tanzania: anti corruption survey volume 2
TRANSCRIPT
The United Republic of Tanzania
THE PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF CORRUPTION BUREAU
NATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND
CORRUPTION SURVEY
2009 REPORT
Volume 2: HOUSEHOLDS SURVEY
and
21st November 2009
F A C E I T
in Association with
DAR/MCC Dar Management and Computing Centre
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CONTENTS CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... vii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE SURVEY ................................................................................. 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE SURVEY ............................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER 2: SURVEY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 3 2.1 SAMPLE DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 REVIEW AND ADAPTATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................. 4 2.3 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF FIELD TEAMS .................................................. 4 2.4 FIELD WORK ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 DATA PROCESSING ......................................................................................................... 5 2.6 RESPONSE.......................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 3: THE FINDINGS ...................................................................................................... 6 3.1 PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION ......... 6 3.1.1 Understanding of Corruption ........................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Effects of corruption ....................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3 Seriousness of corruption in Tanzania ........................................................................... 11 3.1.4 Main causes of corruption .............................................................................................. 14 3.1.5 Perception about corruption in the society ..................................................................... 17 3.1.6 Initiation of corruption ................................................................................................... 18 3.1.7 Experience of corruption in Tanzania ............................................................................ 19 3.2 QUALITY/INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS ..................................... 21 3.2.1 Perceptions on Provision of Public Service Providers ................................................... 21 3.2.2 Institutional Performance and Integrity/Honesty ........................................................... 21 3.2.3 Fighting corruption among public institutions ............................................................... 27 3.3 GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION IN KEY SECTOR SERVICES ......................... 28 3.3.1 Education Services ......................................................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Health Services ............................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Judicial System ............................................................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Police Force .................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.5 Other Public Services ..................................................................................................... 42 3.4 GOVERNANCE AND INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC OFFICES .......................................... 47 3.4.1 Governance and Rule of Law ......................................................................................... 47 3.4.2 Respect for Human Rights ............................................................................................. 49 3.4.3 Transparency and Accountability of the Government ................................................... 51 3.4.4. Perception about Integrity of the Public Offices ............................................................ 52 3.5 ANALYSIS OF BRIBERY AND UNOFFICIAL PAYMENT ........................................ 53 3.5.1 Frequency of Contacts and Integrity of Public Service Providers ................................. 53 3.5.2 Demand for Bribe and Unofficial Payment .................................................................... 53 3.6 FIGHTING CORRUPTION .............................................................................................. 57
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3.6.1 Perception about Fight against Corruption ..................................................................... 57 3.6.2 Public Agencies in the Fight against Corruption ........................................................... 61 3.7 CORRUPTION REPORTING SYSTEM .......................................................................... 64 3.8 ACTIONS TO TAKE AGAINST CORRUPT PUBLIC OFFICIALS .............................. 70 3.9 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS .............................................................................. 75
4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 75 4.2 PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION ... 75 4.3 GOVERNANCE AND QUALITY/INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS 76 4.4 PERCEPTION ABOUT CORRUPTION IN THE SOCIETY ...................................... 76 4.5 INCIDENCES AND EXPERIENCE OF CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA ................. 77 4.6 FIGHTING CORRUPTION .......................................................................................... 77 4.7 CORRUPTION REPORTING SYSTEM ...................................................................... 78 4.8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ................................................................................... 78
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 78 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 79 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 80
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 81 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................ 82
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Results of Interviews – Response Rate Table 3.1.1: Distribution of Respondents by region and their Understanding about Corruption Table 3.1.2: Percentage Distribution of Respondents who reported their understanding
about Corruption by Educational Background Table 3.1.3: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on Effects of
Corruption Table 3.1.4: Percentage Distribution of Type of Problems Tanzania is facing Table 3.1.5: Distribution of Respondents on how they Perceive Corruption a Problem by
Region Table 3.1.6: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on the Causes of
Corruption Table 3.1.7: Percentage Distribution of Respondents about Perception in the Society Table 3.1.8: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on Initiator of
Corruption Table 3.1.9: Households’ Perception on Provision of Public Service Providers Table 3.1.10: Households’ Perception about the Extent of Corruption among Public
Institutions Table 3.1.11: Distribution of Respondents by region and extent of Corruption of Public
Institutions Table 3.1.12: Households’ Perception on Whether Public Institutions have improved over the
Last Two Years Table 3.1.13: Households Perception on whether professionals and Important Persons are
involved in Corruption Table 3.1.14: Households’ Perception about Effectiveness of Institutions in Fighting Corruption Table 3.1.15: Distribution of Households by Perception on Factual Statements Table 3.1.16: Distribution of Respondents by their Perception about the Judicial System Table 3.1.17: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Demand for a Bribe Table 3.1.18: Households’ Perception about Fight against Corruption Table 3.1.19: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Perceived Perpetrators of Corruption Table 3.1.20: Households’ Perception on Institutions/Individuals in the Fight Against Corruption Table 3.1.21: Distribution of Households by Effectiveness of measures in the fight Table 3.1.22: Households Perception on Commitment of the Tanzanian Community Table 3.1.23: Distribution of Respondents by Region, knowledge about reporting system, know
where to report and the places where to report corruption Table 3.1.24: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Reasons for being reluctant to report
corruption Table 3.1.25: Households’ Assessment on Steps/Actions to be taken to whoever is found to be
involved in corruption
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1.1: Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption Figure 3.1.2: Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption by Sex Figure 3.1.4: Distribution of Respondents by Effects of Corruption Figure 3.1.3: Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption and Broad
Age Groups Figure 3.1.5: Distribution of respondents on how they Perceive Corruption a Problem Figure 3.1.6: Distribution of Respondents by Causes of Corruption Figure 3.1.7: Distribution of Respondents who Indicated Initiators of a Bribe Figure 3.1.8: Distribution of Respondents who had Experience of Corruption Figure 3.1.9: Distribution of Respondents who ever gave something for services in return Figure 3.1.10: Distribution of Respondents by their Perception on Integrity of Public Service
Providers Figure 3.1.11: Distribution of Respondents who whether had reason to complain about public
service Figure 3.1.12: Households' Perception of Quality of Education Services Figure 3.1.13: Distribution of Households by Amount of School Fees Paid Annually Figure 3.1.14: Distribution of Households that Made Unofficial Payments Figure 3.1.15: Households' Perception of Quality of Health Services Figure 3.1.16:Households' Perception of Quality of Health Services for Past and Next Three
Years Figure 3.1.17: Households' Perception on Obstacles to Quality Health Services Figure 3.1.18: Households' Perception about Corrupt Health Officers Figure 3.1.19: Distribution of Household Members by Number of Court Cases in Last Two
Years Figure 3.1.20: Households' Perception on Obstacles to Using Courts in Tanzania Figure 3.1.21: Distribution of Households by Method Used to Solve a Dispute Figure 3.1.22: Distribution of Household Members who used Means to get out of Police Cell Figure 3.1.23: Households' Perception on Integrity of the Police Force Figure 3.1.24: Distribution of Households on modalities for Connections to Public Electricity Figure 3.1.25: Households' Perception on Making Unofficial Payment for Electricity
Connections Figure 3.1.26: Distribution of Households by Reliability of Electricity Supply Figure 3.1.27: Distribution of Households with Public Water Connections Figure 3.1.28: Households' Perception on making Payments for Water Connections Figure 3.1.29: Distribution of Households by Reliability of Water Supply Figure 3.1.30: Households' Perception on Good Governance (Percent) Figure 3.1.31: Households' Perception about Rule of Law in Tanzania (Percent) Figure 3.1.32: Households' Perception about their Rights (Percent) Figure 3.1.33: Households' Perception by Extent to which Women's Rights are respected Figure 3.1.34:Distribution of Households by Level of incidences of Making Unofficial Payments Figure 3.1.35: Distribution of Households by Level of Satisfaction of Public Services (Percent) Figure 3.1.37: Distribution of Household Members by Amount Paid as Bribe (Percent) Figure 3.1.38: Distribution of Households by Circumstances that prompted them to Give Bribe Figure 3.1.39: Households' Perception Assessing effect of bribe in provision of services (Percent) Figure 3.1.40: Households' Perception on Main Perpetrators of Corruption (Percent)
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Figure 3.1.41: Households' Perception on Government Handling the Fight Against Corruption Figure 3.1.42: Households' Perception on Effectiveness of the International Community in
Fighting Corruption (Percent) Figure 3.1.43: Distribution of Households who think Fight Against Corruption will not succeed Figure 3.1.44: Distribution of Households by Reasons for not Reporting a Corrupt Act Figure 3.1.45: Households' Perception on how simple it is to report a Corrupt Act (Percent) Figure 3.1.46: Households’ Perception on What to be done to Facilitate Reporting of Corruption
(Percent) Figure 3.1.48: Distribution of Households by Source of Information on Corruption Figure 3.1.49: Distribution of Households by Source of Information in Past 12 Months Figure 3.1.50: Households’ Perception on Reliability of Information from the Mass Media
(Percent)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPI Corruption Perception Index as developed by Transparency
International
ESRF Economic and Social Research Foundation
FACEIT Front Against Corrupt Elements in Tanzania
ICP International Cooperating Partners
LA Local Authorities
MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MKUKUTA Mkakati wa Kuondoa Umaskini Tanzania (Poverty Reduction)
MP Member of Parliament
NACSAP National Anti-Corruption Strategy and Action Plan
NAO National Audit Office
NFGG National Framework for Good Governance
NGACS National Governance And Corruption Survey
NGOs Non Governmental Organizations
NSSF National Social Security Fund
PCCB Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau
PPA Public Procurement Act
PPRA Public Procurement Regulatory Authority
TANESCO Tanzania Electricity Supply Company
TNBS Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics
TPC Tanzania Postal Corporation
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
TTCL Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited
URT United Republic of Tanzania
TRANSLATIONS
“TAKRIMA” Kiswahili word for payment or material items (including food & drinks) given ostensibly as an unsolicited “goodwill” gesture but in reality, for a favour.
“BAKSHISH” Kiswahili word for payment or an article given as a gift after
receiving good service from someone.
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PREFACE
The problem of corruption in our country is not new and certainly it did not start with my
Government i.e. the Fourth Phase Government of The United Republic of Tanzania. Past
Governments have dealt with it in various ways, although corruption remains a problem in our
country, as it is in the whole world, albeit in varying degrees. To tackle corruption, the country
should generally be well governed – that is to have good governance in the country. This study,
National Governance and Corruption Survey is very appropriate in that sense.
To understand the problem of good governance in general and corruption in particular, it is
important to conduct studies, which will generate facts and indicate appropriate way forward in
the fight against the vice. Without appropriate studies, the fight against corruption cannot be
scientific. The National Governance and Corruption Survey is an effort towards that end.
In my inaugural speech to Parliament in 2005, I said the following and I quote: we will
accelerate the war on corruption in a more scientific way and by addressing its root courses ….
But all this will not account much if the public is not cooperative. I ask the full cooperation of
citizens in the war on corruption. This report is part of implementation of that speech, to fight
corruption in a more scientific way. The public have indeed cooperated in giving information to
the consultants, who covered all the regions of Tanzania Mainland in this study.
In 1996, a study similar to this was undertaken by the Third Phase Government. A Presidential
Commission of Inquiry Against Corruption was appointed to carry out a study on the status of
corruption in the country as part of a strategy of the government to enhance integrity and
accountability. The commission released its report one year later and recommended a number of
things as a way of tackling the vice. In 1999 the government formulated a National Framework
on Good Governance (NFGG) to facilitate the coordination of reforms designed to foster Good
Governance and improve public service delivery. The National Anti-Corruption Strategy and
Action Plan (NACSAP) was formulated as a component of the NFGG to increase efforts in
corruption prevention. In 2002, the Annual State of Corruption in Tanzania Report was
published as part of the follow-up of the 1996 report. However, this report was less detailed and
hence the need for more detailed and thorough baseline report on the problem of corruption in
the country. The National Governance and Corruption Survey is broad, detailed and captures
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important parameters which gives an insight into the problem of corruption in the country to
date.
The National Governance and Corruption Survey add to our understanding of the vice in the
country and offers opportunities for tackling the same. Three surveys, i.e. household, public
servants and enterprises were carried out and some of the main findings are that: despite the
efforts enumerated above, corruption is widespread and a major impediment to development
efforts; the leading cause of corruption is greed among public servants and business people; in
some sectors of public service, corruption has become a way of life; the institutions which are
central in safeguarding good governance like the police and the judiciary are ranked highest in
perpetrating corruption. The indication one gets is that: my Government have still a long way to
go in eradicating this vice and I want to assure the public that we are equal to the task.
Some of the recommendations are that: more research be carried out on those institutions which
ranked highest and determine the root causes of corruption; the PCCB be strengthened to be
equal to the increasing tasks and increase public awareness on the vice and elicit their support.
We will take the results of the survey seriously and implement the recommendations therein to
contain corruption in our country.
I would like to thank the Government of Denmark, for providing financial support, which made
this study possible. I would like also to commend the consultants who did a good job in research
and compilation of the report. Last but not least I would like to recognize the contribution of the
Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau, who on behalf of the Government
commissioned and supervised the survey.
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
President of the United Republic of Tanzania
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report has been prepared by many individuals under the general supervision of Mr. Enock
L. Kamuzora, Chairman of FACEIT, the lead consultant, and Cletus P.B. Mkai who led the
project team. Other members of the project team were: Professor A.S. Mawenya, D.
Ntukamazina, B.S. Sreekumar, Dr. V.E. Muba, S. Ngallaba, R. Rutabingwa, Dr. M.M.P.
Bundara, M.R. Lugongo and S.J. Chavda.
The consultants benefited from contributions made by the Technical Committee especially set up
for this assignment by the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau (PCCB): Dr.
Vincent Kihiyo (Chairman), Abdallah Mlangwa, Oscar Hosea, Sabina Seja, Doto Nkonga,
Stephen Ndaki, Ahmed Makbel, Mary Rusimbi, Dr. Flora Kessy, Daniel Kobb, Tim Harris,
Emily Poskett and Jack Titsworth.
During fieldwork stage, Grace Morgan, a World Bank consultant, gave valuable insights during
her visit.
Christian Karstensen, First Secretary (Governance and Political Issues) at the Royal Danish
Embassy, provided helpful comments throughout.
Dr. Edward Hoseah, the Director General of PCCB, actively participated to discuss the draft
Report during the first of the five zonal workshops staged in Dar es Salaam, thereby generating a
constructive debate moderated by FACEIT’s Vice-Chairman, E.N. OleKambainei.
PCCB’s three counter-part staff, Sada Mzimba, Benno Shunda and Abdallah Kitwana worked
long hours throughout the assignment.
We acknowledge with thanks the involvement of the 12 field supervisors and 37 field
interviewers who were employed by FACEIT to carry out the actual fieldwork.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Governance and Corruption Survey is another attempt by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to determine the extent of corruption in the country. Much has been done but no concrete data at national level have been obtained that provide the actual situation of corruption prevailing in Tanzania. The Household Survey is one of the three national surveys on governance and corruption that was conducted to solicit views of household members on the extent of corruption that is affecting their daily life. The results which are presented in this report are purely views of the household respondents and represent the actual situation that is prevailing in the country. Perceptions and Experience of Governance and Corruption Results show that 92.5 percent of respondents were able to say that ‘demand for unofficial payment’ was tantamount to corruption. Demand for sex was another aspect of corruption that was mentioned by the respondents (29.7 percent) followed by abuse of power (25.9 percent), fraud (18.9) demand for favour (17.3) and ‘takrima’ (16.5). However, about seven percent only considered ‘bakshish’ to be another form of corruption. When household respondents were asked to indicate the effects of petty and grand corruption to the society of Tanzania, both types of petty and grand corruption were considered to be very harmful (over 80 percent) while about one percent perceived them as not harmful. Regarding the main causes of corruption in Tanzania, results show that 96.2 percent attributed the main causes of corruption to greed/selfishness. Other causes were moral decay (92.5), poor law enforcement or punishment of the culprits (90.3), lack of control and accountability of public officials (88.5), lack of effective corruption reporting system (87.2), poor leadership (84.4), high cost of living (80.6), lack of independent and effective judiciary (78.7), poor remuneration (79.7) and poverty (70.3). The survey reveals that the principal initiator of corruption is the service provider (76.3 percent), 15.6 percent thought a person decides to offer a payment on his/her own accord while less than four percent felt that it is an established norm that even before one requires a service one has to pay a set amount. Governance and Integrity of Public Offices Regarding the Government’s respect for human rights, Tanzania signed the Human Rights Charter sometime back and has been trying its best to respect human rights of its citizens. Equal opportunity to employment, access to education and health services, freedom of speech, freedom
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of worship, freedom of movement and freedom to join socio-economic groups of one’s choice are some of the rights that respondents were requested to indicate whether they getting. Results show that respondents felt that elections were free and fair (64.4 percent), people were free to form political parties (75.8 percent) and people were free to join any political party of their choice (89.1 percent). However, on whether there is fair distribution of public resources to all political parties, more than fifty percent (56.1 percent) were not happy the way resources were being distributed to political parties. Regarding the rule of law in Tanzania, 48.1 percent of the respondents perceive that the rule of law is respected.
About half of the population of Tanzania is composed of women who are considered second-class when it comes to public and private decision-making. The subordinate status of women is age-old and has not improved despite the impressive Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates, big number of women being enrolled in secondary schools and universities, appointments of some women to the highest echelons of leadership, and the demonstrated ability of some women to even fly planes in the blue skies. The paradox is that these few women are not representative of the multitude that face physical and psychological abuse and lack effective resource to the legal system where the scale is tipped against them. In the end most women are denied their fundamental rights.
Results show that, on women’s participation in decision making, about 56 percent of the respondents feel that women’s participation in decision making is respected and protected. On education, about 66 percent said that women’s rights to education are respected and protected. Maternal and child health is being highly promoted by the Government, the result of which 68.7 percent of respondents feel that these rights are highly respected. Reproductive rights are equally respected whereby 58.3 percent of the respondents believe that women are being given the rights to reproduction. The integrity of the Government depends on the rules and regulations that govern all public institutions and how they are closely followed. A poorly run government which does not follow its own laid down regulations and does not implement rules gives room for mismanagement and corruption. Transparency and accountability are signs of good management of the public sector. This survey, therefore, asked household respondents on issues regarding transparency and accountability of the Government. Results show that about 53 percent of the respondents thought that courts are performing their duties freely, and 70.4 percent of the respondents said that the National Assembly has a free hand in performing its duties. On transparency and accountability of the Government, about 55 percent of the respondents reported that the government is performing its duties with transparency and 54.4 percent felt the government is accountable enough in implementing its obligations.
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The question of poverty among Tanzanians is an issue that has been on the agenda for a long time where MKUKUTA was drawn up to tackle the problem of poverty. Respondents were, therefore, asked about their opinion if they think the government was doing enough to develop policies and programmes that aim at reducing poverty among the Tanzanian population. About 60 percent of the respondents acknowledge the fact that the government has been and is still working hard to develop strategies which will facilitate reduction of poverty in Tanzania. On integrity of the various public offices, less than ten percent of the respondents indicated that they are making unofficial payments most times in order to obtain basic public services. However, 35.2 percent of the respondents have never given a bribe for basic public services. For household members who have ever been to courts might have given a bribe in order to speed up legal proceedings. About 53 percent of the respondents said that they have never made unofficial payments in order to speed up legal court process. Analysis of Bribery and Unofficial Payment Sixty one percent of the respondents went to public service delivery points for service. Among them, about 30 percent said that they were very satisfied, 49.2 percent were somehow satisfied but 20.7 percent of the respondents were not satisfied with the services they received in those public service delivery points. About 19 percent of the household respondents who indicated to have ever visited public service delivery points said that they were asked to give a bribe or favour so that they get the service they wanted. Regarding the circumstances that prompted household members to pay the bribe, about half of the respondents said that the bribe was demanded, 21.1 percent indicated that they usually have to give a bribe to get the service they want, 18.4 percent said they had to pay so that they are given services without delay and about eight percent of the household respondents voluntarily do give the bribe on their own accord. Fighting Corruption For sometime, Tanzanians have been making every effort to fight corruption. People are not getting the needed services due to either bureaucratic tendencies or lack of commitment of the service providers. Although a high proportion of the household respondents do agree that the current government anti-corruption strategies are effective, respondents feel that some elements in the government circles are the perpetuators of corruption. They singled out government officials (84.1 percent) followed by politicians (44.1 percent), Local businessmen (29.8 percent), citizens (29.2 percent) and lastly foreign businessmen (27.5 percent).
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On how the government is handling the fight against corruption, 29.2 percent of the respondents think that the government is handling well the fight against corruption, 45.8 percent feel that the government is somehow doing its best in fighting corruption while 20.4 percent think that the government is not doing enough in the fight against corruption. About five percent of the respondents were not sure about the involvement of the government in the fight against corruption. Agencies that are considered to be effective in fighting corruption include the Media, Faith-Based Organizations, PCCB, Academics and teachers, and political parties as well as Members of Parliament. However, some respondents are skeptical on whether the fight will succeed. About 46 percent said the fight cannot succeed because corruption is so much entrenched in the country’s society, 34.5 percent believe public officials are greedy and 29.1 percent feel that the anti-corruption agencies are ineffective. About 22 percent of respondents felt that as long as the majority of Tanzanians are gripped with poverty, there is no hope for getting out of this problem. With lack of political support and will, ineffective legal system and with corrupt politicians, they do not foresee any possibility of succeeding in this fight against corruption. Corruption Reporting System An effective strategy to fight corruption requires a system for reporting corruption that encourages individuals to come forward to report corruption without hesitation or fear. About 40 percent of the respondents reported to know the reporting process. Those who knew where to report were asked to mention the places. Forty two percent mentioned PCCB, 22.7 percent said they would go to a police post to report and about eight percent would prefer to go to the Ward Executive Officer to report the corrupt act. Other Offices and Official who were mentioned include Village/Street Government Office (6.4 percent), District Commissioner (4.7 percent), Ward Councilor (1.7 percent), Member of Parliament (1.1 percent) and about two percent did not specify where to go. Household respondents who are not willing to report a corrupt act were asked to give reasons for not reporting corruption. Forty three percent of these respondents fear being victimized, 14.8 percent believe they would not get protection in case of retaliation, 9.3 percent said they do not know where to report, about nine percent feel that it is useless to report because culprits would not be prosecuted and 4.9 percent of the respondents do not want to betray anyone. About five percent believe that even if a suspect is sent to court, the case may not be easy to prove it; about three percent contend that bribes are justified and 4.9 percent were not specific on reasons for not reporting corruption. Corruption is evil, corruption is a criminal offence and corruption is not acceptable to the Tanzanian community. When respondents were asked to suggest steps to be taken to whoever is accused or found to be involved in corruption, the majority of the respondents were in agreement as to the steps to be taken against corrupt people. However, about 79 percent of the household
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respondents were against the idea of hanging those who are found to be involved in corrupt practices.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE SURVEY Corruption and bad governance are widely considered among the most important factors responsible for the state of socio–economic and political advancement in post–independent Tanzania. Corruption, particularly among politicians, state functionaries and public officials – in its diverse forms including bribery, misappropriation, embezzlement, nepotism, under– invoicing, tax evasion etc – has become rampant over the past two decades. As a phenomenon, corruption has defied years of economic and political reforms, has continued to grow, and has undermined efforts to improve the standard of living of Tanzanians and to foster democratic governance. Public concern with the problem of corruption in Tanzania has also a long history. Apparently, it was in appreciation of the factors discussed above that the government decided to enact a number of laws to address corruption and its various manifestations. These include:
• Economic and Organized Criminal Control Act 1984, Cap; 200, R. E. 2002 • Public Leadership Code of Ethics of 1995 Cap 398 R. E. 2002 • Public Procurement Act, 2004, Act No. 21 of 2004. • Anti - Money Laundering Act 2006, Act No. 12 of 2006 • Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act, 2007, Act No. 11 of 2007.
The national anticorruption policy of zero tolerance to corruption was partly responsible for the commissioning and production of the Warioba Report in the middle 1990’s. Measures undertaken following the report’s recommendations include strengthening the Prevention of Corruption Bureau, establishing of the National Anti – corruption Strategy and Action Plan, appointment of the Ministry of Good Governance, establishment of the Commission of Ethics, and enactment of the Public Leadership Code of Ethics to encourage public leaders to disclose their assets. In 1999, the government of Tanzania formulated the National Framework for Good Governance (NFGG) to facilitate the coordination of reforms designed to foster good governance and improve public service delivery. The National Anti – Corruption Strategy and Action Plan (NACSAP) was also formulated in 1999 as a component of the NFGG as Government’s key management instruments, to combat corruption. Following the launch of the second National Anti – Corruption Strategy and Action Plan (NACSAP II) in 2006, the Government of Tanzania has expressed commitment to undertake a comprehensive diagnostic survey on corruption. The concept paper for NACSAP II states that:-
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“A comprehensive National Governance and Corruption Survey will be launched presently, and, in the future it will be conducted every two years. It will be established as one of NACSAP’s standard instruments for identifying where corruption occurs and on what scale, conducting analytical work relating survey results to the delivery of services, communicating with the public, and helping set priorities for tackling corruption issues and strengthening corruption–prone ministries, departments, agencies and local government authorities”.
During 2006, Tanzania was ranked 93 out of 163 countries by the Transparency International Corruption Index with a score of 2.9. In 2007, the country’s position improved a bit with a score of 3.2. However corruption still remains a problem. Information on governance issues and levels of corruption has not been adequately collected to inform policy and decision making. Attempts that have been made to gather information on corruption have included the report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry against Corruption, commonly known as The Warioba Commission report, 1996 and the State of Corruption in Tanzania 2002 report. However, these surveys while answering specific questions on corruption do not provide a comprehensive analysis of the state of corruption in Tanzania and do not establish a baseline that is needed for policy reform.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE SURVEY The purpose of the Household Survey as part of the National Governance and Corruption Survey (NGACS) 2009 was intended to solicit information from citizens and foster public awareness about national governance and corruption issues, identifying areas or issues for further research, providing an empirical and analytical basis to argue for budgetary resources for NACSAP and related reforms, and provide an empirical benchmark and basis for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of government’s governance and anti – corruption programmes over time.
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CHAPTER 2: SURVEY METHODOLOGY
2.1 SAMPLE DESIGN
2.1.1 Introduction The scope of this survey covers three polls: Household Survey, Public Officials Survey and Enterprises Survey, that were to be carried out simultaneously. The characteristics of the sample design of households in the Household Survey are presented in this report. Sample designs for the other two surveys are presented separately in the relevant reports. 2.1.2 Sample Design The scope of the survey covered the 21 regions of Tanzania Mainland. The design which was adopted allowed estimates of the results at regional level. Altogether 6,804 households were to be selected for interviewing. Initially this design, giving the above sample size, presented in the Inception Report assumed over sampling in Dar es Salaam region, as adopted by the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics in most of its surveys. The main reason is the heterogeneity of the characteristics of the region’s population compared to all other regions which are predominantly rural. Dar es Salaam is over 90 percent urban. However changes were effected in the design for the household survey in Dar es Salaam to compromise precision against resources (mainly field person days) which became apparent in due course because of the nature of respondents in this very metropolitan region.
The sample for the Governance and Corruption Survey covered the population residing in households in Tanzania Mainland. A representative probability sample of 6,804 households was selected for this survey. The sample employed included 18 clusters per region. A cluster in urban areas was to be a street and a village in rural areas. While the sample of clusters was worked by the project management, the sample of households within a selected cluster was done by respective team leaders in the field. With 18 households selected per cluster (stratified by social - economic well being of household and profession/occupation of respondent), this gave 324 households in a region. This sample was designed to enable getting regional estimates for various indicators. The Governance and Corruption Survey utilized a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting wards from which sample points (clusters) in each region were selected, a street in case of an urban cluster and a village in case of a rural cluster. The second stage was to select 18 households in each cluster. As it has been indicated above, this exercise was done by the field teams while in the respective clusters. They were instructed to initially obtain the list of households in the selected cluster. From the list of households, they were required to select 18 households. Random sampling was employed to select the sample of households.
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2.2 REVIEW AND ADAPTATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire for the household was adapted from the generic World Bank instrument. The initial process was to compare the generic instrument against those used by other African countries with specific modifications. To secure Tanzania specific sharpening of the draft instrument, key stakeholders from inside and outside Tanzania with the assistance of FACEIT consultants developed a conceptual framework for adapting an advanced draft for initial approval by the Technical committee. This version of the questionnaire was later translated into Kiswahili and subjected to a pilot test by FACEIT field team in Temeke Municipality within Dar es Salaam region. Inputs from the pilot test were used to fine–tune the swahili questionnaire by the project management team and later by the Technical Committee. A final set of both the English and Kiswahili versions of the survey instrument as well as Kiswahili version of field instructions manual were developed to assess the views of households on corruption in Tanzania. The Household Questionnaire was administered to selected households in all selected areas. This tool collected the following information:
Identification – where the household is located Background information of the respondent Current Situation about corruption in Tanzania Quality/Integrity of the Public Service Providers Selected Public Institutions (Education, Health, Judiciary system, Police Force and other
public services namely electricity and water Governance and Integrity of Public Offices Corruption Reporting System Summary Questions – Source of Information
2.3 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF FIELD TEAMS Recruitment of highly qualified field personnel is a prerequisite for collecting high quality data. Therefore, care was taken to ensure that not only all study instruments were prepared carefully, but also ensured that the survey handling teams had the required capacity. In order to collect highly reliable and quality data, highly capable and dedicated persons were recruited and trained to handle such instruments. The training took five days including a day that was used to pre-test the Household questionnaire.
In all, twelve supervisors and 36 field assistants were recruited and trained on how to handle the Household Questionnaire. In order to accomplish the fieldwork, twelve teams were designed to cover the 21 regions of Tanzania Mainland. Each of the twelve field teams was comprised of a supervisor and three enumerators. The consultancy firm outsourced both these categories from a pool of freelance field cadre. Supervisors had a degree or its equivalent, with wide experience in field data collection. Enumerators were secondary school leavers also with survey field
5
experience. A set of guidelines prepared by the consultancy firm was used to shortlist and finally pick the required number, including some reserves to participate in the training. The strategy adopted was to train all the members of the field teams in all the three survey instruments.
2.4 FIELD WORK Data collection took place between the 2nd week of February and the 3rd week of June 2009February and June. This was a difficult period because in many parts of the country it was raining and most households residing in rural areas as well as some in urban areas were engaged in farming. There were twelve field teams whereby, apart from those in urban areas, each team was assigned two adjacent regions. For Dar es Salaam, there were two teams, one covering Ilala district and the other team covering Kinondoni and Temeke districts. The fieldwork was initially planned to take about three months, but due to unforeseeable reasons the work was extended to over 100 days. Passage to different areas was quite difficult due to the ongoing rains. Lack of reliable transport was another problem that slowed movement of the teams.
2.5 DATA PROCESSING All questionnaires for the National Governance and Corruption Survey (NGACS) were returned to the FACEIT Office in Dar es Salaam for data processing. The data processing operation consisted of recording of received questionnaires, manual editing, coding, data entry and editing of errors captured by the computer programs. The data processing team recruited by FACEIT for this survey was responsible for the data processing operation. Five personal computers (PCs) and one laptop were used for processing the NGACS survey data. The NGACS data entry and editing were performed in Microsoft Office Access software and SPSS16 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software respectively. Data processing commenced on 7th April and was completed on 3rd July 2009.
2.6 RESPONSE Table 2.1 shows response rates for the survey. A total of 6804 households were selected in the sample, of which 6785 were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99.7 percent, a highly acceptable coverage to be achieved in a survey. Table 2.1: Results of Interviews – response rates
Result
Household Survey Number of Households Households interviewed Household Response Rate
6804 6785 99.7
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CHAPTER 3: THE FINDINGS
3.1 PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION
3.1.1 Understanding of Corruption Corruption is a worldwide problem; there is no country that can claim that it does not have this problem. Tanzania, like other African countries has a high rate of corruption. Although efforts are being made to prevent and combat corruption and some fruitful results are being recorded, the problem of corruption is still big in the country and is having adverse effects on all sectors of the economy. The word “corruption” has tended to cause a lot of arguments among people. However, according to the Tanzania Prevention and Combating Bureau (PCCP) as translated from the Kiswahili version, corruption is defined as: “Corruption occurs where a person commits or does not do something to another person or a group of people with an intention of acquiring personal benefits after being given or promised to be given a certain amount of money or other valuable things contrary to laid down procedures and work conditions. Normally, the recipient has certain authority or is employed in an establishment. Moreover, corruption may feature where the recipient or the provider does this for personal interests, interests of another person or a group of people contrary to established procedures.” In this Survey, respondents were asked to explain what they understand when one mentions the word “corruption”. According to multiple responses that were given by the household respondents, results show that 92.5 percent of household respondents were able to say that ‘demand for unofficial payment’ was tantamount to corruption. Demand for sex was another aspect of corruption that was mentioned by the respondents (29.7 percent) followed by abuse of power (25.9 percent), fraud (18.9) demand for favour (17.3) and ‘takrima’ (16.5). However, about seven percent only considered ‘bakshish’ to be another form of corruption. Figure 3.1.1 presents percentage distribution of household respondents by their understanding about corruption. At regional level, Table 3.1.1 shows very clearly that demand for unofficial payment is the type of corruption that most household respondents know (well above 80 percent). Some regions cited abuse of power as another type of corruption. Demand for sex is to some extent acknowledged as another type of corruption that is recorded in many regions. These revelations suggest that people are very much aware about corruption and the forms of corrupt practices that they are facing in their day-to-day activities.
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Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption
92.5
16.5
6.6
17.3
29.7
11.3
18.925.9
6.42.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Deman
d for U
nofficial
Paymen
t
Takrim
a
Baksh
ish
Deman
d for F
avour
Deman
d for S
ex
Embezzle
ment o
f Public
FundsFrau
d
Abuse of P
owerOther
Does N
ot Know
Table 3.1.1: Distribution of Respondents by region and their Understanding about Corruption
Region Demand for Unofficial Payment
Takrima Bakshish Demand
for favour
Demand for sex
Embezzle- ment of Public funds
Fraud Abuse
of Power
Other
Dodoma 95.7 12.8 2.8 18.5 50.3 29.0 38.9 59.6 9.9Arusha 100.0 16.9 3.4 6.1 24.5 10.4 12.6 44.5 0.6Kilimanjaro 84.0 12.3 13.2 24.6 28.6 8.9 27.1 15.1 0.3Tanga 89.2 4.9 4.3 1.9 20.1 1.2 11.1 4.9 0.0Morogoro 92.9 18.6 5.9 18.3 31.4 4.7 14.6 14.0 12.7Pwani 93.5 13.6 4.6 10.8 27.2 6.8 11.7 17.3 17.6Dar es Salaam 87.3 18.6 11.5 13.0 35.9 6.2 7.4 18.9 13.6Lindi 99.4 4.3 19.1 25.9 4.0 21.9 6.5 0.3 0.0Mtwara 96.0 12.3 18.8 25.8 11.4 12.3 19.7 12.3 1.2Ruvuma 80.0 27.7 12.6 37.4 26.1 29.4 42.6 37.4 11.9Iringa 92.0 38.9 17.9 43.8 36.1 25.9 48.5 42.9 4.3Mbeya 92.3 3.4 1.9 2.2 7.4 0.3 6.8 12.3 0.3Singida 96.6 19.6 8.4 28.9 53.1 15.2 30.4 8.7 0.0Tabora 89.5 47.2 11.4 33.0 56.2 6.5 17.3 24.1 2.2Rukwa 95.4 7.0 1.8 9.5 6.4 2.4 11.0 1.5 1.2Kigoma 80.0 38.8 16.6 22.2 43.8 4.1 5.9 19.4 17.5Shinyanga 99.4 14.9 8.0 28.5 31.6 25.1 37.2 54.8 1.9Kagera 94.8 6.2 3.4 1.9 31.5 5.9 9.9 8.6 0.3Mwanza 98.1 5.6 0.9 1.5 23.1 4.0 4.3 6.5 0.6Mara 99.7 9.3 0.9 6.2 20.2 32.9 35.4 37.6 4.0 Manyara 88.9 15.1 3.1 18.5 19.4 9.9 15.1 22.5 0.6Mainland 92.5 16.5 6.6 17.3 29.7 11.2 18.9 25.9 6.4
8
Figure 3.1.2 shows the percentage distribution of respondents with their understanding about corruption by sex. It appears that demand for unofficial payment as one aspect of corruption features highly among both males (94.1 percent) and females (89.8), but a slight edge among males. This seems to be a general pattern among other classifications except the classification regarding demand for sex where females edge slightly males.
Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption by Sex
94.1
18.3
7.1
18.0
29.0
12.0
20.1
28.0
7.2
1.3
89.8
13.8
6.1
16.5
31.0
10.3
17.022.8
5.3 3.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Deman
d for U
nofficial
Paymen
t
Takrim
a
Baksh
ish
Deman
d for F
avour
Deman
d for S
ex
Embezzle
ment o
f Public
FundsFrau
d
Abuse of P
owerOther
Does Not K
now
Male Female When one looks at the understanding of corruption of respondents by broad age groups, Figure 3.1.3 shows that ‘demand for unofficial payment’ was reported by the majority of the respondents by all ages.
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Figure 3.1.3: Distribution of Respondents by their Understanding about Corruption and Broad Age Groups (Percent)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
Demand for Unofficial Payment
Takrima
Bakshish
Demand for Favour
Demand for Sex
Embezzlement of Public Funds
Fraud
Abuse of Power
Other
Does Not Know
<30 30-44 45+ Among respondents with primary education, 92.4 percent of the respondents cited demand for unofficial payment, about 16 percent went for ‘takrima’, abuse of power was reported by 25.3 percent, 29 percent considered demand for sex as an action tantamount to corruption and 19.1 percent reported fraud as another form of corruption. Regarding respondents with secondary education, again most of them reported demand for unofficial payment (92.2 percent) as a way of asking for bribery. Abuse of power was reported by 25.5 percent followed by those who reported demand for sex (31.3 percent), fraud (19.5 percent), ‘takrima’ (18.6 percent and demand for favour (16.3 percent). This trend of reporting appears to be similar with respondents of other educational background. Respondents with no education appear to follow a similar trend.
Table 3.1.2: Percentage Distribution of Respondents who reported their understanding about Corruption by Educational Background
Category Pre- Primary Primary Std 8
Training after
Primary Secondary
Training after
Secondary
University and
Higher
No Education
Demand for Unofficial Payment 40.7 41.0 37.6 39.8 39.9 38.8 37.5 48.0 Takrima 8.5 7.1 7.2 7.2 8.0 6.8 7.7 12.6 Bakshish 1.7 2.8 3.7 1.5 3.5 2.3 3.8 2.2 Demand for Favour 13.6 7.7 9.7 4.2 7.0 7.4 10.6 4.2 Demand for Sex 8.5 12.9 14.4 15.6 13.5 12.9 11.5 6.7 Embezzlement of Public Funds 5.1 5.0 3.8 6.3 4.9 6.1 1.9 3.4 Fraud 5.1 8.5 7.2 9.0 8.5 8.7 6.7 10.3 Abuse of Power 8.5 11.2 13.7 13.8 11.0 14.2 15.4 9.5 Other 6.8 2.9 2.3 1.8 2.5 2.6 4.8 2.5 Does Not Know 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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3.1.2 Effects of corruption Respondents were asked whether they know the effects of corruption namely petty and grand corruption. They were requested to determine how each of the two types of corruption affects the society. Figure 3.1.4 presents the percentage distribution of the respondents who were asked to identify the effects of petty and grand corruption to the society of Tanzania. Results show that both types of petty and grand corruption were considered to be very harmful while about one percent perceived them not harmful. This reaffirms the earlier revelation that corruption is well understood by majority of Tanzanians.
Figure 3.1.4: Distribution of Respondents by Effects of Corruption
83.7
12.3
1.1 2.6
85.3
9.6
0.93.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Very harmful Somehow harmful Not harmful Don’t know
Petty corruption Grand corruption
11
Table 3.1.3: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on Effects of Corruption Region Petty Corruption Grand Corruption
Very Somehow Not Don't Very Somehow Not Don't harmful harmful Harmful know harmful harmful Harmful know
Dodoma 93.4 6.0 0.6 0.0 93.9 5.8 0.3 0.0Arusha 90.1 7.1 2.8 0.0 89.2 8.0 2.8 0.0Kilimanjaro 76.5 19.8 1.2 2.5 83.8 8.1 0.3 7.8Tanga 66.4 26.9 1.2 5.6 83.9 10.5 0.0 5.6Morogoro 82.3 13.7 0.0 4.0 82.3 10.9 2.5 4.3Pwani 80.1 14.3 0.6 5.0 87.3 7.4 0.3 5.0Dar es Salaam 85.8 12.7 0.3 1.2 90.1 8.1 0.6 1.2Lindi 86.7 12.4 0.3 0.6 94.1 5.3 0.0 0.6Mtwara 81.9 16.2 1.2 0.6 95.7 3.7 0.0 0.6Ruvuma 66.0 26.5 5.5 1.9 58.4 31.9 4.5 5.2Iringa 80.9 18.5 0.6 0.0 62.3 32.4 4.6 0.6Mbeya 80.9 11.7 0.9 6.5 88.6 4.3 0.3 6.8Singida 89.4 7.8 0.0 2.8 80.0 14.4 0.9 4.7Tabora 83.3 8.4 0.6 7.7 78.6 8.0 0.6 12.7Rukwa 81.5 13.5 0.6 4.3 84.6 10.2 0.9 4.3Kigoma 90.6 6.2 0.3 2.8 85.0 9.1 0.6 5.2Shinyanga 96.3 3.1 0.0 0.6 96.9 2.5 0.0 0.6Kagera 76.4 18.6 4.0 0.9 85.8 11.1 1.2 1.9Mwanza 83.0 11.5 4.3 1.2 86.7 7.4 1.2 4.6Mara 99.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 97.5 1.9 0.0 0.6Manyara 92.9 5.2 0.0 1.9 95.7 2.5 0.0 1.9Mainland 83.7 12.3 1.4 2.6 85.3 9.6 1.3 3.8 Results at the regional level show that both types of petty and grand corruption were perceived to be very harmful as presented in Table 3.1.3. Results show that a negligible proportion of the household respondents does not know or does not feel the effects of corruption in Tanzania. This situation calls for drastic measures to reduce the effects of corruption so that people can live in a peaceful environment.
3.1.3 Seriousness of corruption in Tanzania One way of measuring seriousness of a problem is to compare it with other problems which a society is going through. In this survey, respondents were asked to mention problems which were facing their communities and the country as a whole. As Table 3.1.4 shows, inflation was identified as the most serious problem that they are facing (92.3 percent) followed by cost of living (90.6 percent) and corruption in the public sector (86.5 percent). Other problems which were cited by the respondents in the order of their seriousness include unemployment (83.6 percent), cost of meeting health services (75.9 percent), cost of education (72.5 percent), poor quality of roads (71.1 percent) and unfair judicial system (70.1
12
percent). Corruption in the public services and that in the private sector were reported by 65.6 percent and 80.4 percent of the respondents respectively. Bad leadership (89.5 percent) and tribal conflicts (88.7 percent) were also considered to be serious problems not only in their communities but also in Tanzania in general. In order to determine what respondents thought were the most serious problems which they are encountering, they were asked to indicate the three most serious problems affecting Tanzania. About 39 percent of the respondents mentioned cost of living as the first most serious problem. Inflation which is closely related to the first problem ranked second whereby 17.4 percent of the respondents reported it to be another most serious problem. The third most serious problem was unemployment (13.4 percent). Table 3.1.4: Percentage Distribution of Type of Problems Tanzania is facing Problem Very
Serious Serious Very
Minor Do not know
Total
High cost of living 90.6 8.4 0.5 0.4 100.0Unemployment 83.6 14.4 1.6 0.4 100.0Inflation 92.3 6.6 0.6 0.5 100.0Safety concerns/crime 53.6 34.4 11.5 0.5 100.0Drug abuse 46.5 37.8 15.2 0.5 100.0Drug trafficking 55.9 30.7 12.9 0.5 100.0Lack of good leadership 68.7 23.7 6.9 0.6 100.0Corruption in public services 86.5 10.6 2.1 0.8 100.0Corruption in private sector 61.3 29.3 8.4 1.0 100.0Cost of Education 72.5 22.8 4.1 0.6 100.0Cost of Health services 75.9 19.9 3.6 0.5 100.0Access to clean water 66.2 24.2 9.0 0.6 100.0Food availability 62.8 26.3 10.2 0.7 100.0Poor quality of roads 71.1 22.3 6.0 0.5 100.0Police harassment 60.0 27.2 11.9 0.8 100.0Unfair judicial system 70.1 22.8 6.1 1.1 100.0Destruction of the environment 59.6 31.6 8.1 0.7 100.0Political instability 39.4 34.3 25.5 0.9 100.0Shortage of Housing 52.1 34.5 12.5 0.9 100.0Gender stereotype type/bias 40.1 38.9 20.1 0.9 100.0Violence 34.1 37.9 26.8 1.1 100.0Delinquency 61.9 27.7 8.9 1.5 100.0Any other problem? (Specify) 3.4 0.9 0.6 95.1 100.0
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Apart from asking respondents about problems which are prevailing in Tanzania, they were asked to say if they think that corruption in Tanzania is a very serious problem when it is compared with other problems. As Figure 3.1.5 shows, 88.2 percent of the respondents think that corruption is the major problem that Tanzania is facing. About eight percent thought that corruption was somehow a problem while less than one percent looked at corruption as being not a problem at all. Around three percent could not specify whether corruption was or was not a problem. All in all, one can rightly say that corruption is a serious problem that requires immediate attention. As it has been indicated at the national level, all regions reported to view corruption a major problem which is facing the Tanzanian society (Table 3.1.5).
Figure 3.1.5: Distribution of respondents on how they Perceive Corruption
88.2
8.2 0.7 0.3 2.6
Major problem Moderate problem Minor problem Not a problem at all Don’t know
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Table 3.1.5: Distribution of Respondents on how they Perceive Corruption a Problem by Region
Region Major problem
moderate Problem
Minor Problem
Not Problem at all
Don't know
Dodoma 88.9 8.0 1.9 0.0 1.2Arusha 87.4 8.6 0.9 0.0 3.1Kilimanjaro 85.1 11.8 0.3 0.6 2.2Tanga 85.5 11.4 0.6 0.0 2.5Morogoro 92.2 4.3 0.6 0.0 2.8Pwani 90.6 5.0 0.6 0.0 3.8Dar es Salaam 87.5 10.3 1.2 0.0 0.9Lindi 99.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3Mtwara 97.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.6Ruvuma 83.8 14.3 1.0 0.3 0.6Iringa 79.0 20.4 0.6 0.0 0.0Mbeya 79.9 12.1 0.9 0.3 6.8Singida 88.1 8.4 0.9 0.6 1.9Tabora 82.6 6.8 1.2 0.0 9.3Rukwa 75.1 16.9 2.2 0.3 5.5Kigoma 91.9 4.7 0.6 0.3 2.5Shinyanga 94.4 4.7 0.3 0.0 0.6Kagera 84.8 13.0 1.5 0.6 0.0Mwanza 94.4 4.0 0.0 0.6 0.9Mara 97.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.3Manyara 92.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 3.1Mainland 88.2 8.2 0.7 0.3 2.6
In order to ascertain the level of seriousness of corruption, respondents were required to indicate how they perceive corruption both in their localities and in Tanzania as a whole. Results show that 27.3 percent of the respondents perceive that corruption is a very serious problem in their locality, 32.5 percent think it is moderate and 34.4 percent regard it minimal. Regarding the respondents’ perception about the level of corruption in Tanzania, 76.2 percent think that the corruption is a very serious problem, about 27 percent look at the problem of corruption in Tanzania to be on a moderate level and only 2.2 think that corruption as a problem in Tanzania is minimal.
3.1.4 Main causes of corruption The study was interested to know the main causes of corruption in Tanzania. Figure 3.1.6 presents respondents’ opinion on the causes of corruption. The results show that 96.2 percent attributed the main causes of corruption to greed/selfishness. Other causes that were cited by respondents were moral indecency (92.5), poor law enforcement or punishment of the culprit (90.3), lack of control and accountability of public officials (88.5), lack of effective corruption
15
reporting system (87.2), poor leadership (84.4), high cost of living (80.6), lack of independent and effective judiciary (78.7), poor remuneration (79.7) and poverty (70.3).
Table 3.1.6 presents the distribution of respondents by region and their perception on what causes corruption to prevail in the country. Greed and selfishness, poverty, poor law enforcement and punishment of the corrupt persons, lack of control and accountability of the public officials and lack of an effective corruption reporting system are some of the notable causes that household respondents at the regional level listed as among the main causes of corruption in the country.
Figure 3.1.6: Distribution of Respondents by Causes of Corruption
1.0
39.1
70.3
78.1
79.7
80.6
84.4
87.2
88.5
90.3
92.5
96.2
.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Other
Corruption gives better services
Poverty Poor remuneration
Lack of independent and effective judiciary
High cost of living
Poor leadership
Lack of effective corruption reporting system
Lack of control and accountability of public officials Poor law enforcement/punishment of the corrupt
Moral Indecency Greed/selfishness
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Table 3.1.6: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on the Causes of Corruption
Region Poverty Greed/
selfishness High
cost of living
Poor remuneration
Lack of control and
accountability of public officials
Lack of independent
and effective judiciary
Moral Indecency
Poor leadership
Lack of effective
corruption reporting system
Poor law enforcement/ punishment
of the corrupt
Corruption gives better
services Other
Dodoma 67.4 97.2 77.1 76.5 85.3 80.8 95.3 95.0 95.3 97.8 30.0 0.0Arusha 85.4 98.5 95.4 92.8 96.9 94.4 97.2 94.7 96.9 95.6 20.7 50.0Kilimanjaro 81.5 94.8 92.3 92.9 94.5 84.9 94.5 87.0 91.4 93.1 32.4 50.0Tanga 84.3 95.7 88.3 88.2 93.8 91.3 98.1 90.7 94.4 96.3 33.1 0.0Morogoro 75.1 98.4 89.5 81.8 93.9 77.4 94.3 78.9 89.5 93.0 23.2 62.5Pwani 79.8 96.8 84.9 84.9 88.7 79.2 94.3 83.0 84.9 84.3 32.6 42.9Dar es Salaam 60.2 97.8 81.3 86.0 85.7 67.0 95.3 63.8 81.8 80.9 47.5 8.4Lindi 74.0 96.0 87.5 74.0 95.0 91.6 96.6 83.3 91.3 91.3 36.8 25.0Mtwara 87.9 96.3 86.0 86.3 90.4 82.9 91.9 83.5 86.0 87.0 40.2 11.5Ruvuma 90.6 95.2 88.4 75.8 84.1 83.2 87.1 89.6 87.3 92.6 48.2 1.6Iringa 78.7 94.1 77.4 62.8 68.7 70.7 77.2 76.9 78.9 85.8 39.0 0.0Mbeya 73.8 98.4 80.1 78.9 90.2 82.6 95.3 78.5 87.1 89.9 47.9 0.3Singida 71.2 96.6 83.1 72.7 0.0 79.4 93.4 86.2 90.5 94.6 31.7 25.0Tabora 53.1 98.4 65.9 64.6 86.8 61.4 88.1 80.9 82.2 91.2 53.8 50.0Rukwa 73.5 93.2 77.4 82.6 90.7 88.2 89.5 86.1 89.2 92.3 37.7 57.1Kigoma 46.9 99.4 52.0 52.4 85.3 51.6 96.5 74.9 76.6 80.9 57.6 81.8Shinyanga 62.7 97.8 79.5 84.4 92.5 91.5 95.0 93.2 90.6 93.7 50.6 63.6Kagera 61.0 94.7 70.0 73.1 86.0 72.0 88.2 80.4 81.7 90.7 50.2 14.3Mwanza 65.4 96.0 73.1 74.1 84.9 71.2 91.7 84.0 84.0 92.3 51.9 0.9Mara 51.2 99.7 91.0 94.4 94.4 93.2 98.1 96.3 92.9 97.5 48.6 0.0Manyara 63.2 99.7 84.1 76.0 0.0 97.5 99.1 99.1 97.8 97.5 98.1 1.9Mainland 70.3 96.2 80.6 78.1 88.5 79.7 92.5 84.4 87.2 90.3 39.1 1.0
17
3.1.5 Perception about corruption in the society Respondents were asked to give their opinion on whether certain actions relating to corruption can be considered to be acceptable in this context. They were initially asked if they think bribery can be looked upon as a practical necessity for getting things done quickly. About 68 percent of respondents did not agree that bribery is a necessity of life for making things move quickly. On whether corruption is beneficial provided one is not caught, most respondents (73.5 percent) were not in a position to accept this type of argument. Likewise, about half of the respondents could not agree on the fact that corruption gives better services. On the other hand, majority of respondents (67 percent) agreed that if one follows laid down procedures is bound to incur high expenses and a lot of time. Furthermore, Table 3.1.7 shows that about 68 percent of the respondents strongly believe that people who report corruption end up suffering most. In the same spirit, 73 percent of respondents believe that by reporting an incident of corruption would have not guaranteed them protection from possible retaliation, the result of which most cases of corruption go unreported. On whether respondents do not see any point in reporting corruption because nothing will be done about it, they were divided since half of them agreed and the other half were not in agreement with the idea. Other issues that were posed to the respondents namely those on whether the case can not be proved or they do not want to betray anyone, were also considered to be true (66.7 and 49 percent respectively). Table 3.1.7: Percentage Distribution of Respondents about Perception in the Society STATEMENT Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree Not
Stated Total
Bribery is a practical necessity for getting things done quickly 13.7 17.4 33.7 34.2 1.0 100.0
Corruption is beneficial provided you are not caught 8.1 17.3 40.2 33.3 1.1 100.0
Corruption gives better services 20.3 27.9 29.5 21.3 1.0 100.0Following laid down procedures is too costly and time wasting 24.8 32.2 26.5 15.6 0.9 100.0
People who report corruption end up suffering the most 27.8 39.0 20.7 11.2 1.2 100.0
There is no point of reporting corruption because nothing will be done about it 19.5 30.8 33.0 15.7 1.0 100.0
Would not have received protection from possible retaliation 30.3 42.7 17.3 8.5 1.2 100.0
The case can not be proved 25.6 41.1 23.1 9.1 1.2 100.0Do not want to betray anyone 16.7 33.3 33.8 12.7 3.4 100.0
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3.1.6 Initiation of corruption Initiation of corruption is always in different form. It is always thought that a service provider would indicate or even ask for a payment. Sometimes, the person who is in need of a service may decide to offer a payment on his/her own accord. Again, in a given society, people may know before hand that if one needs a service one has to pay a certain amount. In a different situation, it is not necessary for the recipient to indicate or ask for a payment, he/she uses agents to solicit or collect the payment. In these prevailing situations, respondents were asked, in their opinion, to indicate the person who initiates a bribe. Figure 3.1.7 shows that 76.3 percent had the opinion that it is a service provider who usually initiates a bribe, 15.6 percent thought a person decides to offer a payment on his/her own accord while less than four percent felt that it is an established norm even before one requires a service that one has to pay a set amount.
Table 3.1.8 shows further the type of persons who are perceived by respondents to be the initiators of corruption in the country. This is distributed by region. All regions reckon a service provider to be the person who indicates or asks for a bribe. There is still a small proportion of respondents who still do not know the initiator of corruption in this country. These findings indicate that public servants who are service providers are the ones who are initiating corruption.
Figure 3.1.7: Distribution of Respondents who Indicated Initiators of a Bribe
76%
16%
3% 2% 3%
A service provider indicates or asks for a payment The person offers a payment on his/her own accordIt is known before hand how to pay and how much to pay There are agents that are being usedDo not know
19
Table 3.1.8: Distribution of Respondents by Region and their Perception on Initiator of
Corruption
A service provider
indicates or asks for a payment
The person offers a
payment on his/her own
accord
It is known before hand how to pay
and how much to pay
There are agents that are being
used
Do not know
Dodoma 75.9 13.6 5.9 2.5 2.2 Arusha 83.4 10.4 2.1 1.5 2.5 Kilimanjaro 68.9 16.6 8.0 1.2 5.2 Tanga 75.3 12.0 9.9 0.6 2.2 Morogoro 83.2 12.1 0.6 1.9 2.2 Pwani 79.0 11.7 2.5 2.5 4.3 Dar es Salaam 76.5 15.8 4.6 0.9 2.2 Lindi 76.9 19.8 1.2 1.5 0.6 Mtwara 72.0 20.6 1.2 3.4 2.8 Ruvuma 65.5 28.7 3.2 1.0 1.6 Iringa 62.0 32.4 4.9 0.6 0.0 Mbeya 77.5 14.2 2.8 0.6 4.9 Singida 79.2 10.9 5.0 1.2 3.7 Tabora 63.3 17.3 3.1 4.6 11.7 Rukwa 70.6 23.9 0.3 0.9 4.3 Kigoma 72.5 14.1 5.0 5.6 2.8 Shinyanga 80.2 17.6 0.6 0.3 1.2 Kagera 71.6 16.0 6.2 6.0 2.2 Mwanza 80.2 10.5 5.2 3.4 0.6 Mara 98.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 Manyara 89.2 9.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 Total 76.3 15.6 3.5 1.9 2.8
3.1.7 Experience of corruption in Tanzania Respondents were asked if they ever encountered a situation where they were obliged to give something in order that they get what they wanted. As Figure 3.1.8 shows, about 39 percent of the respondents ever came across a situation whereby they had to give something in return for what they wanted.
20
When respondents were asked to indicate what they actually gave in exchange for what they wanted to get, about 86 percent said that they gave money in exchange for what they wanted to get, about seven percent gave property and six percent were obliged to give sex so that they get what they wanted (Figure 3.1.9).
Figure 3.1.9: Distribution of Respondents who ever gave something for services in return
86%
7% 1% 6%
Money Property Sex Other
Figure 3.1.8: Distribution of Respondents who had Experience of Corruption
39%
60%
1%
YES NO DK
21
3.2 QUALITY/INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS
3.2.1 Perceptions on Provision of Public Service Providers Table 3.1.9 presents the opinion of household members on the quality of various public service providers. The Traffic police and the Court Officials are considered to be providing very poor services (57.1 percent and 51.8 percent respectively). Other providers who were thought to be providing very poor services are the police Force as a whole (49.7 percent) and electricity supply company (45.5 percent). Pensions, Insurance and Tender Board are performing better than others (27.4, 26.6 and 26.7 percent respectively. Table 3.1.9: Households’ Perception on Provision of Public Service Providers
PUBLIC SERVICE Very Poor
Fairly Poor Good Very
Good Health Services 37.4 56.4 5.9 0.3 100
Education Services 19.6 70.5 9.7 0.2 100
Police excluding Traffic 49.7 44.3 4.7 1.3 100
Traffic Police 57.1 37.1 2.7 3.1 100
TRA 24.1 55.4 4.8 15.7 100
Magistrate/Judge 43.7 45.8 3.3 7.2 100
Court Official 51.8 39.5 2.9 5.8 100
Water/Sanitation 40 45.9 7.9 6.2 100
Electricity 45.5 37 4.8 12.7 100
Pensions 24.9 43.9 3.8 27.4 100
Insurance 24.3 45 4.1 26.6 100
Tender Board 31.2 39.9 2.2 26.7 100
Council Officials 28.8 58.9 4.9 7.4 100Village/Street Government Officials 26.6 59.6 11.8 2 100
Land allocation 36.4 49.3 8.5 5.8 100
Land compensation 36.2 48.2 6.6 9 100
Financial Institutions 19.9 57.2 8.1 14.8 100
3.2.2 Institutional Performance and Integrity/Honesty In order to determine the respondents’ assessment regarding the performance, they were given hypothetical cases which are possibly happening in different public places. As Figure 3.1.10 shows, about 57 percent of the respondents felt that one has to be patient
22
until he/she is served. However, 26.4 percent thought that for one to be served fast, one has to offer a bribe.
Figure 3.1.10: Distribution of Respondents by their Perception on Integrity of Public Service Providers
14.2
26.4
26.6
29
29
45.7
48.1
56.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Other
Offer a bribe to the official?
Don’t know what to do next?
Report to PCCB?
Do nothing and give up?
Get help from influentialperson?
Complain to higher authority?
Be patient and wait until youare served?
As a follow-up to the hypothetical cases, respondents were asked whether during the past year they had any reason to complain about any of the public services that prompted them to lodge complaints. Figure 3.1.11 shows that about 27 percent of the respondents were able to complain to higher authorities after failing to be satisfied with the services they were given or not given. However, despite the fact that they lodged their complaints, about 17 percent of the respondents said that there was little effect, 26.4 percent of the respondents had their complaints having full effect, 23.4 percent had a significant effect and 32.6 percent there was no effect despite their complaints.
23
When respondents were asked to give their opinion as to which institutions they perceive to be corrupt, the Police Force as a whole, the Traffic police and the Judiciary were thought to be the most corrupt institutions in the country (Table 3.1.10). The least corrupt institutions were identified as National Social Security Fund (5.2 percent), Banking (5.9 percent) and PCCB (6.7 percent). On the other hand, although the Education sector was perceived to be fairly corrupt, about 30 percent of the respondents exonerated it completely. A sizeable proportion of the respondents were not able to assess the status of some of the institutions probably due to the fact that they did not know well such institutions which rendered them in a difficult position to give any meaningful assessment. For example, the Pensions department within the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs is not known by most respondents who happen to be mere farmers who have nothing to do with pensions. To some extent, some people had no comment on whether PCCB can also be involved in corrupt practices; hence 46 percent of the respondents did not have anything to say about it probably because they are ignorant of it. When comparisons are made among regions on this issue, the Traffic Police, the Police as a whole, the judiciary, the health sector, education sector, local government(councils and village/street government), and land tribunals are among the institutions that were singled out to be corrupt (Table 3.1.11).
Figure 3.1.11: Distribution of Respondents who had reason to complain about public service
27%
72%
1%
YES NO NS
24
Table 3.1.10: Households’ Perception about the Extent of Corruption among Public Institutions
Institution Very Corrupt
Fairly Corrupt
Not Corrupt
Do Not Know
Total
Health Institution 39.5 45.4 8.9 6.2 100
Education Institution 12.6 48.7 29.6 9.1 100
Immigration Department 21 28.4 7.4 43.2 100 Police Force as a whole 64.7 24.9 3.1 7.3 100 Traffic Police 66.4 22.3 2.7 8.6 100 Tanzania Revenue Authority – TRA 25.2 36.8 7.5 30.5 100 Court 58.9 27.4 3.3 10.4 100
Department of Communication 8.5 25 16.4 50.1 100
Department of Water/Sanitation 11.5 31.7 18.6 38.2 100
Tanesco 20.4 29.6 7.7 42.3 100 Ministry of Finance -Pensions Department 10.4 23.9 9.9 55.8 100
PCCB 6.7 22.9 23.6 46.8 100
NSSF 5.2 23.5 13.5 57.8 100 Banking 5.9 30.8 20.9 42.4 100 City/Municipal/District/Town Council 18.9 49.2 11.6 20.3 100 Village/Street Government 16.8 49.2 23.4 10.6 100 Local Land Tribunal 26.7 39.7 13.8 19.8 100
Local Arbitration Tribunal 21.6 43.1 14.4 20.9 100
Tender Board 19.9 28.7 6.8 44.6 100
25
Table 3.1.11: Distribution of Respondents by region and extent of Corruption of Public Institutions
Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Dodoma 43.2 12.3 6.9 57.1 64.5 11.3 56.0 4.4 5.6 13.9 9.3 5.6 3.7 8.0 19.6 28.2 30.2 29.9 17.4 Arusha 62.3 35.4 42.5 72.4 80.7 32.5 66.9 11.3 19.3 37.4 15.4 2.8 5.6 4.3 33.7 31.3 36.2 32.5 20.0 Kilimanjaro 23.5 7.4 16.1 39.3 42.7 32.8 42.7 8.1 9.0 25.9 6.2 6.2 3.4 4.0 13.3 10.5 12.7 8.0 7.1 Tanga 20.1 5.6 10.2 25.1 28.0 13.4 27.3 7.5 5.4 6.3 3.1 2.5 2.8 2.2 6.9 6.6 10.4 6.6 2.2 Morogoro 52.7 9.1 19.0 76.9 78.4 30.2 75.0 5.0 7.5 15.1 5.7 5.0 4.4 8.4 7.8 11.3 26.2 17.2 23.0 Pwani 51.2 15.9 28.8 70.9 73.5 38.9 65.4 6.5 10.3 21.1 7.5 8.4 4.6 6.8 20.3 11.8 21.4 12.4 15.8 Dar es Salaam 32.7 13.8 31.2 64.1 68.7 35.3 43.1 7.5 16.9 38.9 9.4 7.8 6.3 5.9 16.6 10.7 17.5 11.6 21.8 Lindi 44.9 7.7 23.9 60.6 83.3 33.4 77.8 10.5 30.2 33.2 20.2 12.7 9.0 6.5 13.6 12.3 27.5 17.6 29.9 Mtwara 52.9 12.3 41.2 84.6 86.2 53.1 83.0 21.3 33.4 44.9 30.6 23.2 17.0 19.5 35.2 19.4 29.5 25.5 32.6 Ruvuma 32.9 10.4 8.1 44.2 46.3 9.2 46.1 2.9 4.2 7.8 2.6 5.8 3.2 4.5 14.9 13.9 12.8 15.5 14.3 Iringa 12.7 4.4 8.7 50.2 52.3 12.5 35.9 4.6 3.1 5.6 4.3 3.1 2.5 3.4 10.9 12.1 20.1 24.5 17.4 Mbeya 22.4 5.9 10.9 42.1 44.4 28.2 39.7 3.1 3.4 5.3 1.6 0.9 1.2 2.5 4.4 5.6 16.2 16.2 10.0 Singida 32.0 10.0 15.7 62.2 64.7 11.4 56.4 12.0 7.8 23.3 16.5 7.5 8.2 5.7 26.5 29.4 33.8 27.5 21.3 Tabora 57.1 20.4 26.9 77.5 73.8 25.5 68.5 13.4 4.9 15.4 16.1 11.8 7.4 5.3 17.9 13.9 35.2 22.5 33.1 Rukwa 32.2 11.9 20.5 50.8 52.3 35.6 50.8 15.0 12.3 13.5 12.1 8.3 8.0 8.3 11.0 11.0 19.9 19.6 20.2 Kigoma 34.8 7.7 30.4 75.7 68.3 26.8 61.5 7.4 12.3 12.1 3.5 6.8 7.1 1.9 11.2 20.1 31.9 15.3 14.2 Shinyanga 45.8 8.4 10.8 78.3 75.2 17.7 63.7 5.6 8.7 18.6 10.2 5.3 2.2 5.6 16.1 11.8 16.8 11.2 6.0 Kagera 17.3 7.7 24.5 57.9 64.7 24.0 61.5 2.5 5.0 19.2 6.5 5.9 3.7 5.3 22.1 15.5 34.3 31.9 40.4 Mwanza 47.5 17.3 12.5 73.5 71.1 23.7 68.6 5.9 10.0 16.5 10.3 9.0 2.8 7.8 35.6 21.3 40.7 33.1 47.4 Mara 46.3 8.1 14.3 94.7 94.1 21.7 73.4 9.6 9.3 25.5 22.0 1.2 5.0 5.0 20.8 14.9 23.7 21.1 19.9 Manyara 67.5 33.4 40.9 85.8 86.4 14.7 79.9 14.7 23.5 29.3 6.2 1.2 1.5 2.8 39.5 43.2 66.6 55.4 8.1 Total 39.5 12.6 21.2 65.0 66.7 25.4 59.3 8.5 11.6 20.5 10.5 6.7 5.2 5.9 19.0 16.9 26.9 21.7 20.1 Key: 1. Health Institution 8. Department of Water and Sanitation 15. Village/Street Government 2. Education Institution 9. TANESCO 16. Local Land Tribunal 3. Immigration Department 10. Pensions department 17. Local Arbitration Tribunal 4. Police Force (excluding Traffic Police) 11. PCCB 18. Tender Board 5. Traffic Police 12. NSSF 19 Other 6. Judiciary 13. Banking 7. Department of Communication 14. City/municipal/Town Council
26
Looking back two years ago, respondents were asked to assess whether institutions have improved or deteriorated. Table 3.1.12 shows that about 52 percent of the respondents feel that Councils at different levels have improved. Public Health Institutions and Public Schools are highly rated as institutions that have improved. Less than 30 percent of the respondents think that over the previous two years the Police Force has improved, 28 percent look at the Judiciary as an improved institution. However, regarding institutions which were perceived to have deteriorated over the last two years, almost two-thirds of the respondents perceive that the Police Force fared badly in the past two years. The Judiciary is another institution which was singled out to have the level of corruption going down (58.1 percent). Lands Office has about 41 percent of the respondents who felt that the level of corruption has deteriorated over the last two years. Table 3.1.12: Households’ Perception on Whether Public Institutions have improved over the Last Two Years
INSTITUTION Improved Deteriorated Do not Know Total
The Police Force (excl. Traffic) 25.7 63.5 10.8 100
Traffic Police 21.7 66.9 11.4 100City/Municipal/District /Town Council 51.6 29.7 18.7 100Public health institutions 48.9 38 13.1 100
Public schools 66.9 13.9 19.2 100
Immigration Department 35.4 19.3 45.3 100
Lands Office 34.3 41.4 24.3 100
Judiciary 27.8 58.1 14.1 100
Village/Street Government 59.2 24.2 16.6 100
Tender Board 26.1 25.8 48.1 100
TANESCO 31.6 22.2 46.2 100PCCB 31.4 9.9 58.7 100Tanzania Revenue Authority 34.8 19.9 45.3 100
Ministry of Finance – Pensions 26.9 12.7 60.4 100
NSSF 26.5 10.5 63 100
Department of Roads 27.6 22 50.4 100 Apart from institutions which were assessed, professionals and other persons in important positions were also evaluated on the extent to which they are involved in corruption. In Table 3.1.13, it is evident that about 57 percent of the respondents believe that Officials of the Faith Based Organizations are not involved in corruption, 30.4 percent think that teachers are free but only three percent of the respondents felt the Traffic police Officers are not involved in corruption.
27
The proportion of respondents who indicated that Ministers and Members of Parliament are not involved in corruption, Table 3.1.13 shows that 43.3 percent of respondents said that few Ministers are involved in corrupt practices, 25.6 percent said most of them are involved but only about three percent perceived that all Ministers are involved. Regarding Members of Parliament, about 41 percent of the respondents implicated few Ministers, 28 percent said most of Members of Parliament are involved and three percent implicated all Members of Parliament. This trend can be observed for doctors and nurses, lawyers, TRA Officials and business people. Table 3.1.13: Households Perception on whether professionals and Important Persons are
involved in Corruption PROFESSIONALS/ PERSONS Nobody is
involved Few are involved
Most are involved
Everybody is involved
Don’t know
Ministers 7.4 43.3 25.6 2.7 20.8
Members of Parliament 10.6 40.5 27.9 2.9 17.8
Doctors and Nurses 6.2 41.4 42.8 3.4 5.9
Teachers 30.4 49.6 10.6 0.9 8
Magistrates 3.4 29.9 53.7 5.5 7.1
Judges 7.4 32.3 28.5 3.6 27.8
Court clerks 3.6 26.3 53.4 8.5 8
Lawyers 6.3 35.9 27.5 3 26.9
Traffic Police Officers 2.9 19.5 52.3 18.6 6.4
Police Officers (excl. Traffic) 3 21.8 53.7 15 6.3
Revenue/Customs Officials 5 37.4 31.1 4.4 21.6
PCCB Officials 20.1 30 10.3 0.9 38.3
Procurement Officials 6.8 31.7 22.1 2.4 36.4
Political Party leaders 13.8 44.1 23.8 2.4 15.5
Officials of NGOs/CBOs 16.6 41.9 11.7 1 28.6
Officials of Faith based Organizations 56.8 27.9 3.6 1.2 10.2
Business people 14.6 39.6 30.6 3.3 11.3
Journalists 22.5 42.3 12 1 21.4
Other 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 9.3
3.2.3 Fighting corruption among public institutions Corruption is a big problem in Tanzania and any attempt to fight it requires joint efforts not only within the Government circles but also by involving different segments of the Tanzanian community.
28
In this survey, respondents were asked to give their opinion on whether various institutions can help to reduce corruption in Tanzania. As Table 3.1.14 shows, the Traffic Police was singled out as an institution which is very inactive in the fight against corruption, as 59.3 percent of the respondents stated that the Traffic Police is ineffective in fighting corruption. With respect to institutions that were considered to be somehow effective, respondents listed the police Force (54.7 percent), Academics and Teachers (52.1 percent) and Non-Government Organizations (48.9 percent). Others that were classified as somehow effective are Professional Organizations/societies (46.8 percent), Members of Parliament (44.8 percent), the Media (44.6 percent) and Opposition Parties (44 percent). Institutions and individuals which were regarded the most effective organs in the fight against corruption are Faith-Based Organizations (50.1 percent), PCCB (46.6 percent) and the Media (44.1 percent). Table 3.1.14: Households’ Perception about Effectiveness of Institutions in Fighting
Corruption INDIVIDUALS/INSTITUTIONS
Ineffective Somehow effective
Very effective Don’t know
Total
Members of Parliament 21.2 44.8 28.6 5.4 100
PCCB 8.7 32.1 46.6 12.6 100
Traffic Police 59.3 25.4 10.4 4.9 100
Police Force (excl. Traffic Police) 0.4 54.7 29.4 15.5 100
Media (Press and TV) 6.9 44.6 44.1 4.4 100
Non-Government Organizations 10.9 48.9 26.6 13.6 100
Academics and Teachers 12.9 52.1 26.8 8.2 100
Faith Based Organizations 10.4 34.8 50.1 4.7 100
Professional Organizations/Societies 10.2 46.8 25.6 17.4 100
Director of Public Prosecution 12.3 42.1 24.5 21.1 100
Public Accounts Committee 14.5 40.5 24.5 20.5 100
Opposition Parties 22.8 44 27.7 5.5 100
Other 15.8 47.3 29.6 7.3 100
3.3 GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION IN KEY SECTOR SERVICES
3.3.1 Education Services In an attempt to narrow focus of the survey, it was decided to identify few sectors which have regular contacts with the public. One of those sectors is the education sector. Hence, the survey
29
asked households to assess the quality of education and any signs of corrupt practices of the education sector. Figure 3.1.12 presents percentage distribution of households’ perception on the quality of education services. About 11 percent of the respondents rated education services to be very good, 70 percent thought they are good, 15 percent rated them ‘poor’ but only three percent felt education services were very poor.
It is a known fact that school fees for public primary education have been abolished. However, it has been noticed that in some public schools, pupils are asked to come to school with a certain amount of money for unspecified purpose. In this regard, households were asked to specify amount of money they are paying for their children as school fees. Later they were asked to mention the annual unofficial cost for their children. In Figure 3.1.13, about 38 percent of the respondents said that they are not paying any fees, 45.3 percent are paying less than 50,000 Tanzania shillings, 15.5 percent of the households are paying between 50,000 and 999,999 Tanzanian shillings and about one percent of the households are paying one million Tanzanian shillings or more. Regarding the amount of money which households are paying as unofficial payments for their children as Figure 3.1.14 shows, 30.2 percent of the households are not subjected to unofficial payment arrangement, 46.4 percent are paying less than 50,000 Tanzanian shillings per year; about 20 percent are paying between 50,000 and 199,999 Tanzanian shillings. About three percent of the households said that they have been paying between 200,000 and 999,999
Figure 3.1.12: Households' Perception of Quality of Education Services
3%15%
70%
11% 1%
VERY POOR POOR GOOD VERY GOOD DK
30
Tanzanian shillings annually while less than one percent are paying one million Tanzania shillings or more.
Figure 3.1.13: Distribution of Households by Amount of School Fees Paid Annually
37.9
45.3
4.2 3.3
2.3
3.0 2.3
0.4
0.6
0.4 0.2
0.2
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
No School Fees <50,000
50,000-99,999 100,000-199,999 200,000-299,999 300,000-499,999 500,000-799,999 800,000-999,999
1,000,000-1,299,999
1,300,000-1,999,999
2,000,000-3,599,999
4,000,000+
Figure 3.1.14: Distribution of Households that Made Unofficial Payments
30.2
18.6
5.4
9.2
13.3
12.2
7.9
2.1
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
No Unofficial Payment
<5,000 5,000-9,999
10,000-19,999 20,000-49,999 50,000-99,999
100,000-199,999
200,000-499,999
500,000-999,999
1,000,000-2999,999
3,000,000+
31
3.3.2 Health Services Household members were asked about the quality of health services in public health delivery points. In Figure 3.1.15, about eight percent of households perceived services rendered by the medical staff as very poor, another eight percent rated facilities ‘very poor’ and about six percent felt the surroundings were in very poor condition. A quarter of the households rated the medical staff as generally poor but 56.4 percent of the households considered them to be providing good services while about nine percent looked at the performance of the medical team to be very good. On facilities, a quarter of the households rated facilities as poor, 56.8 percent rated them as good and nine percent are very good. Nineteen percent of households thought the surroundings to be in a poor state, 64 percent rated the surroundings as good while 11 percent perceive the surroundings to be very good.
Figure 3.1.15: Households' Perception of Quality of Health Services
7.7
25.0
56.4
8.7
2.2
7.6
25.1
56.8
9.0
1.45.5
18.6
64.0
10.7
1.20.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
VERY POOR POOR GOOD VERY GOOD DK/NS
Medical Staff Fcilities Surroundings Households were asked to compare conditions of health services between their conditions three years ago and how they are expected to be in the coming three years. When health services are compared with the current situation, about 53 percent of the households feel that these services have become better, 32 percent perceive such services to have remained the same but 11 percent feel that health services have deteriorated. On what households are expecting health services to be, 52.5 percent perceive that they will be better, 19.6 percent think that health services will remain the same but seven percent perceive that the services will be worse than they are today (Figure 3.1.16).
32
33
Provision of quality health services is one the main responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare by giving guidelines and codes of conduct as prerequisite to providing quality services. In such efforts, there are bound to surface unprecedented obstacles. In this spirit, household members were asked to assess the gravity of obstacles to quality health services. In this section of the report, six types of obstacles were poised to the household members who were required to assess their gravity to providing quality health services. According to Figure 3.1.17, the cost involved in having access to health services was perceived by 19.4 percent of the respondents as not serious at all, 30.6 percent thought them to be serious and 48.3 percent of households perceived it to be extremely serious. On the obstacle regarding the health sector reform not being updated, 13.8 percent perceived it to be not serious at all, 31.5 percent think it is serious and 43.1 percent it is perceived to be extremely serious. Low professional capacity of the medical staff, another obstacle that was poised to respondents, was perceived by 16.6 percent of the households as not serious at all, 27.4 percent regarded it serious and 48.9 percent perceived it as an extremely serious obstacle to quality health services. When household respondents were asked to assess the gravity of the problem of the existence of inadequate buildings, infrastructure and equipment, 12.5 percent of the respondents perceived it
Figure 3.1.16: Households' Perception of Quality of Health Services for Past Three Years and Next Three Years (Percent)
11.2
32
52.8
47.1
19.6
52.5
20.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Become Worse Remain the Same Become Better Do not Know/ Not Stated
PastThree Ye ars Past Three Years
34
to be not serious at all, 25.6 percent thought it to be serious and 59.3 percent of the respondents perceived the obstacle as extremely serious. Coverage of health services to the majority of Tanzanians was considered an obstacle. When this issue was posed to the household respondents, 13.2 percent did not consider it to be a serious obstacle, 28.2 percent thought it to be serious while 42.7 percent perceived it to be an extremely serious obstacle to providing quality health services. Poor working conditions was the sixth obstacle that was raised to the household respondents whereby 12.5 percent of the respondents conceived it to be not serious at all, a quarter of them considered poor working conditions to be a serious obstacle and 46.8 percent perceived it to be extremely serious.
Household respondents were further asked to indicate whether medical personnel are corrupt. As Figure 3.1.18 shows, doctors were perceived by 71 percent of household respondents to be corrupt and were followed by Nurse Midwife, Nursing Assistants and Ward Attendants. Overall, it can be said that all medical personnel were perceived by more than 50 percent of the household respondents that they are corrupt.
Figure 3.1.17: Households' Perception on Obstacles to Quality Health Services
19.4
13.8
16.6
12.5
13.2
12.5
30.6
31.5
27.4
25.6
28.2
25.1
48.3
43.1
48.9
59.3
42.7
46.8
1.5
11.4
6.8
2.3
15.6
15.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Cost involved in havingaccess to health services
The health sector reform notbeing updated
Medical staff’s lowprofessional capacity
Inadequate buildings,infrastructure and equipment
Coverage not adequate
Poor working conditions (e.g.pays/salaries, allowances)
NOT SO SERIOUS AT ALL SERIOUS EXTREMELY SERIOUS DON’T KNOW
35
Figure 3.1.18: Distribution of Households’ Perception about Corrupt Health Personnel
3.3.3 Judicial System The Judiciary constitutes a very important part of an overall enabling environment for good governance and sustainable development. In Tanzanian society, much is being said about the integrity of the country’s judicial system. This survey, therefore, attempted to solicit opinion of household members about the integrity of the judiciary. To begin, household respondents were asked whether they agree to a statement that the judicial system deserves public trust. Surprisingly, as Table 3.1.15 sows, 76.1 percent of the respondents do not agree at all with this statement, and 22 percent were somehow not in agreement with the statement. None agreed that the judicial system deserves trust. On whether the judicial system is totally influenced by the Government, about 43 percent did not agree with this contention, 28 percent somehow agree and 26.7 percent do agree totally that the judicial system is highly influenced by the Government. There is a feeling that laws in Tanzania are not applied equally to everyone irrespective of one’s economic or social position, nor they discriminate on tribal, ethnic or religious lines. In response to this statement, the survey shows that about 32 percent of the respondents did not agree to the statement, about 20 percent somehow did not agree, 21.9 percent somehow agree and a quarter of the respondents perceive that laws in Tanzania are applied equally to all, be rich or poor.
36
On whether the judicial system is quite fair, about 64 percent of the household respondents do not agree that the judicial system is fair while 35 percent do agree that the judicial system in Tanzania is quite fair. Another statement that was posed to the respondents was whether they agree that the judicial system is manipulated for economic interests. About 48 percent feel that the statement is not true, 27 percent felt that the statement is somehow agreeable and 22.1 percent were in total agreement with the statement. On the question that the judiciary is less corrupt than any other organs of the government, 42.5 percent did not agree with this statement and 25.4 percent were somehow not agreeable. On the other hand, about 30 percent do agree to the fact that the judicial system is less corrupt than any other organs of the Government. Table 3.1.15: Distribution of Households by Perception on Factual Statements
STATEMENT
Do not agree at
all
Somehow do not agree
Somehow agree
Do agree totally
Not Stated
The judicial system deserves public trust 76.1 22 0 0 1.9The judicial system is totally influenced by the government 21.1 22 28 26.7 2.2
Laws in Tanzania are applied equally for everyone, rich or poor 31.7 19.9 21.9 25.1 1.5
The judicial system is quite fair 42.4 21.3 18.7 15.8 1.8The judicial system is manipulated for economic interests 24.7 23.4 27 22.1 2.8
The judicial system is less corrupt than any other organs of the government 42.6 25.4 14.6 15.1 2.3
There are situations when a person may decide not to go to court in order to settle a dispute since this is usually time-consuming and costly. In this survey, respondents were asked whether during the last two years they ever considered going to court to solve a problem. Only 13.4 percent of the household respondents indicated to have decided to go to court to solve whatever problem they had at that time. Furthermore, household respondents who indicated that during the last two years they ever considered going to court were asked to state the number of cases in which they were involved. As Figure 3.1.19 shows, about 82 percent of the households had one case only, 13.8 percent had two cases, about three percent had three cases and about one percent had four or more cases during the two year period.
37
To assess the extent of corruption in the judicial system, household respondents who had considered to go to court were asked to say whether they were given any indication that they were expected to make unofficial payment to a judge, magistrate, prosecutor or any court official so that they get a favourable decision in the cases. About 58 percent of the respondents reported that they were approached to give something if they wanted their cases to be decided in their favour. In pursuing the issue about corruption in the judicial system, household respondents were asked for their opinion whether they consider if there are obstacles to using courts in Tanzania. Table 3.1.16 and Figure 3.1.20 show that about 58 percent of the respondents fail to use courts because court fees and lawyer fees are too high (61.1 percent). Demand for unofficial payment is considered to be an obstacle to using courts since 65.5 percent of the respondents had the same feeling. Other obstacles that were found to be acknowledged by the household respondents to be obstacles include that relating to court decisions being influenced by corruption whereby respondents (73.6 percent) feel that this obstacle is serious. The question of incompetent magistrates and judges was also considered to be a serious obstacle by about 50 percent of respondents. Usually, here in Tanzania, court cases are taking a long time to be adjudicated. In this respect, about 73 percent felt that delay in completing court cases is a serious obstacle for one to decide to use courts. It is understood that court procedures are convoluted. This aspect was felt to be a serious issue among 72.6 percent of the household respondents.
Figure 3.1.19: Distribution of Household Members by Number of Court Cases in Last Two Years
81.6
13.83.3
0.60.7
1 2 3 4 5+
38
For sometime, ordinary people have been bitter with court decisions that are not enforced to be implemented. This being taken as an obstacle, 72 percent of the respondents felt this to be a serious obstacle for one to use courts. Records from the High Court acknowledge the fact that courts are not evenly distributed throughout the country. In this regard, 59.1 percent of the household respondents perceived this to be an obstacle. Table 3.1.16: Distribution of Respondents by their Perception about the Judicial System
Not serious at all
Fairly serious
Extremely serious
Don’t know/Not
stated
Total
Too high court fees 29.6 21.8 36.0 12.6 100
Too high lawyer fees 18.9 18.7 42.3 20.1 100
High level of corruption 26.9 12.3 53.2 7.6 100
Court decisions influenced by corruption 18.8 16.7 56.9 7.6 100
Incompetent magistrates/judges 36.1 17.9 31.9 14.1 100
Too long process 19.4 19.0 54.2 7.4 100
Too complex process 19.5 19.7 52.9 7.9 100
Lack of efficient enforcement of court decision 19.5 21.7 50.4 8.5 100
Courts are too far 35.5 21.7 37.4 5.3 100
Other 5.4 10.4 18.1 66.1 100
39
Figure 3.1.20: Households' Perception on Obstacles to Using Courts in Tanzania
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Too high court fees
Too high lawyer fees
High gratification
Court decisions influenced bycorruption
Incompetentmagistrates/judges
Too long process
Too complex process
Lack of efficient enforcementof court decision
Courts are too far
Other
NOT SERIOUS AT ALL FAIRLY SERIOUS EXTREMELY SERIOUS DK/NS Taking into account that people are reluctant to go to courts where they can have their disputes solved, respondents were asked whether in the past two years they have solved an important dispute without going to formal courts. About a quarter of the respondents decided to seek a solution outside the courts. As Figure 3.1.21 shows, 56.3 percent of respondents had to approach their relatives or friends who helped to solve disputes they had, 51.4 percent went to respected members of the community who helped to settle their differences, 23.2 percent used local tribunals and 32.9 used traditional mediators to bring the parties to amicable understanding. Moreover, 22.8 percent had to approach government officials who helped to settle misunderstandings but 12 percent used traditional justice.
40
3.3.4 Police Force Previous sections of this report have shown that people have a low opinion of the Police Force in terms of quality and honesty. It has been observed that households’ perception about the extent of corruption among the Police Force is quite high (65 percent), on whether the Police Force has improved during the past two years before the survey 63.5 percent feel that it has deteriorated. Moreover, households’ perception on whether police Officers are involved in corrupt practices reveals that about 54 percent of the respondents feel most officers are involved. In this survey, respondents were asked whether any member of the household was arrested or was involved in a dispute that the Police had to be called in. About 16 percent of the households reported to have their household members arrested or involved with the Police. Among the households that reported to have their members arrested or involved with the police, they were asked if a household member was arrested and locked up for an offence that either they were aware of or were just implicated in a case that was trumped up. About 71 percent of the households acknowledged that their household members were actually arrested and locked up in a police cell. On whether those members were bailed out and the means that were used to bail them out, 83.6 percent of the households said their members were bailed out of whom 10.3 percent used personal means and 47.8 percent said they were assisted by friends or relatives to come out. Furthermore, 32.9 percent had to bribe the Police to get out, less than two percent had
Figure 3.1.21: Distribution of Households by Method Used to Solve a Dispute
2.0
32.9
12.0
56.2
22.8
51.4
23.2
43.9
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Consulting a Lawyer without going to court
Formal mediator/Arbitrator
Traditional justice
Friend/Neighbour/Familymember
Government official
Respected member of the community
Local Tribunals
Other
41
to use a high ranking official to influence the Police to release the accused persons and about eight percent used other unidentified means to bail them out of the Police cell. Figure 3.1.22 presents the distribution of household members who used means to get out of the Police cell.
In assessing the attitude of household members, a hypothetical example was presented to them where they were required to determine what steps they would have taken. The hypothesis refers to a situation whereby one is driving a car, motor cycle or a bicycle but later is involved in an accident by colliding with another vehicle. Apparently, he/she is to blame for this accident and this is verified and ascertained by the Traffic Police. In order to get out of this problem, respondents were asked what they would have done. Household respondents had different views: about 31 percent thought that they would go to court, 55.7 percent would just pay for the damage while 10 percent would simply bribe the Traffic Police so that everything is settled there and then. Household respondents were asked to assess the integrity of the Police Force as a whole and the Traffic Police in particular. Figure 3.1.23 shows that 47.2 percent of the respondents perceive that the Police Force does not deserve any trust and 15.5 percent say the Police do not deserve trust at all. On public cooperation with the Police, 55 percent of the respondents felt there is good cooperation with the Police. On whether some Police Officers are not faithful or honest, 38.6 percent of the respondents felt that some Police Officers are not faithful at all but 25.9 percent perceive that some Police Officers are highly faithful.
Figure 3.1.22: Distribution of Household Members who used Means to get out of Police Cell
10.3
47.8
32.9
1.4 7.5
Used Personal Means Assisted By Friends/Family MembersGave Gratification/Bribe Got High Ranking Official’s Support Other
42
In case of emergency, the Police Force is expected to be at the scene within the shortest time possible. Results, however, reveal that about 34 percent argue that the Police are not at the scene promptly but 64 percent are happy with the Police because of their timely arrival at the scene.
3.3.5 Other Public Services Previous studies including population and Housing Censuses have shown that the majority of Tanzanian households do not have access to electricity due to a number of reasons such as inability to meet the necessary costs, cumbersome procedures related to the whole process and many other reasons. These conditions sometimes have created loopholes which are being used by few employees of TANESCO to indulge in unacceptable behaviour. Electricity In this study, household respondents were initially asked to indicate whether their houses are connected to the public electricity. Only 15 percent of the surveyed households have electricity. The households which said to have electricity connections were asked if their connections were done by following the normal procedures or they used other means including making unofficial payment so that they are connected without following the normal procedures. About 79 percent
Figure 3.1.23: Households' Perception on Integrity of the Ploce Force
20.1
35.1
25.9
23.8
20.4
22.7
29.2
29.5
31.3
16.9
32.2
3.1
6.0
20.8
47.2
25.1
32.6
38.6
24.1
15.5
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
Not Stated
Timely action by the Policein case of emergency
Some police Officials arenot faithful
Police Force is cooperating well with the public
Police Force deserve trust
Highly deserves Somehow deserves Does not deserve does not deserve at all
43
of the households with electricity had their houses connected officially, but only four percent made the connections unofficially. About 17 percent did not know whether the houses in which they are living were connected officially or unofficially (Figure 3.1.24).
Although some households might have made the connections officially, it is also possible that they had to pay additional amount in order to speed up the whole exercise. Respondents, therefore, were asked if they gave or paid anything that was not proper so that they could have their houses connected with electricity. About 28 percent agreed that they had to make unofficial payment in order to have their houses connected with electricity. On whether this is a common practice here in Tanzania, Figure 3.1.25 shows that 17.6 percent feel that it is common practice for one who wants electricity connections to make unofficial payment to the TANESCO staff while 82.4 of the household respondents felt that this is not common.
Figure 3.1.24: Distribution of Households on modalities for Connections to Public Electricity
79.2
4.0
16.8
Officially Unofficially DK
44
Regarding the supply of electricity, about three quarters of the respondents with electricity in their homes reported that electricity supply is reliable irrespective whether one bribes the TANESCO people or not (Figure 3.1.26)
Figure 3.1.25: Households' Perception on Making Unofficial Payment for Electricity Connections
5.312.3
82.4
Very Common Common Not Common
Figure 3.1.26: Distribution of Households by Reliability of Electricity Supply
17.3
57.5
25.2
Very Reliable Reliable Not Reliable
45
When one does not pay his/her monthly electricity bills the amount due tends to increase overtime. Sometimes it reaches a point when one is not able to foot that bill. One way that can be used is to bribe the officials so that one’s bill is reduced. In this survey, respondents were asked whether there is possibility that one’s electricity bills can be reduced through unofficial payment. Twenty five percent of the respondents indicated that this is possible. Water Household respondents were asked to state whether their houses are connected to the public water supply system. Only 11 percent of the surveyed households are connected to public water supply. The households with water supply connections were asked if their connections were done by following the normal procedures or they used other means including making unofficial payment so that they are connected without following the normal procedures. Eighty nine percent of the households with public water supply had their houses connected officially, but only three percent made the connections unofficially. About eight percent did not know whether the houses in which they are living were connected officially or unofficially (Figure 3.1.27).
Figure 3.1.27: Distribution of Households with Public Water Connections
89.0
3.08.0
Officially Unofficially DK Despite the fact that households might have made the connections officially, it is also possible that they were obliged to pay additional amount in order to speed up the whole exercise. Respondents, therefore, were asked if they gave or paid anything that was not proper so that they could have their houses connected with water supply. About 16 percent agreed that they had to make unofficial payment in order to have their houses connected to the water supply system. On whether this is a common practice here in Tanzania, Figure 3.1.28 shows that 17.9 percent feel
46
that it is common practice for one who wants water connections to make unofficial payment to the Water Supply Agency’s staff.
When respondents were asked to indicate if the flow of water to their homes is reliable or not, about 26 percent felt the flow is very reliable, 47.7 percent said it is fairly reliable but 26.5 percent of the respondents indicated that water supply is not reliable (Figure 3.1.29). Regarding the notion that supply of any public utility is only guaranteed only when one makes unofficial deal with the concerned agency, respondents in this survey were asked if this is a true situation. Only 11.7 percent confirmed that one has to part with some money if he/she wants to have constant supply of water. Again, on whether a water bill can be reduced if one decides to bribe the responsible agency’s staff, 17.4 percent of the respondents felt that one has to give bribe to guarantee supply of water or reduction of water bill.
Figure 3.1.28: Households' Perception on making Payments for Water Connections
5.812.2
82.0
Very Common Common Not Common
47
Figure 3.1.29: Distribution of Households by Reliability of Water Supply
25.8
47.7
26.5
Very Reliable Reliable Not Reliable
3.4 GOVERNANCE AND INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC OFFICES
3.4.1 Governance and Rule of Law Historically, Tanzania has gone through two phases in its political development, namely from a one-party system to a multi-party system. Taking note of this change, household respondents were asked to say if they think the tenets of multi-party system are actually being adhered to. Respondents felt that elections were free and fair (64.4 percent), people were free to form political parties (75.8 percent) and people were free to join any political party of their choice (89.1 percent). However, on whether there is a fair distribution of public resources to all political parties, more than fifty percent (56.1 percent) were not happy about the way resources were being distributed to political parties (Figure 3.1.30). Regarding the rule of law in Tanzania, Figure 3.1.31 shows that 48.1 percent of the respondents perceive that the rule of law is respected, 37.1 percent it is regularly respected, 46.5 percent think it is sometimes respected and 15.6 percent feel that the rule of law is not respected.
48
When respondents were asked if they think the rule of law is applied equally to all Tanzanians, about 51 percent acknowledged that the rule of law is applied equally to all irrespective of socio-economic differences.
Figure 3.1.30: Households' Perception on Good Governance
64.4
75.8
89.1
43.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Free and fair elections
Free to form political parties
Free to join party of one'schoice
Fair distribution of publicresources to political parties
49
48.1
37.1
46.5
15.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Always respected Respected regularly Sometimes respected Not respected
Figure 3.1.31: Households' Perception about Rule of Law in Tanzania (Percent)
3.4.2 Respect for Human Rights Tanzania signed the Human Rights Charter sometime back and has been trying its best to respect it. As a follow up, household respondents were asked whether they are getting their rights on various issues as citizens. Equal opportunity to employment, access to education and health services, freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of movement and freedom to join socio-economic groups at one’s choice are some of the rights that respondents were requested to indicate whether they are getting. The study (Figure 3.1.32) shows that 96.9 percent of respondents felt that people have the freedom to join any socio-economic group of their choice, 97.3 percent agree that people are free to go anywhere, 97.4 percent of respondents feel that people have freedom to worship and freedom of speech was another aspect that was thought to be respected (83.2 percent). Access to education and health services were unavailable to a significant proportion of the people as 54.8 percent and 57.4 percent of respondents thought they have access to education and health services respectively. Few respondents (34.5 percent) feel that there are equal opportunities to employment in Tanzania.
50
About half of the population of Tanzania is composed of women who are considered inferior when it comes to public and private decision-making. The secondary status of women is age-old and has not improved despite the impressive GDP growth rates, big number of women being enrolled in secondary schools and universities, appointments of some women to the highest positions of leadership and the demonstrated ability of some women to even fly planes in the blue skies. The paradox is that these few women are not representative of the multitude that face physical and psychological abuse and lack of effective recourse to the legal system which is generally biased against them. In the end, most women are denied their fundamental rights. In the light of this situation which women are facing, this survey asked household respondents to say whether they think women’s rights are respected and protected in various areas. On women’s participation in decision making, about 56 percent of the respondents feel that women’s participation in decision making is respected and protected. On education, about 66 percent said that women’s rights to education are respected and protected. Maternal and child health is being highly promoted by the Government, the result of which 68.7 percent of respondents feel that these rights are highly respected. Reproductive rights are equally respected whereby 58.3 percent of the respondents believe that women are being given the rights to reproduction. Employment is another aspect that was raised with the household respondents if it is respected. About 56 percent feel that women have rights to get employment like anybody else. However, issues regarding land issues and ownership of property, respondents felt that women are not given their due rights. On land issues, 63.7 percent argue that women are not being given their
Figure 3.1.32: Households' Perception about their Rights (Percent)
34.5
57.4
54.8
83.2
97.4
97.3
96.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Equal opportunity to employment
Education
Health services
Freedom of speech
Freedom of worship
Freedom of movement
Freedom to join soci-economic groups
51
rights and on ownership of property, 62 percent feel that women’s rights on ownership of property is not respected and protected.
Figure 3.1.33:Households' Perception by Extent to which Women's Rights are Respected (Percent)
19.8
24.8
29.1
19.7
11.8
11.2
22.3
35.9
41
39.6
36.1
25.6
24.6
38
28.4
26.2
22.5
30.2
29.8
28.7
22.9
15.4
7.5
8.5
13.3
32.2
35
14.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Participation in decisionmaking
Education
Maternal and child health
Employment
Ownership of property
Land issues
Reproductive rights
Highly respected Respected Somehow respected Not respected
3.4.3 Transparency and Accountability of the Government The integrity of the Government depends on the rules and regulations that govern all public institutions and how they are closely followed. A poorly run government which does not follow its own laid down regulations and does not implement rules gives room for mismanagement and corruption. Transparency and accountability are the signs of good management. This survey, therefore, asked household respondents on issues regarding transparency and accountability of the Government. They were initially asked whether they think the country’s courts and the National Assembly are performing their duties freely. About 53 percent of the respondents replied that courts are performing their duties freely, and 70.4 percent of the respondents said that the National Assembly has a free hand in performing its duties. Household respondents were asked to assess transparency and accountability of the Government. About 55 percent of the respondents reported that the government is performing its duties with transparency and 54.4 percent felt the government is accountable enough in implementing its obligations.
52
The question of poverty among Tanzanians is an issue that has been on the agenda for a long time where MKUKUTA was drawn up to tackle the problem of poverty. Therefore, respondents were asked about their opinion if they think the government has put an effort to develop policies and programmes that aim at reducing poverty among the Tanzanian population. About 60 percent of the respondents acknowledge the fact that the government has been and is still working hard to develop strategies which will facilitate reduction of poverty in Tanzania.
3.4.4. Perception about Integrity of the Public Offices The survey sought to evaluate the integrity of various public offices. Household respondents were asked to indicate the number of times households have found themselves obliged to make unofficial payment to public officials. As Figure 3.1.34 shows, less than ten percent of the respondents indicated that they are making unofficial payments most times in order to obtain basic public services. However, 35.2 percent of the respondents have never given a bribe for basic public services. For household members who have ever been to courts might have given a bribe in order to speed up legal proceedings. About 53 percent of the respondents said that they have never made unofficial payments in order to speed up legal proceedings in a court.
3.1.34: Distribution of Households by Level of incidences of Making Unofficial Payments (Percent)
35.2
33.7
14.6
7.9
5
3.3
54.9
17.5
8
5
1.9
12.2
58.6
11.7
6.1
2.8
1
19.3
52.6
14.2
9.3
8.7
4
10.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Never
Seldom
Frequently
Most Tmes
Always
Don't know/Not Stated
To obtain basic public services To obtain licenses or permitsTo update/revise tax status To speed up legal proceedings in a court
53
3.5 ANALYSIS OF BRIBERY AND UNOFFICIAL PAYMENT
3.5.1 Frequency of Contacts and Integrity of Public Service Providers Household respondents were asked to indicate the frequency of contacts they have made in an attempt to get public services. Sixty one percent of the respondents went to public service delivery points for service. Among them, they were asked whether they were satisfied with the services that they were given. About 30 percent said that they were very satisfied, 49.2 percent were somehow satisfied but 20.7 percent of the respondents were not satisfied with the services they received in those public service delivery points.
3.5.2 Demand for Bribe and Unofficial Payment Household respondents who indicated to have ever visited public service delivery points were asked whether they received a demand to give a bribe or favour in order to get the required service. About 19 percent of the respondents said that they were asked to give a bribe or favour so that they get the service they wanted. As Figure 3.1.36 shows, 49.6 percent of the respondents paid a bribe once, 26.2 percent paid twice, 12.2 percent paid three times, those who paid four to six times constituted nine percent, respondents who paid a bribe seven to 10 times were about three percent of the respondents and less than one percent paid a bribe eleven or more times in order to get services.
Figure 3.1.35: Distribution of Households by Level of Satisfaction of Public Services (Percent)
30.2
49.2
20.7
Very Satisfied Somehow satisfied Not satisfied
54
Household respondents were further asked to state the amount of money they ever paid as a bribe or gift in all occasions that they had to pay. About 19 percent of respondents who were ever asked to give a bribe in cash, gift or favour paid less than 5,000 Tanzanian shillings, 21.6 percent paid between 5,000 and 9,999 Tanzania shillings, 40 percent paid between 10,000 and 49,999 Tanzania shillings, 10.4 percent had to pay between 50,000 and 99,999 Tanzania shillings and about nine percent paid 100,000 Tanzania shillings or more than that amount (Figure 3.1.37).
49.6
26.2
12.2 8.7
2.90.4
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
1 2 3 4-6 7-10 11+
Figure 3.1.36: Distribution of Household Members by Number of Times they Gave Bribe(Percent))
Number of Bribe Cases
55
Figure 3.1.37: Distribution of Household Members by Amount Paid as Bribe (Percent)
19.1
21.6
40.0
10.4
7.9
1.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
<5000 5000-9999 10000-49999 50000-99999 100000-299999 300000+
Amount paid in Tshs In order to know the circumstances that prompted household members to pay the bribe, they were asked to mention them. As Figure 3.1.38 shows, about half of the respondents who ever paid a bribe said that the bribe was demanded, 21.1 percent indicated that they usually have to give a bribe to get the service they want, 18.4 percent said they had to pay so that they are given services early and about eight percent of the household respondents voluntarily do give the bribe on their own accord. In Arusha, as Table 3.1.37 shows, about 71 percent of the respondents indicated that they were obliged to give a bribe in order to get the service without delay, but none was asked to give a bribe. In other regions, the proportion of respondents who gave a bribe in order to get the service they wanted without waiting for the service for too long. However, the proportion of respondents who were demanded to give a bribe in other regions was quite high especially in Mara (90.9 percent) and Morogoro (72.4 percent).
56
Figure 3.1.38: Distribution of Households by Circumstances that prompted them to Give Bribe (Percent)
7.6
21.1
18.4
49.9
3.0
VOLUNTARILY OFFERED AS A TOKEN USUALLY GIVE TO OBTAIN SERVICETO AVOID DELAY WAS DEMANDEDOTHER
Table 3.1.17: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Demand for a Bribe
Region Asked to give a bribe
Voluntarily offered as a
token
Usually give to obtain service
Give to avoid delay
Was demanded
Dodoma 19.0 16.1 25.8 16.1 29.0Arusha 24.8 19.0 9.5 71.4 0.0Kilimanjaro 9.2 13.0 21.7 26.1 26.1Tanga 11.9 23.3 13.3 20.0 40.0Morogoro 22.2 12.1 3.4 12.1 72.4Pwani 21.0 4.7 20.3 9.4 60.9Dar es Salaam 28.6 5.7 31.4 21.4 35.7Lindi 14.9 3.1 12.5 21.9 62.5Mtwara 22.5 8.3 20.8 14.6 25.0Ruvuma 16.3 7.7 30.8 23.1 13.8Iringa 5.4 10.0 10.0 20.0 40.0Mbeya 6.7 18.2 9.1 18.2 54.5Singida 25.9 11.9 28.6 9.5 33.3Tabora 21.7 3.2 35.5 25.8 35.5Rukwa 9.1 31.6 10.5 10.5 36.8Kigoma 15.1 2.9 47.1 23.5 20.6Shinyanga 35.3 3.5 29.8 8.8 56.1Kagera 23.6 13.6 22.0 35.6 28.8Mwanza 21.9 1.8 16.1 16.1 66.1Mara 21.8 9.1 90.9Manyara 30.0 4.3 19.1 10.6 66.0Mainland 19.1 7.6 21.1 18.4 49.9
57
It is usually anticipated that a bribe is given in order to obtain a service or to resolve a problem. In this case, household respondents were asked whether they think that the delivery of the required service or the resolution of the problem after giving the bribe would bring some certainty of getting the service. Twenty six percent of the respondents think that it is extremely uncertain whether one would be given the service, 46.5 percent thought it is uncertain, 25.4 percent of the households are certain to get the service and about two percent did not have a say on this issue (Figure 3.1.39).
3.6 FIGHTING CORRUPTION
3.6.1 Perception about Fight against Corruption For sometime, Tanzanians have been making noise about the problem of corruption. People are not getting the needed services due to either bureaucratic red tape or lack of commitment of the service providers. These have tended to aggravate the problem of corruption in the country whereby corruption has been the order of the day in public service delivery points. In the struggle to fight corruption, household respondents were initially asked to give their perception on certain situations. One of the cases that were posed to respondents is that corruption is a natural occurrence and is part of daily life, so denouncing it is unnecessary. On this issue, 59.3 percent of the respondents do not agree completely that corruption is part of their daily life, 31.2 percent of respondents disagree but about only eight percent do agree with this statement (Table 3.1.18).
Figure 3.1.39: Households' Perception Assessing effect of bribe in provision of services
26.0
46.5
25.4
2.1
EXTREMELY UNCERTAIN UNCERTAIN CERTAIN DO NO KNOW/NOT STATED
58
On the second aspect which says that in the Government of Tanzania there is no sincere desire and the will to prevent and combat corruption. On this statement, about 68 percent of the respondents do not agree with this statement. This, hopefully, emanates from the fact that with the establishment of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau and utterances that are being raised by many leaders some people believe that the Government is doing something to fight corruption. On the other hand, about 30 percent of the respondents still believe that in the Government of Tanzania there is no desire and the will to fight corruption. As it has been stated above, the Government has established not only PCCB but also the Leadership Code of Conduct. As a follow up, respondents were given a statement which states ‘the Current Government anti-corruption strategies for preventing and combating corruption are effective’. It is encouraging to note here that most respondents were in agreement with this statement (75.2 percent). Table 3.1.18: Households’ Perception about Fight against Corruption
Issue Completely Agree
Somehow Agree Disagree Completely
Disagree Not
Stated
Corruption is a natural occurrence and is part of our daily life, so denouncing it is unnecessary 3.5 4.8 31.2 59.3 1.2
In the Government of Tanzania, there is no sincere desire and the will to prevent and combat corruption
11.5 18.6 34.3 34.1 1.5
Current government anti-corruption strategies for preventing and combating corruption are effective 35.5 39.7 13.6 8.6 2.6
Although a high proportion of the household respondents do agree that the current government anti-corruption strategies are effective, respondents were asked whether they think that corruption is perpetuated mostly by politicians, government officials, bureaucrats, business enterprises or even ordinary citizens. As Figure 3.1.40 shows, government officials were singled out by 84.1 percent as the perpetrators of corruption in Tanzania and were followed by politicians (44.1 percent), Local businessmen (29.8 percent), citizens (29.2 percent) and lastly foreign businessmen (27.5 percent).
59
44.1
84.1
27.5 29.8 29.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Politicians GovernmentOfficials
ForeignBusinessmen
LocalBusinessmen
Citizens
Figure 3.1.40: Households' Perception on Main Perpetrators of Corruption (Percent)
At the regional level, Government Officials and foreign business people appear to be leading in perpetrating corruption as perceived by household respondents (Table 3.1.19). For example, 99.1 percent of Mara respondents, 96 percent of Manyara respondents, 92.5 percent of respondents in Kigoma, 92 percent in Lindi, 90.4 percent of respondents in Arusha and 90.1 percent of respondents in Morogoro perceive that Government Officials are perpetrating corruption in this country. However, Iringa Region appears to have a different view regarding involvement of Government officials in corruption since about five percent only of the respondents felt Government Officials are perpetrating corruption while other regions have high proportions of respondents who single out Government Officials.
60
Table 3.1.19: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Perceived Perpetrators of Corruption
Region Politicians Government Officials
Foreign Businessmen
Local Businessmen
Citizens
Dodoma 46.3 74.7 29.3 30.6 17.0 Arusha 50.3 90.4 28.1 34.0 42.6 Kilimanjaro 14.2 63.3 22.2 30.4 16.5 Tanga 19.3 65.2 21.7 27.6 14.9 Morogoro 42.9 90.1 22.0 23.9 21.7 Pwani 46.7 84.1 37.7 38.0 20.8 Dar es Salaam 59.5 79.8 28.3 43.8 46.4 Lindi 46.3 92.0 21.6 16.7 18.8 Mtwara 36.5 85.1 18.3 15.2 22.3 Ruvuma 48.7 85.6 41.2 45.4 39.5 Iringa 46.6 4.8 48.8 38.0 46.0 Mbeya 14.5 73.5 7.4 10.5 5.2 Singida 48.6 82.4 38.9 48.9 25.4 Tabora 61.1 88.6 32.7 35.5 45.4 Rukwa 11.4 71.0 14.2 7.1 8.6 Kigoma 56.4 92.5 26.8 31.8 40.5 Shinyanga 41.0 88.8 22.0 23.3 31.1 Kagera 51.7 80.3 25.1 30.8 49.7 Mwanza 54.6 89.5 34.0 39.8 49.7 Mara 50.6 99.1 19.9 18.6 8.7 Manyara 78.1 96.0 38.6 37.0 40.1 Total 44.1 84.1 27.5 29.8 29.2
Household respondents were asked to give their opinion on how the government is handling the fight against corruption. According to Figure 3.1.41, 29.2 percent of the respondents think that the government is handling well the fight against corruption, 45.8 percent feel that the government is somehow doing its best in fighting corruption while 20.4 percent think that the government is not doing enough. About five percent of the respondents were not sure about the involvement of the government in the fight against corruption. Likewise, respondents were asked if they think that in fighting corruption in Tanzania, assistance from the international institutions such as the World Bank, International Money Fund, the United Nations and the European Union would be effective. About 57 percent of the respondents think that involvement of the international institutions in the fight against corruption will be effective but 20.4 percent of the respondents feel that it will not be effective. About 15 percent did not have any opinion (Figure 3.1.42).
61
Figure 3.1.41: Households' Perception on Government Handling the Fight Against Corruption (Percent)
29.2
45.8
20.4
4.5
Very Well Somehow Well Not Well Do not Know
3.6.2 Public Agencies in the Fight against Corruption In pursuing the issue about the fight against corruption, household respondents were asked if they think certain institutions and individuals have helped in preventing and combating corruption in Tanzania. Table 3.1.20 shows that almost all institutions and individuals listed in
29.7
35.4
11.58.8
14.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Extremely Effective
Effective Ineffective ExtremelyIneffective
NS
Figure 3.1.42: Households' Perception on Effectiveness of the International Community in Fighting Corruption (Percent)
Effectiveness
62
this table, with the exception of the Police Force including Traffic Police, have been seen by respondents to have helped to fight corruption. The Media, Faith-Based Organizations, PCCB, Academics and teachers, and political parties as well as Members of Parliament have been seen to have made some effort in this fight against corruption. On whether, with all these efforts, the fight against corruption will succeed, respondents were asked whether there is hope that corruption will be eliminated completely or reduced within the Tanzanian community. About 70 percent of the respondents were confident that the current fight against corruption will succeed. Table 3.1.20: Households’ Perception on Institutions/Individuals in the Fight Against Corruption
Institutions/Individuals VERY HELPFUL HELPFUL NOT
HELPFUL NOT HELPFUL
AT ALL
Members of Parliament 22.7 52 16.8 6.3
Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau 41 42.7 8 3.8
Traffic Police 5.6 26.1 42.2 23.9
Police Force (excl. Traffic Police) 6.7 31.4 37.1 22.9
Media (Press and TV) 37.3 53.2 5.7 1.8
Non-Government Organizations 25.9 57 11.4 3.5
Academics and Teachers 20.8 59.3 12.1 3.4
Political parties 21.4 60.1 12.4 2.8
Faith Based Organizations 43.9 44.8 6.8 2.1
Professional Organizations 20 59.2 12.5 2.9
Director of Public Prosecution 18.2 54.4 16.1 4.9
Public Accounts Committee 19.5 50.1 16.4 5.7
Respondents who are pessimistic about the fight (30 percent) were asked to give reasons for being so pessimistic. They argue that there are many reasons for this fight not succeeding. About 46 percent said the fight can not succeed because corruption is so much entrenched in our social fabric, 34.5 percent believe public officials are greedy and 29.1 percent feel that the anti-corruption agencies are ineffective since the majority of Tanzanians are wallowing in poverty, and there is no hope for getting out of this problem (22.2 percent). Lack of political support and will, ineffective legal system and with corrupt politicians, they do not foresee any possibility of succeeding in this fight against corruption.
63
Despite the existing bottlenecks, there is always a way to solve such a problem. In this regard, household respondents were asked to mention measure which they think would effectively help in preventing and combating corruption in Tanzania. A number of measures were suggested by respondents which included the following: public education, increasing political will, improving reporting channels, enforcing tough anti-corruption laws, promoting ethical conduit among public officials, eradicating poverty, enhancing accountability and transparency, enhancing good governance and improving salaries of public officials. As Table 3.1.21 shows, all these measures were considered by the respondents to be effective in fighting corruption. Table 3.1.21: Distribution of Households by Effectiveness of measures in the fight Very
Effective Somehow Effective
Not Effective
Total
Public education/sensitization 31.2 56.8 12.0 100
Increase political will 23.8 58.0 18.2 100
Improve reporting channels 30.1 56.3 13.6 100
Enforce tough anti-corruption laws 30.8 56.4 12.8 100
Promoting ethics among public officials 28.7 56.1 15.2 100
Eradicate poverty 23.5 47.4 29.1 100
Enhance accountability and transparency 28.2 53.4 18.4 100
Improve salaries of public officials 25.9 51.2 22.9 100
Enhance good governance 29.4 54.5 16.1 100
Figure 3.1.43: Distribution of Households who think Fight Against Corruption will not Succeed
13.1
13.8
14.5
16.4
22.2
22.2
29.1
34.5
45.9
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
Corrupt Politicians
Other
No Political Will/Commitment
Ineffective Legal System
No Public Support
Poverty
Ineffective Anti-Corruption Agencies
Public Officials are Too Greedy
Corruption is so MuchEntrenched in Society
Percent
64
Household respondents were again asked to state whether they agree with statements shown in the table below. In Table 3.1.22, the majority of respondents were in agreement with the statements which were posed to them to consider. There is a general consensus that without political will, the fight against corruption will never succeed, hence those who agree to this statement accounted for over 90 percent. Table 3.1.22: Households Perception on Commitment of the Tanzanian Community
Statement Disagree Somehow Agree
Totally Agree
There is will/commitment among the Tanzanian society to fight corruption 8.3 31.3 60.4
Public officials who engage in corrupt practices should be punished harshly for proven cases of corruption 0.8 13.6 85.6
The business community and trade unions should join hands with the government to combat corruption 2.2 18.7 79.1
Politicians are not trustworthy in regard to the issue of corruption 6.6 24.9 68.5
Tender boards are the leading agents of corruption 7.2 24.7 68.1
The Government’s campaign against corruption will not be effective in any significant reduction of corruption without political will 11.2 25.8 63.0
3.7 CORRUPTION REPORTING SYSTEM An effective strategy to fight corruption requires a system for reporting corruption that encourages individuals to come forward to report corruption without hesitation or fear. Moreover, if individuals are assured and given confidence that their reporting of a corrupt act would be effectively followed up, definitely, reporting of corruption would be smooth and effective, hence the fight against corruption elements would be facilitated. Household respondents were asked whether they know the process which they should follow to report a corrupt act being committed by a public official. About 40 percent of the respondents reported to know the reporting process. When they were asked to indicate if they know where to report, only 53.3 percent knew where to report. Household respondents, who said that they know where they can go to report corruption, were asked to name the places. Forty two percent of those respondents mentioned PCCB, 22.7 percent said they would go to a police post to report and about eight percent would prefer to go to the Ward Executive Officer to report the corrupt act. Other Offices and Official who were mentioned include Village/Street Government Office (6.4 percent), District Commissioner (4.7 percent),
65
Ward Councilor (1.7 percent), Member of Parliament (1.1 percent) and about two percent did not specify where to go (Figure 3.1.44). Table 3.1.23: Distribution of Respondents by Region, knowledge about reporting system, know
where to report and the places where to report corruption
Region
Know the
reporting system
Know where
to report
Place to report
Police District
Commiss- ioner
PCCB Village/ Street
Government
Member of Parliament Councilor
Ward Executive
Officer Other
Dodoma 0.6 50.8 21.9 2.8 36.4 5.6 0.3 0.3 6.5 3.7
Arusha 0.6 50.5 14.5 3.4 42.6 4.9 1.5 1.5 3.4 2.5
Kilimanjaro 0.6 37.0 22.2 3.2 25.0 9.5 0.0 0.9 7.3 0.0
Tanga 32.3 39.1 14.6 3.1 28.6 3.1 0.0 0.6 4.7 0.0
Morogoro 0.3 50.5 24.5 7.1 38.5 4.7 2.2 2.5 9.0 1.2
Pwani 44.2 55.8 27.4 5.0 38.6 6.5 2.8 2.2 13.7 1.9
Dar es Salaam 45.8 61.6 39.9 1.9 48.0 5.9 0.9 0.9 6.2 3.4
Lindi 1.2 57.3 25.9 7.4 41.7 7.4 0.6 0.6 7.7 0.6
Mtwara 0.3 60.5 36.5 7.4 40.9 8.0 0.3 0.6 9.3 4.0
Ruvuma 53.3 51.0 40.2 4.2 24.2 15.4 2.9 11.1 32.4 0.3
Iringa 0.3 62.2 45.7 12.7 40.4 17.6 3.7 4.9 17.6 0.3
Mbeya 0.9 31.6 16.0 1.2 21.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.3
Singida 0.6 52.7 25.4 2.2 38.2 8.2 1.3 0.6 8.8 4.1
Tabora 21.6 39.5 13.6 4.3 38.0 2.2 0.3 0.0 3.1 0.3
Rukwa 31.2 43.0 20.7 4.3 31.8 8.6 0.3 1.2 9.0 0.3
Kigoma 0.3 36.3 17.1 5.0 30.2 5.6 1.6 2.2 4.4 1.2
Shinyanga 66.1 76.4 11.8 4.7 73.3 2.2 1.2 1.2 5.0 1.6
Kagera 0.3 61.1 26.7 9.2 47.0 5.7 2.5 1.9 7.6 5.1
Mwanza 0.3 62.7 17.0 5.2 54.0 4.0 0.3 1.9 5.6 1.9
Mara 0.3 92.5 12.7 1.6 89.4 1.2 0.3 0.0 2.5 0.3
Manyara 0.3 36.7 5.2 5.2 53.1 3.1 0.3 0.9 5.2 1.5
Total 39.8 53.3 22.7 4.7 41.8 6.4 1.1 1.7 8.3 1.6
Table 3.1.23 shows the proportion of respondents who know the process that they must follow to report a corrupt act by a public official, whether members of households know where to report a corrupt act and whether they know where to report corruption. Shinyanga (66.1 percent), Ruvuma (53.3 percent), Dar es Salaam (45.6 percent), Pwani (44.2 percent), Tanga (32.3 percent), and Rukwa (31.2 percent) are regions which showed to have a slightly high proportion of respondents who know the process to be followed when one wants to report a corrupt act by a public official. The places where one should go to report a corrupt act are not known by many. However, places that have been reported by many include PCCB and Police post.
66
Household respondents who are not willing to report a corrupt act were asked to give reasons for not reporting corruption. About 43 percent of these respondents fear being victimized, 14.8 percent believe they would not get protection from retaliation, 9.3 said they do not know where to report, about nine percent felt that it is useless to report because culprits would not be prosecuted and 4.9 percent of the respondents do not want to betray anyone (Figure 3.1.45). About five percent believe that even if a suspect is sent to court, the case may not be easy to prove it; about three percent contend that bribes are justified and 4.9 percent were not specific on reasons for not reporting corruption. As Table 3.1.24 shows, fear for victimization appears to be the major reason that compel respondents not to go to report a corrupt act by a public official. Respondents also fear that they may not get protection when they report corruption, hence they may face reprisal.
Figure 3.1.44: Distribution of Households with Indication where to Report a Corrupt Act
0.1
1.1
1.6
1.7
4.7
6.4
8.3
22.7
41.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Don’t Know
Member of Parliament
Other
Councilor
District Commissioner
Village/Street GovernmentOffice
Ward Executive Officer
Police
PCCB
Percent
67
Figure 3.1.45: Distribution of Households by Reasons for not Reporting a Corrupt Act
2.8
4.7
4.9
5.1
8.9
9.3
14.8
42.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Bribes are justified
The Case Cannot be proved
Other
Does Not Want to Betray Anyone
Useless Because Culprits Won’tbe prosecuted
Do Not Know Where to Report
Would Not Get Protection
Fear of Victimization
Percent
68
Table 3.1.24: Distribution of Respondents by Region and Reasons for being reluctant to report corruption Region Fear of
Victimization The case cannot be
proved
Useless because the culprit won’t
be prosecuted
Would not get
protection
Bribes are
justified
Does not want to betray anyone
Do not know where to
report
Other unspecified
reason Dodoma 35.2 2.2 9.3 22.8 0.9 0.9 4.9 12.7
Arusha 41.7 1.5 7.1 22.8 1.5 6.2 9.9 5.9
Kilimanjaro 33.2 3.8 6.0 9.8 0.6 3.2 7.6 0.0
Tanga 40.1 2.5 1.9 2.2 0.0 1.2 11.5 0.6
Morogoro 29.5 12.4 8.4 20.2 5.3 10.2 13.7 4.0
Pwani 41.4 9.0 9.0 19.6 5.0 8.7 14.3 5.0
Dar es Salaam 49.2 12.5 13.7 20.9 1.6 6.5 14.0 6.2
Lindi 53.1 1.5 2.8 21.3 1.5 4.0 10.5 3.4
Mtwara 47.4 2.5 11.5 18.3 1.2 2.8 11.8 5.9
Ruvuma 45.1 5.6 15.0 20.3 6.2 12.4 6.5 1.6
Iringa 51.5 8.6 22.2 26.9 13.6 17.0 11.4 0.9
Mbeya 25.0 3.1 1.5 5.6 0.3 1.2 4.3 0.3
Singida 41.7 6.0 8.5 26.3 2.8 4.1 11.3 11.0
Tabora 32.7 2.5 5.9 23.8 1.2 3.4 5.2 3.4
Rukwa 35.5 2.2 4.0 8.3 0.9 0.9 1.5 3.4
Kigoma 34.6 11.8 9.7 18.4 5.0 8.1 11.2 2.8
Shinyanga 66.8 4.3 21.7 23 4.7 3.1 5.9 8.1
Kagera 38.7 5.1 8.9 25.7 2.5 5.1 13.0 8.3
Mwanza 49.1 0.9 5.2 24.7 1.2 4.3 16.4 8.0
Mara 88.8 0.6 7.8 4.3 0.9 0.3 5.0 0.9
Manyara 42.9 3.7 9.3 16.0 2.2 6.5 13.9 10.5
Total 42.9 4.7 8.9 14.8 2.8 5.1 9.3 4.9
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When respondents were required to give their opinion how simple it is to report a corrupt act. As Figure 3.1.46 shows, 17 percent of the respondents felt it s very simple, 15.8 percent feel it is simple,15.5 think it is difficult, and only 4.2 percent think it is very difficult to report a corrupt act. About 48 percent reported they do not know any process of reporting corruption.
Given the fact that some household respondents did not know the process of reporting or were finding it to be difficult, they were asked to give their opinion what should be done to facilitate the whole process of reporting corruption. Survey results (Figure 3.1.47) show that about 10 percent of the respondents thought that the public should be sensitized on where to report. People who decide to report corruption must be assured that this would be kept confidential (7.6 percent), reporters of corruption must also be assured that they would be protected (6.1 percent), and about 10 percent suggest that special reporting areas and community based reporting centres should be established in order to facilitate reporting system of corruption. Three percent of the respondents felt that suggestion boxes should be set up in various places in which people would drop their suggestions in those boxes.
Figure 3.1.46: Households' Perception on how simple it is to report a Corrupt Act (Percent)
17
15.8
15.54.2
47.5
Very simple Somehow simple Difficult Very Difficult Do not Know
70
3.8 ACTIONS TO TAKE AGAINST CORRUPT PUBLIC OFFICIALS Corruption is evil, corruption is a criminal offence and corruption is not acceptable to the Tanzanian community. Therefore, household respondents were asked to give their assessment as to what steps should be taken to who ever is accused or found to be involving in corruption. Table 3.1.25 shows the different actions which are assessed by the respondents. From the list of different steps that were read to the respondents, the majority of the respondents were in agreement of the steps to be taken against corrupt people. However, about 79 percent of the household respondents were against the idea of hanging those who are found to be corrupt.
Figure 3.1.47: Households Perception on What to be done to Facilitate Reporting of Corruption (Percent)
2.2
3
4.4
5.9
6.1
7.6
9.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Other
Introduce Suggestion Boxes
Set Up Community BasedReport Centres
Set Up Special ReportingAreas
Protect Those Who ReportCorruption
Maintain Confidentiality
Sensitize the Public Where to Report
Percent
71
Table 3.1.25: Households’ Assessment on Steps/Actions to be taken to whoever is found to be involved in corruption
Who ever is accused or found to be involved in corruption should be:
Totally Disagree
Disagree Neutral /No Stand
Agree Totally Agree
Total
Prosecuted 0.3 0.2 0.7 29.0 69.8 100
His/Her property should be confiscated 0.9 1.2 1.6 29.8 66.6 100
If he/she is a public servant should be sacked from service 0.8 0.9 1.1 29.6 67.7 100
The name of the culprit should be published in all mass media so that the public knows him/her.
0.8 0.9 2.2 31.9 64.3 100
Imprisoned 2.8 2.2 3.3 29.2 62.4 100
Hanged 63.4 15.3 7.0 4.6 9.7 100
Detained 10.7 8.1 7.3 31.7 42.2 100
If he/she is a democratically elected leader, should be removed from his/her position 0.4 0.5 1.2 30.6 67.2 100
If he/she is a business person, his/her business license should be cancelled and his/her name be posted along those not allowed to get a business license
0.6 1.1 2.4 31.3 64.6 100
Fined heavily 3.8 1.6 2.3 29.5 62.8 100
3.9 SOURCES OF INFORMATION It is a fact that many people have been hearing a lot about corruption in Tanzania, some have either come across public officials who demanded a bribe but most of the people know about it from different sources. In this study, therefore, household respondents were asked to mention their main sources of information on corruption. Figure 3.1.48 shows that the radio is the principal source of information on corruption (92.7 percent). Newspapers (39.3 percent), Television (36.4 percent), public meetings (7.4 percent), place of worship (6.1 percent), other unidentified sources (4.9 percent) and schools (0.6 percent) are other sources of information on corruption that people have managed to have access.
72
Household respondents were further asked if they have heard any information on corruption during the 12 months period preceding the survey. Sixty nine percent of the respondents managed to get information mainly through the following channels as shown in Figure 3.1.49: the radio (63.5 percent), newspapers (27.5 percent), television (26.4 percent), public meetings (3.9 percent), place of worship (3.4 percent), schools (0.5 percent) and other unidentified sources (2.6 percent).
Figure 3.1.48: Distribution of Households by Source of Information on Corruption
0.6
4.9
6.1
7.4
36.4
39.3
92.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
School
Other
Place of Worship
Public Meetings
Television
Newspapers
Radio
Percent
73
Figure 3.1.49: Distribution of Households by Source of Information in Past 12 Months
0.5
3.8
5.0
5.7
38.2
39.9
92.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
School
Other
Place of Worship
Public Meetings
Television
Newspapers
Radio
Percent In order to assess the quality of information that respondents got from different sources, they were asked to assess the credibility of that information. Figure 3.1.50 shows that 68.4 percent accept that the information they received during the preceding 12 months is very reliable, 29.4 percent thought it was somehow reliable, about one percent of respondents felt the information was unreliable while another one percent do not know.
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Figure 3.1.50 : Households Perception on Reliability of Information from the Mass Media
(Percent)
68.4
29.4
1.3 1.0
Very Reliable Somehow Reliable Not Reliable Do not Know
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CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
As it has been stated in the previous sections of this report, the Governance and Corruption Survey is another effort to determine the extent of corruption in the country. The Household Survey is one of the three national surveys on governance and corruption that was conducted to solicit views of household members on the extent of corruption that is affecting their daily life. The results which have been presented in this report are purely views of the household respondents and represent what may be prevailing in Tanzania.
4.2 PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION
Understanding about corruption The level of understanding about the word ‘corruption’ appears to be high among most household respondents in Tanzania. Demand for unofficial payment was singled out by almost all respondents indicating the type of corruption they are going through in their daily life. They are either experiencing this type of corruption or they are observing this happening. Demand for sex is another form of corruption that has been mentioned by the respondents. Although the proportion of the household respondents identified this form of corruption, this indicates that a person, especially a woman, is denied access to a service unless he/she gives in for sex as a way to get favour. Other forms of corruption were also cited; they include abuse of power, ‘takrima’ and fraud. Overall, demand for unofficial payment is widely recognized by household respondents. Petty and Grand corruption Household respondents recognized the fact that both types of petty and grand corruption are quite harmful to the well-being of the Tanzanian society. In general, one may be tempted to say that petty corruption is the type of corruption which is directly affecting households. Household members are usually in need of basic services such as health, education, legal support and their security and security of their properties. The health sector, education, the judiciary and the police are public institutions which are close to the people whereby they are required to provide services to those seeking their services. Grand corruption is mainly practiced in higher levels of the Tanzanian society where it involves big transactions such as awarding of contracts. Overall, corruption was perceived by most households to be the most serious problem that Tanzanians are now facing. Causes of Corruption Any good or evil activity must have root causes. In this study, it has been observed that greed or selfishness is the root cause of corruption. Other causes that were identified by household respondents include moral decay, poor law enforcement or punishment of the culprit, lack of
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control and accountability of public officials, lack of effective corruption reporting system, poor leadership, high cost of living, lack of independent and effective judiciary, poor remuneration and poverty. It is encouraging to note that people are aware about what causes corruption to persist within the Tanzanian society. Public officials have persistently involved themselves in corrupt practices despite efforts that the Government is making to eradicate it. The causes that were indicated by the household respondents show how trustworthy public officials are. Any effort that has to be taken to fight and prevent corruption has to take into account of the causes of corruption which have been cited by the households. Initiation of Corruption The survey reveals that the principal initiator of corruption is the service provider. Sometimes, the person who is in need of a service may decide to offer a payment on his/her own accord. Again, in a given society, people may know beforehand that if one needs a service has to pay and the amount that he/she has to pay. In a different situation, it is not necessary for the recipient to indicate or ask for a payment, he/she uses agents to solicit or collect the payment. Based on the findings, most household respondents felt that a service provider is the principal initiator of corruption. It reaffirms the fact that public officials who are bound to provide services to the people are the ones who are in the forefront in demanding a bribe.
4.3 GOVERNANCE AND QUALITY/INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS
Traffic Police, Court Officials, the Police Force as a whole and the electricity supply company (TANESCO) were perceived by households to be providing very poor services. Again, the Police Force as a whole, the Traffic Police and the Judiciary were singled out as the most corrupt public institutions. These institutions are always in regular contact with the public, more than other public outfits. People are always in need of services from these institutions; hence, people tend to have direct and close feelings about the quality of services as well as the integrity of the public officials of these institutions. Households acknowledge that they are participating freely in all elections, they are free to form or join any political party of their choice and the rule of law is respected. On women’s participation in decision making, there was a general feeling that women’s participation in decision making is respected and protected. This shows that households acknowledge the fact the rule of law in Tanzania is being maintained despite the different social and economic problems that people are facing.
4.4 PERCEPTION ABOUT CORRUPTION IN THE SOCIETY
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It has been observed in the previous sections that certain actions regarding corruption are not acceptable in many societies. On whether corruption can be viewed as a practical necessity for getting things done quickly, one may be tempted to believe so. This is practically not accepted in a situation where a society strives to eliminate the problem of corruption. To look at corruption as something beneficial provided one is not caught, this erodes the integrity of the government and downgrades its efforts to promote good governance. Results clearly indicate that majority of households were not in favour of such arguments. There is a general feeling among households that people who report corruption end up suffering most and that by reporting an incident of corruption one is not guaranteed protection; as a result of which, most cases of corruption go unreported. This indicates that people are afraid of reprisal from those who are reported.
4.5 INCIDENCES AND EXPERIENCE OF CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA
Among household which were interviewed, a substantial proportion indicated to have gone to a public service delivery point to get a service. A notable number of them were asked to give a bribe if they wanted to get the service they wanted. Under normal circumstances, one is forced to succumb to such demands as long as one wants to get the service or be attended quickly. The incidences of households on whether they were asked to give a bribe show that corruption is highly widespread in all regions of Tanzania Mainland. People are being subjected to this humiliation; they have to part with their valuable properties or money or are forced to give sex in return for a favour.
4.6 FIGHTING CORRUPTION
Corruption has been in existence in Tanzania since Tanzania gained its independence. During this period, the Government has been making various approaches to fight corruption. For example, the Government has established a body (Prevention and Combating Corruption Bureau – PCCB) whose function is to coordinate efforts in fighting corruption in the country. A number of institutions have also joined hands in this fight. Household respondents singled out the Media, Faith-Based Organizations, PCCB, Academics and teachers, and political parties as well as Members of Parliament.
It is encouraging to note that households acknowledge the effort that is being put into this fight by the Government since most households feel that the government is handling well the
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fight against corruption. It is usually said that where there is a will there is a way. The country needs political will and support, effective judicial system and commitment among public officials in order to get out of the corruption problem.
4.7 CORRUPTION REPORTING SYSTEM
An effective strategy to fight corruption requires a system for reporting corruption that encourages individuals to come forward to report corruption without hesitation or fear. As it was stated earlier, many are afraid to report corruption for fear of reprisal since they do not have protection. However, despite the fact that people fear for their lives, this study reveals that many people do not know where to report a corrupt act. Among those who say that they know where to report, they are mentioning places which may not be very effective in following up such actions. The low proportion of households who said they would report to PCCB offices suggests that not many people are aware about the roles and functions of PCCB. Furthermore, the proportion of household respondents who ever know where to report corruption is low implying that many people do not know where to report, hence they would need to be informed where to go. Corruption is evil, corruption is a criminal offence and corruption is not acceptable to the Tanzanian community. Households suggested that if a person is caught receiving a bribe, stern measures must be taken against the culprits. However, many households were against the idea of hanging those who are found to be involving themselves in corrupt practices. Their rejection on death sentence reveals their humane consideration.
4.8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
It is a fact that many people have been hearing a lot about corruption in Tanzania, some have either come across public officials who demanded a bribe but most of the people are hearing from different sources. In this study, therefore, household respondents were asked to mention their main sources of information on corruption. The most cited sources of this information included the radio, newspapers, television, public meetings, place of worship, other unidentified sources and schools. This indicates that the problem of corruption is being disseminated widely to various sectors of the Tanzanian society. This is probably one of the means that helped households to respond to the questions which were presented to them.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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5.1 CONCLUSIONS The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has all along been struggling to prevent and combat corruption. Corruption is a big problem in Tanzania and any attempt to fight it requires joint efforts not only within the Government circles but also by involving different sections of the Tanzanian community. Survey evidence presents a very disturbing picture of the state of corruption in Tanzania. It has shown that corruption is persistent and insidious, and public concern is quite high. Both petty and grand types of corruption have been recorded by households to be harmful to the well-being of this country. The majority of Tanzanians agree that corruption is not a practical necessity for things to be done quickly, nor does it guarantee better services. Many households are facing a number of problems which the Government has been looking for ways to solve them. The problems that are facing households include high cost of living, inflation, unemployment, corruption in public offices, police harassment, weak leadership at all levels of the government and accessibility of basic public services. It is apparent from the survey that public services are of poor quality especially as regards services which touch the ordinary people directly. The causes of corruption include a number of factors: decaying moral decency of the public officials, poor law enforcement or punishment of the culprits, lack of control and accountability of public officials, lack of effective corruption reporting system, poor leadership at all levels, high cost of living, lack of independent and effective judiciary, poor remuneration of public officials and mass poverty. The survey reveals that corruption is perpetuated by mainly those who are providing services. However, it has been observed that in some instances, a person who is in need of a service initiates corruption for various reasons including getting the service quickly or getting better service. The Government of Tanzania has been fighting corruption by instituting a number of measures. It has established the Prevention and Combating Corruption Bureau (PCCB), and has developed policies and programmes which have been reckoned by the households to have been effective. However, this fight cannot be undertaken by the Government alone. Other players who were identified by households include faith-based organizations, the Media, academicians, non-Government organizations, professional associations and societies, Members of Parliament and political parties. It is evident from the survey that majority of the households do not know where to report a corrupt act. Even among those who said that they know where to report corruption were hesitant for fear of being victimized and had no assured of protection; others felt it would be
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a useless effort to report corruption because no action would be taken against them and some say that corruption is too entrenched in the society so it is inevitable.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Evidence from the survey, therefore, strongly suggests that the Government takes a proactive approach to fight corruption. Many sections of the Tanzanian community should be involved in this struggle. Political will is paramount to such efforts; survey results indicate that political will, concerning punitive measures, is lukewarm. As many people do not know where to report corruption, PCCB should make every effort at their disposal to educate people where they should go to report corruption and also assure them about their confidentiality and safety. Other issues that the Government is advised to consider are: Review and enforce the existing anti-corruption laws and regulations and develop
specific codes of ethics for both the public and private sectors; PCCB should open its doors to the public by encouraging a joint programme engaging
people at all levels especially those living in rural areas; In the same spirit, PCCB should encourage active involvement of the private sector and
non-governmental organizations, including faith-based bodies, at national level, in anti-corruption programmes;
It has been shown that greed and selfishness are the main causes of corruption. This may probably be due to the fact that public servants are more interested in accumulating more wealth without considering the country’s welfare. It is high time that the fight against corruption should not only be left in the hands of the government but be a collective responsibility of the entire Tanzanian community.
Furthermore, stern measures and heavy punishment to the culprits should be instituted to serve as a deterrent; and
Utilize the media fully not only in educating people about corruption and where to report it but also in the fight against corruption.
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REFERENCES Centre for Democracy and Development: CDD – Ghana (2000); The Ghana Governance and
Corruption Survey – Evidence from Households, Enterprises and Public Officials, CDD – Ghana Accra.
FACEIT and ESRF (2002); The State of Corruption Report – Annual Report Dar es Salaam. Government of Kenya (2007); National Corruption Perception Survey, Kenya Anti –
Corruption Commission Nairobi. Government of Malawi (2005); Governance and Corruption Baseline Survey, Millennium
Consulting Group Ltd, Lilongwe. Government of Nigeria (no year); Governance and Corruption Diagnostic Survey – Analysis
of Survey Results, Households, Enterprises and Public Officials, Lagos Government of Sierra Leone (no year); Governance and Corruption Study, CDMA/GRS i
Freetown. Government of Zambia (no year); Corruption Survey Report: Zambia National Governance
Baseline Survey – Executive Summary Lusaka. Kaufmann, D et al (2008); Governance Indicators, World Bank Washington D C. Political Economy Centre (2000); Corruption in the public Sector in Thailand,
Chulalongkorn University Bangkok. The United Republic of Tanzania (1999); The National Anti – Corruption Strategy and
Action Plan for Tanzania, President’s Office State House Dar es Salaam. The United Republic of Tanzania (2006); The National Anti – Corruption Strategy and
Sector Specific Action Plans for all Ministries, Independent Government departments and Executive Agencies Phase II 2006 – 2010, President’s Office State House Dar es Salaam
USAID, nola na PCCB (2007); Yajue Makosa ya Rushwa Yaliyoainishwa Katika Sheria ya Kuzuia na Kupambana na Rushwa Namba 11 ya 2007
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
NATIONAL GOVERNANCE AND CORRUPTION SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE CONFIDENTIAL
IDENTIFICATION
REGION ……………………………………………………………………………….
DISTRICT …………………………………………………………………….. WARD ………………………………………………………………………… Village/Street ………………………………………………………………. Household number ………………………………………………………. VISIT 1 VISIT 2 VISIT 3 Date of Interview _____________ ______________ _________________ Interviewer Name ___________________________________________ Supervisor Office Editor Name _____________________Date ___________ Name___________ Date _______
DATA PROCESSING
Keyed in by
Name Date
----/----/2009
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Read the following to the respondent Good morning/afternoon. I am _______________________ an interviewer from FACEIT, an independent organ doing perception surveys on governance issues. I am not representing any political party. We are conducting a survey on behalf of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania. I need to talk to either the head of this household or his/her spouse. The purpose of this survey is to obtain views of households on the integrity and effectiveness of public institutions and evaluate the quality of public services provided to your household. This survey will help to better understand problems with the way the Government serves you and to improve the quality of those public services. The information that you are going to give me here will be treated strictly as confidential, and your name will not be printed or used in any document. All households will be given a code number and the data will be averaged with other respondents. Most questions require you to give your opinion about the issue that I am going to ask you. Feel free to give your opinion because this survey is aiming at assisting the Government to improve the provision of public services to the people of Tanzania. SECTION 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENT 101. RECORD THE TIME WHEN YOU START THE INTERVIEW 102. RECORD THE SEX OF THE RESPONDENT:
MALE 1 FEMALE 2 103. How long have you been living in (NAME THE LOCALITY)? ________________________
ALWAYS 1 YEARS 2 VISITOR 3
104. How old are you? 105. What is the highest level of education that you have attained? PRE-PRIMARY 01 FORM 1-4 06
STANDARD 1-4 02 FORM 5-6 07 STANDARD 5-7 03 TRAINING AFTER SECONDARY 08 STANDARD 8 04 UNIVERSITY/HIGHER 09 TRAINING AFTER PRIMARY 05 NO EDUCATION 10
106. Do you read a newspaper or magazine almost every day, at least once a week, at least once a
month, or not at all? EVERY DAY .. 1 ONCE A WEEK .. 2 ONCE A MONTH 3 NOT AT ALL .. 4 107. Do you listen to the radio almost every day, at least once a week, at least once a month or not at
all?
EVERY DAY .. 1 ONCE A WEEK .. 2 ONCE A MONTH 3 NOT AT ALL .. 4
108. Do you watch television almost every day, once a week, at least once a month or not all?
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EVERY DAY .. 1 ONCE A WEEK .. 2 ONCE A MONTH 3 NOT AT ALL .. 4 109. How many people usually live in your household including those temporarily absent for study
or work? 110. What is your present occupation or what were you doing during the last 12 months?
ENTER APPROPRIATE NUMBER IN THE BOX FARMER/PEASANT 01 HOUSEWIFE 02 BUSINESSMAN/WOMAN 03 STUDENT 04 RELIGIOUS LEADER 05 PASTORALIST 06 TECHNICAL WORKER 07 PROFESSIONAL 08 UNEMPLOYED 09 OTHER (SPECIFY) _______________ 10
111. I would like to ask you about household income. Please tell me whether your household has
income from the following sources during the past twelve months? (CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED)
Source of income Formal employment for a private enterprise 01 Formal employment for the state and state enterprises 02 Formal employment for a political party 03 Formal employment for a trade union 04 Self-employment, including small scale trading 05 Farming 06 Fishing 07 Livestock keeping 08 Pensions 09 Family and friends 10 Other formal income (SPECIFY) ______________________ 11 Other informal income (SPECIFY) ____________________ 12
112. What is your household income per month in Tanzanian shillings?
ENTER APPROPRIATE NUMBER IN THE BOX BELOW 100,000 1 100,000 – 149,000 2 150,000 – 199,000 3 200,000 – 299,000 4 300,000 – 499,000 5 500,000 – 799,000 6 800,000 – 999,000 7
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1,000,000 OR ABOVE 8
113. Do you or any member of your household own any land, even land on which your house is built?
YES 1 NO 2
114. Do you or any member of your household own a bicycle, a motorcycle or motor scooter, a car or truck or a bank account? CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED BICYCLE 1 MOTOR CYCLE OR MOTOR SCOOTER 2 A CAR OR TRUCK 3 A BANK ACCOUNT 4 NONE 5
115. Does your village/street has or is close to the following? (CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE)
YES NO DK 1. Primary school 1 2 9 2. Health facility 1 2 9 3. Clean water 1 2 9 4. Electricity 1 2 9 5. HIV/AIDS Voluntary counseling and testing centre 1 2 9 6. Sanitation services 1 2 9 7. Maternal and child health services 1 2 9
116. Do you think the following problems are actually facing your community and the country as a
whole? (CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE)
NO. PROBLEM YES NO 01. High cost of living 1 2 02. Unemployment 1 2 03. Inflation 1 2 04. Safety concerns/crime 1 2 05. Drug abuse 1 2 06. Drug trafficking 1 2 07. Bad leadership 1 2 08. Corruption in public services 1 2 09. Corruption in private sector 1 2 10. Education services 1 2 11. Health care services 1 2 12. Access to clean water 1 2 13. Food availability 1 2 14. Roads in poor condition 1 2 15. Police harassment 1 2 16 Unfair judicial system 1 2 17. The environment 1 2 18. Political instability 1 2 19. Housing 1 2 20. Socio-economic inequalities 1 2
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21. Tribal conflicts 1 2 22 Abject poverty 1 2 23. Any other problem? (SPECIFY ) _______________ 1 2
117. In your opinion, how has the government dealt with the following problems?
PROBLEM VERY WELL
AVERAGE VERY BADLY
DON’T KNOW
Poverty 1 2 3 9 Security/crime 1 2 3 9 Poor health care 1 2 3 9 Poor education 1 2 3 9 Lack of agricultural inputs 1 2 3 9 Bad roads 1 2 3 9 Lack of clean and safe water 1 2 3 9 Shortage of land 1 2 3 9 Unemployment 1 2 3 9 HIV/AIDS 1 2 3 9 Corruption 1 2 3 9 Police harassment 1 2 3 9 Unfair judicial system 1 2 3 9 Bad leadership 1 2 3 9 Shortage of adequate food 1 2 3 9 Drug trafficking 1 2 3 9 Other (SPECIFY) 1 2 3 9
118. How would you rate the standard of living for your household today? Do you consider it to be
very bad, bad, fair, good or very good?
VERY BAD 1 GOOD 4 BAD 2 VERY GOOD 5 FAIR 3
119 How would you rate the standard of living for your household when you compare it three years ago? Do you think it is much worse, somewhat worse now, about the same, somewhat better or much better now?
MUCH WORSE NOW 1 SOMEWHAT WORSE NOW 2 ABOUT THE SAME 3 SOMEWHAT BETTER NOW 4 MUCH BETTER NOW 5
120 How would you rate the standard of living for your household in the coming three years? Do
you think it will be much worse, somewhat worse,, about the same, somewhat better or much better than it is today?
MUCH WORSE 1 SOMEWHAT WORSE 2 ABOUT THE SAME 3 SOMEWHAT BETTER 4 MUCH BETTER 5 DOES NOT KNOW 9
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SECTION 2: CURRENT SITUATION ABOUT CORRUPTION IN TANZANIA 201. The word “Corruption” is sometimes difficult to define. Now I would like to ask you, what
do you understand when one mentions the word “corruption”? CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED DEMAND FOR UNOFFICIAL PAYMENT 01 TAKRIMA 02 BAKSHISH 03 DEMAND FOR FAVOUR 04 DEMAND FOR SEX 05 EMBEZZLEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS 06 FRAUD 07 ABUSE OF POWER 08 OTHER (SPECIFY) _________________________________ 09 DOES NOT KNOW 99 SKIP TO 203
202. In your opinion, which three forms of corruption do you consider to be most serious in Tanzania?
TRANSFER CODE NUMBER OF RESPONSE MENTIONED ABOVE
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
203. What types of corrupt practices do usually occur in your vicinity?
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ 204. Where do such corrupt practices occur?
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ 205. In your opinion, how does each of the following corruption affect society in general? CIRCLE
AS APPROPRIATE.
VERY HARMFUL
SOMEHOW HARMFUL
NOT HARMFUL
DON’T KNOW
Petty corruption (Small) 1 2 3 9 Grand corruption (Big) 1 2 3 9
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206. In your opinion, do you think corruption in Tanzania is a very serious problem when it is
compared with other problems? (USE LIST PROVIDED IN QUESTION 117 ABOVE.). Do you think it is a:
Major problem 1 moderate problem 2 Minor problem 3 Not a problem at all 4 Don’t know 9
207. From your personal perspective, would you consider the following to be the major causes of
corruption in Tanzania? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
CAUSE YES NO Poverty 1 2 Greed/selfishness 1 2 High cost of living 1 2 Poor remuneration 1 2 Lack of control and accountability of public officials 1 2 Lack of independent and effective judiciary 1 2 Moral decency 1 2 Poor leadership 1 2 Lack of effective corruption reporting system 1 2 Poor law enforcement/punishment of the corrupt 1 2 Corruption gives better services 1 2 Other (SPECIFY) ___________________________ 1 2
208. In your opinion, would you strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree with the
following statements? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
STATEMENT STRONGLY AGREE
AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY DISAGREE
Bribery is a practical necessity for getting things done quickly 1 2 3 4
Corruption is beneficial provided you are not caught 1 2 3 4
Corruption gives better services 1 2 3 4 Following laid down procedures is too costly and time wasting 1 2 3 4
People who report corruption end up suffering the most 1 2 3 4
There is no point of reporting corruption because nothing will be done about it
1 2 3 4
Would not have received protection from possible retaliation 1 2 3 4
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The case can not be proved 1 2 3 4 Do not want to betray anyone 1 2 3 4
209. From the following statements, in your opinion, who usually initiates a bribe?
1. A service provider indicates or asks for a payment 1 2. The person offers a payment on his/her own accord 2 3. It is known before hand how to pay and how much to pay 3 4. There are agents that are being used 4 5. Do not know 9
210. Have you ever encountered a situation where you were obliged to give something in order that
you get what you wanted?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 212
211. What did you give in exchange for what you wanted to get?
MONEY 1 PROPERTY 2 SEX 3 OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________________ 4
212. In the following questions, I will describe to you some situations that sometimes happen. In your opinion, how do you rate each action, would you consider it to be totally acceptable, somehow acceptable, somehow not acceptable or totally not acceptable? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
SITUATION TOTALLY ACCEPTABLE
SOMEHOW ACCEPTABLE
SOMEHOW NOT ACCEPTABLE
TOTALLY NOT ACCEPTABLE
01. In order to keep the car from being towed and avoid paying a fine, an offender offers to pay the Traffic Police Officer directly. The Officer had not asked for money, but he/she accepts it.
1 2 3 4
02. A government official uses a government car for personal business or leisure
1 2 3 4
03. A person is promoted thanks to a family or other intimate relationship with a high ranking official
1 2 3 4
213. We are going to propose a hypothetical situation. Suppose that one night, a little late in the
evening, you are walking in the parking lot of a shopping street/area/mall, the parking lot is empty, there is no security at this time and you are by yourself. Suddenly, you notice that there is an envelope on the ground. You pick it up and realize it contains 5 million shillings. How probable is it that your reaction would be as follows?
REACTION NOT PROBABLE AT ALL
NOT PROBABLE PROBABLE HIGHLY
PROBABLE
01. Since this money has no owner, this lucky break can help you with your family expenses. 1 2 3 4
02. You will take it home and think overnight about what to do with it. 1 2 3 4
03. Right away you look for a guard in order to 1 2 3 4
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report the incidence and give him the envelope with the money. 04. Knowing that whoever will be given the envelope will pocket it, better you take it. 1 2 3 4
214. I will read to you a list of problems. Please tell me how serious you consider each problem to be. Let us use a scale from 1 to 3 where 1 means very serious problem; 2 means serious problem; and 3 means very minor problem. CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE
PROBLEM VERY
SERIOUSSERIOUS VERY
MINOR01. High cost of living 1 2 3 02. Unemployment 1 2 3 03. Inflation 1 2 3 04. Safety concerns/crime 1 2 3 05. Drug abuse 1 2 3 06. Drug trafficking 1 2 3 07. Lack of good leadership 1 2 3 08. Corruption in public services 1 2 3 09. Corruption in private sector 1 2 3 10. Cost of Education 1 2 3 11. Cost of Health services 1 2 3 12. Access to clean water 1 2 3 13. Food availability 1 2 3 14. Poor quality of roads 1 2 3 15. Police harassment 1 2 3 16 Unfair judicial system 1 2 3 17. Destruction of the environment 1 2 3 18. Political instability 1 2 3 19. Shortage of Housing 1 2 3 20. Gender stereotype type/bias 1 2 3 21. Violence 1 2 3 22 Delinquency 1 2 3 23. Any other problem? (Specify) 1 2 3
215. In your opinion, from the aforementioned problems, what do you think are the three most
serious problems affecting Tanzania? List them in order of importance among those I have read to you?
1st in importance ___________________________________________ 2nd in importance __________________________________________
3rd in importance __________________________________________
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SECTION 3: QUALITY/INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC SERVICE PROVIDERS 301 Now, I would like to ask you about the quality and complaint process of various public
service providers particularly those within your community.
Would you consider the following services to be providing very poor services, fairly good or very good services?
PUBLIC SERVICE VERY POOR FAIRLY GOOD VERY GOOD
Health Services 1 2 3 Education Services 1 2 3 Police excluding Traffic 1 2 3 Traffic Police 1 2 3 TRA 1 2 3 Magistrate/Judge 1 2 3 Court Official 1 2 3 Water/Sanitation 1 2 3 Electricity 1 2 3 Pensions 1 2 3 Insurance 1 2 3 Tender Board 1 2 3 Council Officials 1 2 3 Village/Street Government Officials 1 2 3 Land allocation 1 2 3 Land compensation 1 2 3 Financial Institutions 1 2 3 Other (SPECIFY) _______________ 1 2 3
302 Suppose you went to a facility where you want to get public service and you discover that nobody is caring to attend to your needs, would you decide to: CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
YES NO Be patient and wait until you are served? 1 2 Offer a bribe to the official? 1 2 Get help from influential person? 1 2 Complain to higher authority? 1 2 Report to PCCB? 1 2 Do nothing and give up? 1 2 Don’t know what to do next? 1 2 Other (SPECIFY)____________________ 1 2
303 During last year and this year, did you have any reason to complain about any of the public
services that prompted you to make a complaint?
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YES 1 NO 2 SKIP TO 305
304 How much effect did your complaint have?
NO EFFECT 1 SIGNIFICANT EFFECT 3 LITTLE EFFECT 2 FULL EFFECT 4 DON’T KNOW/NA 9
305 Please tell me, in your opinion, which public institutions do you consider to be very corrupt, fairly corrupt or not corrupt? CIRCLE RESPONSE GIVEN FOR EACH INSTITUTION.
INSTITUTION VERY
CORRUPT FAIRLY
CORRUPT NOT
CORRUPT DON’T KNOW
Health Institution 1 2 3 9 Education Institution 1 2 3 9 Immigration Department 1 2 3 9 Police Force as a whole 1 2 3 9 Traffic Police 1 2 3 9 Tanzania Revenue Authority – TRA 1 2 3 9 Court 1 2 3 9 Department of Communication 1 2 3 9 Department of Water/Sanitation 1 2 3 9 Tanesco 1 2 3 9 Ministry of Finance -Pensions Department 1 2 3 9 PCCB 1 2 3 9 NSSF 1 2 3 9 Banking 1 2 3 9 City/Municipal/District/Town Council 1 2 3 9 Village/Street Government 1 2 3 9 Local Land Tribunal 1 2 3 9 Local Arbitration Tribunal 1 2 3 9 Tender Board 1 2 3 9
306 Comparing corruption levels over the last two years, which institutions have improved or
deteriorated? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE. INSTITUTION IMPROVED DETERIORATED DON’T
KNOW The Police Force (excl. Traffic) 1 2 9 Traffic Police 1 2 9 City/Municipal/District /Town Council 1 2 9 Public health institutions 1 2 9 Public schools 1 2 9 Immigration Department 1 2 9 Lands Office 1 2 9 Court 1 2 9 Village/Street Government 1 2 9 Tender Board 1 2 9 Tanesco 1 2 9 PCCB 1 2 9 Tanzania Revenue Authority 1 2 9 Ministry of Finance – Pensions 1 2 9
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NSSF 1 2 9 Department of Roads 1 2 9
307 In your opinion, to what extent do you think the following professionals/persons are involved in corruption? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
PROFESSIONALS/ PERSONS NOBODY IS INVOLVED
FEW ARE INVOLVED
MOST ARE INVOLVED
EVERYBODY IS INVOLVED
DON’T KNOW
Ministers 1 2 3 4 9 Members of Parliament 1 2 3 4 9 Doctors and Nurses 1 2 3 4 9 Teachers 1 2 3 4 9 Magistrates 1 2 3 4 9 Judges 1 2 3 4 9 Court clerks 1 2 3 4 9 Lawyers 1 2 3 4 9 Traffic Police Officers 1 2 3 4 9 Police Officers (excl. Traffic) 1 2 3 4 9 Revenue/Customs Officials 1 2 3 4 9 PCCB Officials 1 2 3 4 9 Procurement Officials 1 2 3 4 9 Political Party leaders 1 2 3 4 9 Officials of NGOs/CBOs 1 2 3 4 9 Officials of Faith based Organizations 1 2 3 4 9 Business people 1 2 3 4 9 Journalists 1 2 3 4 9 Other (SPECIFY) _______________ 1 2 3 4 9
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308 In your opinion, would you consider the following institutions to be ineffective, somehow
effective or very effective in fighting against corruption in Tanzania? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
INDIVIDUALS /INSTITUTIONS
INEFFECTIVE SOMEHOW EFFECTIVE
VERY EFFECTIVE
DON’T KNOW
Members of Parliament 1 2 3 9 Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau 1 2 3 9 Traffic Police 1 2 3 9 Police Force (excl. Traffic Police) 1 2 3 9 Media (Press and TV) 1 2 3 9 Non-Government Organizations 1 2 3 9 Academics and Teachers 1 2 3 9 Faith Based Organizations 1 2 3 9 Professional Organizations/Societies 1 2 3 9 Director of Public Prosecution 1 2 3 9 Public Accounts Committee 1 2 3 9 Opposition Parties 1 2 3 9 Other (SPECIFY)________________________ 1 2 3 9
309 In general, how would you rate the level of corruption in your locality currently?
VERY HIGH 1 MODERATE 2 LOW 3 DON’T KNOW 9
310 Again, in your opinion, how would you rate the level of corruption in Tanzania currently?
VERY HIGH 1 MODERATE 2 LOW 3 DON’T KNOW 9
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SECTION 4: EDUCATION SERVICES 401 How many students are in your household, attending either public or private school? Please
count all students in nursery, primary, secondary, college, university or any other type of training.
IF ‘00’ (NONE), SKIP TO 501.
402 I would like to ask you several questions about the school of the eldest school-age child in your household.
402A Is the eldest school-age child in your household currently attending school?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 403 402B Is the school a Nursery school, Primary school, Secondary school or College/University? NURSERY SCHOOL 1
PRIMARY SCHOOL 2 SECONDARY SCHOOL 3 COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY 4 OTHER TRAINING 5
402C Is it a public or private? .. PUBLIC 1 PRIVATE 2 402D In your opinion, how would you grade the quality of the school of your eldest school-age
child? Do you think it is very poor, poor, good or is it very good? VERY POOR 1 POOR 2 GOOD 3 VERY GOOD 4 DK 9 402E Over the past three years, do you think the overall quality of this type of school has become
much worse, worse, remained the same, or has become better? BECOME MUCH WORSE 1 BECOME WORSE 2 REMAINED THE SAME 3 BECOME BETTER 4 DK/NS 9 402F What is the annual school fees for this school of your eldest child? 402G What is the annual unofficial cost for this school of your eldest child?
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403 From the list of possible obstacles to good education, would you consider each of the
following obstacles as not so serious at all, fairly serious, serious or extremely serious?
TYPE OF OBSTACLE NOT
SERIOUS AT ALL
FAIRLY SERIOUS SERIOUS EXTREMELY
SERIOUS DON’T KNOW
01. Cost involved in having access to education 1 2 3 4 9
02. The educational system not being updated 1 2 3 4 9 03. Low teachers’ professional capacity 1 2 3 4 9 04. Inadequate buildings, infrastructure and
equipment 1 2 3 4 9
05. Coverage not complete 1 2 3 4 9 06. Low teacher pays/salaries 1 2 3 4 9 07. Leakages of national examinations 1 2 3 4 9 08. Dropouts especially among girls 1 2 3 4 9 09. Sexual abuse particularly by teachers 1 2 3 4 9
SECTION 5: HEALTH SERVICES 501 During the past three months, has anyone in your household visited a hospital, clinic, health
centre, dispensary or any public health facility for any health problem?
YES 1 NO 2 503
INCLUDE ONLY VISITS THAT ARE CONCERNED WITH THE HEALTH OF THE PERSON VISITING A HEALTH UNIT. DO NOT INCLUDE VISITING FRIENDS, RELATIVES, GOING FOR EMPLOYMENT OR ON OFFICIAL BUSINESS.
502 I will ask some questions about the most recent occasion when a household member visited a health unit.
502A Is it a hospital, health centre or a dispensary where that member visited? HOSPITAL 1 HEALTH CENTRE 2 DISPENSARY 3 502B Is the hospital/health centre/dispensary public or private? PUBLIC 1 PRIVATE 2 502C Was that member referred to a private hospital/clinic/dispensary by a doctor/medical staff
from a government hospital/health centre/dispensary? YES 1 NO 2 503 502D Does the doctor/medical staff practice at the referred private hospital/clinic/dispensary? YES 1 NO 2 503
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502E How much did you pay for the treatment? TSHS 502F Were you asked any unofficial payment or gifts for the services received? YES 1 NO 2 503 502G How much did you pay in addition to the official payment? TSHS 503 Assess the quality of medical staff and facilities at the hospital/health center/dispensary.
Would you grade them as very poor, poor, good or very good?
VERY POOR
POOR GOOD VERY GOOD
DK/NS
Quality of physicians and medical staff 1 2 3 4 9 Facilities 1 2 3 4 9 Surroundings 1 2 3 4 9
504 Over the past three years, do you think the overall quality of this type of hospital/health
centre/dispensary has become worse, remained the same, or has become better?
BECOME WORSE 1 BECOME BETTER 3 REMAINED THE SAME 2 DK/NS 9
505 Looking ahead, do you think the overall quality of this type of hospital/health centre/dispensary in the next three years will become worse, will remain the same, or will become better than it is today?
WILL BECOME WORSE 1
WILL REMAIN THE SAME 2 WILL BECOME BETTER 3
DK/NS 9
506 From the list of possible obstacles to quality health services, would you consider each of the following obstacles as not so serious at all, fairly serious, serious or extremely serious?
TYPE OF OBSTACLE
NOT SO SERIOUS AT ALL
FAIRLY SERIOUS
SERIOUS EXTREMELY SERIOUS
DON’T KNOW
01. Cost involved in having access to health services 1 2 3 4 9
02. The health sector reform not being updated 1 2 3 4 9
03. Medical staff’s low professional capacity 1 2 3 4 9
04. Inadequate buildings, infrastructure and equipment
1 2 3 4 9
05. Coverage not adequate 1 2 3 4 9 06. Poor working conditions (e.g. pays/salaries, allowances) 1 2 3 4 9
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507 In your opinion, would you say that the following medical personnel are corrupt?
YES NO Doctors 1 2 Nurses 1 2 Nurse Midwife 1 2 Nursing Assistant 1 2 Ward Attendant 1 2 Health Officer 1 2 Medical Assistant 1 2 Clinical Officer 1 2 Other (SPECIFY) ___________________ 1 2
SECTION 6: JUDICIAL SYSTEM 601 Now let us talk about Tanzania’s judicial system. I will read to you some statements that people
sometimes make, so you can tell me where your opinion lies. In your opinion, do you totally agree with this statement, do you somehow agree with it, somehow disagree or do you disagree totally with the statement?
STATEMENT
DO NOT AGREE AT
ALL
SOMEHOW DO NOT AGREE
SOMEHOW AGREE
DO AGREE TOTALLY
01. The judicial system deserves public trust 1 2 3 4
02. The judicial system is totally influenced by the government 1 2 3 4
03. Laws in Tanzania are applied equally for everyone, rich or poor
1 2 3 4
04. The judicial system is quite fair 1 2 3 4 05. The judicial system is
manipulated for economic interests
1 2 3 4
06. The judicial system is less corrupt than any other organs of the government
1 2 3 4
602 During the last two years did you or anyone in your household ever consider going to court to
solve a problem?
YES 1 NO 2 606 603 How many court cases were you or any household member involved in during the last two
years?
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604 On average, how much did you or anyone in your household had to pay to the following type of officials? And of this payment how much is gratification?
TOTAL PAYMENT TO EACH
TYPE OF OFFICIALS OF THE TOTAL PAYMENT, HOW MUCH IS GRATIFICATION?
Court clerk TSHS. TSHS. Magistrate TSHS. TSHS. Judge TSHS. TSHS. Public Prosecutor TSHS. TSHS. Legal aid TSHS. TSHS. Primary court magistrate TSHS. TSHS. Law enforcement officer TSHS. TSHS. Messenger TSHS. TSHS.
605 Did you or anyone in your household receive any indication that you were expected to make
some gratification (to a court magistrate, judge, prosecutor, law enforcement officer, or any other official involved in the case) in order to get a favourable decision in the case? YES 1 NO 2
606 In your opinion, do you consider the following obstacles to using courts in Tanzania to be not
serious at all, fairly serious or extremely serious?
NOT SERIOUS AT ALL
FAIRLY SERIOUS
EXTREMELY SERIOUS
DK/NS
1. Too high court fees 1 2 3 9 2. Too high lawyer fees 1 2 3 9 3. High gratification 1 2 3 9 4. Court decisions influenced by
corruption 1 2 3 9
5.Incompetent magistrates/judges 1 2 3 9
6. Too long process 1 2 3 9 7. Too complex process 1 2 3 9 8. Lack of efficient enforcement
of court decision 1 2 3 9
9. Courts are too far 1 2 3 9 10. Other (specify) 1 2 3 9
607 During the past two years, have you or anyone in your household solved an important dispute
without going to formal courts?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 701
100
608 What method did you use to solve the dispute?
YES NO i. Consulting a Lawyer without going to court 1 2 ii. Formal mediator/Arbitrator 1 2 iii. Traditional justice 1 2 iv. Friend/Neighbour/Family member 1 2 v. Government official 1 2 vi. Respected member of the community 1 2 vii. Local Tribunals 1 2 viii. Other (specify) ___________________________ 1 2
SECTION7: POLICE FORCE 701 Now I would like to ask you about the Police that is entrusted with the duty of safeguarding the
welfare of citizens. Have you or anyone in your household been arrested or involved in a dispute that the Police had to be called?
YES 1 NO 2 705
702 Were you or anyone in your household arrested and locked up for an offence that either you were not aware of or you were implicated in a case that you were not involved in ?
YES 1 NO 2 705
703 Were you or any member of your household bailed out of the Police cell?
YES 1 NO 2 705
704 In this case, what means did you use to get out of the Police cell?
USED PERSONAL MEANS 1 ASSISTED BY FRIENDS/FAMILY MEMBERS 2 GAVE GRATIFICATION/bribe 3 GOT HIGH RANKING OFFICIAL’s SUPPORT 4 OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________________ 5
705 Suppose you are driving a car, motor cycle or a bicycle. As you are moving you get involved
in an accident whereby you collide with another vehicle. Apparently, you are to be blamed for this accident and this is verified and ascertained by the Traffic Police. In order to get out of this problem, what would you do?
AGREE TO GO TO COURT 1 AGREE TO PAY FOR THE DAMAGE 2 GIVE GRATIFICATION TO POLICE 3 OTHER (SPECIFY)_____________________ 4
101
706 Now let us look at the integrity of the Police. In your opinion, do you consider the following to reflect the integrity of the Police Force. Do you think the Police Force highly deserves it, somehow deserves it, does not deserve it or does not deserve it at all?
ASPECT OF INTEGRITY
HIGHLY DESERVES
SOMEHOW DESERVES
DOES NOT DESERVE
DOES NOT DESERVE AT ALL
DK/ NS
01. The Police Force deserves trust 1 2 3 4 9 02. The Police Force is cooperating
well with the public 1 2 3 4 9
03. Some Police officials are not faithful 1 2 3 4 9
04. Timely action by the Police in case of emergency 1 2 3 4 9
SECTION 8: OTHER PUBLIC SERVICES 8.1 Electricity Supply 801 Is your household connected to public electricity supply?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 907
802 How were you connected? Were you connected officially or unofficially?
OFICIALLY 1 UNOFFICIALLY 2 DON’T KNOW 9
803 Did you give anything/make any unofficial payment in order to have your house connected with electricity?
YES 1 NO 2 DOES NOT KNOW 9
804 Do you think it is very common, common, or not very common for households like yours to pay their electricity bills through unofficial channels?
VERY COMMON 1 COMMON 2 NOT COMMON 3
805 Do you think the electricity supply is reliable?
VERY RELIABLE 1 RELIABLE 2 NOT RELIABLE 3
806 Does the payment of gratification guarantee reliability of service?
YES 1 NO 2
807 Can you have your electricity bills reduced through unofficial payment?
102
YES 1 NO 2
8.2 Water supply
808 Are you connected to public water supply?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 901
809 How were you connected? Were you connected officially or unofficially?
OFICIALLY 1 UNOFFICIALLY 2 DON’T KNOW 9
810 Did you give anything/make any unofficial payment in order to have your house connected to
water system?
YES 1 NO 2 DOES NOT KNOW 9
811 Do you think it is very common, common, or not common for households like yours to pay their water bills through unofficial channels?
VERY COMMON 1 COMMON 2 NOT COMMON 3
812 How reliable is the water supply in your area?
VERY RELIABLE 1 RELIABLE 2 NOT RELIABLE 3
813 Does the payment of gratification guarantee reliability of service?
YES 1 NO 2
814 Can you have your water bills reduced through unofficial payment?
YES 1 NO 2
SECTION 9: GOVERNANCE AND INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC OFFICES
103
901 Looking at the prevailing situation since multi-party system was introduced in Tanzania, would you say that the current system is allowing:
YES NO DK 1. Free and fair elections 1 2 9 2. To form political parties freely 1 2 9 3. To join political party of one’s choice 1 2 9 4. Fair distribution of public resources to
political parties 1 2 9
902 What would you say about the rule of law in Tanzania? Do you think it is:
YES NO 1. Always respected 1 2 2. Respected regularly 1 2 3. Sometimes respected 1 2 4. Not respected 1 2
903 Do you think the rule of law is applied equally to all Tanzanians?
YES 1 NO 2
904 As a citizen of this country, do you also get the following rights? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
YES NO 1. Equal opportunity to employment 1 2 2. Education 1 2 3. Health services 1 2 4. Freedom of speech 1 2 5. Freedom to worship 1 2 6. Freedom of movement 1 2 7. Freedom to join different socio-economic
groups 1 2
905 Would you say that law courts are performing their duties freely?
YES 1 NO 2 TO SOME EXTENT 3
906 Would you say that the National Assembly is performing its duties freely?
YES 1 NO 2 TO SOME EXTENT 3
907 To what extent are women’s rights respected and protected in the following areas? Would you say that they are highly respected, respected, somehow respected or are they not respected at all?
104
CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE HIGHLY
RESPECTED RESPECTED SOMEHOW
RESPECTED NOT
RESPECTED 1. Participation in decision making 1 2 3 4 2. Education 1 2 3 4 3. Maternal and child health 1 2 3 4 4. Employment 1 2 3 4 5. Ownership of property 1 2 3 4 6. Land issues 1 2 3 4 7. Reproductive rights 1 2 3 4
908 Do you think the government is performing its duties with transparency?
YES 1 NO 2 DOES NOT KNOW 9
909 Do you think the government is performing its duties with accountability? YES 1 NO 2 DOES NOT KNOW 9
910 In your opinion, do you think the government has put in effort to develop policies and programmes that aim at reducing poverty in Tanzania?
YES 1 NO 2 DOES NOT KNOW 9
911 Now, let us talk about the integrity of our public officials. How frequently do households like yours find themselves obliged to make unofficial payment to public officials associated with the following?
NEVER SELDOM FREQUENTLY MOST
TIMES ALWAYS DK/NS
01. To obtain basic public services 1 2 3 4 5 9
02. To obtain licenses or permits 1 2 3 4 5 9 03. To update/revise tax status 1 2 3 4 5 9 04. To speed up legal proceedings
in a court 1 2 3 4 5 9
912 Now I would like to ask you about frequency of contacts and integrity of various public
service providers.
During last year, has anyone in your household attempted to get public services? YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 916
913 Were you or anyone in your household satisfied with the service that was given?
VERY SATISFIED 1 SOMEHOW SATISFIED 2 NOT SATISFIED 3 DON’T KNOW 9
914 Were you or anyone in your household asked to give a bribe/make unofficial payment or favour in order to get the required service?
105
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 919
915 How many times did you or anyone in your household give a bribe? 916 On average, how much did you or anyone in your household had to pay as a bribe or gift in
each occasion that you had to? RECORD IN TANZANIA SHILLINGS 1. _______________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. _______________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________
917 What were the circumstances that prompted you or anyone in your household to give a bribe?
VOLUNTARILY OFFERED AS A TOKEN 1 USUALLY GIVE TO OBTAIN SERVICE 2 TO AVOID DELAY 3 WAS DEMANDED 4 OTHER (SPECIFY) 9
918 If someone offered a bribe in order to obtain a service or to resolve a problem, do you think the delivery of the required service or the resolution of the problem after giving a bribe will still be extremely uncertain, uncertain, certain or extremely certain?
EXTREMELY UNCERTAIN 1 UNCERTAIN 2 CERTAIN 3 EXTREMELY CERTAIN 4 DOES NO KNOW/NOT STATED 9
919 Let me ask you the following questions regarding situations that may or may not be happening in Tanzania. In your opinion, do you completely agree, somehow agree, disagree or completely disagree with the following statements?
COMPLETELY
AGREE SOMEHOW
AGREE DISAGREE COMPLETELY
DISAGREE DON’T KNOW
Corruption is a natural occurrence and is part of our daily life, so denouncing it is unnecessary
1 2 3 4 9
In the Government of Tanzania, there is no sincere desire and the will to prevent and combat corruption
1 2 3 4 9
Current government anti-corruption strategies for preventing and combating corruption are effective
1 2 3 4 9
920 Corruption is perpetuated mostly by Politicians, Government officials, Bureaucrats, Business
enterprises or ordinary citizens. Who would you pin down as the main perpetrators of corruption in the country?
POLITICIANS 1 GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS 2 FOREIGN BUSINESSMEN 3 LOCAL BUSINESSMEN 4 CITIZENS 5 DOES NOT KNOW 9
921 In your opinion, do you think that in fighting corruption in Tanzania, assistance from international institutions like the World Bank or European Union would be extremely effective, effective, ineffective or extremely ineffective?
106
EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE 1 EFFECTIVE 2 INEFFECTIVE 3 EXTREMELY INEFFECTIVE 4 DOES NOT KNOW 9
922 In your opinion, tell me whether you think the following have helped in preventing and combating corruption in Tanzania. Do you think each of the following has been very helpful, helpful, not helpful or not helpful at all in preventing and combating corruption? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
INSTITUTIONS/INDIVIDUALS VERY HELPFUL HELPFUL NOT
HELPFUL
NOT HELPFUL AT ALL
Members of Parliament 1 2 3 4 Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau 1 2 3 4 Traffic Police 1 2 3 4 Police Force (excl. Traffic Police) 1 2 3 4 Media (Press and TV) 1 2 3 4 Non-Government Organizations 1 2 3 4 Academics and Teachers 1 2 3 4 Political parties 1 2 3 4 Faith Based Organizations 1 2 3 4 Professional Organizations 1 2 3 4 Director of Public Prosecution 1 2 3 4 Public Accounts Committee 1 2 3 4
SECTION 10: CORRUPTION REPORTING SYSTEM 1001 Do you know the process you must follow to report a corrupt act by a public official?
YES 1 NO 2
1002 If you or anyone in your household was to report corruption, do you know where to report?
YES 1 NO 2 GO TO 1007
1003 Where would you report? CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED
POLICE 1 DISTRICT COMMISSIONER 2 PCCB 3 VILLAGE/STREET GOVERNMENT OFFICE ` 4 MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT 5 COUNCILOR 6 WARD EXECUTIVE SECRETARY 7 OTHER (SPECIFY) ______________________ 8 DON’T KNOW 9
1004 Why are people reluctant to report it? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION 1
107
THE CASE CANNOT BE PROVED 2 USELESS BECAUSE CULPRITS WON’T BE PROSECUTED 3 WOULD NOT GET PROTECTION 4 BRIBES ARE JUSTIFIED 5 DOES NOT WANT TO BETRAY ANYONE 6 DO NOT KNOW WHERE TO REPORT 7 OTHER (SPECIFY) ____________________________ 8
1005 In your opinion, would you say that the process for reporting a corrupt act by a public official is very simple, somehow simple, difficult or very difficult?
VERY SIMPLE 1 SOMEHOW SIMPLE 2 DIFFICULT 3 GO TO 1007 VERY DIFFICULT 4 GO TO 1007 DOES NOT KNOW 9 GO TO 1007
1006 In your opinion, what should be done to facilitate reporting of corruption? CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED
SENSTIZE THE PUBLIC ON WHERE TO REPORT 1 SET UP SPECIAL REPORTING AREAS 2 SET UP COMMUNITY BASED REPORT CENTRES 3 INTORDUCE SUGGESTION BOXES 4 MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY 5 PROTECT THOSE WHO REPORT CORRUPTION 6 OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________________ 7
1007 Would you say that the existing efforts to combat corruption will succeed in Tanzania?
YES 1 GO TO 1009 NO 2
1008 Why do you think these efforts of fighting corruption can not succeed? CIRCLE ALL MENTIONED
NO PUBLIC SUPPORT 01 CORRUPTION IS SO MUCH ENTRENCHED IN SOCIETY 02 CORRUPT POLITICIANS 03 NO POLITICAL WILL/COMMITMENT 04 POVERTY 05 PUBLIC OFFICIALS ARE TOO GREEDY 06 INEFFECTIVE LEGAL SYSTEM 07 INEFFECTIVE ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES 08 OTHER (SPECIFY) ____________________________ 09
1009 How effective are the following measures in combating corruption in the country? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE
108
VERY EFFECTIVE
SOMEHOW EFFECTIVE
NOT EFFECTIVE
DON’T KNOW
01. Public education/sensitization 1 2 3 9 02. Increase political will 1 2 3 9
03. Improve reporting channels 1 2 3 9
04. Enforce tough anti-corruption laws 1 2 3 9
05. Strengthen ethics among public officials
1 2 3 9
06. Eradicate poverty 1 2 3 9
07. Enhance accountability and transparency
1 2 3 9
08. Improve salaries of public officials 1 2 3 9
09. Enhance good governance 1 2 3 9
10. Other (SPECIFY) ________________ 1 2 3 9
1010 In your opinion, do you disagree, somehow agree or totally agree with the following
statements? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE DISAGREE SOMEHOW
AGREE TOTALLY
AGREE DON’T KNOW
1. There is will/commitment among the Tanzanian society to fight corruption 1 2 3 9
2. Public officials who engage in corrupt practices should be punished harshly for proven cases of corruption
1 2 3 9
3. The business community and trade unions should join hands with the government to combat corruption
1 2 3 9
4. Politicians are not trustworthy in regard to the issue of corruption 1 2 3 9
5. Tender boards are the leading agents of corruption 1 2 3 9
6. The Government’s campaign against corruption will not be effective in any significant reduction of corruption without a political will
1 2 3 9
1011 In your opinion, how well do you think the government is handling the fight against
corruption?
VERY WELL 1 SOMEHOW WELL 2 NOT WELL 3 DON’T KNOW 9
1012 Why do you think so?
1.________________________________________________________________________
109
2.________________________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________________________ 4.________________________________________________________________________ 1013 Please give me your assessment on the following statements. Do you totally disagree,
disagree, have no stand on the issue, agree or totally agree that the following steps should be taken to who ever is accused or found to be involving in corruption. CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
Who ever is accused or found to be involved in corruption should be:
TOTALLY DISAGREE
DISAGREE NEUTRAL /NO STAND
AGREE TOTALLY AGREE
01. Prosecuted 1 2 3 4 5 02. His/Her property should be
confiscated 1 2 3 4 5
03. If he/she is a public servant should be sacked from service 1 2 3 4 5
04. The name of the culprit should be published in all mass media so that the public knows him/her.
1 2 3 4 5
05. Imprisoned 1 2 3 4 5 06. Hanged 1 2 3 4 5 07. Detained 1 2 3 4 5 08. If he/she is a democratically elected
leader, should be removed from his/her position
1 2 3 4 5
09. If he/she a business person, his/her business license should be cancelled and his/her name be posted along those not allowed to get a business license
1 2 3 4 5
10. Fined heavily 1 2 3 4 5
11. Other (SPECIFY)______________ 1 2 3 4 5
SECTION 11: SUMMARY QUESTIONS
1101 What is your main source of information on corruption?
110
NEWSPAPERS 1 RADIO 2 TELEVISION 3 PUBLIC MEETINGS 4 SCHOOL 5 PLACE OF WORSHIP 6 OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________ 7
1102 Have you heard any information on corruption in the last 12 months?
YES 1 NO 2 1105
1103 From which sources did you get the information?
NEWSPAPERS 1 RADIO 2 TELEVISION 3 PUBLIC MEETINGS 4 SCHOOL 5 PLACE OF WORSHIP 6 OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________ 7
1104 Would you consider the information on corruption that you are getting from the mass media is very reliable, somehow reliable or not reliable?
VERY RELIABLE 1 SOMEHOW RELIABLE 2 NOT RELIABLE 3 DON’T KNOW 9
1105 In your personal capacity, what steps are you proposing that should be taken so that the problem of corruption is eliminated? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
1106 Suppose you were in a position of being a minister, what steps would you have taken to combat the problem of corruption? __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
1107 Again, suppose you are in a position of the President of the United Republic of Tanzania, what important steps would you have taken to reduce the problem of corruption? _________________________________________________________________________
111
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for the cooperation you have given me in responding to my questions. Thank you very much for participating in this survey. Have a nice day RECORD THE TIME WHEN YOU FINISH THE INTERVIEW __________
END OF THE INTERVIEW INTERVIEWER’S COMMENTS 1. How did you find the interview, was it positive or negative? CIRCLE AS
APPROPRIATE
VERY POSITIVE 1 SOMEHOW POSITIVE 2 NEGATIVE 3
2. How did you find the respondent? Do you think he/she was sincere or what? CIRCLE AS APPROPRIATE.
VERY SINCERE 1 SOMEHOW SINCERE 2 NOT SINCERE 3
3. Any other comments? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________