costal districts 1 Puri 110 74 ‘S’ ‘S’ 13 8 2 Khurda 44 26 18 2 7 5 3 Jagatsingpur 34 17 - - 9 5 4 Kendrapara 64 41 ‘S’ - 33 20 5 Bhadrak 80 12 1 ‘S’ 19 11 6 Balasore 21 7 8 3 36 22

Total 353 177 9 11 117 71 Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack 90 55 19 3 22 13 2 Jajpur 62 33 6 1 29 18 3 Angul 13 3 21 3 10 6 4 Nayagarh 11 3 20 4 7 4

Total 176 94 66 11 68 41 (Source : Dorectorate of Agriculture & Food Production, Orissa)

Table –43 (A) : Area under different Crops (Cereals) (in ‘000 Hect.). Rice Sl.

No. Name of the

Districts A W S Total 9.1.1.1.1Bajra Maize Ragi Wheat Small

Millets Total

cereals

Costal districts 1 Puri 1 129 16 146 0 146 2 Khurda 1 111 1 113 0 0 113 3 Jagatsinghpur 4 84 1 89 ‘S’ 89 4 Kendrapara 6 120 3 129 ‘S’ 129 5 Bhadrak ‘S’ 148 3 151 ‘S’ 0 151 6 Balasore 1 204 19 224 0 224

Total 796 42 851 0 0 851 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 18 134 2 155 0 0 0 0 155 2 Jajpur 18 107 2 127 0 0 ‘S’ 127 3 Angul 22 80 2 104 1 0 0 0 105 4 Nayagarh 2 98 0 100 0 0 0 0 ‘S’ 101

Total 60 419 6 486 100 0 1 0 0 488 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)(A-Autumn, W-Winter, S-Summer)

Table –43 (B) : Area under different Crops (in ‘000 Hect.)

Pulses Sl. No.

Name of the Districts Mung Biri Kulthi Other Pulses Total Pulses Total Food

grains Costal districts

1 Puri 4 9 2 0 15 161 2 Khurda 13 1 1 1 16 130 3 Jagatsinghpur 18 3 1 1 23 112 4 Kendrapara 13 10 1 1 25 154 5 Bhadrak 2 3 0 0 5 156 6 Balasore 3 1 ‘S’ 1 5 229

Total 53.48 53 27 4 90 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 23 11 5 2 41 195 2 Jajpur 5 11 2 2 19 146 3 Angul 3 4 4 10 21 127 4 Nayagarh 15 3 2 4 24 125

Total 45.77 46 30 12 18 105 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –43 (C) : Area under different Crops (Oil seed) (in ‘000 Hect.)

Oil Seed Sl. No.

Name of the Districts Ground

Nut Sesa Mum Mustard Line *

Seed Caster *

Seed Other * Oil seed

Total Oil seed

Costal districts 1 Puri 2 1 0 1 0 0 4047 2 Khurda 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 Jagatsinghpur 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 Kendrapara 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 Bhadrak 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Balasore 2 1 1 0 0 0 3

Total 7.3 7 3 2 2 0 0 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 Jajpur 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 Angul 4 7 1 0 0 1 12 4 Nayagarh 0 1 0 1 0 0 2

Total 16.47 16 8 1 1 1 1 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –43 (D) : Area under different Crops (in ‘000 Hect.) Vegetables and Cash Crops Condiments and Spices Sl.

No. Name of the

Districts

Pota

to

Oni

on

Oth

er

Veg

etab

les

Tot

al

Veg

etab

les

Suga

r C

ane

Tob

acco

Chi

lies

Gin

ger

Tur

mer

ic

Oth

er sp

ices

Tot

al

Con

dim

ents

Costal districts 1 Puri 0 0 16 16 0 - 0 0 0 1 1 2 Khurda 0 0 28 29 0 - 1 1 0 1 2 3 Jagatsinghpur 0 2 18 20 0 - 5 0 0 3 8 4 Kendrapara 1 1 18 20 0 - 4 0 0 3 8 5 Bhadrak 0 0 23 23 0 - 2 0 0 0 2 6 Balasore 0 1 30 32 0 - 4 1 1 1 7

Total 1.6 2 5 132 140 1 17 2 2 8 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 1 2 20 23 2 0 3 0 1 2 6 2 Jajpur 0 1 18 19 0 0 2 0 0 2 5 3 Angul 0 2 24 27 0 0 4 0 0 3 7 4 Nayagarh 0 0 13 14 2 0 1 1 3 0 5

Total 1.79 2 5 75 82 4 0 10 2 4 7 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –43 (E) : Area under different Crops (Fibres) (in ‘000 Hect.) Fibres Sl.

No. Name of the

Districts Cotton Jute Mesta Sun * hemp

Total Fibres

Costal districts 1 Puri - ‘S’ 0 0 0 2 Khurda - - 0 0 0 3 Jagatsinghpur - 0 0 0 0 4 Kendrapara - 1 0 0 1 5 Bhadrak - 0 0 0 1 6 Balasore - 1 0 1 2

Total 0 1 4 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 0 2 0 0 2 2 Jajpur 0 1 0 0 1 3 Angul 0 0 1 0 1 4 Nayagarh 0 0 1 0 1

Total 0 3 2 0 5 Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar./D.A. & F.P., Orissa)

Table –44 (A) : Production of different Crops (Cereals) (in ‘000 Hect.)

Rice Sl. No.

Name of the

Districts A W S Total

Jowar

Maize Ragi Wheat Small Millets

Total cerea

ls

Costal districts 1 Puri 1 107 20 128 - - - 0 - - 128 2 Khurda ‘S’ 50 2 52 - - 0 0 - - 52 3 Jagatsinghpur 4 98 2 104 - - - - - - 104 4 Kendrapara 5 108 5 118 - - - ‘S’ - - 118 5 Bhadrak ‘S’ 184 5 189 - - - - 0 - 189 6 Balasore 2 167 43 212 - - - - 0 - 212

Total 714 77 803 0 0 803 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 14 160 4 178 0 - ‘S’ 0 0 0 178 2 Jajpur 7 83 3 93 0 - 0 0 ‘S’ 0 93 3 Angul 7 30 3 40 0 - 1 0 0 0 41 4 Nayagarh 1 61 0 62 0 0 0 0 ‘S’ 0 63

Total 29 334 10 374 0 0 0 0 375 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)(A-Autumn, W-Winter, S-Summer)

Table –44 (B) : Production of different Crops (Pulses) (in ‘000 Hect.).

Pulses Sl. No.

Name of the Districts Mung Biri Kulthi Other

Pulses Total Pulses

Total Food Grains

Costal districts 1 Puri 1 2 1 0 4 131 2 Khurda 2 0 0 1 3 55 3 Jagatsinghpur 6 1 0 0 8 112 4 Kendrapara 5 3 0 2 10 128 5 Bhadrak 1 1 ‘S’ 0 1 190 6 Balasore 1 0 ‘S’ 1 2 214

Total 14.3 14 8 3 27 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 8 5 2 1 16 194 2 Jajpur 1 4 1 1 6 99 3 Angul 0 0 1 7 8 49 4 Nayagarh 2 1 0 2 6 68

Total 11.89 12 9 4 11 36 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –44 (C) : Production of different Crops (Oil seeds) (in ‘000 Hect.) Oil seeds Sl. No. Name of the

Districts Gound nut

Sesa mum

Mustard Linseed Castor Seed

Other oil seed

Total oil

seeds Costal districts

1 Puri 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 Khurda 0 0 ‘S’ 0 0 0 1 3 Jagatsinghpur 1 0 ‘S’ 0 0 0 1 4 Kendrapara 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 Bhadrak 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Balasore 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

Total 7.96 8 1 0 0 0 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Jajpur 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 Angul 3 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 Nayagarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Total 15.06 15 1 0 0 0 0 (Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –44 (D) : Production of different Crops (in ‘000 M.T.) Vegetables and cash crops Condiments and Spices Sl. No. Name of the

Districts

Pota

to

Oni

on

Oth

er

vege

tabl

es

Tot

al

vege

tabl

es

Suga

r ca

ne

Tob

acco

Chi

lies

Gin

ger

Tur

mer

ic

Oth

er S

pice

s

Tot

al

cond

imen

ts

and

spic

es

Costal districts 1 Puri 5 1 363 369 2 - 0 0 0 1 1

2 Khurda 2 3 345 349 6 - 1 1 0 1 3

3 Jagatsinghpur 5 16 243 264 20 - 5 1 0 4 9

4 Kendrapara 8 11 211 231 4 - 4 1 0 3 8

5 Bhadrak 1 3 255 259 20 - 1 0 0 1 3

6 Balasore 3 14 254 271 9 - 4 2 2 2 9

Total 24.36 24 48 1671 1744 62 14 4 4 11

Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 14 13 240 267 94 - 3 1 2 3 8

2 Jajpur 3 6 1 130 18 - 2 0 1 2 5

3 Angul 4 25 257 285 10 0 3 1 1 5 9

4 Nayagarh 0 3 148 151 106 - 1 2 6 1 9

Total 20.65 21 47 646 833 229 0 8 3 9 11

(Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar)

Table –44 (E): Production of different Crops (in ‘000 M.T.) Fibres Rice Maize

Sl. No

Name of the Districts Cotton Jute Mesta Sunhemp Total

fibres Autumn Winter Summer Total

Costal districts 1 Puri - 0 0 0 0 10 8 18 9 0 2 Khurda - 0 1 0 1 3 5 34 5 7 3 Jagatsinghpur - 0 0 0 0 11 12 30 12 0 4 Kendrapara - 10 0 0 0 8 9 31 9 0 5 Bhadrak - 0 0 0 0 2 10 46 13 13 6 Balasore - 8 1 5 13 12 8 35 9 0

Total 18.33 18 2 5 15 46 51 195 57 Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack - 19 2 - 21 8 12 27 12 4 2 Jajpur - 11 1 - 12 4 8 28 7 7 3 Angul 0 0 4 - 4 3 4 27 4 6 4 Nayagarh - 0 2 1 3 4 6 11 6 8

Total 0 30 30 8 1 39 19 30 94 29

(Source : D.E & S., Orissa, Bhubaneswar./D.A. & F.P., Orissa) (Note- “S”-Scarce, 1 Bale=170 kg for mesta & sunhemp, 1 Bale= 180 kg for cotton Lint & Jute)

Table –45(A) : Average yield of different crops ( in Qtls/Hect.) l. No


Ragi Wheat Small Millets

Mung Biri Kulthi Ground nut

Sesamum

Mustard Lonsees


Total 15 15 16 14 15 16 20 64 18 9 Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack 5 13 - 3 4 5 8 4 2 5 2 Jajpur 0 6 - 3 3 4 10 5 1 3 3 Angul 3 13 5 1 1 1 7 1 1 0 4 Nayagarh 5 7 - 2 2 2 9 1 1 2

Total 13 13 39 5 9 10 12 34 12 4

Table –45(B) : Average yield of different crops (in Qtls/Hect.) Sl. No


Caster seed Cotton Jute Mesta Sun hemp Sugar cane

Costal districts 1 Puri - - - 0 519 2 Khurda 4 - 21 6 0 416 3 Jagatsinghpur 5 - 15 0 0 699 4 Kendrapara 6 - 18 0 0 483 5 Bhadrak 5 - 14 1 10 785 6 Balasore 5 - 15 7 9 353

Total 25 - 83 14 19 3255 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 5 - 20 7 0 474 2 Jajpur 4 - 14 5 0 423 3 Angul 5 7 0 7 0 463 4 Nayagarh 6 - 0 7 8 572

Total 20 7 34 26 8 1932 (Note : Yield rate of Cotton, Mesta, Jute & Sunhemp are in Bales/Hect.) (Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa / D.A. & F.P., Orissa)

Table –45 (C ) : Average yield of different crops (in Qtls/Hect.) Sl. No Name of the Districts Potato Chilies Ginger Tobacco Onion Turmeric Costal districts

1 Puri 121 9 20 - 65 18 2 Khurda 115 9 18 - 65 20 3 Jagatsinghpur 130 9 19 - 95 22 4 Kendrapara 136 8 19 - 88 23 5 Bhadrak 116 8 20 - 88 22 6 Balasore 107 9 21 - 95 24

Non-Costal districts 1 Cuttack 128 8 19 - 80 23 2 Jajpur 119 8 19 - 65 22 3 Angul 88 8 13 5 107 23 4 Nayagarh 70 9 18 - 65 21

(Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa / D.A. & F.P., Orissa)

Table –46 : Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers in Orissa. Quality of Consumption (in ‘000 M.T)

Sl. No Name of the

Districts Nitrogeneous (N) Phosphatic (P) Potassic (K) Total (N+P+K) Costal districts

1 Puri 7 2 3 12 2 Khurda 5 1 1 6 3 Jagatsinghpur 4 1 1 6 4 Kendrapara 4 1 1 6 5 Bhadrak 12 6 3 21 6 Balasore 14 6 5 25

Total 46 17 14 76 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 7 2 2 11 2 Jajpur 6 2 2 9 3 Angul 5 1 1 7 4 Nayagarh 6 0 0 6

Total 24 5 5 33 (Source : Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Orissa) Table –47 : Fish Production in Orissa.

10. Production of Fish ( in M.T) Sl. No. Name of the Districts Fresh water 11. Marine Brackish water Total

Costal districts 1 Puri 6533 27504 2009 36046 2 Khurda 6171 0 13161 19332 3 Jagatsinghpur 5932 29344 2330 37606 4 Kendrapara 5981 10795 1687 18506 5 Bhadrak 6446 1000 1599 18046 6 Balasore 7543 30061 2043 39647

Total 38606 98704 22829 169183 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 6921 0 0 6921 2 Jajpur 4149 0 0 4149 3 Angul 5781 0 0 5781 4 Nayagarh 6302 0 0 6302

Total 23153 0 0 23153 (Source : Directorate of Fisheries, Orissa, Cuttack)

Table –48 : Number of livestock and poultry . CATTLE

Cross Bread Indigenous Exotic Sl. No.


Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Cattle

Costal districts 1 Puri 17301 68116 171717 204858 5 22 463019 2 Khurda 8773 39093 148734 209858 12 42 406512 3 Jagatsinghpur 19257 63465 99371 105052 0 0 287145 4 Kendrapara 5159 24241 5159 183569 5139 24241 247508 5 Bhadrak 7761 17354 284383 250745 0 0 560243 6 Balasore 7518 20368 490657 430510 0 0 949053

Total 65769 232637 1200021 1384592 5156 24305 2913480 Non-Costal districts

1 Cuttack 28688 87302 218810 288285 4 7 623096 2 Jajpur 5099 14408 288407 324894 - - 632808 3 Angul 7654 22407 289285 243600 - - 562946 4 Nayagarh 1455 6043 147379 169677 - - 324554

Total 42896 130160 943881 1026456 4 7 2143404

(Source : Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Veterinary services. Orissa)

ANNEXURE-2

TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINE (TEGs)

TEG NO LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY CATEGORY LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE OVERALL ASSESSMENT LEVEL

A-1 AGRICULTURE BETEL LEAVES PRODUCTION LOW

Elements affected Extent of impact Reason Specific guidelines Best practices

Air INSIGNIFICANT Low level of pesticide use

Water INSIGNIFICANT Low level of pesticide use

Land INSIGNIFICANT Bio degradable inputs

Ecology NA NA

Others, if any NA NA

Use mask during spraying of fungicides.

Use waste leaf for composting.

Use hybrid varieties like Utkal Sudan, Balia pan, Desipan and Godibangala

Use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices.

Use biological control methods or bio-pesticides or eco-friendly pesticides.

Use drum kit type drip irrigation system depending upon the feasibility.

Adopt water harvesting structures and/or groundwater recharge measures at the community level


A-2 AGRICULTURE FODDER PRODUCTION LOW


Air NA -

Water INSIGNIFICANT

Low level of pesticide use

Land NA -

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Propagate high yielding varieties like stylo, stylo hamata, Stylo Scabra, Hybride Napier Bajra and Denanath Grass particularly those enabling multi-cuts.

Adopt fencing to avoid stray grazing.

Do not burn the crop residues.

Establish fodder banks to store surplus forages. (These fodder banks can help in reducing the regional imbalances in fodder availability).

Use of bio pesticides and avoidance of chemical pesticide

Expand fodder cultivation to unused fallow and Wastelands

Cultivate fodder trees, including fodder shrubs.


A-3 AGRICULTURE SUGARCANE MEDIUM



Water MARGINAL

Could lead to

groundwater depletion

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Use groundwater judiciously

Remove the weeds

Use face and nose mask during spraying

Sow the crop in proper time to avoid water stress

Compost all residues.

Adoption of Irrigation Management practices in waterlogged areas.

Use of efficient spraying equipment to prevent wastage and contamination

Adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and integrated nutrient management practices.

Adopt suitable crop rotations

Use of local varieties.


A-4 AGRICULTURE SUN FLOWER, FLORICULTURE LOW



Water INSIGNIFICANT

Low level of pesticide

use

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -



Remove the weeds

Compost all crop residues.

Adoption of Irrigation Management in waterlogged areas.

Use efficient spraying equipment to prevent wastage & contamination





A-5 AGRICULTURE PADDY CULTIVATION MEDIUM



Water MARGINAL

Could lead to

groundwater depletion

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Use groundwater judiciously

Remove the weeds



Compost all crop residues a part from fodder.

Adoption of Irrigation Management in waterlogged areas.






A-6 AGRICULTURE *PULSES CULTIVATION LOW



Water INSIGNIFICANT


use

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -


Remove the weeds


Compost all crop residues a part from fodder.

Adopt Irrigation Management in waterlogged areas.





*Arhar, Balack Gram,Green Gram,Red Gram


A-7 AGRICULTURE TURMERIC CULTIVATION LOW



Water INSIGNIFICANT


use

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -



Remove the weeds

Compost all crop residues.







B-1 HORTICULTURE

ORCHARDS* LOW



Water INSIGNIFICANT


use

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -


Plant the samplings in proper time.

Remove the weeds

Compost and fuel all plant residue and dropping twigs.




Use local varieties.

* Mango, Banana, Litchi, Cashew, Coconut, Sapota, Jackfruit, Pine Apple, Guava, Pomegranate


B-2 HORTICULTURE

MUSHROOM PRODUCTION MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Odour

Water INSIGNIFICANT Waste water from straw beds

Land INSIGNIFICANT Packing materials and waste straw bed

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Re-use generated wastewater after chlorination.

Wash the culturing room and all materials with chlorinated and soda ash water.

After harvesting the straw beds must be composted to get manure.

Segregate the infected and wastes mushrooms and dispose them along with used straw bed.

Dispose all plastic material as per plastic waste management rules 2000 (See annexure)

Reuse the waste effluent for horticulture.

Cover the floors with polythene to prevent corrosion due to salt deposits and to hold moisture.

Adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques.

Recycle plastics and glass used in the process

Use of paper or jute packing material


B-3 HORTICULTURE

VEGETABLES FARMING LOW



Water INSIGNIFICANT


use

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -


Remove the weeds


Use drip irrigation during summer vegetable crops and water stress are.

Use vermi-compost.







C-1 FOREST

LEAF PLATE STITCHING LOW


Air NA No emissions

Water NA No pressure on water use

Land INSIGNIFICANT Bio-degradable plants and inputs

Ecology MARGINAL Pressure on Sal species

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT Bidi use may have fire

hazards

Obtain necessary permission / license from Gram Panchyat

Collect leaves from multiple species

Do not collect more than approximately one-third of the leaves from any one particular tree

Never smoke bidi or cigarette while collecting leaves from forest

Encourage the use of paper instead of polythene material in the preparation of leaf plates.

Develop awareness to avoid use of Bidi.

Take up regeneration activity to reduce pressure on Sal species.


C-2 FOREST

BAMBOO & BAMBOO PRODUCTS LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Rejected bamboo pieces

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Bio degradable solid waste

Others, if any NA NA


There should not be more than 3 families in a village practicing this trade.

Never harm or damage other trees during collection of bamboo from forest.

Collect the solid wastes daily in a container dispose properly or reuse them.

Never smoke bidi or cigarette while collecting bamboos from forest

Store the finished bamboo products under the shed.

Reuse the rejected bamboo pieces and as a fuel.


C-3 FOREST

CANE & CANE PRODUCTS LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Rejected canes

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA


There should not be more than 3 families in a village practicing this trade

Use the cane only after grading and processing the green canes

Never harm or damage other trees during collection of cane from forest

Collect the solid wastes daily in a container dispose properly or reuse them.

Store the finished cane products under the shed.

Re-use the rejected cane pieces and as a fuel.


C-4 FOREST

JHUNA- Collection of NTFP

LOW


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land NA -

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Obtain necessary permission / license from Gram Panchayata

Use standard tapping method

Never harm to other trees during collection.

Never make permanent injury or damage to the tree

Grading and preliminary processing


C-5 FOREST

MEDICINAL PLANTS LOW


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land NA -

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Only certain plant material is taken

Others, if any NA -


Avoid destruction of medicinal plant trees or other trees during collection of medicinal plant material

Use preliminary processing methods such as washing, sun drying, cleaning, storage etc. before marketing or using the plant material

Cultivate the medicinal plants in high demand the open areas in your own herbal garden


C-6 FOREST

COLLECTION OF SEEDS AND FIREWOOD FROM MULTI PURPOSE TIMBER SPECIES*

LOW


Air NA -

Water NA

-

Land

NA -

Ecology MARGINAL Deforestation

Others, if any NA -


Adopt silviculture practices

Collect seeds only from forest floor

Firewood collection should follow recommended plant harvesting cycles

Alternative plantation must be done in the village forest and protected forest area

Grow energy plantations on waste and fallow lands and roadside.

Grow/ plant species like Simourba, Mahua, Karaja, Neem, Acacia, Subabul

* Simourba, Mahua, Karaja, Neem, Acacia, Subabul


D-1 FOOD

ARISA & KAKARA PITHA PREPARATION LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Dust emission in

grinding and smoke from the stove.

Water INSIGNIFICANT Waste water from

cleaning of cereals and grains.

Land INSIGNIFICANT Peelings of fruits and

vegetable and packaging materials.

Ecology NA -

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT

Fire hazard and burning injuries from hot oil.

Use LPG stove or smokeless chulha for frying.

Use boiled and cooled water dough making.

Use by products for animal feed, manure for crops and for vermi-composting.

Use aprons and gloves during cooking.

Use natural preservatives instead of chemical preservatives.

Use of air vibration systems to reduce dust and impurities.

Stocking of finished Pithas in airtight containers with proper inventory management before packaging.


D-2 FOOD CANNING (JUICE, JAM, SAUCE, JELLY) LOW


Air

NA -

Water

MARGINAL

Washing water for cleaning of fruits and

vegetables

Land

INSIGNIFICANT

Peelings of fruits and vegetable and

packaging materials

Ecology NA

-

Others, if any

NA -

Clean and rinse raw material with flowing water to reduce dust and impurities

Adopt dry peeling.

Use natural preservatives instead of chemical preservatives

Implement water conservation by recycling water. Reuse the water for washing after filtering

Plastic disposal must followed as per disposal rules 2000

For larger projects use air jets/ air vibration systems for removing dust from vegetables and fruits.

Use of by products as animal feed

Use of softened water in the processes

Use anaerobic digestion system for pulp waste.

Use the biogas for healthy/economy.


D-3 FOOD CASHEW PROCESSING MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Little emission from Dry frying stoves

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT Cashew seed residue

Ecology NA -

Others, if any MARGINAL Fire hazard

Use LPG stove or smokeless Chula for dry frying

Dry peeling through de- seeding machine.

Use aprons and gloves during cooking

All fire extinguisher equipments must be installed.

Obtain licence under explosive substances act from dist collector

Peeling for manure for crops and for vermi-composting.

Storage of finished cashew in airtight containers with proper inventory management before packaging.


D-4 FOOD DRY FISH PREPARATION LOW


Air NA

Water INSIGNIFICANT Fish cleaning water

Land MARGINAL Fish scales and fish body parts and stale

fishes

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA

Locate the site away from residences and market places

Remove internal body parts like gut etc before processing

Take much care during sun drying. Spread transparent polythene to avoid dust, impurities and insects

Use processed iodized salt free from impurities like sand silt and dust for salting.

Use all carcasses of fish for vermi composting

Use solar drier or container with reflecting base for drying


D-5 FOOD DRY PRAWN PROCESSING LOW


Air NA -

Water INSIGNIFICANT Prawn cleaning water

Land MARGINAL Prawn caresses and body parts and stale

prawns

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Organic waste is generated

Others, if any NA -


Remove unused body parts before processing

Spread transparent polythene to avoid dust and impurities during sun drying

Use processed iodized salt free from impurities like sand silt and dust for salting

Use all carcasses of prawn as poultry feed or vermi-composting.

Collect the waste in air tight containers and transport them and dispose them properly

Either a solar drier or a container with reflecting base should be used as drying container


D-6 FOOD CHIPS FROM POTATO, BANANA, RICE, SAGU

LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Insignificant emission from the Chula

Water MARGINAL Washing water for

cleaning of fruits and vegetables


vegetable and packaging materials

Ecology NA -


Fire hazard and burning injuries from

hot oil

LPG stove or smokeless chullah should be used for frying

Clean raw material with flowing water to reduce dust and impurities

Use aprons and gloves during cooking operations

Adopt dry peeling

Use peeling for animal feed, and manure for crops and also use the peelings for vermi-composting

Store finished chips in air tight containers with proper inventory management before packaging.

For larger projects use air jets/ air vibration systems for removing dust from vegetables and fruits


D-7 FOOD MILK PRODUCTS* LOW


Air NA -

Water MARGINAL Milk & fat mixed

water from washing & cleaning processes

Land INSIGNIFICANT Packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Clean the container regularly with water & detergents

Treat the wastewater in the septic tank with oil & grease removal arrangements and use the soak pit or discharge them into land


Neutralise the wastewater with caustic soda solution before disposal into septic tank

Use CFC free Refrigerator with deep freezer for the storage of finished milk product to avoid septic condition

*Milk, Cheese, Paneer, Butter


D-8 FOOD PICKLE PRODUCTION LOW


Air NA -

Water MARGINAL Washing water for

cleaning of fruits and vegetables


vegetable and packaging materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Clean raw material with flowing water to reduce dust and impurities

Adopt dry peeling

Productions of quantities more than one ton in a month follow norms under FPO.


Use the by products as animal feed

Use soft water in the processes

For larger projects use air jets/ air vibration systems for removing dust from vegetables and fruits

Implement water conservation by recycling water by filtering and can be reused for washing


D-9 FOOD BAKERY /BISCUITS MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Emission from the oven.

Water INSIGNIFICANT Wash water from floor cleaning

Land INSIGNIFICANT Packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Use large kitchen size chimney

Use hand gloves in dough preparation.

Collect the solid waste in a container and dispose properly

Production and sanitation must be as per FPO norms.

Install fire extinguisher in the production hall

Obtain licence under explosive substances act from dist. Collector

Use Exhaust Fan

Use efficient biomass ovens or biomass gasifier


D-10 FOOD ROADSIDE EATERIES MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Emissions from

burning of biomass fuel

Water MARGINAL Biodegradable

wastewater from food & kitchen waste

Land MARGINAL

Sullages from peelings of fruit vegetable are also biodegradable.

Plastics from packing material

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Dispose the wastewater in soak pit.

Use efficient smokeless chulha or LPG gas stove

Restrict the number of such units to two, for every village with a population of 500

Disinfect the water used for cooking & drinking purposes.

Clean the water vessels regularly and disinfect the water with good quality bleaching powder

Use the wastewater for irrigation for banana and other fruit plants

Use wastewater from cleaning and heating of rice and pulses as livestock feed.

Use the solid waste from the peeling of fruits & vegetables as dry feed of animals.

Use the decomposed organic wastes collected from these canteens for vermi-composting.

* Tea Stall, Dhaba, Tiffin Centre, Sweet Stall, Fast Food, Mobile Canteen


D-11 FOOD TAMARIND PROCESSING LOW


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT Peelings of tamarind

and packaging materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Cleaned dried tamarind and store in a covered container preferably in bamboo baskets to provide good aeration.

Do segregation and disposal of fiber and seed coats in a pit by vermin composting.


Seed coat removal and separation should be done using a mechanical means to increase productivity.

Sprinkling of common salt on tamarind is practiced to retain its freshness.


E-1 LIVE STOCK BEE KEEPING LOW


Air NA

-

Water NA

-

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -


Effects of bee stings to the people in the near

locality

Disinfect hive periodically

Ensure that the bee colony has sufficient room space in the hive to expand.

Use chemical treatments only in the off-season.

Use local varieties of bees

Locate the apiary near a good nectarsource and pollen source throughout theyear

Use protective clothing to protecbeekeepers from stings

Use biomass fuel to generate smoke

Plant sunflower and other flowers in thenearby locality


E-2 LIVE STOCK DIARY MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Bad odour

Water INSIGNIFICANT Pollution of water sources

Land INSIGNIFICANT Soil Erosion

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Reduced re-generation of

grass species

Others, if any

NA -

Maintain sanitation in cattle shed

Ensure adequate water supply

Use crop residues, rice husk, wheat husk and other materials as supplementary animal feed

Store the hay under shed

Captive fodder captive cultivation must be done for ensuring stall feed.

In case of reserve forest or protected forest area follow the instruction of DFO for grazing in the prescribed area.

Adopt fodder management: Regulate the grazing based on the season, type of animal

Practice stall feeding

Meet the major percentage of animal feed requirement from peel of seeds, rice husk etc

Store the milk products in a freezer to avoid unsanitary condition

Use cow dung for composting

Cultivate fodder locally


E-3 LIVE STOCK GOAT AND SHEEP REARING MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Bad odour


Land INSIGNIFICANT Soil Erosion

Ecology MARGINAL Reduced re-generation of

grass and shrubs

Others, if any NA -

Maintain sanitation in shed

Ensure adequate water supply

Use crop residues, rice husk, wheat husk and other materials as supplementary animal feed


Fodder must be cultivated to ensure stall-feeding.

Grazing in reserve forest and protective forest, grazing should be within the prescribed area.

Practice stall feeding

Use goats for weeding and shrub clearing in some plantation activities wherever possible

Use goat dung and urine for composting

Provide fencing for goatery


E-4 LIVE STOCK SLAUGHTERING/MEAT PROCESSING MEDIUM


Air NA -

Water SIGNIFICANT Huge quantity of water

used washing the animal body and meat.

Land SIGNIFICANT Blood spelling in land damage the land quality

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Obtain permission from municipal corporation or concern authority.

Obtain a certificate on the health of the animal to be slaughtered from a registered veterinarian to avoid killing diseased animals.

Don’t slaughter in an open space.

Don’t throw waste, either liquid or solid in open.

Provide very short residence time to the combined wastewater prior to its treatment to prevent purification, odour and fly nuisance.

Bone waste must be used for bone meal or sold to bone meal manufactures.

Skin should be sold to leather tanner.

Follow maximum salvaging of blood to reduce pollution load of wastewater.

Recover & use all the by-products namely – Hair (for brush making), Skin (for leather and glue making), fat (for preparation of tallow and lard), hooves (for gelatine), bones (for fertiliser), etc.

Convert solid waste like non-edible intestinal parts and skin pieces into poultry feed, while small skin and bone pieces.

Carry out regular disinfection of the slaughtering area.

Follow proper housekeeping and disinfection.

Use minimum water for different process to conserve raw water.


E-5 LIVE STOCK

POULTRY MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Dust used in the beds may create particulate emission

Water NA -

Land MARGINAL Chicken dropping, saw dust from bed, the dead birds, and body parts

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA Odour problem

Water supply source

Maintain sanitation

Change the saw dust bed when found unfit for use

Provide the cages with proper flooring and lighting arrangements

Checkup health of birds monthly

Incase of birds more than 500 nos SPC norms under EP act must be followed.

Provide required nutrient based feed and medicines

Dispose the chicken droppings daily in a container

Locate the site away from habitation

Provide the cages with proper flooring and lighting arrangements

Encourage rearing of local breeds


E-6 LIVE STOCK

PIGGERY LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Odor problem


Land INSIGNIFICANT Biodegradable Waste

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA -

Periodic Disinfection Of the Shed

Maintain sanitation


Compost Biodegradable Waste

Use pigs for weeding and shrub clearing in some plantation activities wherever possible

Provide fencing for piggery

TEG NO

LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY CATEGORY LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE OVERALL ASSESSMENT

LEVEL

F-1 AQUACULTURE

FRESH WATER FISHERY LOW


Air NA

Water INSIGNIFICANT Chemical & feed in water resources

Land INSIGNIFICANT Fish packing materials & carcasses

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Local breeds may be affected

Others, if any NA

• Should not be located within 500 m of the high tideline

• Excessive human use be prevented

• Collect and gather the carcasses in a container and transport and dispose them properly.

• Annually clean the large GP pond used for fishery, small household managed pond need regular cleaning and water change.

• Dispose the fish carcasses and other solid waste as per Solid waste management rules.

• Clean weeds regularly from the pond

• Store the chemicals and feeds properly

• Regular aeration of the pond

• Use of local fish species

TEG NO

LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY CATEGORY LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE OVERALL ASSESSMENT LEVEL

F-2 AQUACULTURE

FISHERY FROM RIVER, STREAMS & LAKES

MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Emission from Motorised boats

Water INSIGNIFICANT Engine Oil & feed

Waste from boats may fall into water


Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Random Catching of different species and sizes affect ecology

Others, if any

NA -

• Fishing is prohibited in Palur canal throughout the year.

• In outer channel Chilka lake, no fishing is allowed in December and January and prawns from December till March. Nets are not allowed in this area.

• Never dispose non biodegradable waste into the watercourses

• Never catch Khainga, Kabala, Bhekti fish smaller than 150 mm and prawns like Bagada, Chapra below 100 mm size

• Select the require species and size of the fish and release other live fishes to the water body

• Provision under OMFRA act must followed

• Use the ffishery management measures for seasonal catch, protected areas,

• Use proper mesh size net and hook sizes, and follow the stipulation of catch quotas.

• Use low sulphur content fuel top power the boats

TEG NO


LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE OVERALL ASSESSMENT LEVEL

F-3 AQUACULTURE

MARINE FISHERY LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Emission from Motorised boats

Water INSIGNIFICANT

Engine Oil & feed in water resources

Waste from boats may fall into water


Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Random Catching of different species and sizes affect ecology

Others, if any NA -

• Obtain license for fishing vessel from authorizing officer

• Fishing is prohibited in Palur canal throughout the year.

• In outer channel Chilka lake, no fishing is allowed in December and January and prawns from December till March. Nets are not allowed in this areaNever dispose non-biodegradable waste into the watercourses

• Select the require species and size of the fish and release other live fishes to the water body


• Use the ffishery management measures for seasonal catch, protected areas,

• Use proper mesh size net and hook sizes, and follow the stipulation of catch quotas.

• Use low sulphur content fuel to power the boats

TEG NO


LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITY TITLE OVERALL ASSESSMENT LEVEL

F-4 AQUACULTURE

PRAWN CULTURE

(Sweet water & Salt water)

MEDIUM


Air NA

Water INSIGNIFICANT Excessive feed materials /waste is source of water

pollution

Land INSIGNIFICANT Prawn packing materials

& carcasses

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Land quality changes in salt Water prawn culture

and affects ecology

Others, if any NA -

• No prawn culture ponds should be located within 500 m of high tideline and 1000 m of Chilika lake

• Salt water prawn culture will be allowed within 2km of sea shore.

• Do not set up prawn culture pond on agricultural land, salt pan lands, mangroves, wetlands, forest lands and community land

• Clean the weeds regularly from the gheries and ponds.

• Carcasses and other biodegradable wastes are to be collected in container and transported and disposed properly.


• Store chemicals and feeds properly.

• Use aerators. The DO of the gheri water should be regularly monitored.

• Leftover feed materials can be minimised by regulating feeding frequency and feed requirement.

• Stocking and catching be made as per the direction of the fishery department/expert.

• Integrated pest management be practiced.

TEG NO


LEVEL

G-1 COTTAGE

AGARBATI MAKING LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Odour problem

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable packing

materials rejected stocks.

Ecology INSIGNIFICANT Exploitation of bamboo for stick making

Others, if any NA -

• Provide ventilation facility

• Use masks and gloves

• Mix all bulk materials, glue, resin, sawdust in a vessel.

• Collect biodegradable and non biodegradable waste in a container and dispose properly.

• Avoid all types of synthetic and non-biodegradable glue and sticks

• Use sticks only from biodegradable materials.

TEG NO


LEVEL

G-2 COTTAGE ALUMINIUM UTENSIL MAKING LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Production of

aluminium dust in grinding

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT Recyclable rejected

materials in the processing

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT Noise

• Use masks and gloves (for grinding workers)

• Locate the site away from residences.

• Recycle metal wastes.

• Health Checkups quarterly

.

TEG NO


LEVEL

G-3 COTTAGE BELL METAL HANDICRAFTS LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Production of dust in grinding

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT Rejected materials in the processing

Ecology NA -

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT Noise

• Use masks and gloves (for grinding workers)

• Locate the site away from residences.

• Recycle metal wastes.

• Biomass gasification should be installed.

• Health Checkups quarterly

• Exhaust system in the processing area.

TEG NO


G-4 COTTAGE

CANDEL MAKING MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Air emission in the wax heating and melting

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Solid wastes are generated from the

impurities from wax, broken moulds

Ecology NA -


Fire hazard may occur during storage of candles

and wax

• Install adequate fire fighting equipments

• Use masks and gloves.

• Use vegetable oil for lining of the moulds.

• Avoid direct heating of wax.

• Never leave the molten wax unattended.

• Never discharge molten wax into the drains.

• Adopt proper sorting of solid wastes before recycle/ reuse of materials

• Obtain license under explosive substance act from dist collector

• Install fire extinguishers in the processing and storing area

• Store the wax and finished candles in specific storerooms.

• Finished product should not be stored in the processing area

• The storing area must have adequate out lets.

TEG NO


G-5 COTTAGE

CARPET WEAVING LOW


Air NA

-

Water NA

-

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable solid waste: Cloth cut pieces and packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

• Dispose cloth cut pieces properly or reuse for byproduct.

• Install fire extinguishers

• Reuse fabric cut pieces for embroidery and mattress making

• Train the weavers for good cutting techniques to minimize waste

TEG NO


G-6 COTTAGE

CHANDUA AND CLOTH HANDICRAFT PREPARATION

LOW


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable solid waste: Cloth cut pieces and packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Noise by swing machines


• Lubricate swing machines regularly


• Train the tailors for good cutting techniques to minimize waste


G-7 COTTAGE

CLOTH APPLIQUÉ LOW


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable solid waste: Cloth cut pieces and

packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Noise by swing machines


• Lubricate swing machines regularly


• Train the tailors for good cutting techniques to minimize waste

TEG NO


G-8 COTTAGE

COAL WASHERY MEDIUM


Air NA

Water INSIGINFICANT Water contain suspended particulate matter

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Recyclable rejected

material

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA Fire Hazard

• Locate the Site away from residential and market places

• Use hand gloves

• Store the waste water in a cement tank and recycle the water.

• Collect sediments from the tank periodically and dispose properly.


• Install fire extinguishers.

• No smoking should be allowed in the processing area

• Reuse the fine & small granules of coal and sediments in briquette making

• Store the coal under shed.

TEG NO


G-9 COTTAGE

COAL BRIQUETTE MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Coal dust emission

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Recyclable rejected

material

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

• Store the coal under shed.

• Locate the site away from residential and market places

• Use masks and gloves.


• Install fire extinguishers.

• No smoking should be allowed in the processing area

• Construct high rise boundary wall

TEG NO


G-10 COTTAGE

COIR ROPE & MATTRESSES PREPARATION

LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Dust emission from coconut fibres

Water INSIGNIFICANT Coir laden wastewater

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Rejected coir and plastics

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Noise from hand wheels

• Use mask and hand gloves.

• Collect the rejected coir and use for composting.

• Dispose plastics waste as per plastic rule 1999 & 2000.

• Store the coir laden wastewater in a cement tank and reuse water.

• Collect sediments periodically and use for composting.

• Lubricate the hand wheels regularly.


• Construct a rain proof shed to store coir, ropes and mattresses.

• Use dynamo instead of manually operated hand wheels.

TEG NO


G-11 COTTAGE

CYCLE & VEHICLE REPAIR LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Automobile exhaust & smoke

Water INSIGNIFICANT Oil & grease waste

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Recyclable Rejected cycle & vehicle spares and packing materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Noise

• Use hand gloves & nose mask.

• Ddispose wastewater containing oil & grease on lands instead of streams.

• Recycle the metals and rubbers from rejected cycle & vehicle spares.

• Limit the number of repairing shops to 2 for a village.

• Provide a boundary wall

• Use gloves & masks

• Send the oil and grease laden wastewater to soak pit.

TEG NO


G-12 COTTAGE

DUNG CAKE MAKING & SELLING LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Odour

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Dung storing

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

• Store the dung under shed.

• Use hand gloves & mask.

• Never allow the rainwater to mix with cow dung.

• Site located away from residences.

• Cover transparent Polythene over the dung cakes during sun drying to reduce odour and mixing of rain water.

• Store the dung cakes in dry places

TEG NO


G-13 COTTAGE

RICE/FLOUR HULLER MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL

Fugitive emissions if diesel used instead of electricity as energy

source.

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable solid waste generated from the

process and non biodegradable waste

generated from packing materials.

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Noise from huller machine.

• Provide 15mt high chimney if diesel used.


• Provide exhaust fan for ventilation.

• Lubricate the machine regularly.

• Use biodegradable waste as animal feed.

• Dispose non biodegradable waste as per plastic waste management rules. 1999 & 2000.


• Clean the floor and walls with sufficient quantity of water daily.

• Use dust control devices.

• Use rice bran to recover oil.

TEG NO


G-14 COTTAGE

LIME KILN MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL

Particulate emission from the chimney due to

burning of limestone and transportation of

materials

Water NA -

Land MARGINAL

Rejected lime stones

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

NA

-

• Locate the site away from residential places.

• Thorough mixing of charge components like lime stone, coal, additives etc. before charging.

• Use masks and gloves during high dust operations.

• For production of 5tpd or more, provide hood and 30mtr stack height for the kiln.

• Admit air in proper amounts to cool the lime and also supply preheated air for combustion.

• Use cyclone /hood or other dust control devices to control air pollution/landfill.

• Adopt plantation around the limekiln.

• Provide leak proof insulation to minimize heat and energy use.

• Make kiln lined with proper refractory bricks and well insulated to minimize heat losses.

• Recover over burnt lime hydrate it and salt it

• Use lime dust for agricultural land treatment.

• Incorporate discharge devices for the discharge of lime at regular intervals

TEG NO


G-15 COTTAGE

PHENYL PREPARATION LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT Odour problem

Water MARGINAL Wash water & waste water

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

NA -

• Locate the unit away from habitations.

• Use nose mask & hand gloves.

• Discharged waste water into a soak pit.

• Use of plastic drums (or non reactive materials) for storing chemicals.

• Use wooden ladles for mixing.

TEG NO


G-16 COTTAGE

POTTERY & TERRACOTTA LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Biomass base chulla used

for burning

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Rejected inert materials

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

NA

-

• Locate the side away from residences.

• Use insulated chula/furnace for firing.

• Use gloves & mask.

• Collect the solid waste in specific container and dispose them properly.

• Supplement the fuel with local waste materials like coir fiber or baggasse etc

TEG NO


G-17 COTTAGE

STONE CARVING HANDICRAFTS LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Stone dust

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Reusable rejected stone

pieces

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

• Cover the carving place with tarpaulins.

• Use masks during carving

• Transfer the materials in covered vehicles.

• Use the solid wastes for filling the low-lying areas.

TEG NO


G-18 COTTAGE

WOOD CARVING LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Wood dust

Odour problem

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Rejected wood pieces

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Painting materials


• Reuse the rejected wood pieces and other wooden materials as fuel.

• Collect the containers of paints and dispose as per solid waste management rules 1998.

• Store carved materials carefully in specific rooms/sheds.

• Use less quantity of kerosene for soaking for carving.


G-19 COTTAGE OIL EXPELLING LOW


Air NA

Water MARGINAL Oil & fat mixed water

from washing & cleaning processes

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable oilseed residue & Non-

Biodegradable packing materials

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA

• Locate the site away from residences and market places

• Clean the expellers, drains & pipelines regularly with water & detergents

• Neutralise the wastewater with caustic soda solution before disposal into septic tank

• Provide oil & grease removal arrangements in the septic tank.

• Discharge the waste water into land through the soak pit.

• Store the seeds in dry & cool place

• Use oil cake as animal feed or organic manure.


• Reuse the waste oil for burning & other non-edible purposes

• Use Oil seed residue for animal feed, manure for crops and also use for vermi-composting .

• Store the finished oil in the tankers with proper inventory management

TEG NO


G-20 COTTAGE

TYRE RE-TREATING MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Rubber and tyre

particulates produced during grinding

Water NA

Land MARGINAL Crump accumulation

Ecology NA

Others, if any INSIGNIFICIANT Fire hazard

• Locate the site away from human habitation

• Use gloves and mask.

• Install fire fighting equipments at strategic locations


• Discard the rubber from used tyre before re-treading and dispose it as per solid waste management rules (1998).

• Use small rubber pieces and tyre pieces or crump as a supplementary fuel in small industries


G-21 COTTAGE

FURNITURE MAKING (WOODEN & OTHER) MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Wood dust

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Rejected wood pieces

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA Fire Hazards

• Use nose masks and gloves.

• Procure the timber from licensed outlets

• Store the sawdust in covered places and use for composting.


• Reuse the rejected wood pieces and other wooden materials as a fuel

• Use small large wood pieces in briquette making

• Store the finished furniture under the shed.


G-22 COTTAGE

DTP/PRESS LOW


Air NA

-

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Paper stationeries &

plastics

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Dispose the solid waste in the municipality dustbin regularly.

Provide exhaust fans

Clean the dust regularly by vacuum cleaner

Use closed air conditioned room


G-23 COTTAGE

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC REPAIR LOW


Air NA

-

Water NA -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Electrical and electronic parts & plastics

Ecology NA -

Others, if any

INSIGNIFICANT

Electric shock hazards

Recycle the solid waste

Collect the PCBs in a separate container and dispose them properly.

Use rubber shoes.

Clean the dust regularly by vacuum cleaner

Check up electrical wiring and circuits.


G-24 MISCELLANEOUS

CHEMICAL* MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Dust emission

Water MARGINAL -Waste water discharge.

Land MARGINAL Recyclable rejected material

Ecology NA

Others, if any MARGINAL Occupational health

problems

• Use mask and gloves.

• Discharge wastewater to soak pit from floor containing littered constituents of powder and solvents.

• Avoid drums.

• Consider replacing solvents with less volatile compounds.

• Avoid direct contact with hand while handling soap lye.

• Collect caustic solution, store and use for further cleaning in case of caustic cleaning.

• Dispose plastic wastes as per plastic waste management rules (1999 and 2000).

• Waste water to be reused for floor washing.

• Prevention of accidental spills and leakages through proper maintenance and training of workers.

• Waste water containing chemicals, paints etc can be stored in a sedimentation tank for neutralization purpose before discharging to soak pit/land.

*Detergent and soaps, Cleaning Powder, Ink making, Paints, Slant Chemicals, Varnishes


G-25 COTTAGE

PESTICIDE STORAGE AND FORMULATION MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT

-Odour problem

Water INSIGNIFICANT -Water used in drums and containers in controlled

manner.

Land INSIGNIFICANT

-Plastic waste

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Use mask and gloves.

All pesticide stores should be able to retain leakage or spillage up to 110% of the volume in the store through duke/bund wall around the storage area.

Keep adequate amount of absorbent material, i.e. Sand to soak the spilt pesticide.

Don’t dispose of waste pesticides in to soak pit or into surface water drain.

Don’t dispose of pesticide washings by spraying.

Carry out filling and rinsing of containers well away from drains, watercourse, wells, springs and bore wells.

Store pesticide away from formulation process.

Follow Provisions of the pesticide Act.

Obtain licence under explosive substance act from dist collector

Install fire extinguishers

Store enough pesticide for immediate use

Clean the dust regularly by vacuum cleaner.

Regularly check up electrical wiring and circuits.

TEG NO


LEVEL

H-1 RECYCLE

CARDBOARD PRODUCTION MEDIUM

Elements affected


Air NA

Water MARGINAL

Generation of pulp effluents and from

washing and cleaning of raw materials.

Land MARGINAL Waste paper, trash

objects, papers unfit for recycle.

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA Fire Hazard

• Adopt proper sorting of waste papers.

• Dry the pulp by passing hot air after pressing.

• Recycle wastewater produced in the same process as far as possible.

• Use Bio-degradable waste for Vermi-composting.


• Obtain license under explosive substances act from dist collector.

• Never store waste papers for a long time.

• Exclude food wrappers and contaminated papers like sanitary paper towels from the process of recycling.

• Establish de-inking plant.

• Manufacture other products like tissue paper, paper plates and decorating sheets.

TEG NO


H-2 RECYCLE

GLASS RECYCLE MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL Emission in glass burning.

Water NA

Land MARGINAL Waste glass pieces, trash objects, glass unfit for recycle.

Ecology NA

Others, if any

NA

• Use LPG as fuels for glass burning.

• Use masks.

• Store broken and undesirable glass pieces in containers/specific rooms and disposed as per solid waste management rules.

• Adopt sorting of glass pieces which will reduce waste.

• Add modifiers and minor additives to increase chemical durability, expansion, viscosity, promote bubble removal (waste reduction in production).

TEG NO


H-3 RECYCLE

PAPER CARRY BAG, THUNGA PREPARATION )

LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land MARGINAL Rejected paper

Ecology NA

Others, if any NA

• Use clean papers.

• Store the waste papers in dry places.

• Use rejected papers and leftover bio-degradable gums for vermi-composting.

• Press the finished carry bags in a suitable manner so that they will carry less space and store in a dry place.


I-1 HEALTH

ACTIVATED CARBON MEDIUM


Air MARGINAL In complete burning of wood by chulla/stove.

Water NA -

Land NA -

Ecology NA -

Others, if any INSIGNIFICIANT -Fire harzad.

• Use masks.

• Use improved verity smoke less chulla/stove to reduce indoor pollution.

• Use the waste heat for water heating and rice boiling.

• Take fire safety measures.


• Obtain license under explosive substances act from dist collector

• Construct high rise boundary wall.


I-2 HEALTH DISTILL WATER LOW


Air NA

Water INSIGNIFICANT Wash water

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Plastic bottles.

Ecology NA

Others, if any

NA

• Use hand gloves.

• Maintain hygienic condition.

• Dispose the wastewater in a soak pit.

• Collect the solid waste in a container and dispose it as per plastic management rules.

• Use filtered tap water for making distill water.


I-3 HEALTH

SPIRIT MAKING MEDIUM


Air INSIGNIFICANT Dust emission

Water INSIGNIFICANT -

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Recyclable rejected

material

Ecology NA As under land

Others, if any

NA

Occupational health

problems

• Discharge wastewater from floor containing littered constituents of powder, solvents and containers and mills.

• Avoid drums.

• Consider replacing solvents with less volatile compounds.

• Avoid direct contact with hand while handling soap lye.

• Collect caustic solution, store and use for further cleaning in case of caustic cleaning.


• Obtain license under explosive substances act from dist collector

• Excess wash water from soap manufacturing can be bottled and sold to the poor at cheaper cost.

• Reduction of waste water both volume and strength using in plan control measures.

• Waste water to be reused for floor washing.

• Prevention of accidental spills and leakages through proper maintenance and training of workers.

• Recommended treatment includes physico-chemical and or biological treatment. This includes adjustment of pH, coagulant addition, and biological treatment if required.

*Detergent and soaps, Cleaning Powder, Ink making, Paints, Slant Chemicals, Varnishes


J-1 MISCELLANEOUS

BORE WELL CONSTRUCTION MEDIUM

Elements affected


Air NA

-

Water NA

-

Land NA

-

Ecology NA

-

Others, if any

NA -

• Provide at least one bore well for a village with 5 hundred populations.

• Give a distance of 2 hundred metres between bore wells.

• Provide Cemented floors around the bore well to avoid water logging.

• Provide Pucca channels for flow of surplus water during drawing and use surplus water for agriculture/vegetable gardens.

• Provide at least one bore well in 1 ha. of cultivated land.

• Monitor the ground water level at least once in a year.

• Adopt low water demanding crops in summer e.g.: Pulses, Potatoes

• Use ground water recharging practices through rain water harvesting, check dams, water tanks etc.


J-2 MISCELLANEOUS

DUG WELL CONSTRUCTION MEDIUM

Elements affected


Air NA -

Water NA -

Land NA -

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

• Provide a suitable cover over the open wells.

• Locate the site away from garbage dump sites, septic tank and soak pit.

• Provide at least two Dug wells for a village with 5 hundred populations.

• Give a distance of 1 hundred metres between bore wells.

• Provide Cemented floors around the Dug well to avoid water logging.

• Provide Pucca channels for flow of surplus water during drawing and use surplus water for agriculture/vegetable gardens.

• Provide at least one Dug well in 1 ha. of cultivated land

• Adopt low water demanding crops in summer e.g.: Pulses, Potatoes

• Monitor the ground water level at least once in a year.


J-3 MISCELLANEOUS

VERMICOMPOSTING LOW


Air INSIGNIFICANT

Odour

Water NA -

Land NA

-

Ecology NA -

Others, if any NA -

Use selective local species of earthworms and avoid using exotic species.

Monitor weekly worm activity, temperature, and moisture content.

Carry out the Vermi-composting activity in a shed.

Activate the organic waste before charging

Don’t use earthworms with fresh cow dung.

Prepare the bed and cover it with dry leaves, grass and hay .

Cover the vermincomposting pits with a net.

Use waste water from kitchens for sprinkling the beds.

Avoid over watering or flooding.

Maintain at least 25-30% of moisture content.

Avoid the use of poultry waste.

Take out composted manure carefully without disturbing the worms.

Activate the organic waste before charging

TEG NO


J-4 MISCELLANEOUS

VENDING OF VEGETABLES LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT

Biodegradable vegetable

wastes

Ecology NA

Others, if any

NA

• Install dustbins for collection of solid waste.

• Use the waste for vermin composting.

• Collect fresh vegetables from the crops and store them in covered places


J-5 MISCELLANEOUS

FOOD VENDING TROLLEYS LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Plastic containers

Ecology NA

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT Fire hazard in the

trolleys

• Use LPG stoves or smokeless chullahs.

• Use Clay and paper leaf containers for the distribution of food materials instead of plastics.

• Install dustbins and waste collector sacks.

• Dispose plastic container as per plastic waste management rules (1999, and 2000).

• Left over food materials and bio-degradable sacks be used for vermi composting.

• Disposed waste water through soak pit containing granules.

• Train the vendors with some fire extinguishing methods

• Provision of Immediate first aid materials in the trolleys to handle the injuries expected from fire hazards


J-6 MISCELLANEOUS

STATIONARY SHOP LOW


Air NA

-

Water NA

-

Land INSIGNIFICANT Plastics & other packaging materials

Ecology NA

-

Others, if any

NA -

• Sorting of packaging materials before disposal

• Reuse a portion of solid waste

• Store the putrescible materials in the closed containers / rooms for disposal

• Maintain hygiene inside the shop.

• Manage inventory properly to avoid deterioration of the food materials

• Procure Fresh materials regularly and avoid using of expired & low quality products


J-7 MISCELLANEOUS

TAILORING LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Fabric cut pieces produce

some bio degradable solid waste

Ecology NA

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT Noise by swing machines

• Use fabric cut pieces for by products.

• Grease the machine to reduce noise.

• Use hard floor for installing the machine.

• Illuminate the shop sufficiently.


J-8 MISCELLANEOUS

SOFT TOYS LOW


Air NA

Water NA

Land INSIGNIFICANT Generation of fabric cut

pieces, and plastic materials .

Ecology NA

Others, if any INSIGNIFICANT Noise by swing machines

• Use fabric cut pieces for by products.

• Grease the machine to reduce noise

• Dispose plastic waste management rules (1999 and 2000).

• Use hard floor for installing the machine.

• Illuminate the shop sufficiently

ANNEXURE 3

THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 (No. 53 of 1972)

(9th September, 1972) An Act to provide for the protection of [Wild animals, birds and plants]1 and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. 2 [***]

CHAPTER 1 Preliminary

1. Short title, extent, and commencement, - (1) This Act may be called the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 3[(2) It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.*] 4(3) It shall come into force in a State or Union Territory to which it extends, on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provision of this Act or for different States or Union Territories. 2. Definitions - In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, - (1) "Animal" includes amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles, and their young, and also includes, in the cases of birds and reptiles, their eggs, 5(2) "Animal article" means an article made from any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, and includes an article or object in which the whole or any part of such animal [has been used and ivory imported into India and an article made therefrom]. 6(3) [Omitted 1991.1 (4) "Board means the Wildlife Advisory Board constituted under subsection (1) of Sec. 6; (5) "Captive animal" means any animal, specified in Schedule 1, Schedule II, Schedule III or Schedule IV, which is captured or kept or bred in captivity; 7(6) [Omitted 1991.1 (7) "Chief Wildlife Warden" means the person appointed as such under C1. (a) of sub-section (1) of Sec.4; 8[(7A) "Circus" means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile where animals are kept or used wholly or mainly for the purpose of performing tricks or manoeuvers;] (8) "Closed area" means the area which is declared under sub-section (1) of Sec.37 to be closed to hunting; (9) "Collector" means the Chief Officer in charge of the revenue administration of a district; (10) "Commencement of this Act", in relation to –

(a) a State, means commencement of this Act in that State. (b) any provision of this Act, means commencement of that provision in the concerned State;

(11) "Dealer" means any person who carries on the business of buying and selling any captive animal, animal article, trophy, uncurled trophy, [9meat or specified plant]; (12) "Director" means the person appointed as Director of Wildlife Preservation under Cl (a). of sub-section (1) of Sec. 3; [(12A) "Forest Officer" means the Forest Officer appointed under clause (2) of Sec.2 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 (1016 of 1927);] (13) [Omitted 1991. 11] (14) "Government property" means property, referred to in sec.39; [or sec. 17H12] (15) "Habitat" includes land, water, or vegetation which is the natural home of any wild animal; (16) "Hunting", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes,

(a) Capturing, killing, poisoning, snaring, and trapping or any wild animal and every attempt to do so, (b) Driving any wild animal for any of purposes specified in sub clause (c) Injuring or destroying or taking any part of the body of any such animal, or in the case of wild birds or reptiles, damaging the eggs of such birds or reptiles, or disturbing the eggs or nests of such birds or reptiles;

7) "Land" includes canals, creeks, and other water channels, reservoirs, rivers, streams and lakes, whether artificial or natural, [marshes and wetlands and also includes boulders and rocks; 13] (18) "License" means a license granted under this Act;

14[(18A) "Live-stock" includes buffaloes, bulls, bullocks, camels, cows, donkeys, goats, horses, mules, pigs, sheep, yak and also includes their young;*] (19) "Manufacturer" means a manufacturer of animal articles; (20) "Meat" includes blood, bones, sinew, eggs, fat and flesh, whether raw or cooked, of any wild animal other than vermin; (21) "National Park" means an area declared, whether under sec.35. or sec.38 or deemed, under sub-section (3) of sec.66. to be declared, as a National Park (22) "Notification" means a notification published in the official Gazette; (23) "Permit" means a permit granted under this Act or any rule made thereunder; (24) "Person" includes a firm; (25) "Prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act; 15[(25A)"recognised zoo" means a zoo recognised under section 38H; (25B) "Reserve forest" means the forest declared to be reserved by the State Government under sec.20. of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 (16 of 1927);* ] (26)16 "sanctuary" means an area declared, whether under sec. [26(A)5] or sec 38, or deemed, under sub section (3) of Sec.66 to be declared, as a wildlife sanctuary; 17[(27) "specified plant "means any plant specified in Schedule VI;*] (28) "Special game" means any animal specified in Sec.II; (29) "State Government", in relation to a Union Territory, means the Administrator of that Union Territory appointed by the President under Art 239 of the Constitutions; (30) "Taxidermy", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means the curing, preparation or preservation of trophies; [(30A) "Territorial waters" shall have the same meaning as in Sec.3. of Territorial waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (80 of 1976); 18] (31) "Trophy" means the whole or any part of any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, which has been kept or preserved by any means, whether artificial or natural, and includes,

(a) Rugs, skins, and specimens of such animals mounted in whole or in part through a process of taxidermy, and (b) Antler, horn, rhinoceros horn, feather, nail, tooth, musk, eggs, and nests;

(32) "Uncured trophy" means the whole or any part of any captive animal, other than vermin, which has not undergone a process of taxidermy, and includes a [freshly killed wild animal ambergris, musk and other animal products ]; (33) Vehicle" means any conveyance used for movement on land, water or air, and includes buffalo, bull, bullock, camel, donkey, elephant, house, and mule; (34) "Vermin" means any wild animal specified in Sch.V; (35) "Weapon" includes ammunition, bows and arrows, explosives, firearms, hooks, knives, nets, poison, snares, traps, and any instrument or apparatus capable of anaesthetizing, decoying, destroying, injuring or killing an animal; (36) "Wild animal" means any animal found wild in nature and includes any animal specified in Schedule I, Schedule II, Schedule, IV or Schedule V, wherever found; (37) "Wildlife" includes any animal, bees butterflies, crustacean, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat; (38) "Wildlife Warden" means the person appointed as such under C1. (b) of sub-section (1) of Sec.4; [(39) "Zoo" means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public but does not include a circus and an establishment of a licenced dealer in captive animals. 19] The Act has been made applicable in various States and Union Territories as under:

1. Andaman and Nicobar, w.e.f. Ist July 1973, vide G.S.R.332 (E), dated Ist July, 1973. 2. Andhra Pradesh, w.e.f. Ist July 1973, vide G.S.R.371 (E), dated Ist August, 1973. 3. Arunachal Pradesh, w.e.f. 15th May 1973. 4. Assam, w.e.f. 25th January 1977, vide G.S.R.33 (E), dated 25th January, 1977. 5. Bihar, w.e.f. Ist February 1973, vide G.S.R.40 (E), dated Ist February, 1973. 6. Dadra and Nagar Haveli, w.e.f. Ist September 1973, vide G.S.R.441(E), dated Ist September, 1973. 7. Delhi, w.e.f. Ist June 1973, 8. Gao Daman and Diu, w.e.f. 16 July 1973, vide G.S.R.629 (E), dated 16th July, 1973. 9. Gujarat, w.e.f. Ist February 1973, vide G.S.R.62 (E), dated Ist February, 1973. 10. Haryana, w.e.f. 12th March July 1973, vide G.S.R.63 (E), dated 12 March, 1973. 11. Himachal Pradesh, w.e.f. 2nd April ly 1973, vide G.S.R.190 (E), dated 2nd April, 1973.

12. Kerala, w.e.f. Ist June 1973, vide G.S.R.293 (E), dated Ist June, 1973. 13. Lakshdweep, w.e.f. Ist November 1973, vide G.S.R.481(E), dated Ist November, 1973. 14. Madhya Pradesh, w.e.f. 25 January 1973, vide G.S.R.28 (E), dated 25 January, 1973. 15. Maharashtra, w.e.f. Ist June 1973, vide G.S.R.296 (E), dated Ist June, 1973. 16. Manipur, w.e.f. 15th May 1973, vide G.S.R.269 (E), dated 15th May, 1973. 17. Meghalaya, w.e.f. Ist April 1977 18. Mizoram, w.e.f. Ist October 1974, vide G.S.R.407 (E), dated Ist October, 1974. 19. Mysore, w.e.f. Ist July 1973, vide G.S.R.355 (E), dated Ist July, 1973. 20. Nagaland, w.e.f. 18th December 1981, vide G.S.R.668 (E), dated 18th December 21. Orissa, w.e.f. 14th August 1974, vide G.S.R.364 (E), dated 14th August, 1974. 22. Punjab, w.e.f. Ist April 1975. 23. Rajasthan, w.e.f. Ist September 1973, vide G.S.R.410 (E), dated Ist September, 1973. 24. Sikkim, w.e.f. Ist May 1976, vide G.S.R.311 (E), dated Ist May, 1976. 25. Tamil Nadu, w.e.f. Ist January, 1974. 26. Tripura, w.e.f. 2nd October 1973, vide GS.R.465 (E), dated 2nd October, 1973. 27. Union Territory of Chandigarh, w.e.f. 2nd December 1974, vide G.S.R.674 (E), dated 2nd December, 1974. 28. Union Territory of Pondicherry, w.e.f. Ist March 1975, vide G.S.R.62 (E), dated Ist March, 1975 29. Uttar Pradesh, w.e.f. Ist February 1973. 30. West Bengal, w.e.f. Ist May 1973, vide G.S.R.224 (E), dated Ist May, 1973.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Substituted by Act 44 of 1991, sec. 2(w.e.f. 2.10.1991) 2 Preamble omitted by Act 44 of 1991, sec. 3. 3 Sec. 1(2) It extends, in the first instance, , to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Berigal, and to all the Union Territories, and it shall also extend to such other State as may adopt this Act by 44 of 1991, sec 4. 4 (3) "or may become extended in future", after "to which it extends" omitted by Act 44 of 1991, sec 4 5 Sec. 2(2) "and Ivory imported into India and an article made therefrom;" appended by Act. 44 of 1991, sec 5. 6 Sec. 2 (3) "big game" means any animal specified in Schedule III;" omitted by Act 44 of 1991, sec 5. 7 Sec. 2 (6) "Cattle" includes buffaloes, bulls, bullocks, camels cows domestic, elephants, donkeys, goats, horses, mules, pigs and sheep, and also includes their young," omitted by Act 44 of 1991, sec 5. 8 Sec.2 (7A) inserted by Act 44 of 1991, sec. 5. 9 Sec.2 (11) "meat or specified plant, "appended by Act 44 of 1991, sec.5. 10 Sec.2 (12A) "Inserted by Act 44 of 1991 sec. 5. 11 Sec.2 (13) "game reserve" means an area declared under sec. 36 to be a game reserved;" omitted by Act 44 of 1991. sec. 5. 12 Sec.2 (14) "or sec. 17H;" appended by Act 44 of 1991, sec.5. 13 Sec.2 (17) "marshes and wetlands" inserted after "whether artificial of natural," by Act 44 of 1991, sec.5. 14 Sec.2 (18A) "inserted by Act 44 of 1991 sec. 5. 15 Sec.2 (25A) inserted by Act 44 of 1991 sec. 5. 16 Sec. 2 (26) "26(A)" substituted after "whether under sec. " by Act 44 of 199 1, sec 5. 17 Sec.2 (26A) inserted by Act 44 of 1991 sec. 5. 18 Sec.2 (27) "small game" means any animal specified in sch. IV "substituted by Act 44 of 1991, sec.5. Sec 2 (30A) inserted by Act 44 of 199 1, sec 5. 19 Sec.2 (39) inserted by Act 44 of 1991, sec 5.

ANNEXURE 4 ENVIRONMENTAL HOTSPOTS IN THE PROJECT DISTRICT

From the point of view of unique Eco Systems with rich Bio diversity linking to environmental livelihood.

1. Chillika Lagoon:

The lagoon is situated between 19° 28’ and 19° 54’ North latitude and 85° 05’ and 85° 38’ East longitudes. It extends from South-west corner of Puri district and Khurda district to the adjourning Ganjam district of the State.

Chillika is a hot spot of biodiversity with unique floral and faunal composition as detailed below:

The lagoon is highly productive ecosystem and the fishing grounds sustained the livelihood of more than one lakh fisher folk who live in around the lake. Considering the important of the lake from biodiversity point of view and livelihood point of view the Government of India declared the lake as a Ramsar site in 1981 under the convention wet lands of international importance specially as water fowl habitat. The Nalabana Island within the lake is notified as a Bird Sanctuary under Wild life (protection Act). The lake is also considered as a priority site for conservation and management by the National Wet land, Mangroves and Coral Reefs committee of Ministry of Environmental forest Government of India.

The Water spread area of the lake varies between 1165 (during rainy season) and 906 Sq.Km. during summer.

However the project blocks are not included nor very adjacent to Chillika lake.

2. Bhitarkanika Mangroves:

The Mangrove forest of Bhitarkanika in the Brahmani-Baitarani-Dhamara rivers deltaic regions comprise a single continues and compact forest patch and is the second largest compact patch of mangroves after Sunderban of West Bengal in India. Being a deltaic region, the area covers large numbers of creeks and rivulets. The mangrove forests are in different several stages with 20 identified plant associations. The floral diversity includes 60 plant families with 301 species. The vertebrate fauna is also very rich and harvours a number of Reptiles, particularly Salt water Crocodile (Crocodylous porsus) and the Olive Ridely Sea turtles. Besides a number of Mammalian species are found, namely Leopard, Striped hyaena, Chital, Sambar, Deer and Wild Boar. Among these small mammals common mongoose, Smooth coated Indian Otter, the small Indian Civet, Common palm civet, Grey musk shew, the striped palm squirrel, the Indian porcupine etc. are found. In Gahirmatha costal waters of this region, in back water and estuaries, the gangetic dolphin, Humpback dolphin, Irrawady dolphin and the little Indian porpoise are found. These aquatic mammals are scheduled animals as per Wildlife protection Act, 1972. Some 156 species of Birds are also found in the sanctuary. The sanctuary declared as a national park (145SKkm. Area and recently been declared as a “Ramsar Site”. This is the second Ramsar site in the State after Chillika lake. Bordering the sanctuary, an area of 1435 sq.km. has been declared as Gahairmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary in 1997 and it covers two reserve forest blocks of Mahanadi Delta Mangroves forest regions, which is the largest rookery for Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.

Flora : Phytoplankton flora -43sp, algal flora-22sp, Vascular plants -150sp.

Fanna:Protosoa-61sp., Platyhelminthes-29sp, Nematodes-37sp, Polychaetes-31sp, Brachyura-28sp, Decapoda-30sp, Mollusca – 136sp, Fish-225sp, Amphibian and Reptile-37sp, Birds-156sp and mammals-18sp.

Besides a number of species of brackish water prawns (peneaus indicaus, peneaus monodon) and crabs (Scylla serrata) with commercial important. Source: CDA, Bhubaneswar

The project blocks of Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Bhadrak and Balasore districts don not come under this unique eco system. Although the areas are near to the Bhitarkanika Mangrove forest.

From the point of view of Environmental pollution the following areas are considered as environmental hot spots

3. Angul-Talcher in Angul districts.

A number of underground and surface coalmines are located in this region and mining activities are intensive. Besides the National Aluminum Company (NALCO), and Super Thermal Power Stations (at Kania, Talcher & Angul) are located here. This Angul–Talcher town areas are industrial areas are considered hotspots of environment. These industries are controlled by Orissa Pollution Control Board and CRZ committee of the State.

However the project blocks of Angul districts are not adjacent to the Angul-Talcher industrial area and in view of this, the Block areas do not require any special measures.

4. Paradeep town area in Jagatsinghpur districts:

Paradeep is an industrial town having a sea port, two large fertilizer plants, Oil depots, a Brewery, Paradeep Carbon Industry and some fish-prawn processing plants are located here. This town is a hotspot of environmental pollution area. These industries are controlled by Orissa Pollution Control Board and CRZ committee of the State.

The project blocks of Jagatsinghpur districts are not included in the Paradeep town area and are away from this area.

5. Balasore-Chandipur Town area:

A number of industries, i.e. Birla Tyres, Emmami paper Mill, Latex Factory, Balasore Alloys and number of other industries including fish prawn processing plants have been established in this area. The Indian defense have established a large rocket-testing centre and associated structure in this area. Besides Chandipur and Balasore are places of tourist attraction because of sea and break water region and religious monuments. In view of this area is considered an environmental hotspot and covered under the control of Orissa Pollution Control board and CRZ committee of the State.

The project block areas in Balasore district are not covered in the hotspot area.

6. Puri –Konark-Bhubaneswar Triangle

This area is also considered an environmental hotspot because of the sea beach, Konark area Deer sanctuary and important religion monuments. These areas come under the control of Orissa Pollution Control Board, CRZ committee of the State and the Archeological Departments of Government of India and Orissa.

The project block areas in Balasore district are not covered in the hotspot area.

ANNEXURE 5

Hierarchy of Authority for Environmental Approval

Orissa Poverty Reduction Mission (OPRM) Executive Committee

State Project Management Unit (SMPU) State Project Director

Programme Unit Additional Project

Director

Monitoring Learning &

Evaluation Unit

Programme Support Unit Additional Project Director

Institution Building

• Institution

Building Specialist

• CB Officer • Social Devp.

Officer

CIF Cell

• MF Specialist • Bank Linkage

Officer • Fund Management

Officer • Skill Development

Officer (Jobs)

Livelihood Promotion Cell

• Livelihood

Promotion Specialist

• ML & E Specialist

• MIS Officer • Strategic

Communication Officer

• Grievance Handling Officer

Financial Mgmt & Procurement

Cell

• Financial Management Specialist

• Accounts Officer

• Procurement Officer

Human Resource

Development Cell

• HR Specialist

Administ-ration Cell

• Section

Officer

District Project Management Unit (DMPU)

Chaired by District Collector

• TEAM Leader • Institution Building • Livelihoods • Financial Management

& MIS

Block Project Facilitation Team

(BPFT) Block Level Federation

Gram Panchayat Level Federation

Self Help Groups

Customer Coordination

Community Resource Persons

Annexure-6

List of Sub project under Medium level Assessment

SL.# Sector/ Sub Projects

1 Sugarcane Production 2 Paddy cultivation 3 Mushroom Production 4 Cashew Processing 5 Bakery/Biscuit 6 Road side eateries 7 Diary 8 Goat & Sheep rearing 9 Slaughtering /Meat processing

10 Poultry 11 Fresh water fishery 12 Prawn culture /salt water 13 Candle Making 14 Coal washer 15 Coal briquette 16 Rice/Flour Haller 17 Lime kiln 18 Tire Retreating 19 Furniture Making 20 Pesticide Storage and formulation 21 Glass recycle 22 Card Board production 23 Activated Carbon 24 Sprit Making 25 Bore well 26 Dug well

BENEFICIARY AGREEMENT FORM 1

Category: Agriculture/Horticulture Name of the Activity: Sugarcane / Paddy cultivation

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG Reference No. ______,

I/we propose to do _____________ activity

I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan.

I/we will use IPM and INM as per the guidance of block agriculture office instruction

I/we will use efficient spraying equipment to prevent wastage & contamination.

I/we will use face and nose mask during spraying of insecticides.

I/we will compost all residue

Approved /Not Approved Signature of Beneficiary/SHG

Signed with Official Seal


Category: Agriculture/Horticulture Name of the Activity: Mushroom production



For General and occupational health problem.


I/we will reuse the generated wasted water after chlorination.

I/we will segregate the infected and waste mushroom and will dispose them with used straw bed.

I/we will dispose all used plastic as per plastic waste management rule 2000.

I/we will compost all residue




Category: Food Name of the Activity: Cashew Processing

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG No. ______,


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan

I/we will use LPG stove or smokeless Chula for dry frying.

I/we will use de seeding machine for peeling for the preparation of manure for crops and for vermi-composting.

I/we will store of cashew in airtight containers with proper inventory management before packaging.

I / we will obtained explosive substance license

I /we will install all fire extinguisher




Category: Food Name of the Activity: Bakery/Biscuits




I/we will use improved variety stove for baking and will install chimney

I/we will use gloves and mask

I/we will collect the solid waste in specific container and will dispose according to solid waste rule

I /we will obtain the required license for fire safety under explosive substance act from dist collector.


Signed with Official Seal BENEFICIARY AGREEMENT FORM 5

Category: Food Name of the Activity: Roadside eateries

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG reference No. ______,



I/we will use LPG stove or smokeless Chula

I/we will use Peeling for the preparation of manure for crops and for vermi-composting.

I/we will install soke - pit at the counter

I /we will use disinfected water for drinking purpose.


Signed with Official


Category: Livestock Name of the Activity: Diary/Goat & Sheep rearing/Poultry

Assessed by:__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG Reference No



I/we will use the waste dung for composting or briquette or will generate biogas

I/we will Maintain of sanitation in livestock shed, and will abide by the state pollution control board norms (500birds and above)

I/we will Maintain Proper fodder management, regulated grazing based on the season, type of animal and steps will taken for fodder cultivation

I/we will use the identified area in the reserve forest for grazing identified by the forest department




Category: Livestock Name of the Activity: Slaughtering/Meat Processing

Assessed by: __________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG Reference No. ______,



I/we will use the waste biomass and will sale to the respective users

I/we will Maintain of sanitation in slaughtering area

I/we will not allow the blood to speel in open the land.

I/we will install proper drainage connected to the waste drain.




Category: Aquaculture Name of the Activity: Fresh water fishery river lake and streams

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG reference No. ______,


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/ we abide by the

I/we will do fishing in the approved areas under the OMFRA act

I/we will use the approved size of vessel and net as per the OMFRA act.

I/we will catch the specific species and other will let go to the water.

I/we will not dispose the biodegradable in to the watercourse.




Category: Aquaculture Name of the Activity: Prawn culture /salt water

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG reference No. ______.


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will not do prawn culture in the restricted zone such as national park or any such area designated by the act.

I/we will clean the weed from the gheri regularly.

I/we will clean weeds from the water bodies regularly.

I/we will collect carcasses in a container and dispose properly and will follow the rules of OMFRA act.




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Candle Making



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will store the chemicals properly

I/we will use the gloves and mask

I/we will obtain the fire hazard license under explosive substances act from dist collector and will install fire extinguishers in the premises

I / we will store the finished materials in open space




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Coal washer

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________TEG reference No. ______


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we operate away from the residentional area

I/we will use hand glove and mask

I/we will obtain the fire hazard license under explosive substances act from dist collector and

I /will install fire extinguishers in the premises

I /will make the area smoking restricted.




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Coal briquette

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG No. ______

I/we propose to do _____________ activity with

I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we operate away from the residentional area

I/we will use hand glove and mask

I/we will obtain the fire hazard license under explosive substances act from dist collector and

I /will install fire extinguishers in the premises

Smoking of bidi or cigarette will not be allowed




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Rice/Flour Huller



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will install 15mts high chimney incase of diesel used

I/we will install exhaust fan in huller room

I/we will use the bio degradable waste as cattle feed

I/we will non biodegradable waste per plastic waste management rules 19999-2000




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Tire Retreating



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will store the chemicals and away from fire

I/we will protective glove and mask

I/we will clean weeds from the water bodies regularly.

I/we will install fire-fighting equipments at the processing are.




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Lime kiln

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG No. ______


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will locate the unit away from residentional area

I/we will use mask during high dust operation and use dust control devices.

I/we will abide by the SPC norms.




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Furniture Making



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will purchase timber from forest out lets

I/we will Install the fire fighting equipment




Category: Cottage Name of the Activity: Pesticide Storage and formulation



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will store the chemicals and will re-feel properly

I/we will use mask and gloves during operation and activities

I/we will abide the guideline given in the TEG of the project

I/we will Obtained license under explosive substances act

I/we will install all fire fighting equipment within the storage room




Category: Recycle Name of the Activity: Glass recycle

I/we propose to do _____________ activity with TEG No. ______, which involves hazardous activities

I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will store the chemicals and melted materials properly








Category: Recycle Name of the Activity: Card Board production



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will store the chemicals and melted materials properly








Category: Health Name of the Activity: Activated Carbon

Assessed by__________________ Level of Assessment: ___________________ TEG No.


I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will use mask and gloves during operation and activities


I/we will obtain license under explosive substances act I/we will install all fire fighting equipment within the storage room




Category: Health Name of the Activity: Sprit Making



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will use mask and gloves during operation and activities


I/we will obtain license under explosive substances act





Category: Miscellaneous Name of the Activity: Bore well



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will abide the guideline given in the TEG of the project

I/we will provide Pucca channels and soak pit for flow of surplus water

I/we will maintain the minimum distance required between two bore well




Category: Miscellaneous Name of the Activity: Dug well



I/we agree to abide by the following terms and condition, falling, which will be treated as breach of contract of loan. I/we will abide the guideline given in the TEG of the project

I/we will provide Pucca channels and soak pit for flow of surplus water

I/we will maintain the minimum distance required between two Dug well



Hazardous Pesticide Classification List – WHO

Table 1. Extremely hazardous (Class la) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (common name) - not permissible in the project Aldicarb Difethialone Parathion-methyl Brodifacoum Diphacinone Phenylmercury acetate Bromadiolone Disulfoton Phorate Bromethalin Ethoprophos Phosphamidon Calcium cyanide Flocoumafen Sodium fluoroacetate Captafol Fonofos Sulfotep Chlorethoxyfos Hexachlorobenzene Tebupirimfos Chlormephos Mercuric chloride Terbufos Chlorophacinone Mevinphos Difenacoum Parathion Table 2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (Common name) - not permissible in the project Acrolein EthiofencBrb Oxamyl Allyl alcohol Famphur Oxydemeton-methyl Azinphos-ethyl FenBmiphos Paris green [C) Azinphos-methyl Flucythrinate Pentachlorophenol Blasticidin-S Fluoroacetamide Pindone Butocarboxim Formetanate Pirimiphos-ethyl Butoxycarboxim Furathiocarb Propaphos Cadusafos Heptenophos Propetamphos Calcium arsenate Isazofos Sodium arsenite Carbofuran Isofenphos Sodium cyanide Chlorfenvinphos Isoxathion Strychnine 3-Chloro-1 ,2- Lead arsenate Tefluthrin propanediol Mecarbam Thallium sulfate Coumaphos Mercuric oxide Thiofanox Coumatetralyl Methamidophos Thiometon Zeta-cypermethrin Methidathion Triazophos Demeton-S-methyl MethioCBrb Vamidothion Dichlorvos Methomyl Warfarin Dicrotophos Monocrotophos Zinc phosphide Dinoterb Nicotine Edifenphos Omethoate

12. Table 3. Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of

pesticides (Common name) - not permissible in the project Alanycarb Endosulfan Paraquat Anilofos Endothal-sodium Pebulate Azaconazole Esfenvalerate Permethrin Azocyclotin Ethion Phenthoate Bendiocarb Etrimfos Phosalone. Benfuracarb Fenazaquin Phosmet Bensulide Fenitrothion Phoxim Bifenthrin Fenobucarb Piperophos Bilanafos Fenpropidin Pirimicarb Bioallethrin Fenpropathrin Prallethrin Bromoxynil Fenthion Profenofos Bromuconazole Fentin acetate Propiconazole Bronopol Fentin hydroxide Propoxur Butamifos Fenvalerate Prosulfocarb Butylamine Fipronil Prothiofos Carbaryl Fluxofenim Pyraclofos Carbosulfan Formothion Pyrazophos Cartap Fuberidazole Pyrethrins Chloralose Gamma-HCH Pyroquilon Chlordanme Guazatine Quinalphos Chlorfenapyr Haloxyfop Quizafofop-p-tefuryl Chlorphonium chloride Heptachlor Rotenone Chlorpyrifos Imazalil Sodium fluoride Clomazone Imidacloprid Sodium Copper sulfate Iminoctadine hexafluorosilicate Cuprous oxide loxynil Spiroxamine Cyanazine loxynil octanoate Sulprofos Cyanophos Isoprocarb Terbumeton CyfJuthrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Tetraconazole Beta-cyfJuthrin Mercurous chloride Thiacloprid Cyhalothrin Metaldehyde Thiobencarb Cypermethrin Metam-sodium Thiocyclam Alpha-cypermethrin Methacrifos Thiodicarb Cyphenothrin Methasulfocarb Triazamate Deltamethrin Methyl isothiocyanate Trichlorfon Diazinon Metolcarb Tricyclazole Difenzoquat Metribuzin Tridemorph Dimethoate Molinate Vernolate Dinobuton Nabam Xylylcarb Diquat Naled

Table 4. Slightly hazardous (Class III) technical grade ingredients of pesticides (Commonname) - permissible under IPM Acephate Fluchloralin Resmethrin Acetochlor Flufenacet Sethoxydim Acifluorfen Fluoroglycofen Simetryn Alachlor Flurprimidol Sodium chlorate Allethrin Flusilazole Sulfiuramid Ametryn Flutriafol Tebuconazo/e Amitraz Fomesafen Tebufenpyrad Azamethiphos Furalaxyl Tebuthiuron Bensultap Glufosinate Thiram Bentazone Hexazinone Tralkoxydim Bromofenoxim Hydramethylnon Triadimefon Butroxydim Iprobenfos Triadimenol Chinomethionat Isoprothiolane Tri-allate Chlormequat (chloride) Isoproturon Triclopyr Chloroacetic acid Isouron Triflumizole Chlorthiamid Malathion Undecan-2-one Copperhydroxide MCPA-thioethyl Uniconazole Copper oxychloride Mecoprop Ziram Cycloate Mecoprop-P Cyhexatin Mefluidide Cymoxanil Mepiquat Cyproconazole Metalaxyl Dazomet Metamitron Desmetryn Metconazole

Dicamba Methy/arsonic acid Dichlormid Metolachlor Dichlorobenzene Myclobutanil Dichlorophen 2-Napthyloxyacetic acid Dichlorprop Nitrapyrin Diclofop Nuarimol Dienochlor Octhilinone Diethyltoluamide N-octylbicycloheptene Difenoconazole dicarboximide Dimepiperate Oxadixyl Dimethachlor Paclobutrazol Dimethametryn Pendimethalin Dimethipin Pimaricin Dimethylarsinic acid Pirimiphos-methyl Diniconazole Prochloraz Dinocap Propachlor Diphenamid Propanil Dithianon Propargite Dodine Pyrazoxyfen Empenthrin Pyridaben Esprocarb Pyridaphenthion Etridiazole Pyridate Fenothiocarb Pyrifenox Ferimzone Quinoclamine Fluazifop-p-butyl Quizalofop

Table 5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use (Common name) - permissible Aclonifen Chlorpropham Fenpropimorph Acrinathrin Chlorpyrifos methyl, Fenuron Alloxydlm Chlorsulfuron Fenuron-TCA Amitrole Chlorthal-dimethyl Ferbam Ammonium sulfamate Chlozolinate Flamprop Ancymidol Cinmethylin Flucarbazone-sodium Anthraquinone Cinosulfuron FlucycJoxuron Asulam Clofentezine Flufenoxuron Atrazine Clomeprop Flumetralin Azimsulfuron Clopyralid Flumetsufam Azoxystrobine Cfoxyfonac Fluometuron Benalaxyl Cryolite [C] Flupropanate Benazolin CycJoprothrin Flupyrsulfuron Benfluralin Cyclosulfamuron Flurenol Benfuresate CycJoxydim Fluridone Benomyl Cyhalofop Flurochloridone Benoxacor Cyromazine Fluroxypyr Bensulfuron-methyl Daimuron Fluthiacet Bifenox Dalapon Flutolanil Bioresmethrin Daminozide Tau-Fluvalinate Biphenyl Desmedipham Folpet Bispyribac Diafenthiuron Fosamine Bitertanol Dichlobenil Fosetyl Borax Dichlofluanid Gibberellic acid Bromacil Diclomezine Glyphosate Bromobutide Dicloran Hexaconazole Bromopropylate Diclosulam Hexaflumuron Bupilimate Diethofencarb Hexythiazox Buprofezin Diflubenzuron Hydroprene Butachlor Diffufenican Hymexazol Butrain Dikegulac Imazamethabenzmethy Butylate Dimefuron I Captan

Dimethirimol Imazapyr

Carbandazim Dimethomorph Carbetamide Dimethyl phthalate Carooxin Dinitramine Carp-opamid Dipropyl Chlomethoxyfen isocinchomerate Chloramben Dithiopyr Chloransulam methyl Diuron Chlorbromuron Dodemorph Chlorfluazuron Ethalfluralin Chloridazon Ethephon Chlorimuron Fenhexamid Chlorothalonil Fenoxycarb Chlorotoluron Fenpiclonil

Imazaquin Primisulfuron Triflumuron Imazethapyr Probenazole Trifluralin Imibenconazole Procymidone Triflusulfuron-methyl Inabenfide Prodiamine T riticon azole Iprodione Prometon Validamycin Iprovalicarb Prometryn Vinclozolin Isoxaben Propamocarb Zine KaSU9qmycin Propaquizafop Lenacil Propazine Linuron Propham Maleic hydrazide Propineb Mancozeb Propyzamide Maneb Pyrazolynate Mefenacet Pyrazosulfuron Mepanipyrim Pyrimethanil Mepronil Pyriminobac Metazachlor Pyriproxyfen Methabenzthiazuron Pyrithiobac sodium Methoprene Quinclorac Methoxychlor Quinmerac Methyldymron Quinoxyfen Metiram Quintozene Metobromuron Rimsulfuron Metosulam Siduron Metoxuron Simazine Metsulfuron methyl Spinosad Monolinuron Sulfometuron 2-(1-Naphthyl) Sulphur acetamide Tebutam 1-Naphthylacetic acid Tecnazene Napropamide Teflubenzuron Naptalam Temephos Neburon Terbacil Niclosamide Terbuthylazine Nicosulfuron Terbutryn Nitrothal-isopropyl Tetrachlorvinphos Norflurazon Tetradifon Ofurace Tetramethrin Oryzalin Thiabendazole Oxabetrinil Thidiazuron Oxadiazon Thifensulfuron-methyl Oxine-copper Thiophanate-methyl Oxycarboxin Tiocarbazil Oxyfluorfen Tolclofos-methyl Penconazole Tolylfluanid Pencycuron Transfluthrin Pentanochlor Triasulfuron Phenmedipham Tribenuron Phenothrin Trietazine

Annexure-8 SCREENNG FORMAT

1. Is the proposed activity on the banned activity list? (see list overleaf) Yes No

2. If fishing is proposed, does the activity involve setting up of any of the following?

a. Prawn culture ponds within half a kilometer of high tideline Yes No

b. Prawn culture ponds in Yes No

i. agricultural land ii. salt pan lands

iii. mangroves iv. wetlands v. village community land

c. Fish / prawn pond within 1 km of Chilika lake Yes No

3. ( i ) Is the place (location) where the proposed activity is to be carried out adjacent to or near to any of the environmentally sensitive areas listed below? (refer to respective lists overleaf)

a. Less than 500 m from coastline Yes No

b. Any sanctuary, reserve forest, CRZ or RAMSAR area? Yes No c. Located near any cultural heritage site? Yes No

4. Does the proposed activity involve use of groundwater resources in any of the following ways?

a. Digging of new borewell or dugwell Yes No

b. Extraction of groundwater for drinking purpose only Yes No

c. Extraction of groundwater for irrigation and drinking Yes No

d. Both (a) and (b) above Yes No

e. Both (a) and (c) above Yes No

5. Does the proposed activity involve grazing of animals as below: a. On private land owned by proposer Yes No

b. On community lands in proposer’s vicinity Yes No

c. On adjacent forest land Yes No

d. Partially on community and partially on forest land Yes No

ID BOX Name of applicant: SHG Name: Village: Block & distt: Proposed livelihood activity: Date:

Note: If answer to any question from Q1 to Q3 is ‘Yes’, reject proposal. If answer to any question in Q4 (a,c &e) and 5 (b,c & d) is ‘Yes’, refer for further assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL FORM

Proposed sub-project Name of proposer Sector

Does it figure in banned

list?

Applicable TEG No.

Level of impact as per TEG

Decision of GP Level Federation based on

usage of toolkit, TEGs and EMF

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Yes / No

Med / Lo

Approved

Not Approved

Form No. EA01 MIP ref. No.

BPMC Representative GP Federation Appraisal Committee Chairperson

DATE:

MIS FORM R GP LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS Reference period of data: from (date) to (date)

Block GP Village MIP ref no.

SHG name

Proposed sub-project

title

Number Approval status

Date of approval

EA02

Compiled by Checked by MIS FORM FOR BLOCK LEVEL ENVIRONMENT APPROVAL DATA Reference period of data: from (date) to (date)

District Block GP Proposed sub-project title Number Number Approved

Number Rejected

EA03

Compiled by Checked by MIS FORM FOR DISTRICT LEVEL ENVIRONMENT APPROVAL DATA Reference period of data: from (date) to (date)

District Block Proposed sub-project title Number Number Approved

Number Rejected

EA04

Compiled by Checked by MIS FORM FOR STATE LEVEL ENVIRONMENT APPROVAL DATA Reference period of data: from (date) to (date)

District Proposed sub-project title Number Number Approved

Number Rejected

EA05

Compiled by Checked by

13. Annexure-9

14. Terms of Reference (TOR) for external environmental agency to provide support to TRIPTI project on environmental issues

1. Background: The TRIPTI project is being initiated by the Government of Orissa in 10 districts with an aim to facilitate self help group (SHG) members in finding and engaging in activities that offer them a sustainable means of livelihood. Details regarding the TRIPTI project are annexed to this document.

The TRIPTI project will involve appraisal of several Micro Investment Plans (MIP) generated at SHG level in thousands of villages spread over 38 blocks of the project districts. In order to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts that may be caused by the livelihood activities undertaken by the project beneficiaries, the project implementation strategy has been developed with a built in environmental appraisal process for all MIPs considered under the TRIPTI project. The environmental appraisal process is intended to be implemented by Community Based Organizations (CBOs) mooted under the TRIPTI project with assistance from project staff stationed at various levels. Since none of the project officials or staff right from senior management to grassroots, nor any of the CBOs mooted under this project are expected to have any detailed knowledge of environmental issues or any experience in environmental appraisal, intensive capacity building activities have been built into the project implementation strategy.

It is proposed to engage an external environmental agency to provide support and expert guidance, particularly in terms of capacity building and guidance to CBOs and staff engaged in the environmental appraisal process. The agency is expected to conduct the capacity building programme developed for the TRIPTI project, which aims at inculcating environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the CBOs. The agency is also expected to provide support in fine tuning / modifying existing environmental assessment procedures based on the experience gained during project implementation. The agency will have overall responsibility for ensuring the quality of environmental assessment undertaken under the TRIPTI project.

2. Objectives of the assignment The assignment has the following objectives:

1. To implement capacity building activities for project staff/officials and CBOs as per the Environmental Capacity Building Plan prepared for the TRIPTI project.

2. To provide backstopping assistance to the project management in appraising sub-projects in cases that they are unable to process

3. To modify and re-orient the environmental appraisal process, whenever required in order to improve its effectiveness

3. Scope of the assignment Following is the scope of work of the external agency:

a. Capacity Building: • Develop training modules and IEC materials in consultation with Project Director as laid out in Capacity Building plan

• Logistical planning and scheduling of all capacity building activities in conformance with the capacity building plan and in consultation with the Project Director or person designated by him / her

• Implementation of all capacity building activities as per agreed schedule

• Modification of the capacity building activities / plan if and wherever required in consultation with the Project Director

b. Facilitator: • Provide hand holding support to the project staff and project CBOs in environmental assessment, particularly on the aspects that

they may request assistance on.

• Assess the gaps in the skills and re-orient capacity building modules if required, in consultation with Project Director

• Modify assessment procedures based on feedback from project functionaries and officials

4. The resources team • The agency should have competent team or pool of resources persons for development of training modules and IEC materials.

• The Capacity building Team should have a competent persons as follows

o Environmental Scientist. With minimum 15 years of experience having in implementation of similar type of Capacity Building plan.

o Community Development and Livelihood development specialist with minimum 10 years of experience in the similar programmers

o Junior environment specialists (as many as may be required)

5. Schedule: The agency is expected to provide backstopping support throughout the project period of 5 years on an ‘as and when required’ basis. This is in addition to the capacity building activities that may take place as per agreed schedule. The agency has to develop his annual scheduled for various activities.

6. Deliverables: The Agency should submit the following deliverables according to pre-agreed schedule

• All training modules, materials and ICT materials.

• A comprehensive Capacity Building Plan – along with training schedules

• Monthly training completion reports

• Monthly report on backstopping activities provided with details, if any, on re-orientation of environmental approval process

• Details of the modified procedures, if any

15. Terms of Reference (TOR) for independent environmental agency to conduct environmental audit

1. Background: The TRIPTI project is being initiated by the Government of Orissa in 10 districts with an aim to facilitate self help group (SHG) members in finding and engaging in activities that offer them a sustainable means of livelihood. Details regarding the TRIPTI project are annexed to this document.

The TRIPTI project will involve appraisal of several Micro Investment Plans (MIP) generated at SHG level in thousands of villages spread over 38 blocks of the project districts. In order to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts that may be caused by the livelihood activities undertaken by the project beneficiaries, the project implementation strategy has been developed with a built in environmental appraisal process for all MIPs considered under the TRIPTI project. The environmental appraisal process is intended to be implemented by Community Based Organizations (CBOs) mooted under the TRIPTI project with assistance from project staff stationed at various levels. Since none of the project officials or staff right from senior management to grassroots, nor any of the CBOs mooted under this project are expected to have any detailed knowledge of environmental issues or any experience in environmental appraisal, intensive capacity building activities have been built into the project implementation strategy.

It is envisaged an external environmental agency will be engaged to provide support and expert guidance, particularly in terms of capacity building and guidance to CBOs and staff engaged in the environmental appraisal process. Further, it is planned to hire another independent environmental agency to conduct environmental audit of the project at periodic intervals. This ToR pertains to the scope of work of the auditing agency.

2. Objectives of the assignment The assignment has the following objectives:

1. To conduct environmental audit of the TRIPTI project at pre-defined intervals: assess degree of adherence to and effectiveness of the environmental appraisal procedures implemented in the project

2. Suggest ways and means of improving the adherence as well as effectiveness of the environmental appraisal procedures

3. To provide feedback on the effectiveness of the external agency providing guidance and backstopping to the project and suggest improvements, if necessary

3. Scope of the assignment Following is the scope of work of the external agency:

a. Auditing. The agency should conduct periodical audit to assess

• Extent of adherence to and effectiveness of EA procedures

• Bottlenecks to effective EMF implementation

• Trends in cumulative impacts of approved sub-projects

• Strategies to mitigate cumulative impacts

• Environmental consequences of value chain proposals that may evolve

4. The resources team The agency should have competent team for conducting the audit. Suggested persons are as follows:

o Environmental Specialist. With minimum 10 years of experience of conducting environmental assessments and audits on livelihood projects

o Junior environment specialist

5. Schedule: The agency is expected to conduct the first environmental audit at the end of the first year of project implementation. Thereafter, the frequency of environmental audits will be once every two years. It is expected that the agency will complete each environmental audit and submit a report within three months of commencement of the same.

6. Deliverables: The Agency should submit the following deliverables for each audit:

• Audit methodology and sample

• Logistic plan

• Draft Environmental Audit Report

• Final Environmental Audit Report

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