tarc harvard referencing system

For internal circulation only. ©Tunku Abdul Rahman College. All rights reserved.

Compiled by

Dr Chook Ka Joo Quality Assurance Department Tunku Abdul Rahman College

and

Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung

School of Social Science and Humanities Tunku Abdul Rahman College

2010

Harvard Referencing System

Tunku Abdul Rahman College

TAR College Harvard Referencing System

CONTENTS Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES 1

3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM 1

4.0 THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM 2

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT 2

6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6

7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 9

REFERENCES

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 1

TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM 1.0 INTRODUCTION Referencing or citing means acknowledging the source of information and ideas you have used in your assignments (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper, etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College. This learning guide on Harvard referencing system was developed based on the following references: Curtin University Library 2007, Harvard Referencing. Fisher, D & Hanstock, T 1998, Citing References. Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2005, Research Methods for Business

Students. University of Bournemouth 2005, Citing References. University of South Australia 2006, Referencing using the Harvard author–date

system.

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES The following are reasons why referencing is needed: to acknowledge debts to other writers to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is

based on to enable all those who read your work to locate the sources easily More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth and quality of your assignments and avoid plagiarism. For further details on plagiarism, please refer to the TAR College guide on Avoiding Plagiarism. 3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM The two most common types of referencing systems used are: i. Author‐date system such as the Harvard referencing system, American

Psychological Association (APA) referencing system and Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing system

ii. Numerical system such as the Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and footnote.


The referencing system used in TAR College is the Harvard referencing system for all of the Schools except the School of Social Science and Humanities, which is using the APA referencing system.

4.0 THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM In the Harvard referencing system, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text by giving the author’s family name and the year of publication, and the details are listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work (see page 9 for examples). The process of citing references consists of two inter‐related parts: i. Citing ‐ the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the

assignment. ii. Referencing ‐ the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer

has used in writing the assignment. All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writer’s work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate to enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. When you cite references in the text of your assignment include: the author or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible) ‐ do NOT

include given names or initials the year of publication page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available) 5.1 In many cases, you just need to use the author’s family name and date.

For example: Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level (Saunders 2005). OR


Saunders (2003, p. 21) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level. In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view expressed in an article written by Saunders. Also note that the first example highlights the information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the author of the article.

i. If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given

in parentheses:

In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good practices… As Harvey (1992, p. 21) said, ‘good practices must be taught’ and so we…

ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and

year are given in parentheses:

A more recent study (Stevens 2002) has shown the way theory and practical work interact… Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens 2002).

5.2 There are cases when you need to include a page number in the

parentheses.

For example: Ramli (2006, p. 7) showed that 63 percent of workers was found to be affected by workrelated stress. You need to include the page number when you:

i. use a direct quote from an original source ii. summarise an idea from a particular page iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in

your work Use ‘p.’ when you are citing the information from a single page and ‘pp.’ when the information is cited from more than one page. 5.3 When there are four or more authors for a reference, you need to include

all their names in your first in‐text citation of their work. When the same source is cited again, use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘and the others’).


Saunders, Jones, Cooper and Steinmark (2006, p. 7) postulate that 54 percent of the students do not use proper referencing system… As a result of this, Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that students face in doing project work.

The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same order they are listed in the original reference.

5.4 Personal communication such as interviews, telephone calls, video

conferencing and internet chat do not provide recoverable data; therefore, they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communication in the text citation only. Provide initials as well as the family name (full name for Asians) of the communicator and provide the exact date.

Many designers do not understand the needs of the young people according to Toi (2007, pers. comm. 19 April) because...

5.5 Additional Information Quotations – As a rule, if the quote is less than a line, it may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Summaries or paraphrases – Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece of writing. Tables, charts, diagrams or illustrations – These should be referenced as though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published work. If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given after the year within the parentheses. Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “[21 lines]” or “[approx 8 screens]”.


5.6 Writing convention The following conventions are not prescribed by national or international standards but have been included because they are usually adhered to by the academic community.

If you are quoting a few words, the usual practice is as follows: Example A: Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003, p. 93) argued that grounded theory is best defined as ‘theory building’ compared to the assertion of Glaser and Strauss (1967) of inductive approach to research.

Example B: Robson (2002, p. 178) defines case study as ‘a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon [current issues] …using multiple sources of evidence.’

The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it using either single apostrophe ‘ ’ or double apostrophe “ ”. The … indicates word or words from the original source have been left

out. Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have added your own words to

the quotation. If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the

whole quotation to be indented: “There is no doubt that Internet technology has changed and is changing the way organizations do business. Using the Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created knowledge bases that employees can tap into anytime, anywhere; (2) turned customers into collaborated partners who design, test and launch new products; (3) become virtually paperless in specific tasks such as purchasing and filling expense reports; (4) managed logistics in real time; and (5) changed the nature of numerous work tasks throughout the organization …” (Robbins & Coulter 2005, p. 197)


6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6.1 The reference list in the Harvard referencing system:

is titled ‘References’ is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed

together and not arranged in a separate list includes the full details of your citation in the text is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for

your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to the citation in the text references used in your assignment.

6.2 Steps involved in referencing

a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from which the information is taken.

In the case of a book, the details included are author(s) of the book, year, title, edition, publisher and place of publication as found on the front and back of the title page.

In the case of a journal article, the details included are author(s) of the article, date of publication, title of article, title of journal, volume and issue number of journal and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above, you should note the date you accessed the information and database or website address (URL).

b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the

document. c. Provide a reference list at the end of your assignment.

6.3 Whenever possible, elements needed for the reference list should be taken

from the title page of the publication.

For place of publication, provide the city. If more than one town/city is listed, list the first one or the location of

the publisher’s head office. If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state.

Note that in the United States of America, states are denoted by a two‐letter code, for example ‘Hillsdale, NJ’.


For the publisher’s name, omit superfluous terms such as ‘Publishers’, ‘Co.’ or ‘Inc.’ but always retain the word ‘Books’ or ‘Press’.

Where the publisher is a university and the place or the location is not included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of publication.

6.4 Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the following examples for the different types of work you may have cited. Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are handwritten.

6.5 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by authors’ family names.

When an item has no author (e.g. newspaper report, annual company report, brochure), it is cited by its title and sequenced in the reference list by the first significant word of the title.

6.6 The Harvard referencing system does not require the second and

subsequent lines of the reference to be indented. 6.7 Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard referencing

system

The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order:

6.7.1 Example of a book

The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.

Cameron, SK 2002, Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

Author’s family name followed by a comma, then initial(s)

Year of publication followed by a comma ‐ no brackets

Title of the book in italics followed by a comma ‐ upper case used only for the first word

Place of publication followed by a full stop

Publisher followed by a comma


6.7.2 Example of an academic journal

The main elements required for referencing a journal article are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, issue number, page number.

Bilosvalavo, RL & Lynn, M 2006, ‘Mission statements in Slovene enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’, Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 773‐788.

6.7.3 Example of an electronic publication

The main elements required for referencing an electronic publication are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, date viewed, <URL address in full>.

Potter, JB 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007, <http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

Title of the article in italics, followed by a comma ‐ upper case used for first word

The internet address (URL) is enclosed in < and > with the full address and followed by a full stop

Date the document is accessed followed by a comma

Title of the article in single inverted comma ‐ upper case for the first word only, a comma after the second inverted comma

Title of the journal in italics followed by a comma

Volume number followed by a comma

Issue number followed by a comma

Page number (pp.) of the article followed by a full stop at the end






7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 7.1 Books

Basic format for books: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.

Books An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Single author An important factor is… (Cameron 2002, p. 158)

Khoo (1977, p. 45) argues that…

Cameron, SS 2002, Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

Khoo, KK 1977, The western Malay states, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.

Two or three authors

According to Kim and Mauborgne (2005), …

Kim, WC & Mauborgne, R 2005, Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant, Harvard Business School, Boston.

Guelich, S, Gundavaram, S & Birznieks, G 2000, CGI programming with pel, O’Reilly, Cambridge.

Four or more authors

As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, p. 14) …

The industry… (Leeders et al. 1996)

Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ & Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Leeders, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS, Williams, A & Marriot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion, Adelaide.



Book with no author

As shown in Networking Essential Plus (2000), …

Networking essential plus, 2000, 3rd edn, Microsoft Press, Redmond.

Book with no date

This has been emphasized by Seah (n.d.) when… .

Seah, R n.d., Microcomputer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond.

Electronic book

Gottshalk and Solli‐sather (2006) contend that…

Gottschalk, P & Solli‐saether, H 2006, Managing successful IT outsourcing relationship, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/document/display.jsp?docID=1008436&page=1>.

Translated book

Popularity of the novel ‘Les Enfants Terribles’ increased after translation (Cocteau 1961).

Cocteau, J 1961, Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann, Penguin, London.

Second edition or later edition of a book

...Jeremy (ed. 2001) states that...

…Walpole and Evans (eds 2001) question whether

Jeremy, H (ed.) 2001, Management today, 2nd edn, Century Learning, London.

Walpole, M & Evans, C (eds) 2001, Tax administration in the 21st century, 3rd edn, Prospect Media, St Leonards, New South Wales.

One volume of a multi‐volume set of books

It has been implied (Einax 1995) that…

Einax, J 1995, Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Application, vol. 2, Handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Berlin.

Chapter in an edited book

Ezhar (2001) notes that… Ezhar, T 2001, ‘Working with foreigners’, in Understanding Malaysian workforce, eds Asma Abdullah & A Low, Malaysian Institute of Management, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 179‐196.



Encyclopaedia or dictionary ‐ with no author

Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995) defines ethics as…

No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and date of the dictionary as an in‐text citation.

Encyclopaedia or dictionary ‐ with author

Hawkins (1997, p. 128) defines ethics as…

Hawkins, JG 1995, Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar, 2nd edn, Fajar Bakti, Kuala Lumpur, p.128.


7.2 Journal articles

Basic format for journal articles: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, issue number, page no.

Journal An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Single author Ho (2007, p. 2) argues tha … Ho, S 2007. ‘Knowledge sharing ‐ a fear factor’, Malaysian Management Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1‐22.

Two or three authors

Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, p. 774) acknowledge…

The impact of IT… (Li & Clifford 2007, p. 163).

Bilosvalavo, R & Lynn, M 2006, ‘Mission statements in Slovene enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’, Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 773‐788.

Li, G & Clifford, N 2007, ‘When a talking computer agent is half human and half humanoid’, Human Communication Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 163‐193.

More than four authors

2nd citation onwards

George et al. (2007) claim that…

George, B, Sims, P, Mclean, AN & Mayer, D 2007, ‘Discovering your authentic leadership’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 129‐138.

Journal article with no author

It is a growing problem in the UK (‘Anorexia Nervosa’ p. 530)…

‘Anorexia nervosa’ 1969, British Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 529‐536.

Journal article from an electronic journal using electronic database

…and this has been established by Eisend and Schucherta (2006).

Eisend, M & Schucherta, P 2006, ‘Explaining counterfeit purchases: A review and preview’, Academy of Marketing Service, vol. 2006, no. 2, viewed 31 July 2007, <http://www.amsreview.org/articles/eisend12‐2006pdf>.


7.3 Electronic publications

Basic format for electronic publications: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of document or website, date viewed, <URL address in full>.

Electronic publications An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

A World Wide Web site

The result of the test can… (Potter 2005).

Potter, J 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007, <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

Document on World Wide Web with no author

Harvard referencing is a format of … (Wikipedia 2007).

Wikipedia 2007, ‘Harvard referencing’, viewed 23 July 2007, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>.

Electronic book Holland (2004) maintains that…

Holland, M 2004, Guide to citing internet sources, 2nd edn, updated 2 November 2005, viewed 10 July 2007, <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_source.html>.

Electronic thesis Crain (2000) postulates that… Crain, J 2000, ‘The effects of a formal induction program on newly hired teachers’ perceptions on self‐efficacy’, Department of Teaching and Leadership, PhD thesis, University of Kansas, viewed 30 July 2007, UMI Proquest Dissertation ATT990068, <http://proquest.umi.com.newdc.oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=728423791&TS=1185859215&clientId=56581>.

Media releases on the World Wide Web

Ong (2007) notes that sustainable living…

Ong, KT (Minister of Housing and Local Government) 2007, Sustainable living in Malaysia, media release, 16 June, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Kuala Lumpur, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov. my/ucapan.nsf>.


Electronic publications

An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Discussion lists or newsgroups

Marsh (2007) postulates that…

Marsh, A <[email protected]> 2007, ‘Time management’, list server, 28 March, Google Recreational Gardens, viewed 30 July 2007, <http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0ec899/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>.

Email Amir confirmed this by email on 1 July 2007…

Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages are not included in a reference list.

Computer programme

A programme was developed… (MathWorks 2001).

MathWorks 2001, MATLAB, ver. 6, computer programme, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA.


7.4 Special publications and materials

Basic format: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, Publisher, Place of publication.

Special publications and materials An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Conference paper It has been shown (Chang 2003) that…

Chang (2003) contends that…

Chang, CC 2003, ‘Malaysia’s outline perspective plan towards prosperity in the trend of globalisation’, in Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention, 21‐26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling Jaya, The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia, ACCIM, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 28‐38.

Newspaper article with author

As Fernandez (2007) notes in his articles, …

Fernandez, T 2007, ‘I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’, Sun 31 July, p. 2.

Note: ‘The’ in the English language newspaper titles is omitted.

Newspaper article with no author

…in the Sun (31 July 2007, p. 3). Sun 2007, ‘Master plan boost for northern corridor’, 31 July, p. 3.

Publication from a corporate body

The plans include… (UNESCO 1995).

UNESCO 1995, General information programme and UNISIST, UNESCO, Paris.

Genting Berhad 2007, Genting Berhad annual report 2006, Genting Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.

Government article The strategic approaches include…

(Ministry of Agriculture 1998).

Ministry of Agriculture 1998, The third national agriculture policy, Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur.


Special publications and materials


Patent Tadayuki, Kazuhsia and Atushi (1999) show that…

Tadayuki, O, Kazuhsia, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition and its production, Japanese Patent 99‐78710.

Video or television recording

The process involves three stages… (Mild steel with low curren, 1987).

Mild steel with low current 1987, video recording, MIG Welding Institute, Cambridge, 5 January.

Pamphlet or brochure

TAR College’s philosophy is… (TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008 2007).

TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008 2007, Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Kuala Lumpur.

Audio cassette The original broadcast (War of the Worlds 1999) in 1938 is said to have caused mass panic amongst listeners.

War of the worlds 1999, Mercury Theatre on the air, audio CD, Radio Spirits, ASIN: B00002R145.

CD ROMs and DVDs Hawkings (1994) states that… Hawking, SW 1994, A brief history of time: An interactive adventure, CD‐ROM, London, Crunch Media.

Standard The standards set by SIRIM (2003) states that …

SIRIM 2003, Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside buildings (MS13311:2003), SIRIM Berhad, Shah Alam:

Personal communication

It has been confirmed by Seow (2007, pers. comm. 10 July) that this practice….

Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email messages are not included in a reference list.

Thesis Lee (1995) recommends that … Lee, CW 1995, ‘Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications’, Unpublished final year advanced diploma project, Tunku Abdul Rahman College.


Special publications and materials


Document on microfiche

Ball, Lee, Phan and Ra (2001) suggest that…

Ball, K, Lee, YH, Phan, O & Ra, YS 2001, Adult retraining and reskilling in Australia and South Korea, microfiche, National Centre for Vocational Education Research, Leabrook, Australia, Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Seoul, ED451368.

Acts of Parliament The Service Tax (Amendments) (2000) states that …

Service Tax (Amendments) 2002.

Industrial Relations Act 1967.


7.5 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Here are some of the FAQs on referencing. Question 1 If I read a book or a journal article by one author (Author 1) and he mentions an idea by another author (Author 2), whose idea do I refer to? How do I reference that? You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in‐text citations; and in your reference list, you only need to list the item you have read, that is Author 1. For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 2) in a book by Saunders (Author 1), you need to mention both the authors in your in‐text citations. Your in‐text citations would appear as:

Lim (Saunders 2003, p. 71) states that … or Lim’s study (cited in Saunders 2003, p. 71) indicates that … or Saunders (2003, p. 71), in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the aspect …

In the reference list, you list only Saunders’ (the source you read) and not Lim’s (whose idea you only read about in Saunders’).

Question 2 How do I cite the authors’ names if they have the same family name in the reference list? How do I show in my intext reference which idea belongs to which author? You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding their initials to the in‐text reference (which usually only has the family name and date). For example:

The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, HT 1971) but since then, many researchers, including DE Johnson (2001), have rejected the idea.

Question 3 How do I cite an author who has written more than one work in the same year? How do I show which idea comes from which reference? You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and keep these letters in your reference list as well.


For example:

In a recent publication, Bart (2004b) argued that mission statements of most organization are underutilised and most organization had jumped on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the true purpose of the statement (Bart 2004a).

The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the alphabetical order of the title of the work by the author. Question 4 How do I cite information from my lectures, tutorials or study guides? You do NOT cite your lectures, tutorials or study guides as sources unless your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research, you are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas that are relevant from various sources. In addition, oral communication is not generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be referring to someone else’s idea, not one of their own. Question 5 What if I cannot find the author or a date in a website? When there is no name on a webpage, look for a sponsoring body like

an organisation or a government department responsible for the information.

Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or document on the screen as the ‘author’.

Where there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ (no date). If a resource has no author and no date, you need to consider whether it is a suitable source for academic work, as your work will suffer from lack of credibility. Question 6 How do I reference a graph or a figure that I copy or adapt? A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date as an in‐text reference. This also applies when you use other people’s


pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes. For example:

(AACSB 2006, p. 6)

Question 7 How do I cite Malaysian or Asian names? You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For Chinese and Japanese names, use the writers’ family names when you are citing them in your text. As for your reference list, put the writers’ family names first followed by their initials. For example:

Full name Intext

citation Reference List

Chinese Name Sheng Ye Lin

Sheng (2003) Sheng, YL 2003, The Chinese dilemma, East West Ltd, New South Wales.

Japanese Name Tatsyo Kimbara

Kimbara (2007)

Kimbara, T 2007, The digital collapse, Penguin, London.

The Process


However, for Malay and Indian names, use the writers’ full names in both the in‐text citation and reference list. For example:

Full name Intext citation

Reference List

Malay Name Mahathir Mohammad

Mahathir Mohammad (1982)

Mahathir Mohammad 1982, The Malay dilemma, Federal Publications, Petaling Jaya.

Indian Name Bala Ramasamy

Bala Ramasamy (2004)

Bala Ramasamy 2003, ‘FDI and uncertainty: The Malaysian case study’, Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 75‐79.

For names of other Asian writers such as Thai names, Cambodian names, etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world cite these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see how these Asian names are cited. If you are still unsure about this, refer to various referencing guides which are available online.

Question 8 In the reference list, do I separate the various sources of references that I have used in my intext citations? All references that you have referred to in your assignment or project should be arranged in alphabetical order in one list with NO separation of the sources into categories like books, journals, etc.


REFERENCES Curtin University Library 2007, Harvard referencing, viewed 4 July 2007, <http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf>. Fisher, D & Hanstock, T 1998, Citing references, Balckwell’s Bookshops, Nottingham. Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2005, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. University of Bournemouth 2005, Citing references, viewed 4 July 2007, <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/ docs/Citing_Refs.pdf>. University of South Australia 2006, Referencing using the Harvard authordate system, viewed 4 July 2007, <http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/ learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvardreferencing.pdf>.

tarc harvard referencing system

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research paper

citingorquoting references

piece of work

allrightsrese page1

details onplagiarism

breadthand quality

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