Taming the Taming the dissertation/thesis beastdissertation/thesis beast What we wish we had known and didn’t know What we wish we had known and didn’t know to askto ask

Dr. Dianne Cothran, dcothran@ufl.edu

Dr. Mickey Schafer, msscha@ufl.edu

Dial Center for Written and Oral Communication

There are 4 phases to the There are 4 phases to the projectprojectPhase One – search for a project,

write the proposalPhase Two – conduct literature

review, begin “experimental” phasePhase Three – Freak out and Revise

studyPhase Four – Write the dissertationNote: the formality of each depends

on your field!

Phase I: Write a Phase I: Write a Proposal/ProspectusProposal/Prospectus

Main objective – lay out the plan for the project

Committee needs to know that: ◦You know something about what you

are doing◦You have a workable RQ◦You have a plan

And yes, they do know all this may change.

Proposals have 4 partsProposals have 4 partsPart One – Exec Summary/Significance

◦Short (1-2 paragraph) overview of topic, why it is significant, RQ, why RQ is significant

Part Two – Lit Review◦2-5 page exploration of expert literature in

topic areaPart Three – Methodology

◦Lay out timeline, materials, cost, procedure,etc.

Part Four – Tentative Bibliography◦Demonstrate you know your stuff

Proposals vary in formalityProposals vary in formalityIn some fields, the proposal is an

extremely important document – it’s a step on the way to PhD candidacy

In other fields, the proposal is a planning step – the committee wants to see it in order to help you

Some fields may not require a proposal at all – you should still write one for the purpose of planning procrastination!

Phase 2: Research is driven Phase 2: Research is driven by questions.by questions.

Method – is how you answer the RQThe best way to get research done is to

formulate a question – just one question!◦You may need smaller questions along the

way◦Your RQ answers grad students’ least

favorite question: “What’s your thesis about?”

◦RQ Wh-question, may be yes/no, but that takes some serious you-know-what-body-part

Methodology is Discipline Methodology is Discipline Specific.Specific.

◦Humanities◦ – lots of thinking, reading, more

thinking, and some more reading New Methods for Humanities Research --

http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/lyman.htm

Digital Research Tools Kit -- http://digitalresearchtools.pbworks.com

Method: SSBMethod: SSB◦Social and Behavioral Sciences –

IRB? Quantitative (stats driven) Qualitative (words/analysis driven) Mixed (umm, well, both!) Web Center for Social Research Methods

-- http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/ Digital Research Tools Kit --

http://digitalresearchtools.pbworks.com/

Methods: bio/physMethods: bio/phys◦Biological and Physical Sciences –

P.I.’s project Quantitative Discipline-specific research protocols Bioexplorer.net --

http://www.bioexplorer.net/Methods_and_Protocols/Resources/

JOVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments) -- http://www.jove.com/

Phase 3: Freak out and Phase 3: Freak out and ReviseReviseIf you don’t do this once, your

committee gets worried that they have nothing to do!

Seriously, it’s pretty normal to get part way through and hit a big, nasty existential crisis on the meaning/value/utility/ worthiness of your project. This seems to be a natural product of Deep Thought.

Phase 4: Write the PaperPhase 4: Write the PaperLook at models in your

department – get inspiration and direction from what others have doneDoing something that isn’t well

represented by former graduate students? Look at published stuff.

Hand-draw drafts of visuals

More on writing:More on writing:Start writing with what you

know/are most comfortable withYou will need to pre-write!

Make outlines and concept maps, paint a blackboard on your bedroom wall, use giant sticky pads, draw cartoon bubbles

Use your proposal to guide the first couple of chapters

One last slide:One last slide:Make the Results section mirror

MethodsFor the Conclusion, don’t re-hash the

Results; interpret them!Write the abstract lastAbove all, BE CLEAR

◦This may seem obvious, but your committee doesn’t live inside your head with you and you will really have to explain everything

Decide what needs to be published

Use Visuals EffectivelyUse Visuals EffectivelyUse the terms “figure” and “table”Number figures/tables

consecutively throughout the entire dissertation or thesis

Give each visual a descriptive titleIn the text of your

dissertation/thesis, discuss each table and figure

AND DID WE SAY. . . .AND DID WE SAY. . . .

BACK UP YOUR WORK!!BACK UP YOUR WORK!!BACK UP YOUR WORK!!BACK UP YOUR WORK!!BACK UP YOUR WORK!!

Tips for Taming the BeastTips for Taming the BeastBe flexibleCommunicate with major

professor/ committeeHave a plan for workKnow the rulesExpect things to go wrongBack up your workA collection of links for you at:

http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/msscha/diss_links.html

In summary. . .In summary. . .Have a plan/schedule for writingExpect delays/obstacles/disastersField test your work as you go

along with people other than your committee

Remember, others have made it, and SO WILL YOU!

Defending your Defending your DissertationDissertationTeaching the Beast to Behave

What is a Defense?What is a Defense?Purpose of the PhD process is to

birth a colleague – ultimately, committee needs proof that you can “think” like a member of the discipline – this means demonstrating that you know:

What makes your discipline What makes your discipline unique;unique;your discipline’s key ideas /

concepts / contributions the kinds of questions your

discipline asks the methodology the discipline

uses to answer questions

How to be a member of the How to be a member of the club.club.can design/work within discipline’s

methodology/frame to critique within field

that you can use all of the above to innovate/practice in your field

the defense especially tests the last 2 points: that you understand your discipline well enough to critique in the framework of your discipline and hypothesize at the boundaries of what you know in a way that is recognizably discipline-specific.

Defending is not supposed to Defending is not supposed to be easy.be easy.The high-stakes portion of your

defense is supposed to push you to the point you “break” – i.e., that you cannot answer a question with content-knowledge, but must “guess” (remember, in academics we call intelligent guessing “hypothesizing”).

You cannot possibly know You cannot possibly know everything.everything.Get past the desire to be master

of all content because…Content exists as a product of

method/ approach/process. It is more important that you can

demonstrate HOW your discipline works.

What are you defending?What are you defending?“dissertation defense” may be a

misnomer since there can be more than one thing that needs defending…◦Proposal◦Qualifying Exams◦Dissertation

AND different defenses can have different outcomes attached:◦ High Stakes, Lower Stakes, No defense

All But Dissertation

Step One: Find out what you Step One: Find out what you need to defend.need to defend.What do you have to prepare?What do you have to produce?What do you have to defend?Note: dissertation defenses are

usually public (they have to be advertised and are open to everyone) – however, proposal and quals defenses are often private.

Step Two: Find out what Step Two: Find out what options you have for options you have for defending. defending. Is there a presentation preceding

questions? (If this is an option, take it!)

Are visuals allowed? What formats are permitted (.ppt, poster, handouts)?

How long does the process usually take? (the longer the process, the more preparation is required)

Step Three: Prepare the Step Three: Prepare the DefenseDefenseCreate a “map” of your proposal / quals

/ dissertation – whatever it is that you need to defend. For each section, list the main ideas. For each main

idea, map out related literature (include author/s & dates, and page # in your work), related evidence (data: your stuff, too), and potential objections.

“Potential Objections” are the KEY to controlling your defense. Think objectively about your work, your claims, the way you constructed arguments (if you cannot do this or there isn’t enough time, find someone in your department who will). Generate reasonable objections. Then, prepare answers to those objections.

Prepare a Presentation (if an Prepare a Presentation (if an option)option)Think of this more like a conference presentation

to colleagues rather than a defense. Incorporate the most important objections into

your presentation, and (of course), provide your response.

Keep to time limits – if only given 10 minutes, then hit the main points: topic/significance,“research question”, “method”, “results”, and contribution to field. Work in objections briefly, if time (if no time, then reserve that preparation for the Q/A period). If 20 minutes, that’s enough time to get across

main points and address major objections.

Step Four: Go Forth and Step Four: Go Forth and Defend!Defend!Get out the “map” you made and have it

handy – be familiar with it so you can find things easily – make sure it’s neat, legible, and usable.

Even for a high stakes defense, keep it cordial. This is an academic conversation…you should remain calm. Let your committee members be the ones to argue (and they just might!). It helps if you’ve had sufficient sleep and decent food in the previous 24 hours!

Typical academic questions to expect: http://www.wmich.edu/coe/fcs/cte/doctoral/oraldefense.htm

Prepare for “other” Prepare for “other” questionsquestions Be prepared to answer “soft” questions – how you

decided on this research question; what do you think is most important “take away” point; what do you think is the most damning problem; can you apply it/extend it; what should come next; if you could do it over, what would be different; what do you want to do next? (http://www.dissertationdoctor.com/advice/questions.html)

Be mentally prepared for questions that just seem weird – maybe they are “left field” questions, maybe you don’t understand the significance of the question (even though you know the answer,), maybe it’s something so specific and nitpicky that you didn’t even identify it as a possible problem.

Feel free to ask for clarification, e.g. “That’s an interesting question, but to make sure, [restate Q]– is that what you meant?”

Prepare for disagreement, Prepare for disagreement, digressiondigressionBe mentally prepared to disagree with a

committee member, to actually “defend” your work. Remain civil and confident.

The“A but B” strategy is an effective, academic-y way of dealing with conflict. “A” are the points of agreement, “but” is whichever logical connector works best (still, yet, however, nonetheless, despite, etc.), and “B” represents the counterpoints, e.g. “yes, while it’s true that X, Y, and Z are traditionally agreed upon, inconsistencies in the way that Y is defined weakens the likelihood that it can account for Z. Instead, if Y is broken down into U and V, then Z is a far likelier outcome”.

Committee members may digress into their own conversation – enjoy the break!

Hungry people make Hungry people make grouchy audiences!grouchy audiences!A Final suggestion…feed the beasts! And by

“beasts” we mean your committee members, who are not at all beastly, yet may nonetheless appreciate food & drink.◦ Fruit, cheese, bread/cracker platters can be

eaten any time during the day. ◦ Bring coffee/juice/water. No alcohol!◦ May bring home-cooked food but be smart

about choice.◦ Remember plates, forks/spoons, cups,

napkins.◦ Keep is simple and modest.◦ Before including food, check with department.