target deception jamming method against spaceborne

Target deception jamming methodagainst spaceborne synthetic apertureradar using electromagneticscattering

Qingyang SunTing ShuBin TangWenxian Yu

Qingyang Sun, Ting Shu, Bin Tang, Wenxian Yu, “Target deception jamming method against spacebornesynthetic aperture radar using electromagnetic scattering,” J. Appl. Remote Sens. 12(1),016033 (2018), doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033.

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Target deception jamming method againstspaceborne synthetic aperture radar using

electromagnetic scattering

Qingyang Sun, Ting Shu,* Bin Tang, and Wenxian YuShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering,

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai, China

Abstract. A method is proposed to perform target deception jamming against spaceborne syn-thetic aperture radar. Compared with the traditional jamming methods using deception templatesto cover the target or region of interest, the proposed method aims to generate a verisimilardeceptive target in various attitude with high fidelity using the electromagnetic (EM) scattering.Based on the geometrical model for target deception jamming, the EM scattering data from thedeceptive target was first simulated by applying an EM calculation software. Then, the proposedjamming frequency response (JFR) is calculated offline by further processing. Finally, the decep-tion jamming is achieved in real time by a multiplication between the proposed JFR and thespectrum of intercepted radar signals. The practical implementation is presented. The simulationresults prove the validity of the proposed method. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a CreativeCommons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in partrequires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033]

Keywords: synthetic aperture radar; spaceborne synthetic aperture radar; deceptive jamming;electromagnetic scattering.

Paper 170860 received Sep. 30, 2017; accepted for publication Feb. 16, 2018; published onlineMar. 7, 2018.

1 Introduction

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely applied in both civil surveillance and militaryreconnaissance. It is capable of generating high-resolution images in all weather conditions and,thus, can provide a powerful tool for remote sensing applications, such as target detection,recognition, and classification.1–3 In addition, to protect the information of targets from beingobserved by the hostile forces, the electronic countermeasures (ECM) techniques against SARhave also been developed rapidly during the past decades.4

Generally, the ECM techniques against SAR include the barrage jamming and the deceptionjamming. In barrage jamming, the jammer transmits the noise-like jamming signals into SARechoes with a very high jamming power, which may be easy to be suppressed and not be appli-cable in practice.5,6 In the direct retransmitting deception jamming,7–9 the jammer generates thecoherent jamming signals by a convolution between the unit impulse response of the jammersystem and the intercepted radar signals with a much lower transmitting power than the barragejamming.

Zhou et al.7 proposed a large scene deception jamming method and discussed the real-timerealization using a two-step realization and subtemplates parallel processing. Liu et al.8 presentedan efficient frequency-domain three-stage algorithm for deception jamming against SAR usingthe fast Fourier transform (FFT) to accelerate the implementation of the method. Sun et al.9 alsoproposed an efficient deception jamming technique against SAR by separating the modulationprocess of the jammer into offline stage and real-time stage, which is easy to be implemented inpractical real-time application. Pace et al.10 introduced an all-digital image synthesizer capable ofgenerating false target images from a series of intercepted chirp pulses for countering inverse

*Address all correspondence to: Ting Shu, E-mail: [email protected]

Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 016033-1 Jan–Mar 2018 • Vol. 12(1)


https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033

https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033

https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033

https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033

https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.12.016033

mailto:[email protected]



SAR (ISAR), while a deception template of a ship that closely matches an actual ISAR image isalso utilized. In summary, the main purpose of these methods is to cover the region of interestusing the deception templates, which are usually derived from an existing SAR image. However,the false target generated by these methods is difficult to be able to include the similar structuralor scattering information being relative to a hostile SAR system. Therefore, since the false targetis limited to the deception templates, the scattering characteristic of the false target is not appli-cable when the false target should be changed to another look angle without distortion.

In this paper, we propose a method to perform target deception jamming against spaceborneSAR in this paper using the electromagnetic (EM) scattering. Compared with the traditionaljamming methods using deception templates, the proposed method achieves the deception jam-ming using the EM scattering from a deceptive target, which is able to generate the deceptivetarget in various attitude with high fidelity. Based on the geometrical model for target deceptionjamming, the EM scattering data from the deceptive target are first simulated by applying an EMcalculation software, such as the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio.11

Then, the proposed jamming frequency response (JFR) is calculated offline by further process-ing. Finally, the deception jamming is achieved in real time by a multiplication between the JFRand the spectrum of intercepted radar signals.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The principle for target deception jamming isdiscussed in Sec. 2. The practical implementation is discussed in Sec. 3. Section 4 shows thedeception jamming simulation results. Section 5 concludes this paper.

2 Principle for Target Deception Jamming

2.1 Basic Principle for Target Deception Jamming

Figure 1 shows the geometrical model for target deception jamming against spaceborne SAR inthe two-dimensional (2-D) slant range plane, including the radar coordinates system rOx andthe target deception coordinates system uCv.

Suppose that the spacebrone SAR to be interfered works at the broadside and strip-mapmode, and moves at a speed of Vr along the x-axis. Use ta to represent the slow time, andthe zero moment of ta is set at the moment when the SAR is located at O. As shown inFig. 1, the jammer and the center of target deception coordinates system are located atðRJ; xJÞ and ðRc; 0Þ in the radar coordinates system, respectively. The instantaneous positionof SAR is ð0; xÞ or ð0; VrtaÞ in the radar coordinates system; Lsar is the synthetic aperture length.ðu; vÞ and σðu; vÞ are the location and complex scattering coefficients of a point scatterer inthe deceptive target, respectively. RcðtaÞ is the instantaneous slant range between the radar and

sar

Fig. 1 The geometrical model for target deception jamming.

Sun et al.: Target deception jamming method against spaceborne synthetic. . .



the center of deception coordinates system. RJðtaÞ is the instantaneous slant range between theradar and the jammer. Rðta; u; vÞ is the instantaneous slant range between the radar and a pointscatterer in the deceptive target.

Without loss of generality, we consider that the spaceborne SAR transmits a chirp signal.Then, a jammer can be seen as a special point scatterer in the illuminated scene by the SAR,whose baseband received echoes1 can be expressed as

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e001;116;663 sJðτ; taÞ ¼ a

�τ − 2RJðtaÞ

c

�exp

�−j2πfc

2RJðtaÞc

�exp

�jπKr

�τ − 2RJðtaÞ

c

�2�; (1)

where τ is the fast time, aðτÞ ¼ rectð τTpÞ yields 1 when j τ

Tpj < 0.5 and is 0 otherwise, Tp is the

pulsewidth, fc is the carrier frequency, Kr is the chirp rate, and c is the speed of light.If the deceptive target existed, its echo can be given by

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e002;116;583

sðτ; taÞ ¼ZZ

dudvσðu; vÞa�τ −

2Rðta; u; vÞc

�× exp

�−j2πfc

2Rðta; u; vÞc

�

× exp

�jπKr

�τ −

2Rðta; u; vÞc

�2�; (2)

where σðu; vÞ is the backscattering coefficient of a point scatterer in the deceptive target, which islocated at ðu; vÞ in the target deception coordinates system.

According to the principle of deception jamming against SAR,8 the retransmitted jammingsignal sðτ; taÞ for the deceptive target of a jammer can be considered as a result of a convolutionbetween the intercepted radar signal sJðτ; taÞ and the unit impulse response hðτ; taÞ of the jam-mer system, where hðτ; taÞ satisfies sðτ; taÞ ¼ sJðτ; taÞ ⊗ hðτ; taÞ and ⊗ denotes the convolu-tion operation along the fast time τ.

Because it is more efficient to implement the convolution operation in frequency domain, weperform the FFT to hðτ; taÞ along the fast time τ yields

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e003;116;401Hðfτ; taÞ ¼ZZ

dudvσðu; vÞ exp�−j

4πðfc þ fτÞc

ΔRðta; u; vÞ�; (3)

with

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e004;116;344ΔRðta; u; vÞ ¼ Rðta; u; vÞ − RJðtaÞ; (4)

where Hðfτ; taÞ is the alleged JFR.

2.2 Proposed Method

Generally, a jammer aims to plant the jamming signals of deception templates into the rawechoes of a real scene. However, the backscattering coefficients of the deception templatesare usually derived from an existing SAR image, which is chosen according to the scatteringcharacteristics of the SAR images to be interfered. On one hand, it can hardly include the similarstructural or scattering information being relative to a hostile SAR system. On the other hand,the scattering characteristic of the false target is also limited to the deception templates so thatthe deceptive target may not be changed to another required attitude angle without distortion.

Thus, it is necessary to combine the EM scattering from the target with the deceptionjamming to generate the verisimilar deceptive target with high fidelity in various attitude.

According to Fig. 1, RcðtaÞ and RJðtaÞ can be represented as Eqs. (5) and (6), respectively.

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e005;116;149RcðtaÞ ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiR2c þ V2

r t2a

q; (5)

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e006;116;110RJðtaÞ ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiR2J þ ðVrta − xJÞ2

q: (6)




Meanwhile, Rðta; u; vÞ can be expressed as

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e007;116;723 Rðta; u; vÞ ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiR1ðta; u; vÞ2 þ R2ðta; u; vÞ2

p; (7)

with

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e008;116;678 R1ðta; u; vÞ ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiR2c þ V2

r t2ap

þffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiu2 þ v2

pcos

�arctan

�−VrRc

ta�− arctan

�vu

��; (8)

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e009;116;638 R2ðta; u; vÞ ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiu2 þ v2

psin

�arctan

�−VrRc

ta�− arctan

�vu

��: (9)

When we fabricate the nonexistent small deceptive target against a typical spaceborne SARplatform, it is useful to make the approximation

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e010;116;573 Rðta; u; vÞ ≈ R1ðta; u; vÞ ¼ RcðtaÞ þ pðu; v; taÞ ; (10)

Because the distance between the spaceborne SAR and the deceptive target is much largerthan the size of the target. Moreover, pðu; v; taÞ can also be seen as the projection of the vectordirected from the center of the target deception coordinates system to the scatterer on the vectordirected from the radar to the center of the target deception coordinates system.

According to Fig. 1, the projected look angle φ can be denoted as

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e011;116;481 φ ¼ arctan�−VrRc

ta�− arctan

�vu

�; (11)

where arctanðvuÞ is the initial attitude angle of the target.Substituting Eq. (10) into Eqs. (4) and (3), one obtains

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e012;116;419 Hðfτ; taÞ ¼ exp

�−j 4πðfτþfcÞ

c ½RcðtaÞ − RJðtaÞ��× Aðfτ; taÞ ; (12)

with

EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e013;116;362Aðfτ; taÞ ¼ZZ

σðu; vÞdudv exp

�−j

4πðfτ þ fcÞc

pðu; v; taÞ�; (13)

where Aðfτ; taÞ is the frequency response of EM scattering from the deceptive target, andHðfτ; taÞ in Eq. (12) is the proposed JFR.

Because the electronic warfare support measure can well estimate the transmitted signalparameters, such as the bandwidth and carrier frequency, and the spaceborne SAR kinematicparameters can also be predicted by the Kepler’s laws according to the satellite orbit in advance,the proposed JFR can be calculated offline in practical application and stored in the digital radio-frequency memory (DRFM).

Compared with the deception jamming method using an existing SAR image as the deceptiontemplate, the proposed method introduces the EM scattering property of the target into the gen-eration of jamming signals. Therefore, since the calculated EM scattering property is related tothe attitude of the target, it is able to generate the deceptive target in various attitude with highfidelity. In this paper, Aðfτ; taÞ can be simulated using an EM calculation tool, such as the CSTMicrowave Studio.11 To obtain EM scattering property, the frequency response of scatteringfrom the false target is simulated using a stepped frequency waveform (SFW). The parametersof the SFW, such as range and spacing, are designed considering the bandwidth of the radarsignal and the size of the target. Because it has to cover the frequency band and obtain thesufficient unambiguous range. Additionally, the scattering is influenced by the azimuth time.Different azimuth time corresponds to different projected look angles. Thus, it is simulatedby setting a set of look angles in the CST. Then, the detailed EM scattering data from the decep-tive target are calculated by utilizing the shooting and bouncing rays techniques, which is in theasymptotic solver of CST Microwave Studio.




2.3 Implementation of Algorithm

Based on the above analysis, the block diagram of the proposed method is shown in Fig. 2.Hence, the proposed deception jamming method can be achieved as follows:

1. Simulate the EM scattering from the three-dimensional (3-D) CAD model of the decep-tive target using an EM calculation tool, such as the CST Microwave Studio.

2. Obtain the proposed JFR according to Eq. (12) and store them in the DRFM.3. Implement a multiplication between the JFR stored in the DRFM and the spectrum of

radar signals intercepted by the jammer and then retransmit the jamming signals to thespaceborne SAR system in range time domain by applying the range inverse FFT.

3 Practical Implementation

To capture the signal of interest, a very wide bandwidth of radio frequency (RF) front-end isused, typically 6 to 12 GHz. The received SAR signal is sent to a wideband RF splitter, and thetwo outputs of the RF splitter are sent to the instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM)receiver and the DRFM, respectively. A 6- to 12-GHz IFM receiver is used to track the centerfrequency of the SAR signal with very small time delay. The accuracy of the IFM receiver is< 1 MHz and is adequate for tracking the center frequency. Then, the frequency measurementresults of the IFM receiver are sent to the frequency synthesizer to generate the changeable localoscillator (LO). This LO is common for both the downconversion mixer and the upconversionmixer. Thus, the coherency of the jammer signal is guaranteed. In other words, the carrierfrequency of the RF output jammer signal is nearly the same as the SAR signal.

The operation of the wideband DRFM in Fig. 3 is as follows. The input SAR signal is down-converted by the common LO and then sampled with a high-speed analog-to-digital converter(ADC). The samples are stored in digital memory through a field programmable gate array(FPGA) for later retrieval. If the sample rate of ADC and the storage resources of FPGAare adequate, the parameters of the captured SAR signal (e.g., bandwidth, pulse width, ampli-tude, frequency, and phase) will be fully replicated. Moreover, the amplitude, frequency, andphase of the samples stored in digital memory can be manipulated to generate a wide rangeof jammer signals. The stored samples are later recalled, passed through a digital-to-analog con-verter, upconverted by the common LO, and transmitted back to the SAR system. To guaranteethe coherency of the jammer signal, the bandwidth of DRFM should not be less than the band-width of the SAR signal.

The block diagram of a DRFM-based SAR jammer system is shown in Fig. 3.

Offline stage

look angel

3-D CAD model

electromagneticscattering data

range

proposed JFR

radarsignal

Real-time stage

Fig. 2 The block diagram of the proposed method.




Take the example of the block diagram in Fig. 3, the jammer system has the capability ofcapturing and replicating the SAR signal with maximum instantaneous bandwidth of 1 GHz,using ADC with 2.4-GSPs sample rate and the DRFM with 1-GHz bandwidth. In previouswork, an experimental jammer system has been built up and several hardware-in-the-loopexperiments have been carried out.9

4 Simulation Results

In this section, some examples are presented to assess the validity of the proposed method.A typical X-band spaceborne SAR platform working in the broadside and strip-map mode isset up in the simulation. The system parameters are also listed in Table 1.

4.1 Analysis of Focusing

In the deception jamming against spaceborne SAR, the jammer intercepts the chirp signals trans-mitted by the radar and then retransmits jamming signals to the radar. Consequently, the imagingresult along the range is well-focused as the transmitted chirp rate is not changed during themodulation procedure. Therefore, we mainly analyze the image focusing along azimuth.

In the experiment, the position of the center of the target deception coordinates system islocated the same as that of the jammer, because the former mainly determines a relative locationto the false target from the jammer and has no impact on the focusing capability. Moreover,five scatterers are set as the false targets for the analysis of focusing, which are located at

2.4-GHzSample frequency

Splitter

Synthesizer

Fig. 3 Block diagram of DRFM-based SAR jammer system.

Table 1 Simulation system parameters.

Parameters Values Units

Carrier frequency 9.65 GHz

Chirp bandwidth 0.15 GHz

Sampling frequency 0.165 GHz

Pulse repetition frequency 4147.2 Hz

Velocity 7113.59 m∕s

Squint angle 0 deg

Orbit altitude 514.8 km

Resolution of azimuth ≈3 m

Resolution of range ≈1 m




ðu; vÞ ¼ ð0; 0Þ; ð−100 m; 0Þ; ð100 m; 0Þ; ð0;−100 mÞ, and ð0; 100 mÞ in the target deceptioncoordinates system. The real scatterers are set at the same position as the false scatterers forcontrast analysis. The scatterers are numbered as P1 to P5 in sequence.

The raw echoes of the five real scatterers are achieved by the method in Ref. 12. The jammingsignals with the five isolated false scatterers are generated by the proposed method. The ωKimaging algorithm is applied to obtain the SAR images.1 Then, the point spread functions(PSF) along azimuth of the five real and false scatterers are shown in Fig. 4. The solid linesand the dot lines denote the real scatterers and the false scatterers, respectively.

To demonstrate the validity of the proposed method quantitatively, the detailed evaluatingresults, including impulse response width (IRW), peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR), and integratedsidelobe ratio (ISLR), are listed in Table 2. The IRW is defined as the width of the mainlobe of the impulse response, measured 3 dB below the peak value. The PSLR is the ratiobetween the height of the largest sidelobe and the height of the main lobe. The ISLR is theratio between the total power of the sidelobes and the power of the main lobe. The PSLRand ISLR are both expressed in decibels (dB). As shown in Table 2, it is accurate for P1,which is also the center of the target deception coordinates system, but not for the otherfour scatterers. And, we can see there is only minor difference in the IRW between the

Fig. 4 PSF along azimuth of the five real and false scatterers: (a) P1, (b) P2, (c) P3, (d) P4, and(e) P5.

Table 2 The detailed evaluating results.

Scatterer P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

IRW of real (m) 2.921 2.921 2.922 2.950 2.949

IRW of false (m) 2.921 2.925 2.926 2.980 2.981

IRW error (%) 0.00 0.14 0.14 1.02 1.09

PSLR of real (dB) −13.335 −13.342 −13.334 −13.336 −13.336

PSLR of false (dB) −13.333 −13.277 −13.277 −13.874 −13.874

ISLR of real (dB) −10.106 −10.080 −10.093 −10.108 −10.109

ISLR of false (dB) −10.105 −9.978 −9.978 −10.722 −10.722




other four false scatterers and the corresponding real scatterers, according to Table 2, where theminor differences are caused by the approximation of range equation, as expressed in Eq. (10).However, the IRW errors are too small to cause an obvious defocusing effect in the jammingresult along azimuth direction. Moreover, the image contrasts indicated by PSLR or ISLR of thefalse targets have nearly the same or a little better performance compared with those of the realtargets. It means that the imaging quality of false targets obtained by the proposed method alongazimuth is similar to that of real targets. In addition, it is also indicated that the approximation inEq. (10) is acceptable and will not greatly affect the performance of the proposed method whilefabricating the small target. This is because the distance to the target is long and the syntheticaperture duration is relatively short for spaceborne SAR. Therefore, the experiments verify thatthe proposed method can generate well-focused false scatterers, and the nonexistent small decep-tive targets are expected to be well-focused under the proposed method.

4.2 Deceptive Target Simulation

The simulation parameters of the spaceborne SAR system are also listed in Table 1.In this experiment, we aim to plant a deceptive target into the real scene. The real scene is

shown in Fig. 5, which is near the coast and consists of 512 × 512 pixels. In the meantime, atypical destroyer is chosen as the deceptive target. The high precision 3-D CAD model of thedestroyer is shown in Fig. 6, whose length and width are roughly equivalent to 161.8 and 20 m,respectively. Generally, a deception template with a destroyer is pretty hard to be found in the

Fig. 5 The real scene with 512 × 512 pixels.

Fig. 6 The high precision CAD model of a typical destroyer.




existing SAR images. It leads to the traditional method based on the deception template canhardly generate the desired destroyer. Hence, the proposed method also contributes to the gen-eration of the specific deceptive target.

In addition, another superiority is that the proposed method is able to generate the deceptivetarget in various attitude with high fidelity. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposedmethod, we perform a comparison with an existing deception template-based method inRef. 7. On one hand, a chip SAR image is chosen as the deception template, in which a civilianship is considered as the deceptive target, as shown in Fig. 7. In the SAR image, the length andwidth of the ship are ∼245.6 and 36.93 m, respectively. Then, the jamming result of the deceptivetarget in two different attitudes is performed by applying the method in Ref. 7. One of twoattitudes is consistent with that of the original chip SAR image, and another is rotated 50-degclockwise. On the other hand, as for the proposed deception jamming, the EM scattering datafrom the destroyer in two different attitudes are built up ahead of time by means of the CSTMicrowave Studio software. The attitude of the target is set in the CST Microwave Studio soft-ware. Different attitude of the target corresponds to different frequency response of EM scatter-ing according to Eq. (13). When the offline calculation of frequency response of EM scattering isfinished, the jamming signals of the deceptive target in various attitude are then generated usingthe proposed method. Similarly, the ωK algorithm is applied to the image formation.

Figures 8(a) and 8(b) show the imaging results after the deception jamming achieved byRef. 7 in two different attitudes, respectively. They are numbered as DT1 to DT2 in sequence.

Fig. 7 A chip SAR image with a civilian ship.

Fig. 8 The jamming result of Ref. 7 with 512 × 512 pixels: (a) DT1 and (b) DT2.




It is observed that the method in Ref. 7 is able to generate a well-focused deceptive target, asshown in Fig. 8(a), where the attitude is identical with that of the deception template. However,the performance of the deception jamming will start to deteriorate once the attitude of the targetis changed to another one. Figure 8(b) shows the result of the deterioration as the contour of theship is too distorted. On the other hand, the imaging results after deception jamming of theproposed method in two different attitudes are shown in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), respectively.They are numbered as DT3 to DT4 in sequence. It is observed that the contour of the deceptivetarget in the two different attitudes is similar to that of the destroyer. In addition, the open rail ofthe destroyer in the two jamming results corresponds to the scattering effects of shadowing,because the warship’s superstructure, such as the mainmast and bridge, occludes the radar sig-nals partly illuminating the distant rail, in which it appears black. Moreover, it is seen that thewell-focused deceptive target merges with the real scene, which makes the SAR hard to distin-guish the false target. Generally, the geometrical feature is another widely explored ship featureused for ship classification. They can be extracted in a minimum bounding rectangle around thetarget to avoid interference of sea clutter.3 Hence, we measure the length and width of the decep-tive target as critera for the comparison of the detection of classification performance. The mea-sured length and width of the deceptive target simulated with the two methods are listed inTable 3. It is shown that the measured length and width of the two deceptive destroyers forthe proposed method in various attitude are both similar to that of a destroyer represented inthe 3-D model. However, there is an evident difference between the measured length andwidth of the deceptive targets in two attitudes for the method in Ref. 7. This is because it isimpossible to represent a target in different attitudes using a 2-D deception-template model with-out changing the model. Therefore, the simulation results reveal that the proposed deceptionjamming method is able to generate the deceptive target in various attitude with higher fidelityby comparison.

Fig. 9 The jamming results of the proposed method with 512 × 512 pixels: (a) DT3 and (b) DT4.

Table 3 The measured length and width of deceptive target simulated with the two methods.

Method Method in Ref. 7 Proposed method

Target ID DT1 DT2 DT3 DT4

Length (m) 246.38 256.68 160.21 160.30

Width (m) 37.35 43.69 20.07 20.71




5 Conclusion

In this paper, a target deception jamming method using the EM scattering is proposed, whichcounters the broadside and strip-map spaceborne SAR. In the proposed method, the modulationprocess is mainly divided into two stages: offline stage and real-time stage. In the offline stage,the proposed JFR is calculated by means of the EM scattering data from the deceptive target andfurther processing. In the real-time stage, the deception jamming is achieved by the DRFM-based SAR jammer system. Thus, the proposed method has a good prospect for practical appli-cation. Additionally, the EM scattering model can simulate the scattering characteristic of thetarget accurately, which is able to generate the deceptive target in various attitude with higherfidelity compared with the traditional deception jamming method. In conclusion, the simulationresults of this paper show that the proposed method can generate well-focused false scatterersand generate the deceptive target in various attitude with high fidelity.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNo. 61771302) and the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 20142057007and 2015ZD07006).

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Qingyang Sun received his BS degree in electrical information engineering from NortheastUniversity, China, in 2012. Since September 2012, he has been working toward his PhD atthe Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Recognition, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity (SJTU), China. His research interests include radar signal processing, radar imagingprocessing, and radar countermeasure.

Ting Shu received his BS and MSc degrees in electronic engineering from Nanjing University ofScience and Technology, China, in 2004 and 2006, respectively. Then, he received his PhD inelectronic engineering from SJTU in 2010. Since 2011, he has been an assistant professor at




https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2248118


https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971707

https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971707



https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2259178

https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2259178

https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2013.0222

https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2014.6875774

https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20020635

https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20020635

https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/784815

the School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering (SEIEE), SJTU, China. Hisresearch interests include radar system design and implementation, radar signal processing,and radar countermeasure.

Bin Tang received his BS degree in communication engineering and his MSc degree in signalprocessing from Xidian University, China, in 1989 and 1997, respectively. Then, he received hisPhD from SJTU in 2002. From 2002 to 2009, he was the fellow-class senior engineer at theInstitute of Marine Electronic Equipment. Since 2009, he has been an associate professor atSEIEE, SJTU, China. His research interests include signal processing and radar countermeasure.

Wenxian Yu received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees from the National University of DefenseTechnology, Changsha, China, in 1985, 1988, and 1993, respectively. Currently, he is a professorand head of the SEIEE, SJTU. His research interests include target recognition, remote sensinginformation processing, multisensor data fusion, etc. In these areas, he has published more than200 research papers.




target deception jamming method against spaceborne

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